North & West Asia

Home , Bismarck Sea, Lazarev Sea, New Siberian Islands, Weddell Plain

94 NORTH & WEST ASIA North & West Asia ABCD

1 Franz Josef Land Severnaya Zemlya a mly Ze ya e a va S o r a Norwegian N K a N o r t h Sea North Cape Barents Sea Kheta

Arctic Circle s Central 2 63 n ia i n h RUSSIANa ot N B o t f Lake r o D th O West Siberian f v e n S l Onega in rn b u a ’ Y i u e G n Lake Ladoga o Plain O is a b’ e e y S M Irt ys V h North ic o lt lg l B a a Sea a

r m Central Russian i KALININGRAD h ga s (Russ. Fed.) Upland ol U I 3 V U AS

r a EUROPE Don l KAZAKHSTAN Ozero Aral Sea Zaysan C Lake Ca a u s U Balkhash Ili Black Sea ca p ZB e n S h a n Danube s i E T i u s a K GEORGIA n IS KYRGYZSTAN A T A ARMENIA T m AZERB. UR N S K u Lake M TURKEY e E D M e d i a N a TAJIKISTAN t e Van . ry r r a a n SYRIA e a IRAQ 4 50 n LEBANON E T AFGHANISTAN Tibetan S e a u ig p ri IRAN h s H ISRAEL ra Plateau JORDAN tes i P m e KUWAIT r a si l a BAHRAIN an Ga y a s Gu nges QATAR lf Tropic of Cancer R U.A.E. e il e SAUDI N d ARABIA N A S M e O Arabian a E N Sea Bay of 5 AFRICA Y EM n Bengal Ade f of Socotra (Yemen) Gul 50

ABCD NORTH & WEST ASIA 95

EFGH

OCEAN 137

1 New Siberian Islands Laptev Sea East Siberian S i b e r i a n L o w l a n Wrangel Island K r d Sea a a o b k rk t a në i Chukchi u n e g Lo A l a i n y a g O n n d S Sea e a n tr I a a L m it Y ly B o e K r Arctic Circle i Siberian Plateau n g 16 2

S FEDERATION tr Velikaya a i a t na i b r Le ga Bering e Am V a Sea itim k t a Lake h Sea of c

Baikal m A Okhotsk a s m a A n d ey K l e a u Z u I s l r t i a n Sakhalin s d 3 IAArgun n la Is e il ur K i o b (administered by G Sea of Russian Federation, Japan claimed by Japan.)

er (East Sea) iv R Yellow PACIFIC 16 4 e gtz East an Y China OCEAN Sea

Tropic of Cancer

South 0 km 800 M

e China 0 miles 800 5

n g Sea 125

EFGH 96 NORTH & WEST ASIA Russia & Kazakhstan ABCD

r NORW c AY t 66 i G c

C E DENMARK i R r ARCTIC c M l e 1 A SWEDEN N Zemlya Y Barents Sea Frantsa- Iosifa KALININGRAD N D (part of Russian F I N L A Murmansk Federation) EST. emlya POLAND LAT. a Z LITH. ay ov o r e N e M Pskov Sankt-Petersburg o y Velikiy s k a r 2 91 U BELARUS Novgorod Arkhangel’sk K K R Cherepovets A MOSCOW I Vologda MOLDOVA N Bryansk Vorkuta E Yaroslavl’ Nori’lsk Tula y Syktyvkar r y ’ Salekhard e Ryazan’ o b s i Nizhniy Kirov O n

G e Voronezh Novgorod e Zapadno- Y Rostov- Kazan’ Perm’ y na-Donu i Sibirskaya 3 Izhevsk k Serov s Ravnina RUS Volgograd ' l Sochi V Samara Ufa a Yekaterinburg Nizhnevartovsk

o r l g U a Ural’sk GEORGIAStavropol’ l Chelyabinsk a FEDE Nal’chik r Orenburg U Kostanay Astrakhan’ Petropavlovsk Groznyy Krasnoyarsk Orsk Rudnyy Omsk ARM. Makhachkala Tomsk Kokshetau Novosibirsk 4 102 Aktau K ASTANA AZ. a A Z Kemerovo e A K Pavlodar S H S T Barnaul n Aral A a i Sea N Karaganda Novokuznetsk p U Zhezkazgan s Z a Semipalatinsk T B C U R E Kyzylorda Ust’-Kamenogorsk K K Balkhash M I E S Ozero N T Shymkent Taraz IS A Balkhash T N Taldykorgan 5 A IRAN N K YR Almaty GYZS 104 TAN CHINA

ABCD NORTH & WEST ASIA 97

EFGH

e l c r Ostrov i 18 C

c i Vrangelya t OCEAN c r

A Vostochno- 1 Sibirskoye Pevek Severnaya More Anadyr’ Zemlya Novosibirskiye Ambarchik Bering Ostrova Sea More v stro Laptevykh uo yr ol m P ay 134 2 T Ozero Taymyr Tiksi Ossora

V Ust’-Kamchatsks e

r k L h Poluostov e n o Olenëk a y a Kamchatka n Magadan sk Petropavlovsk Srednesibirskoye iy et Khreb -Kamchatskiy Ploskogor'ye Okhotsk Yakutsk 3 SIAN Sea of Suntar Sibir Okhotsk

(Siberia) a

r RATION t s

O Sakhalin e

y i a k en ’sk- s Komsomol ' l L i na-Amure r Kansk u Skovorodno K 134 4 Bratsk Ozero Yuzhhno- Sakhalinsk Baykal Blagoveshchensk Chita Khabarovsk Irkutsk Amur JAPAN Ulan-Ude CHINA Vladivostok The Trans-Siberian Railroad, completed in 1916, runs 5578 miles (9297 km) between Moscow and Vladivostok. Crossing eight time zones, the journey takes six days. 0 km 500 5 MONGOLIA 0 miles 500 110

EFGH 98 NORTH & WEST ASIA Turkey & the Caucasus ABCD

ROMANIA 91

1 Black Sea

An average of 50,000 commercial ships pass through the Bosporus a year, along with thousands of ferries and smaller BULGARIA passenger boats. The strait is three times busier than the Suez Canal and four times as busy as the Panama Canal.

Sinop Edirne Kırklareli Daê 2 86 Zonguldak Küre lari GREECE Tekirdaê Bosporus Kastamonu Samsun ƒstanbul C Marmara Karabük an Çanakkale k ik Boêazi Denizi a D Ordu ƒ rm aê (Dardanelles) zmit Adapazarı l I l Bursa Çankırı zi ar i Ki Çanakkale Çorum ∞ ANKARA Tokat Balıkesir Eski ehir Kırıkkale Sivas Ayvalik Kütahya 3 Lésvos A TURK Manisa n a Afyon t o l i a Chíos Nev∞ehir ƒzmir U∞ak Tuz Kayseri Gölü Niêde Sámos Aydin Kahraman- Denizli ƒ Konya mara∞ ê sparta Mu la Ereêli r i Bodrum a Antalya ê l Adana Osmaniye D a 4 87 Dalaman T o r o s Gaziantep Mersin Tarsus Antalya ƒskenderun Ródos Körfezi Megísti Antakya Kárpathos TURKISH REPUBLIC OF Kríti NORTHERN CYPRUS Girne (recognized only by Turkey) (Kyrenia) Gazimaêusa NICOSIA (Famagusta) Larnaca Mediterranean Paphos 5 Limassol Sea CYPRUS LEBANON 54

ABCD NORTH & WEST ASIA 99

EFGH

RUSSIAN FEDERATION 93 The Spitak earthquake struck Armenia in 1988, killing at least 25,000 people 1 and devastating the country’s infrastructure. Gagra C a u Caspian Sokhumi uri c ng a Och’amch’ire E s Sea K’ut’aisi u P’ot’i GEORGIA s Bat’umi T'BILISI Rust’avi Quba K Hopa u ra Sumqayıt 104 2 Vanadzor Gäncä Mingäçevir Trabzon Rize ri BAKU êla Gyumri a ARMENIA AZERBAIJAN iz D Kars aden Sevana Lich Nagorno- êu Kar YEREVAN Karabakh Do Aras Erzurum Xankändi s Erzincan Büyükaêri Daêi ra (Mount Ararat) ı A 16,853ft (5137m) Naxç van AZERBAIJAN Länkäran EY Van 3 Mu∞ Elazig Gölü Güney Van Azerbaijan has substantial oil reserves Ti Dog gr u T located in and around the Caspian Sea. i oro s sla Malatya Siirt r They were some of the earliest oilfields in the world to be exploited. Diyarbakır tan Batman rdis Adıyaman Ku Mardin IRAN ﬂanliurfa The salty water of Lake Van inhibits all animal 102 4 life except the Pearl Mullet, a small fish that has adapted to the harsh conditions.

Atatürk Dam, one of the largest dams in the world, was completed in 1990. The reservoir behind the dam covers an area of 315 sq miles (816 sq km) and often requires interruptions in the flow of the Euphrates River to maintain water levels. 0 km 200 SYRIA 5 IRAQ 0 miles 200 102

EFGH 100 NORTH & WEST ASIA The Near East 1 2 3 4

is r 102 ig T h

E a

r í z a J s te l ra h

A p IRAQ u E Dayr az Zawr Al Q á mishl í asaksh Manufactured by a secret process, Damascus steel was much prized in the preindustrial era as an extremely hard metal used for high quality sword blades. D 99 Al Í Ar Raqqah íayrat Bu al-Asad C Syrian The Euphrates is 1700 miles (2470 km) long and drains an area of 171,000 sq mi (443,000 km). Although less than 30 percent of the river's drainage basin is in Turkey, about 95 percent of the river's water originates in the Turkish highlands. Tudmur SYRIA

Í alab

A‘z á z n

Í im ∞ o

Í am á h

Idlib a b

e DAMASCUS

s t

e n

B t 98 Oran A Al Qunay √ irah TURKEY

Zahl é

100 i

Baalbek n

a t i L

a e

S Tar √ ú s

LEBANON

Tripoli

100 n

e Saïda

n Soûr

r BEIRUT

Lebanon has only one permanent river, Lebanon the Nahr el Litani, which runs km). miles (175 for 110 d

Al L á dhiq í yah e A M Golan Heights 0 km 0 miles 87 CYPRUS 1 2 3 4 NORTH & WEST ASIA 101 5 6 7 8 102

R O J

Jord an . Kh i rbet el ' Au j á et Taht á Dead Sea Jer i cho Post J i ftl k Jen í n N á blus Bethlehem Nu ' e i ma The shores of the Dead Sea are the lowest land on Earth’s m) below ft (418 surface, at 1371 sea level. The water within the lake is eight to nine times saltier than ocean water. Hebron D 102 Qab á t i ya . Ramallah

JERUSALEM

I S L R A E Israeli settlement Mas-ha Area under Palestinian administration Major settlement Qalq í lya T ú lkarm 0 miles 20 0 km 20 West Bank C Desert As Suwayd á ’ SAUDI ARABIA Al Mafraq Az Zarq á ’ Dar ‘á AMMAN Ma ‘ á n B 102 Al Karak A √ ◊ alf í lah W á d í M ú s (Petra) The ancient city of Petra was carved from solid rock by the Nabatean people in about 400 BCE. It remained largely unknown until a Swiss J. L. Burckhardt, heard of explorer, its whereabouts from the local Bedouins in 1812. JORDAN

Irb i d

Jer i cho

Sea J o r d a n Dead

JERUSALEM Al ‘ Aqabah

As Sal √

a b

Lake a

f o

f l Tiberias u G Elat Petah T i kva Na tz rat HaNegev Be ’ er Sheva ISRAEL Red Sea H efa Bethlehem

z A H olon

WEST e BANK

v-Yafo u

Gaza S f o

Every day 7 million tons (tonnes) of water evaporates from the Dead Sea. f (under l 54

Palestinian u EGYPT GAZA STRIP G administration) Tel Av i 5 6 7 8 102 NORTH & WEST ASIA The Middle East

1 2 3 4

A T

S N

I TA

N S

400 I A K

104 A

H P

G íá n F r

n-e E A ú

N m á 400 A H Jaz M ú

T Kh á sh S I Mashhad

K Z á hed n Sea

Aral E Neysh á b ú r

B Kerm á n

Z Bandar-e ‘Abbás

í v

0 miles 0 km

D e 96

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Sabzev á r t

Gorg á n

h Plateau

Iranian

s s a

TURKMENISTAN o D r KAZAKHSTAN

g Shir á z á ) S á r í Z s in K á sh n e a TEHR Á N t

E § fah á n y n

Bandar-e B ú shehr n Qom - u e a á o ia S M rs f n h s e l IRAN h u a Á mol i u ro P p Rasht g G s K Za a ( Ahv á z Ardab í l

C Á b á d n KUWAIT CITY Hamad á n C Ar á k Qazvín

Zanj á n

s n

s i KUWAIT e √

t á

AZERBAIJAN

Tabr í z

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u a

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r I a AZ.

s N h í Sanandaj

p d E u á

a BAGHD Á D E M W

R Al Ba § rah c A (Basra) Arb í l u RUSSIAN a Khvoy r Kerm á nsh h Mar á gheh

FEDERATION C Kirk ú k d s

i IRAQ

r ú

In the 10th century, the Grand Vizier of Persia took his century, In the 10th entire library with him wherever he went. The 117,000 volume library was carried by camels trained to walk in alphabetical order. B g f 93

GEORGIA An Najaf (Mosul)

T a

Tharth á ayrat ath

Sak á kah N Al Maw § il Í á ’il

Bu í

a n e A S Azov

Sea of

k N Al Jawf c a A

SYRIA

i D f

a i

R Tab ú k

l h TURKEY

l O S J o sh B a t UKRAINE al

A b Four thousand years ago BabylonianFour law laid down a minimum wage for every class of workers in the kingdom. a Ja n LEBANON A ISRAEL CYPRUS 98 1 2 3 4 NORTH & WEST ASIA 103

5 6 7 8

122

n c

p o

r m

ﬂ ú r

T O

Jaz í rat Ma § í rah

bah f

MUSCAT

Khal í j Ma § í rah

f Sea l N Ramlat

ﬂ awqirah l Wah í Á l A G

Duqm

ﬂ u í á r Arabian OCEAN Juzur al Í á n í y t

INDIAN M Nazw á Ash Sh á riqah Saudi Arabia contains the world’s largest oil reserves. The region can produce around 11 million barrels of oil every day.

Ar Rust á q O ﬂ al á lah D

122 a

Dubayy l Suqutrá

(Socotra) t Say í ú t DOHA

(to Yemen)

ABU DHABI w

EMIRATES n

s N

QATAR m

BAHRAIN

UNITED ARAB a

d r

n í

ç E

) San á w

r Al Mukall á f

i á

Al Huf ú f n K

’ a

á l

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MANAMA u h n

Wuday‘ah Q y a

a E

D t

‘ y

Say’ ú n t

t a

P ‘

d b l b

A p

Y u a m

m a

S SOMALIA

R Every Muslim must make at least one pilgrimage to Mecca during his or her lifetime. Muslims regard the small shrine called Ka’bah, located near the center of Great Mosque in Mecca, as most sacred place on Earth.

As Sulayyil

E R

Layl á

Í ara ç (

a n ‘Adan

A RIYADH i Najr á n

SANA

R a

a ﬂ a‘dah

SAUDI ARABIA

í i

W b B 55 a Ta‘izz Buraydah r DJIBOUTI J í z á n

A A √ ◊ á ’if Abh á Jazá’ir Makkah (Mecca) Farasán (Medina) Al Hudaydah

Al Mad í nah a

S e

(Jedda) E

d R Jiddah

e I ETHIOPIA

R R E A The name “Red Sea” is probably derived from the extensive blooms of algae that occasionally occur. These change pigment when they die, turning the sea’s normally intense blue-green waters a deep red.

P T EGY 55 SUDAN 5 6 7 8 104 NORTH & WEST ASIA Central Asia ABCD

96 Aral KAZAKHSTAN Sea 1 d Since 1960, the Aral Sea has shrunk Ustyurt n a by 90 percent, becoming extremely Plateau l saline and consequently losing all w but one of its once-abundant o L Nukus fish species.

Köneürgenç UZBEKISTAN

§ Da oguz Urganch Uchquduq n To‘rtko‘l a Zarafshon 2 99 Türkmenba§y r u Aydarko'l Hazar Balkanabat T Ko'li Bereket TURKMENISTAN Navoiy Buxoro Serdar G a r Caspian a g u Seÿdi Baharly m Samarqand Gökdepe A Sea Türkmenabat m Qarshi Abadan u ÿ D ﬂ G Sa at ar A GABAT ar ya ag Mary Baÿramaly Kaka um 3 Kanaly Atamyrat Tejen Murgap Áqchah Sheberghán The desert of Kara Kum (Garagum) occupies Mazár-e Sharíf over 70 percent of Turkmenistan, severely limiting Bálá Morgháb Meymaneh human settlement across much of the country. Serhetabat Daryá-ye M or gháb Ha ú IRAN Herát rír d 4 102

The Kara Kum (Garagum) Canal, the world’s AFGHANISTAN longest irrigation canal, stretches some 850 miles (1375 km) and is known as the “River of Life,” Faráh since it irrigates large areas of arid land. Kalát Gereshk w go ár á Zaranj -M Kandah r sht-e 0 km 200 Da D 5 a r nd 0 miles 200 yá-ye Helma 102

ABCD NORTH & WEST ASIA 105

EFGH

1 KAZAKHSTAN

BISHKEK Tyup Kara-Balta Tokmak Ozero Karakol Talas Issyk-Kul’ a n S h KYRGYZSTAN T i e n TASHKENT Chirchiq u T a 108 2 Namangan Naryn l - Dzhalal-Abad a a s h Olmaliq Angren Andijon K o k Qo‘qon Osh û Ûroteppa Kh jand Farg‘ona Khaydarkan The “Epic of Manas” is a verbally transmitted Sulyukta poem of close to 500,000 lines that tells the Zeravshan khob story of Kyrgyz hero Manas and his DUSHANBE Sur TAJIKISTAN descendants and followers. Norak P û Danghara ng a Murghob Q rghon- arta teppa Kulob B m 3 Khorugh CHINA Termez Farkhor ir i Feyzábád am r Kholm P s Kondoz Baghlán s h Pol-e K u Until recent years, people living in remote areas of d u Khomrí i n Afghanistan were immunized against smallpox by H having dried powdered scabs from victims of the Asadábád Cháríkár disease blown up their noses. This treatment was invented by the Chinese in the 11th century, and is KABUL á á á Jal l b d thought to be the oldest form of vaccination. 108 4 Ghazní Gardíz Despite an area of 251,771 sq miles (652,090 sq km), Afghanistan has a limited road network and no railroads whatsoever, making access to much of the country extremely difficult.

PAKISTAN INDIA 5

116

EFGH 106 SOUTH & EAST ASIA South & East Asia ABCD

I Y Lake 94 r Black t e y n Baikal s i Sea h se a y e Aral 1 S Sea Uvs Nuur

n S Hovsgol Nuur y Lake Balkhash Al a r t a i i D M p a o MONGOLIA s r u y n a a t a i C n s T i e n S h a n i o b G iver ASIA R Iranian w ha n o Takla Makan S l K u s h un l u t e Plateau i n d Desert l

H A Y un l u n M 2 94 P K o u n ta e i n s r H s s i u a d i Plateau n n m G I a of CHINA u a M Sutlej n l lf a ek u gtze PAKISTAN y Tibet on n G G B a t m r g u r a ah Salw Y a m e a ap e

lf es N s utra en Y n of D E O r g P m ha e A Mount Everest 29,035ft (8850m) a T s L n BHUTAN of Rann y R h d Kachch d e a d BANGLADESH R X w i i a v Ji r er ang INDIA r 3 Gulf of I MYANMAR VIETNAM Khambhat W e c c a n D t s (BURMA) LAOS e h a Arabian s G Hainan t n e r e M r e Sea t kong n s Bay of

a G E THAILAND Laccadive Islands h Bengal a CAMBODIA (to India) t s Andaman Islands Tônle Sap (to India) Andaman SRI LANKA Sea Gulf of 4 51 Gulf of Nicobar Islands Thailand MALDIVES Mannar Eq (to India) uator MALAY INDIAN S u SINGAPORE m a tr OCEAN a Java 5 Java 123

ABCD SOUTH & EAST ASIA 107

EFGH

95 mur A Sakhalin

u g e 1 r g A n a R Manchuria Hokkaido n Plain a 0 km 1000 g Lake Khanka n i ao H h Li e Sea of K 0 miles 1000 t Japan JAPAN a l u e r a (East Sea) Y NORTH u G h KOREA s n o SOUTH H G KOREA r e it a Yellow a t tr P S 134 2 la Sea a Shikoku in re Ko of Kyushu C h East China PACIFIC in a s d Sea n a l s I u it y a k r u t y R S n OCEAN a w i a TAIWAN T Northern Philippine Marianas Is. 3 Str (to US) Luzon ait Paracel Islands Sea (disputed) Luzon Guam (to US) South China c r o n e s i Sea PHILIPPINES M i a r ato Spratly Equ Islands (disputed) Palawan Sulu Mindanao 134 4 Sea BRUNEI Celebes M e l a n e Sea s Halmahera ismar i SIA B ck Arch a ipel ago Borneo Moluccas Solomon nga Islands Seram Pegunu n Maoke INDONESIA New Guinea Solomon Celebes Banda Sea Sea Sea Flores a Islands Arafura 5 er Sund Sea Less Sea EAST TIMOR Coral Timor 124 Sea

EFGH 108 SOUTH & EAST ASIA Western China & Mongolia ABCD

The Altai Mountains provide one of the RUSSIAN FED 1 last refuges for the endangered snow leopard. There are thought to be only a few thousand animals left in the wild. Hövsgöl Nuur KAZAKHSTAN Ulaangom A Uvs Nuur l t The Turpan Depression is the lowest and hottest a Ölgiy Hyargas Mörön i Nuur place in China. Temperatures can exceed Har Us Nuur M H 117˚F (47˚C) around the lake of Aydingkol Hu, Altay an Tsetserleg o Hovd gayn which lies 505 ft (154 m) below sea level. Nuruu 2 96 u Ulungur n t MONG Karamay Hu a Altay 0 km 400 Bayanhongor Junggar i n Kuytun Pendi s 0 miles 400 Yining Shihezi ÜRÜMQI Qitai G Govï KYRGYZSTAN Hami e n S h a n o T i Turpan Dalain Hob e Korla Bosten Hu im H TAJ Kashi Tar IKI r i m B a s i Xingxingxia 3 ST T a n Lop Nur A Yengisar N XINJIANG UYGUR GANSU Shache Q i l i a Yecheng ZIZHIQU Ruoqiang n S AFGH. h a K (claimed Taklimakan S h a n n a by India) Shamo n r t u N a Moyu l Q k A a i Qinghai Hu A o Qira d a T r a m S m K u n l u n P e I R S h a Golmud n d i K a n g e n Dulan A Aksai Chin I P n (administered by China, claimed d CHI u 4 116 s by India) Qingzang Gaoyuan a QINGHAI Tongti n He B Rutog (Plateau of Tibet) a y Demchok/Dêmqog a n (administered by China, H a r S h a XIZANG M n claimed by India) Gar T a ng g u l e ZIZHIQU a S kon Zanda (Shiquanhe) h a n g Yushu H (Tibet) Amdo i Nyima INDIA Br Tangra Siling Co Nagqu Qamdo m a Sal J h we i m Yumco e n a a Damxung n p Nam Co s l ut anglha h t a Although forming around N ra ainqên Shan a y N J 20 percent of China’s landmass, y Lhazê i E a P a LHASA n 5 Tibet is sparsely populated, A s Arunáchal g supporting only 1 percent of China’s L Gyangzê Pradesh (claimed by China) 1.3 billion population. Mount Everest 117 29,035ft (8850m) BHUTAN INDIA

ABCD SOUTH & EAST ASIA 109

EFGH

) e 97 n H u g n r u A g Genhe The name Gobi Desert is derived ERATION g r

E n ( from Mongolian, meaning “waterless 1 i Jagdaqi

L Hulun Buir place.” Bare rock rather than sand a g non (Hailar) n n O a dunes typify the cold desert landscape e l g e g that stretches for some 500,000 S Sühbaatar Manzhouli Hulun n i sq miles (1,295,000 sq km).

Darhan Nur H HEILONGJIANG Erdenet a D Bulgan ULAN BATOR Menengiyn Tal Öndörhaan JILIN n le Keru Baruun-Urt U Q Tongliao 112 2 I OLIA H Z ) I a Xilinhot Z l i Saynshand o L g LIAONING O o n Sea of Japan G M Dalandzadgad Erenhot N r Chifeng NORTH (East Sea) O n e Alta I n yn Nu M ( (Ulanhad) KOREA ruu I b N E Ulan Qab Korea i (Jining) Bay HOHHOT BEIJING SOUTH TIANJIN Bo Hai KOREA uang He Baotou 3 Wuhai H Having started in the 7th century BCE, work on the Mu Us 3700 mile (6000 km) long Great Wall of China (Haibowan) l JAPAN l Shadi a a continued for hundreds of years. A major renovation n W i t h begun in 1386 took 200 years to complete. a e C ) r r f e G o v NINGXIA SHANXI i R Yellow XINING HUIZU w lo ZIZHIQU el JIANGSU Sea e (Y Huang H NA The Huang He (Yellow River) has flooded more East GANSU SHAANXI than 1500 times in the last 1800 years. In 1931, 113 4 catastrophic flooding was responsible for the China

deaths of 3.7 million people. The river has also ó changed its course at least nine times. t Sea o

h HUBEI s ) ZHEJIANG n - a i p a e J SICHUAN s o Despite a population of 1.3 billion, China t CHONGQING n ( has only about 200 family names. a N cer JIANGXI Can HUNAN ic of 5 FUJIAN Trop YUNNAN TAIWAN GUIZHOU 111

EFGH 110 SOUTH & EAST ASIA Eastern China & Korea

1 2 3 4

t i

112 Lake Pusan Sea) Khanka (East Japan Sea of Taegu E SOUTH KOREA Hamh û ng Mudanjiang Ch’ ô ngjin KOREA n g NORTH i P’Y Ô NGYANG L Jilin n ) a Taej ô n ng g SEOUL ia g JILIN J i n

g Baishan H Fushun Kwangju

n HEILONGJIANG o o l a i i Qiqihar e X Haicheng Dalian H HARBIN

( Namp’o

u Korea Bay LIAONING

m Qingdao

D A Dandong 97 Bo CHANGCHUN Hai SHENYANG Fuxin Zibo Tangshan Zaozhuang TIANJIN Jinzhou SHANDONG TIANJIN SHI HEBEI

JINAN

Anyang

U Q

BEIJING I H

C Z

) Handan Z

SHANXI

l l

i v r e ) R

l Xinxiang

Datong

in o Shijiazhuang

h O

w o l l e

(

n H

g G

TAIYUAN n a f t u

o o

e N

G O

e M

I n

E ( N NINGXIA LANZHOU B 109 YINCHUAN

RUSSIAN FEDERATION n a

MONGOLIA S

Tiananmen Square in Beijing is the largest public square in the world, covering an acres (40.5 hectares). area of 100 n Tangshan, China, suffered the deadliest earthquake of Tangshan, One-quarter of the population 1976. 20th century on July 28, was killed or seriously injured, with an estimated death people. toll of 242,000 a Whereas European languages such as English or French letters, the Chinese language uses use an alphabet of 26 a system of over 40,000 characters or symbols. The “Yongle Dadian,” an encyclopedia of the Chinese Ming The “Yongle volumes. More than chapters in 11,000 had 22,937 dynasty, 2000 Chinese scholars worked on the book for five years before it was finished.

i QINGHAI

l A

Q UYGUR ZIZHIQU 108 XINJIANG 1 2 3 4 SOUTH & EAST ASIA 111

5 6 7 8

)

p t

h f

t -

a 134 r e i

r JAPAN

e p o

( s

a E

i N Sea Cancer of Tropic

Okinawa

East China a j

Cheju-do

r e

t h

C S

PHILIPPINES OCEAN

PACIFIC n

(China and Taiwan claim all of each other's territory)

Sea o

TAIPEI TAIWAN z

Yellow

Ningbo u

SHANGHAI t

i T’aichung

a L

Wenzhou t

Jiaxing

T’ainan S

Jinhua w

FUZHOU i

JIANGSU a

D T 121 Nanjing ZHEJIANG Wuxi Kaohsiung Bengbu Shangrao Xuzhou Xiamen FUJIAN By far the biggest tidal bore in the world occurs on the Qiantang River in China. At spring tides ft (9 m) the wave attains a height of up to 30 mph (40 km/h). and a speed of 25 HANGZHOU Li is the family name million for over 87 people in China. ANHUI Jingdezhen HEFEI HONG KONG (Xianggang) JIANGXI Dongguan Kaifeng Shantou Fuzhou Huainan Sea Hengyang Paracel Islands (disputed by China, Taiwan and Vietnam) GUANGDONG C NANCHANG WUHAN HENAN South China HUBEI Macao Hainan Dao (Aomen) Spratly Islands ZHENGZHOU HUNAN Yueyang Luoyang (disputed by China, Liuzhou Taiwan and Vietnam) CHANGSHA g Malaysia, Philippines,

GUANGZHOU n Lichuan i k g HAINAN o n M SHAANXI T A XI’AN of N CHONGQING f T ul E ZIZHIQU G

GUANGXI I CHONGQING ZHUANGZU Pendi GUIZHOU r V Sichuan ve i B NANNING

R 118 ed

GANSU

Zigong R

Hanzhong

)

e Guiyang

g 400

i KUNMING

(

n a h

n CAMBODIA SICHUAN

Leshan C a Mianyang

CHENGDU h ng YUNNAN S Jia n g g g W u l i a LAOS n g 400 lo Jian n a iang eko Y Jinsha J M u a n S h a n g d THAILAND e n H Sal een The Giant Bamboo is the fastest growing plant in the world, able to grow at the rate of 3 ft (90 cm) a day.

w A CHINA A R (Tibet) M M Y A N ) XIZANG 0 km 0 miles ZIZHIQU A ( B U R M 118 5 6 7 8 112 SOUTH & EAST ASIA Japan 1 2 3 4 134 Ostrov Iturup Ostrov Shikotan E Nemuro Kurile Islands claimed by Japan) Russian Federation, (administered by the Kushiro Ostrov Kunashir Hokkaid ó Kitami Sea of Okhotsk

i Abashiri

a Iwaki

r Hachinohe Sendai t Hitachi Honsh ú Mito D Obihiro 97 Morioka S Fukushima K ó riyama Tomakomai e

o Hakodate

r e

Ostrov

Sakhalin

Asahikawa L Otaru Sapporo Akita Aomori Niigata Nagano Wakkanai Rishiri-t ó Rebun-t ó JAPAN Sado C Toyama

Okushiri-t ó

Shinano-gawa

I T

E Kanazawa D

U B R 97 (East Sea) Sea of Japan

(under South Korean control) Liancourt Rocks At 33.4 miles (53.8 km), 14.3 (23.3 km) of which lie under the Tsugaru Strait, Seikan Tunnel is currently the longest tunnel in world. Construction began in 1964 and took 24 years to complete.

R The Toyota Motor Corporation was first established in 1937 as a spin-off from Toyoda Automatic Loom Works. The company now produces 8.5 million cars a year, equivalent to one every 3.7 seconds.

A O

H T

R O CHINA N 110 1 2 3 4 SOUTH & EAST ASIA 113 5 6 7 8 134 E The same family has occupied the Imperial Throne of Japan for the last 1300 years. The present-day emperor, Akihito, is the 125th in succession. Aoga-shima Hachij ó -jima ó D 134 Chiba t T Ó KYO h o Yokohama - s I z u Hamamatsu Sea Kawasaki Okazaki Nagoya On August 12, 1990, Typhoon Winona, combined with the summer vacation rush, created longest traffic jam in Japan's history, an 84-mile long tailback involving about 15,000 vehicles. C Philippine Shing ú Ky ó to Ó saka OCEAN Wakayama The longest bridge in the world is Akashi Kaikyo Bridge linking Honshu and Shikoku, with a central span of 6352 ft (1991 m); the total length shore to shore is 12,831 ft (3911 m), or 2.4 miles (3.9 km). Fukui PACIFIC Biwa-ko K ó be 200 K ó chi Shikoku Tokushima Nakamura Tottori 200 B 134 Okayama Kurashiki Matsue Ky úshú Ó ita Miyazaki Yamaguchi Tanega-shima Matsuyama Oki-shot ó 0 km 0 miles Kumamoto Yaku-shima Hamada

Hiroshima

Tsushima ó

r Tokuno-shima t o

Iki t

Sea K

Shimonoseki e

Amami- Ó-shima

r A Fukuoka

Sasebo - Kitaky ú sh

Kagoshima ú

y Okinawa Nagasaki

East China k Ó sumi-shot ó

Amakusa-nada ú y Naha Got ó-rettó R 111 SOUTH KOREA 5 6 7 8 114 SOUTH & EAST ASIA Southern India & Sri Lanka ABCD

Mumbai Kalyán Nánded 116 (Bombay) Nizámábád n Pune W a 1 Solápur e K ri c The Mumbai (Bombay) movie industry, known as sh s n Hyderábád Bollywood, makes around 900 films each year, a t c compared to Hollywood's 100, making it the most INDIA e prolific film-producing country in the world. Hubli e Belgaumr á á Kurnool P n ji n

D Dávangere Anantapur Arabian G Karnátaka h 2 103 BangaloreVellore Mangalore a Sea Mysore Amíndívi Is. t Tamil s Salem Lakshadweep Nadu (part of India) Kozhikode / Calicut Kavaratti I. Coimbatore Tiruchchi- Ernákulam K á The word ghats, literally “stairs that e r ppalli Kalpeni I. r descend to a river,” refers to the a Kochi / Cochin l a Madurai 3 stair-like appearance of the slopes of the Western Ghats mountain Thiruvananthapuram / Gulf range, as they descend to Minicoy I. Tivandrum of the coastal plain. Nágercoil Mannar

Ihavananthapuram Atoll MALDIVES

4 55 There are over 1300 islands in the Maldives but only about 200 are inhabited. All the MALE’ islands are low-lying, none rising more than 6 ft (1.8m) above sea level. Kolhumadulu Atoll 0 km 300

0 miles 300 Equator INDIAN 5 Huvadhu Atoll

123

ABCD SOUTH & EAST ASIA 115

EFGH

God áv s ar 117 i t a Andhra h Bay MYANMAR G (BURMA) 1 Pradesh n Visákhapatnam e r of s t E a Rájahmundry M e Vijayawáda Bengal ouths of th Irrawaddy Ongole The Indian cobra is often displayed Nellore by snake charmers. The cobras appear to respond to the music North Andaman Chennai played by the charmer, but, like (Madras) 119 2 all snakes, they are deaf and Middle Andaman Andaman Is. only follow the movements of Kánchípuram (part of India) the charmer. Port Blair Pondicherry South Andaman Little Andaman Andaman Palk Strait Jaffna Sea SRI LANKA Mannar 3 Trincomalee Nicobar Is. Batticaloa (part of India) Kandy One of the world’s largest tea Indira Point producers, Sri Lanka has over Great Nicobar COLOMBO 8500 sq miles (22,000 sq km) Galle of land under tea cultivation, yielding Matara about 300,000 tons (tonnes) a year, INDONESIA and accounting for around 10 Sumatra percent of global production. 120 4

At 7:58 am on December 26, 2004, an earthquake just off the coast of Sumatra measuring 9.1 on the Richter scale triggered a massive and devastating Tsunami that advanced across the Indian Ocean, killing over 200,000 people and leaving millions homeless in eleven countries. OCEAN quator E 5

123

EFGH 116 SOUTH & EAST ASIA North India & Pakistan ABCD

(claimed by India) 104

The Karakoram Highway ndu Kush Ka K2 Hi ra 28,251ft 1 (A "line of control" ko was finally completed in ra (8611m) was set between In d us m 1986 after 24,000 workers India and Pakistan had toiled for almost 20 á R in 1972) Mard n a n years. The road climbs to Pesháwar g e 15,397 ft (4693 m) ISLÁMÁBÁD at the Khunjerab Pass. Ráwalpindi Jamu & Jhelum Kashmir AFGHANISTAN Gujrát Punjab áb Ch en Gujránwála e Sargodha g Amritsar an Lahore 2 102 r R Jalandhar áka Toba K Faisalábád Ludhiána Quetta á í Dera Gházi Ok ra Chand garh Khán Multán Chágai Hills Baháwalpur Meerut PAKISTAN Delhi Rahímyár Khán NEW DELHI Shikárpur us IRAN nd í á e I T B k ner ng Lárkána h a r 3 a D e Jaipur Ágra n R Sukkur s e r akrá t al M Centr Jodhpur Ajmer Nawábsháh Gwalior Rajá sthá n Hyderábád Kota á s Kar chi u Trop d ic of M Canc n er t o I h u e t Rann I h IND 0 km 200 n s of Kachchh du of 4 103 s Gánhídhám á á Bhopál Gu Ahmad b d 0 miles 200 lf of Kachchh Gujará t Indore Arabian Jámnagar Rájkot Vadodara Madhya da Porbandar Narma á Sea Bhávnagar N gpur Súrat Mahá rashtra On January 26, 2001, a massive Gulf Damán of earthquake devastated the Gujarat Khambhát Náshik Nánded region of India, costing some 25,000 lives. Kalyán 5 Mumbai D e c (Bombay) Pune Nizámábád Ceasefire Line 114 Solápur

ABCD SOUTH & EAST ASIA 117

EFGH

XINJIANGUYGUR 108 ZIZHIQU The northern ranges of the Himalayas contain the highest 1 Aksai Chin mountains in the world, with average heights of more than (adminstered by China, 23,000 ft (7000 m) and many peaks higher claimed by India) than 26,000 ft (8000m). CHINAQINGHAI Demchok/Dêmqog Cherrapunji, 4872 ft (1484 m) above sea level, has an average (administered by China, claimed by India) annual rainfall of 450 inches (1143 cm), although most of this falls during the monsoon – the winter is a virtual drought. The highest-ever seasonal rainfall was 904 inches (2298 cm). XIZANG ZIZHIQU 108 2 (Tibet) The Kingdom of Bhutan is H the only country in the world Arunachal Pradesh i to measure the happiness (claimed by China) m of its citizens. a s N Mount Everest l a a Bareilly 29,035ft (8850m) y E THIMPHU Uttar P KATHMANDU A Gangtok BHUTAN 3 Pradesh Guwáháti Lucknow L Birátnagar Dispur í apu Koh ma Kánpur Saidpur hm tra Váránasi Patna ra Yam ng B un Ga es a Jamálpur Imphál á Sylhet Allahábád Bih r BANGLADESH cer Gaya Rájsháhi Tropic of Can IADhanbád WestDHAKA á Bengal Comilla 118 4 Jabalpur R nchi Kolkata Khulna Chittagong

(Calcutta) s Pradesh ge MYANMAR an he G Raipur Mouths of t (BURMA) M a há í Bay n Orissa na d Cuttack The heaviest hailstones a ts of on record, weighing about c ha 2.25 lbs (1 kg), are G reported to have killed 92 n 5 Go r Bengal people in the Gopalganj dáv e er t i s area of Bangladesh on a 115 April 14, 1986. Warangal E Visákhapatnam

EFGH 118 SOUTH & EAST ASIA Mainland Southeast Asia

1 2 3 4

n a

111

Ã a N â ng i

o r

T Huê T of Hông Gai

Gulf E Hai Phong Lang S ò n I Tongking Nam Ã inh V

Vinh S

D r

111 e iv HANÓI R er v ed i A Khanthabouli R R k c Thakhèk a Pek Bl L

u Xam Nua

O Louangphabang

Xaignabouri g

Phôngsali n

Every year around 300–500 million poeple are infected with malaria from the bite of female Anopheles Mosquitos, of which between 1 and 3 million die, making this the deadliest animal in world.

k e Udon Thani

Khon Kaen

M CHINA

C g

n VIENTIANE o Res. Sirikit k e

Around 60 percent of Myanmar’s cultivated land is given over to growing rice, producing almost 20 million tons (tonnes) each year. M THAILAND g in P Chiang Mai m Na ae

e n

a Pa-an

R l

a n

o Bhamo

Thaton m

u Taunggyi Mawlamyine B K

108 g Shan Plateau n ou tt Bago

Katha Si Toungoo

Mandalay

a w a r r I

n Pyapon n

i e

d h

n t

h f C y o

d Insein s d Hinthada h a r t

e (Rangoon) u w

c Pyay o a (BURMA) n r a M r Chauk I

MYANMAR

f NAY PYI TAW Monywa Pakokku

o A

i Pathein

p Yangon o INDIA r Bay of Sittwe Bengal

T Island Ramree 135 1 2 3 4 SOUTH & EAST ASIA 119 5 6 7 8 200 A M 122

N E

200 g

g e

Ã a Lat M Quy Nh ò n n Nha Trang

Attapu e

Hô Chi Minh K

e t l

g s

0 km h 0 miles

St œ ng Treng

o t

M e k k o u

n Svay Ri ê ng

g e o

Kâmpóng Cham M M Cân Th ò Sên South ng

Ratchathani e Ubon œ

Muang Không t S China Sea D 121 Kâmpôt Tônlé Sap Phum î Sâmraông Rach Gia CAMBODIA Following years of conflict, it is estimated that as many 6 million landmines remain buried in the soils of Cambodia. Chhn â ng A Kâmpóng I

PHNOM PENH S Malay Nakhon Ratchasima Y Peninsula

Pattani A Yala c B â tdâmbang Kâmpóng Saôm L c Chon Buri a

Ko Chang A l C Ayutthaya

of a BANGKOK M Songkhla

Gulf M f

Ko Samui o A Ko Phangan Thailand Nakhon Si Pattaya Thammarat t I ai tr S S E Chumphon Hat Yai N Res. Srinagarind Trang O Nakhon Sawan D Ratchaburi N I Myeik Sumatra Surat Thani Phuket B 121 Dawei Mergui Ko Phuket Archipelago Isthmus of Kra Sea The world's smallest mammal is the bumblebee bat of Thailand, weighing less than 0.09 oz (2.5 g). Andaman Nicobar Islands (part of India) A Bangkok has some of the worst traffic jams in the world. In July 1992, after a monsoon storm, it took 11 hours for one jam to clear. OCEAN INDIAN 115 5 6 7 8 120 SOUTH & EAST ASIA Maritime Southeast Asia ABCD

Gulf of 119 L A Tongking MYANMAR O (BURMA) S 1 V Paracel Islands I (disputed by China, 0 km 400 E THAILAND T Taiwan, and Vietnam) N

0 miles 400 A

M South China MALAYSIA'S TWO CAPITALS Sea Kuala Lumpur - Capital CAMBODIA Spratly Islands Putrajaya - Administrative capital (disputed by China, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam) 2 122 Andaman Gulf

I Sea s of t h The Rafflesia plant has the largest single flower m Thailand Nicobar Islands u in the world. The bloom, 3 ft (90 cm) in s (to India) o f diameter, attracts insects by imitating bac K Bala r S a the foul smell of rotting flesh. tr ai George t o f M Town Kota Bharu Kota Kinabalu Bandaaceh al acca Kuala Terengganu BANDAR SERI Taiping BEGAWAN Ipoh S a b Medan Kuantan BRUNEI 3 Klang Pematangsiantar KUALA LUMPUR Pulau Simeulue Danau ak Toba PUTRAJAYA MALAYSIA w Kayan Sibu ara an Sibolga P Johor Bahru S g nun Pulau Nias e Kuching egu er M Equator g P ull a SINGAPORE M h Sumatera u as ak n Pekanbaru apu am Pontianak K Borneo (Sumatra) Padang u B S n ata e K n i la a Samarinda Pulau Siberut g g Har l K Bangka t i M e a K m p a a Balikpapan e n Jambi r n n u i t a t la m n a u B at 4 122 w an a Palembang a ai r Banjarmasin i s Pulau Bengkulu a IND INDIAN n Belitung J a v a S Pulau Tegal e a Laut Bandar Lampung Pekalongan JAKARTA Makassar OCEAN Se Semarang la t S u n d a Surabaya Bogor Kudus Sukabumi Mataram In August 1883, a devastating volcanic Bandung Jember eruption destroyed most of the island of Cilacap Denpasar Jawa Bali 5 Krakatau and triggered a tsunami that (Java) Magelang Malang Pulau claimed around 35,000 lives. Yogyakarta Kediri Lombok Madiun 123 Surakarta

ABCD SOUTH & EAST ASIA 121

EFGH

Luzon Strait B 112 abuyan Channel Philippine Tuguergarao Ilagan Northern 1 Luzon Sea Mariana Baguio Islands Dagupan The Philippines take their name from Philip II (to US) Angeles Cabanatuan of Spain, who was king when the islands were MANILA Lucena colonized during the 16th century. Batangas Naga Mindoro Guam (to US) Mindoro Legazpi City PHILIPPINES St ra Sibuyan n it Calbayog a Sea w Roxas City la e Tacloban a g PACIFIC P a s s Iloilo Cadiz 126 2 a Yap P PeurtoBacolod Cebu Princesa City ea Butuan ol S Palawan Boh OCEAN Iligan Cagayan de Oro Stra Sulu Sea it Mindanao Babeldaob MICRONESIA o Davao Zamboanga g D PALAU la a e v ip ao ch General Gulf Ar a h lu Santos Indonesia is the world’s largest archipelago, Su Kepulauan n a with over 17,500 islands stretching Tawau u Talaud 3 a r l i 3100 miles (5000 km) between the Indian u g Celebes Sea p n e a and Pacific oceans. S Pulau Morotai K a e S Manado Pulau Equator a c Halmahera Gorontalo c u Pulau ol Biak Gulf of M M Halmahera Sorong Tomini a Sea Kepulauan l Jazirah S u u Banggai k n Palu u Doberai g Jayapura Sea ( ai Sulawesi am M M Kepulauan er Wahai a (Celebes) C o mb Sula l egunun era 126 4 Ambon u P gan M mo c ao c ke PAPUA ONESIAKendari Pulau Pulau a it Seram s Papua a ) NEW tr Parepare Pulau Buru S Buton Kepulauan (Irian Jaya) GUINEA S e a Kai Kepulauan Makassar B a n d a Aru New Guinea Kepulauan r a Wetar Dig u l Flores Sea a or Tanimbar g g Al Strait T e n an Pulau Yamdena N u s a pulau Ke DILI Flores Kepulauan Leti Sumba ea A r a f u res Strait lat S EAST TIMOR r a or Se Savu S T 5 Timor e a Pulau Sumba Kupang Timor Sea 130 AUSTRALIA

EFGH 122 OCEANS The Indian Ocean

1 2 3 4

e 134

a v

i e

R S

Sea

Borneo a w

E v

l a l South China

Tropic of Cancer Tropic J

e Java Y

e c

z g Equator t n

ko n

g e

Hong Kong e Singapore

n M

(Xianggang) r Lake a

Baikal Y T

East Indies v Gulf of Thailand J a ea Sumatra or

S Investigat

y n

d a n

d a

a m u

w a

a a r d l i r I n u a A p w

D e a s K t 137 a en

t M

s Basin Cocos

u a e

g n g p d i a R n

a y F e

is m y s G h e

n Bay of e a g Bengal

r Y a n

B a

b' l G O Kolkata

ASIA a Plain (Calcutta) Sri Lanka Ceylon (to UK) m

i Colombo

c n e

r Mid-Indian T

s o

C a

l e a t v i e

a d u a

H L -

Mumbai (Bombay) o g

a h British Indian Ocean Territory With no part of the Maldives over 7ft 7in (2.3 m) above sea level, they are under great threat from global warming. There are over 2000 islands, yet the total land area is only 115 sq miles (298 km). C

Lake

Balkhash d

n n I Fa s u d n M i d - I MALDIVES Sea

Basin e

a e g g Arabian

d d

e i m i Arabian

Karachi n R R

Z g

f e r

r r

r e

o u

t b

M c

f s

a l l e

r r n Aral Sea

u F

B a re n n

137 G e C a

w sc O a M f

l Mina'

u Qabus

a Plateau G

Iranian

Sea g

l n

o Caspian ia Dubai

V s

s s i

r l

u e a

s P a

a B

c m

u o s S a igri SEYCHELLES C T s Horn of Africa e

Arabian t Aden of Gulf a Peninsula r Kuwait h p Aden

u Group

E Aldabra A e a S

d Mombasa R e Black Sea 63 Ethiopian Highlands AFRICA Tropic of Cancer Tropic Equator 1 2 3 4 OCEANS 123

5 6 7 8

A I

U A 134

ice e

k Basin

North

e i

k c

p Australian o

g E a

r Z p

Plateau e

t Exmouth

Antarctic Circle Antarctic r

e d n e

r i

Tropic of Capricorn Tropic m

u i w

f m c o

Plateau u

Fremantle

a s R t e Perth

Basin

r i

Naturaliste

g o

d F m

i i

a i

L R

n n m

(to Australia) n i i a t

m n a

a a Christmas Island i

d m i n

I a

ge i

Rid t

s D d a Basin E n e Wharton g I

d South Indian Basin Every cubic mile (4.3 cu km) of seawater holds over 150 million tons (tonnes) of minerals.

i D

R t

n (to Australia)

s e

t t

s Cocos Islands o a

t 136

n i B N e

t ANTARCTICA Osborn Plateau u

o u

Basin a Amsterdam Island te S a Pl n le C Île St-Paul e u g Banzare

r Seamounts INDIAN e OCEAN e g K i d R

a n (to Australia)

I n d i e

d 1500 i

(to France)

Basin

teau n

Pla Crozet

a French Southern &

MAURITIUS Antarctic Territories

136

Réunion (to France)

Heard & Mcdonald Islands l

1500

P The largest animal ever seen alive was a 110 ft (34 m), 170-ton (tonne) female blue whale.

Basin Crozet Islands

Basin I

Plain

Mascarene

Madagascar y t

Mascarene

c Farafangana r

d e a

h M

Plateau d

Mayotte (to France) n

u a

Madagascar i

COMOROS n d o n

e i

g n s

d I

i S

- 0 km

R 0 miles

i e c

l v i

D a e t

n A

a e

n h

C Natal Basin

a i

t a z

M A 49 Lake Nyasa Antarctic Circle Antarctic 5 6 7 8 124 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA Australasia & Oceania ABCD

107 Northern Wake Island Mariana (to US) Islands 1 (to US) MARSHALL Saipan M Philippine i ISLANDS c Guam Ra (to US) r tak Sea o C ha n R in

a International Dateline MICRONESIA li Philippines Yap e k C ha C a r Chuuk Pohnpei in o l i s Babeldaob n e Islands Kosrae Sulu I T s i ( Sea l a G u i n n l d a b g PALAU s e r a t r 2 107 e l a I u n Nauru sl Celebes M Banaba an e NAURU ds) Sea Bismarck Arch s KIRIBATI Borneo ipel ag i Bismarck Sea o ator So Equ Mount Wilhelm lom a TUVALU New Britain on SOLOMON 14,793ft (4509m) Is Solomon la ISLANDS Celebes n New Guinea Sea d Banda s Santa Cruz Sea PAPUA NEW Guadalcanal Islands Arafura es Strait GUINEA Timor Sea orr Flores T G VANUATU 3 r Coral Vanua Levu e Espiritu Santo Gulf a Sea Timor t Malekula Viti Arnhem of Cape Coral Sea Efate Sea Carpentaria B Levu Ashmore & Land York a Islands New Caledonia r (to Australia) (to France) Cartier Islands Peninsula r i FIJI (to Australia) e New G r r e Caledonia a R e t e INDIAN AUSTRALIA D f l i el v Great n i n d OCEAN Sandy do es ac g Simpson e i M n g n Desert a Desert n Norfolk Island R g Uluru a (to Australia) 4 123 R (Ayers Rock) y R Gibson e r g Lord Howe n a Desert L. Eyre North G li Island r n

n a North Cape r g (to Australia)

ico Great D r e ap L. Torrens North f C Victoria c o Desert Island pi in M Mount Kosciuszko ro la u y NEW T P rra 7310ft (2228m) or n Big b lia ht ZEALAND r ra la st l u Kangaroo South Island u A Tasman N t Island a e Bass Strait Aoraki (Mt Cook) r Sea G 12,283ft (3744m) 5 Cape Leeuwin Tasmania Antipodes Auckland Islands Islands 136 (to New Zealand)

ABCD AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA 125

EFGH

Ha waiia n Is 107 (to U lan S) ds Johnston Atoll (to US) 1

PACIFIC OCEAN Kingman Reef

(to US) a Palmyra Atoll (to US) Teraina

Baker & Howland Tabuaeran e

n Islands i

(to US) Kiritimati e t

i L a 134 2 i D Jarvis Island n l (to US) e a KIRIBATI n

I t

Malden Island s a Equator

Phoenix Islands n

l r K Starbuck Island a s e I t R n n Tokelau I I B Norther Penrhyn d (to NZ) n C A Millennium Wallis & o s ok T Is Island Futuna Manihiki la I Marquesas Islands nd Flint Island (to France)SAMOA s Cook Islands e American (to NZ) T 3 TONGA Samoa ua mo Vava‘u (to US) S o tu c i Is Group ds e la Niue slan t y n k I Tahiti d (to NZ) Coo n I s rn s l he a Tongatapu ut n So d Group Rarotonga s Îl es French Polynesia Au y st (to France) Kermadec Islands ra le (to New Zealand) s Pitcairn Islands Marotiri l (to UK) 134 4 Pitcairn Island Tro pic of C ap o ric orn P 0 km 1000

0 miles 1000 Chatham Islands (to New Zealand) 5

136

EFGH 126 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA The Southwest Paciﬁc ABCD

h 134 c Guam n e r (US unincorporated T MARSHALL territory) HAGÅTÑA R 1 s ISLANDS a a n M R t ia a Yap r a a i k M l c i k Majuro r C Caroline Islands o C h h a Chuuk Is. n a i Pohnpei n MELEKEOK i PALIKIR e n PALAU MICRONESIA Kosrae s i 2 121 The Pitohui bird has a poison on its feathers and skin similar to the poison arrow tree frog, making it the a BAIRIKI only known example of a poisonous bird. Tarawa Equator NAURU PAPUA NEW GUINEA Banaba arc Bism k Archi New Ireland pela INDONESIA go M Mt Wilhelm Madang 3 14,793ft (4509m) Bougainville I. e l New Britain New New Guinea Lae Georgia a Islands PORT MORESBY Solomon n Arafura Sea HONIARA Santa Cruz e Islands Torres Strait s Sea SOLOMON ISLANDS i Gulf a 4 128 of Coral Sea Carpentaria Banks Is. Found only in the rainforest of New Guinea, VANUATU Queen Alexandra's Birdwing, with a wingspan of 11 inches (280 mm), is the G Coral Sea Islands PORT VILA r e (Australian external largest butterfly in the world. a New Caledonia t territory) B (French overseas a r territory) r i e AUSTRALIA r Îles 5 R NOUMÉA Loyauté e e f Tropic of Capricorn 131

ABCD AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA 127

EFGH

135

PACIFIC OCEAN 1 In 1995, the International Date Line was repositioned around Kiribati territory, bringing Millennium Island 14 hours ahead of GMT, making it the first landfall for sunrise at the dawn of the new millennium.

Kingman Reef Palmyra Atoll (administered by US) (administered by US) Teraina International Dateline 135 2

( Tabuaeran G Baker & Howland Is. T i l (administered by US) b u Jarvis I. L Kiritimati e n i r t g (administered by US) n

I a Equator s e l r a u n I d s s ) l a KIRIBATI Phoenix Islands n KIRIBATI d

s Samoa is home to the world’s smallest known 3 spider, the Patu marplesi, which spans a mere

TUVALU 0.017 inches (0.4 mm). International Dateline

FONGAFALE Tokelau (NZ dependent territory) Vostok I. American Millennium I. Samoa P (US unincorporated Northern Flint I. Wallis o l territory) Cook Is. 135 & Futuna SAMOA y n 4 (French overseas ÁPIA PAGO e s i French Polynesia territory) PAGO a (French overseas FIJI Îles d territory) Vava‘u e la S Vanua Levu Cook Islands oci Group été SUVA Niue (in free assoc. PAPEETE Ha‘apai (in free assoc. with NZ) Viti Tahiti Levu Group with NZ) Southern TONGA ALOFI Cook Is. AVARUA NUKU‘ALOFA 0 km 500 Rarotonga 0 miles 500 5

135 Tropic of Capricorn

EFGH 128 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA Western Australia

1 2 3 4 s

130 e

g n

Daly Waters a

Sea l

Croker Island

Land

Katherine l e Arnhem

Top Springs Roadhouse n

Arafura

Gulf o iver Tennant Creek

R Alice Springs d Desert

Van Diemen a

i Tanami

r c Island

o a

Melville t

i M

V NORTHERN TERRITORY Pine Creek DARWIN

Kununurra t D Gulf

121 r Joseph Halls Creek

e Bonaparte Bathurst Island

D Lake Mackay

Cape Wyndham

Fitzroy Crossing y r Sea

Londonderry e d

v Plateau

i Timor n R Kimberley

y a o

r Lakes z S it Percival F

t Lake Disappointment C d un a So g e Heywood Islands Bonaparte in

Archipelago r K

i Gibson Desert

Broome M WESTERN y

Newman t

Marble Bar

g i e E g

On Christmas Day, 1974, Cyclone Tracy devastated Darwin with winds of up to 175 mph (280km/h), resulting in 71 deaths, thousands of injuries, and 95 percent the city destroyed. n r e a

B v R i r

120 R e y e v e i u l c s R e s r g e n n t e o r t a o r m R u F a b e h e

H s l

Port Hedland r A Ba Onslow INDONESIA

Dampier

n r

ulf o

G c i

OCEAN th r

One of the largest states in world, with an area more than 1,000,000 sq miles (2.6 million km), Western Australia covers a third of the Australian continent. u

o p

INDIAN a A m

of C of

c c i

Exmouth p

123 o

r T 1 2 3 4 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA 129 5 6 7 8 Lake 131 Port Gairdner Elliston Lincoln

e t g h

n Penong g

Coober Pedy a i Ceduna

R B

n v

a a

i SOUTH

i r

g a Uluru

s a

Lake Amadeus l

u r

t AUSTRALIA P

(Ayers Rock)

Eucla

2845ft (867m)

r A

136

b a

Reid e

l G l

A u

Great Victoria Desert N The Nullarbor Plain is so flat that the Trans-Australian Railway runs through it in a dead straight line for 297 miles (478 km), the longest section of straight track in the world.

C Lake Wells C Lake Rebecca Residents of Coober Pedy have built their homes below ground to escape temperatures that can reach 113˚F (45˚C) during the summer months. Lake Carnegie Lake Carey

Norseman O Lake Cowan s Kalgoorlie

e Esperance g n a R

n o Lake Barlee

s Southern Cross N

i AUSTRALIA Coolgardie b

Albany o

Meekatharra R Katanning A Wagin Mount Magnet

r Lake Moore Brookton e B

136 i 400

Manjimup I

Northam

Merredin

r u M D AUSTRALIA 400 Moora Gingin PERTH Bunbury N Augusta Fremantle Mandurah Around 18 percent of Australia is covered in desert, the biggest being The Great Victoria Desert, which at 163,900 sq miles (424,400 km) is over 10 times the size of Belgium. Busselton

I Denham L. Macleod Geraldton A Kalbarri Island Shark Bay 123 0 km 0 miles Carnarvon Dirk Hartog 5 6 7 8 130 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA Eastern Australia 1 2 3 4

p 126

E c

i Fraser Island

r T f (to Australia) e e Coral Sea Islands R

Bundaberg r Rockhampton Coral Sea e Mackay i Whitsunday Group Koalas feed only on nutrient-poor eucalypt leaves and consequently have evolved a low energy lifestyle based around sleeping for 20 hours each day.

r Biloela Bowen Emerald Australia’s Great Barrier Reef is the world’s largest area of coral islands and reefs, running for about 1,240 miles (2,000 km) along the coast of Queensland.

D r 126 a Clermont B Townsville

Hinchinbrook Island t Charters Towers a Cairns e The venom of the box jellyfish (also known as the sea wasp or marine stinger) can kill a person in between 30 seconds and four minutes. g e n r a Tully R Barcaldine Port Douglas n g

G Cooktown i i v i d

Princess Charlotte Bay D t t Tambo i r e a a G er ge

r v i r n

t a R e R S Cape York ll v

e i y Winton

r Hughenden

s h R o

C c e York g Cape it t e

r r r PAPUA NEW GUINEA e r

r M G e

Peninsula b v o l i i R

Longreach T G s

Normanton r e e d g in Fl n a

Cloncurry R

n y Windorah l w S e Gulf of QUEENSLAND Burketown d a n Islands Carpentaria INDONESIA l Wellesley l e b B

a Mount Isa Groote Eylandt 121 Wessel Islands T

l y a k r

Simpson e a B

a g n

Tennant Creek a

u R

Land

a Daly Waters

Arnhem l l

r e Alice

A n

Katherine n Springs A NORTHERN

Pine Creek o TERRITORY Top Springs Roadhouse

AUSTRALIA d

Desert c Tanami

Uluru (Ayers Rock) 2845ft (867m) a DARWIN

128 M

1 2 3 4 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA 131 5 6 7 8 134 E Gold Coast BRISBANE

Surfer's Paradise Maryborough

Murwillumbah

g Grafton n Coffs Harbour

Port Macquarie

i Sea

Dalby d i

i Newcastle

Miles D

Gosford Tasman

t SYDNEY

Moree a

Wollongong e r Toowoomba

Armidale

G D

AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY

r 136

i Cooma Walgett The platypus lives in an aquatic environment, suckles its young like a mammal, lays eggs, and has webbed feet and a bill resembling that of a duck. CANBERRA

R Tamworth

Roma

s i n

Goondiwindi o a l

r t Parramatta Nyngan s

a Dubbo r u t

St. George i B e

A a v

Flinders Island

i r

t t

i S

Cootamundra

n Mount s

a a l k

Traralgon

h n

Launceston c

South East Point t a Kosciuszko

a r HOBART

Wagga Wagga L B

Bourke Charleville e v

i 7310ft (2228m)

g Ivanhoe

Burnie R MELBOURNE s

n C

WALES

g y s

n a

Cunnamulla

a r

r a

Wilcannia

e R

R r

g B n

i e y

l M r

a i

e r

r NEW SOUTH

r VICTORIA a

G Devonport B Mildura Bendigo Warrnambool

e Ouyen

v Ballarat i Geelong Marrawah

Lake Callabonna R Hill

Lake Frome King Island y TASMANIA

Broken r

Lake Blanche e u

g Horsham

e Peterborough

n i l F Gawler Portland Marree ADELAIDE Crystal Brook B 136 Port Augusta -16m 400

Desert

f l

r Mount Gambier e

Lake c

Lake n Eyre e

North p

Torrens S s Whyalla e Lake Gairdner Eyre

400 g

Peninsula

n Port a Kangaroo Island

Lincoln R

Lake Eyre South

Pedy

Coober

v a Huge truck rigs known as Road Trains, which can reach up to 175 ft (53.5 m) in length, carry freight across the vast distances of the Australian interior. They have as many four trailers, weighing more than 150 tons (tonnes) in total.

Tarcoola A

r g

s Ceduna

u Great Desert Penong SOUTH AUSTRALIA

M Victoria 0 km 0 miles 129 5 6 7 8 132 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA New Zealand 1 2 3 4

135

Ruatoria a

m East Cape a

E u R

a Wairoa R Bay Gisborne Hawke Hastings Bay of Plenty Waipawa Whakatane Cape Turnagain Rotorua Tauranga

Taupo

Napier i Lake

k Woodville

Taupo i

Lake

Whitianga t

Paeroa i

Great Barrier Island g

a Masterton Rotorua R its head, which is sensitive to light. Levin Te Kuiti D Manurewa 127 Gulf Taihape Hauraki Taumarunui Whangarei dinosaurs. It has a third “eye” on the top of Cambridge Sphenodontia, which first evolved before the Stratford Paihia Hawera remaining representative of the reptilian order and rocky stacks off New Zealand. It is the sole and rocky stacks off New Zealand. Hamilton Paraparaumu Waiuku Wanganui Bay Takapuna Palmerston North Bight Auckland Warkworth The lizardlike tuatara is found on some of the islands Ruawai Bay Great Exhibition Bight North Taranaki North Cape Kaikohe Tasman South Taranaki C New Plymouth Kaitaia Te Kao Three Kings Islands Cape Farewell North Island B 127 Sea NEW ZEALAND Tasman Ninety Mile Beach is in fact only about miles (88 km) long. Nevertheless, this still 55 makes it one of the longest sandy beaches in the world. More than 46 million sheep thrive in New Zealand’s mild climate, outnumbering the human to 1. population by 12 Around 130 CE, billion tons something in the order of 33 Around 130 (tonnes) of pumice was ejected in a massive volcanic sq km) debris eruption that left a 20,000 sq mile (51,800 field and created an enormous caldera that Taupo. subsequently became Lake A 131 1 2 3 4 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA 133 5 6 7 8 135 E D Cape Palliser 136 New Zealand has always been a leader New Zealand in progressive social legislation. In it was the first country to grant 1893, women the right to vote. Lower Hutt WELLINGTON it tra S Cook OCEAN Kaikoura

Bay

e e

Blenheim c g

Pegasus

u PACIFIC

e albatross colony on Otago Peninsula is the The royal only mainland nesting site for these birds in the world. Soaring on wings up to 9’6’’ (3 m) across, breeding pairs mate for life and have been known to live for over 60 years.

Picton a r

a South Island

R Banks Peninsula l a

W C d

n o

Christchurch

m i C h Rangiora

c u

n s

u n i

r Bight

a u l

Richmond

Motueka

Canterbury

y Ashburton

a u

Otira

i b

a r

k e t

s a

Timaru

n Studholme

R a p C

Oamaru l

Reefton i Otago Peninsula A k

a is a nocturnal flightless parrot that lives in burrows. The Kakapo its main form of defense is to remain perfectly When in danger, still, which made it an easy target for predators such as the dogs, cats, rats, and ferrets that were introduced in the 19th it is in danger of extinction; 2009 Consequently, century. birds left in the wild. there were only 125 Seddonville t Karamea Bight i Dunedin

Westport a

n Mayfield

Fairlie W Aoraki (Mt Cook) 12,283 (3744m) r

e i

Hokitika T Balclutha Greymouth

B h

136 t u a

Alexandra Cluth Mosgiel

o Wanaka S t i

Queenstown a r t 100 Invercargill Lake S Fox Glacier

Lake Wakatipu Gore Haast x Lumsden

Wanaka u a e Stewart Island v aiau o 100 W F d n Anau

u Lake Te So

d Cape

Sound Riverton r d

o n

f Milford

Though still the highest peak in ft at 12,316 New Zealand, m), a massive rock (3754 reduced the fall in 1991 height of Aoraki (Mount m). ft (10 Cook) by 33 l a

i l

d Te Anau

M r

o 0 km 0 miles i Halfmoon Bay South West F 131 5 6 7 8 134 OCEANS The Paciﬁc Ocean ABCD

it Arctic Circle 137 ra St ing Ber Bering 1 Sea Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench is 35,838 ft Aleutian s Sea of Basin n d I s l a (10,923 m), or almost 7 miles (11 km), below the Okhotsk A l e u t i a n s rench surface of the Pacific. At this depth water pressures nd h ian T la c Aleut is around 16,000 lbs/sq inch (1,127 kg/cm sq). Is e n h le r ic g ri T cif u n Ku e a ro i Vladivostok a i l t P T b ap u r s ok G o f J a) K e ino o e hw i n Ch r ea t S t s o ive S as or a ocin R ( E B end ASIA ellow Tokyo N M Y Yellow Osaka a Shanghai Sea e h Nagoya 107 gtze S c Midway Islands Yan na n hi re Japan (to US) 2 t C T S Northern Hong Kong s u B h Ha a y i wa E k a k Mariana iia Tropic of Cancer u s n (Xianggang) y o Ridg R i k Islands Wake Island e n

u (to US) (to US) M Taiwan i d - Johnston a P a c n s M i f i c M o u n t a i Atoll Philippine n e Guam a h (to US) k Manila Sea i c o P r n MARSHALL n h (to US) a il e g i M r ISLANDS Philippines B p T M i PACI pi c r Central as n Challenger Deep o in e n Pacific Kingman Reef South China 35,838ft (10,923m) MICRONESIA e (to US) Sea s Basin Baker & Celebes PALAU Caroline Isl Melanesian Singapore ands i Howland Is. S Sea Basin a Equator u Borneo (to US) Jarvis I. m Celebes (to US) a M NAURU 3 tr East Indies KIRIBATI a e l Java Sea Banda New a Tokelau (to NZ) Sea Guinea n TUVALU Jakarta Ar SOLOMON e Java afu Wallis & Futuna SAMOA Timor ra ISLANDS s S G i (to France) American Timor ea re Coral Sea Sea at a Samoa B Coral Sea a VANUATU (to US) Gr rr Islands Cook INDIAN ea ie (to Australia) t r FIJI Islands D R TONGA i e New Caledonia v e (to NZ) i f Tropic of Capricorn d (to France) i Niue n Kermadec Islands g (to NZ) OCEAN (to NZ) AUSTRALASIAR Norfolk L

a o o Island 4 123 n r reat d g G M R (to Australia) e H P tralian Big urr Sydney is Aus ht ay e ow Tasman e North Island 0 km 2000 South Australian Sea New Basin Tasmania Hobart Zealand 0 miles 2000 Chatham Islands South Island (to NZ)

Intern Mauna Loa on the Big Island of Hawaii rises 33,132 ft Campbell (10,098 m) from the ocean floor to its peak 13,677 ft Plateau (4169 m) above the surface of the Pacific Ocean, and ati

ona contains around 9,700 cubic miles (39,731 cu km) of rock. P 5 a c i f i c i c - l Dateline A n t a r c t Antarctic Circle 136 ANTARCTICA

ABCD OCEANS 135

EFGH

137 Arctic Circle

R Anchorage o c k Hudson y Bay Labrador 1

M Sea Gulf of o u NORTH Alaska n t Vancouver a i AMERICA Cascadia n Basin s Pacific giant kelp can grow up to 18 inches (45 cm) a day, and may eventually reach up to 200 ft (60 m), Fracture Zone San Francisco or 34 times the height of the average man. Z o n e c t u r e ATLANTIC y F r a Long Beach 48 M u r r a G OCEAN 2 o n e u Gulf of a c t u r e Z lf o k a i F r o Mexico r ea Tropic of Cancer o l f G t e r M C A n a t i l Hawaiian Islands li l e s fo (to US) Z o n e r c t u r e n F r a i a r i o n a M C C l iddl a r i b b e Am e a n S e a Tr eri FIC OCEAN ench ca o n e Panama City Palmyra t u r e Z Clipperton Island The Pacific Equatorial Atoll (to US) F r a c (to France) Guatemala e r t o n Counter Current flows C l i p p Basin Kiritimati a eastward toward South o n e (Christmas Island) t u r e Z America, carrying up s F r a c a p a g o Galapagos Islands 3 i G a l Gallego Rise P to 40 million tons (to Ecuador) e KIRIBATI e Marquesas r (tonnes) of warm water u s Islands rquesas s Bauer Ma Galapagos - with it every second. Penrhyn Zone i Basin C Fracture Rise e h Basin e Tiki R on i Callao e Z l ur e Basin act Tahiti French ña Fr stral Menda T SOUTH n Polynesia Au c r one s (to France) re Z i e Fractu Sala y Gomez Isla San Ambrosio n

y f (to Chile) c AMERICA

Î (to Chile) h le i acture Zone e l s A Îles Gambier Pitcairn Islands Easter Fr Tropic of Capricorn us c Isla San Félix n tr i al (to UK) Easter Island e a (to Chile) s s (to Chile) a d B P Islas Juan Fernández Valparaiso 49 4 Southwest one (to Chile) e ture Z i l n z Frac t h Pacific Agassi Ch C s i l e Basin R A a i s e E

E Mornington lta nin Fr Abyssal actu re Z Plain one Cape Horn k ice a s s a g e Limit of winter pac e Southeast usen Plain r a k e P i d g llingsha D R Pacific Basin Be 5 Peter I Island Antarctic Circle n Plain (to Norway) ck ice undse mit of summer pa Am 136 Li

EFGH 136 POLAR REGIONS Antarctica A B CD

48 Lim it of w int ATLANTIC OCEAN er p ac k ic e 1 South Georgia (to UK) South A t l a n t i c - I n d i a n B a s i n INDIAN Sandwich HERN OC Islands OUT EAN Scotia (to UK) S OCEAN Antarctic Circle E Sea n d Weddell Plain Lazarev Sea e rb y South Orkney P Islands la Limi i t of n sum Dronning M m South Shetland Li ice au e 2 48 mit pack d r 122 of summer L a n p Islands d a c k

i Ground visibility in the c e

Antarctic during the summer A n Weddell Sea Coats t months can be as much a r Land Enderby c ti as 150 miles (250 km). c P Land Pa en lm i e n Ronne r s L Ice Shelf Mackenzie u

Alexander a Bay l n Island a Princess d ANTARCTICA Elizabeth 3 Bellingshausen T Land r Davis Sea a n East Sea Ellsworth s South Peter I Island L a i West Pole m Land n Shackleton (to Norway) i t Antarctica t a South Ice Shelf

o r f Antarctica c Geomagnetic t s M i u a c Pole m rie M m By o e r Amundsen r d u L p an n Wilkes a d c t Sea k a Land

i Ross Ice i e c c e n i

Shelf k s c a p

4 134 135 r e Victoria m Terre m PACIFIC Ross u Amundsen s Land Adélie f Sea o Plain it im OCEAN George V L The largest iceberg of recent times Land broke off from the Ross Ice Shelf The world's windiest place is reputed in the spring of 2000. It was about to be Commonwealth Bay, George V 186 miles (300 km) from end to Land, where wind speeds of 200 mph end and 25 miles (40 km) wide. (320 km/h) have been recorded. 5 a c i f i c - A n t a r c t i c R P i d g e NP 134 PLOHV

ABCD POLAR REGIONS 137 Arctic E FGH

Provideniya B 95 A e r Ar i ctic C A n ircle S K g S A) S R U A S t S 1 L f U r S I I A t o a A ar it N (p C A F I Chukchi E E R Ostrov D A M Sea E e Vrangelya R A ic k A ac H r p e East T T me ic e m k g it of su pac I R Lim ent d Siberian Limit of perman i O O R Tuktoyaktuk Chukchi Sea N v Plain e N f l Beaufort y u e G l 16 n Sea Chukchi e Novosibirskiye 95 2 se d nd Plateau n u e Ostrova m A Canada M Basin The Arctic Ocean is the world's smallest ocean, with a total area of Victoria 5,440,000 sq miles (15,1000,000 sq km), Island and is almost permanently covered by pack ice. CANADA Makarov Queen Basin Severnaya Zemlya 3 Elizabeth ARCTIC

a Islands North n Pole n c i a Kara Baffin E s s ll esm a t ere Island e Svyataya Anna Island B Sea r OCEAN Dikson Franz S Lincoln n Trough o e u Josef Land E Ostrov s Sea a n n e e c s Belyy d i t nud Ra a ic K sm u k N ss N k c en c a Lan o d a p p v r a t e Baffin Wandel en y I n m a II a Novaya Sea erm m Z 94 4 16 Bay V f p u e it o s m ik im f Zemlya r L o ly e it a d im e L T r d rou Greenland F n Svalbard gh a (to Denmark) g L Spitsbergen n (to Norway) o K Longyearbyen e c i

The Arctic Lion’s Mane is the k c Bjørnøya a p world’s largest jellyfish, 7 ft (to Norway) Barents r e t Greenland n (2.1 m) in diameter. Its main i Sea w Sea f o body trails tentacles up to North Cape t e NP i g Murmansk m 180 ft (55 m) in length. i i d L R Y s Norwegian A 5 PLOHV h n F o Sea W I Archangel M N Jan Mayen R O L (to Norway) A a r k S t r a i t 62 N e n m N EUROPE D D

EFGH 138 The world factﬁles 139 140 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA North & Central America 1 2 3 4 E (France) Miquelon St Pierre & (to Norway) Jan Mayen Svalbard (to Norway)

o s Gulf of n n

(Denmark) i

St.Lawrence

d a

NUUK i

a e Greenland t t

(to Russia) r c

n n n

b e

a u

r w

L o

Franz Josef Land a

M a

D .

t L S d lan

Bay s I Baffin in ff a

B OTTAWA

A Pole Lake Huron North Bay

D OCEAN ARCTIC Hudson Lakes Great Lake Superior Islands C

A Queen Elizabeth Lake Winnipeg Reindeer Lake

N Lake Athabasca Great Slave Lake

Great Bear Lake A

n z e i k

r e c

i a C M c ti rc C A B UNITED STATES R o c k y M o u n t a

o e ASIA

k k u

ALASKA a Y n S A OCEAN PACIFIC 1 2 3 4 NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA 141

5 6 7 8 Equator BARBADOS ST LUCIA DOMINICA Guadeloupe (France) ANTIGUA & BARBUDA E TRINIDAD & TOBAGO 1000 miles ST KITTS & NEVIS Anguilla (UK) British Virgin Islands (UK) 1000 km GRENADA OCEAN ATLANTIC Virgin Islands (US) Sargasso Sea Netherlands Antilles (Neth.)

Puerto Rico (US)

SANTO

SOUTH DOMINGO s (UK)

Montserrat (UK)

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

Bermuda e

d AMERICA n 0

0 Martinique (France)

D Turks & Caicos Islands (UK) A HAITI Aruba (Neth.)

KINGSTON

NASSAU

s WASHINGTON, D.C.

n A

i ST VINCENT & THE GRENADINES

a t

Lake Ontario n B BAHAMAS PANAMA CITY

u PORT-AU-PRINCE

o U

n C

c JAMAICA

a PANAMA

a COSTA RICA

p o

i Cayman p

A Islands (UK ) O NICARAGUA Lake Erie

TEGUCIGALPA HAVANA

i C

HONDURAS p

Lake p

s BELIZE

s BELMOPAN i

s s

i M SAN JOSÉ i Michigan r s u a o s

s n WITH COUNTRY HIGHEST DENSITY: POPULATION per sq mile people 1542 Barbados per sq km) people (595 LARGEST COUNTRY: sq miles 3,855,171 Canada sq km) (9,984,670 SMALLEST COUNTRY: St. 101 sq miles Kitts & Nevis sq km) (261 is a

k MANAGUA M r A Gulf of Mexico

EL SALVADOR

GUATEMALA de O an SAN SALVADOR Gr Rio MEXICO CITY C I GUATEMALA CITY

X B OF AMERICA E l ta M en cid s Oc n adre

i Sierra M

o l o C TOTAL AREA: TOTAL sq miles 8,116,571 sq km) (21,021,940 NUMBER OF COUNTRIES: TOTAL 23 POPULATION: TOTAL million 536.1 WITH POPULATION: LARGEST CITY million 22.9 Mexico City, Mexico

e A c n a (French Polynesia) POLITICAL FACTFILE POLITICAL

C Clipperton Island f o ic p o r T Equator 5 6 7 8 142 SOUTH AMERICA South America

1 2 3 4 Equator

co E is c n a r Tropic of Capricorn

ã S Represa de Sobradinho

BRASÍLIA

D s

OCEAN n

n a c o T

ATLANTIC

a i

CAYENNE

n gu A

o in

z X French a

Guiana (France)

A PARAMARIBO

E s M

A d RIN SU n

a GEORGETOWN A l C N

YA h

g a

i e

d a

H PARAGUAY

r c

a g o

n n i

BRAZIL

a o SUCRE

O i

u s

Basin o

CARACAS i

G n

BOLIVIA

e LA PAZ

Amazon

r ar

Meta r

B i

d u

a P a

VENEZUELA u Juruá

M Lake G

á t Titicaca e

u Putumayo

alen q U a BOGOTÁ

gd a

a C n s

ó R

c ñ

u e a

a Napo E C r

a P d

M COLOMBIA

Caribbean Sea n

A LIMA

A f

QUITO

a s

m u

m ECUADOR n h t a

Is P

Tropic of Capricorn of Tropic Equator 1 2 3 4 SOUTH AMERICA 143 5 6 7 8 E 500 miles 500 km South Georgia (UK) 0 0 OCEAN D ATLANTIC

Lagoa dos Patos

y a

u MONTEVIDEO

a g

P u r U

á URUGUAY n

a r a P

Falkland Islands (UK) A WITH COUNTRY HIGHEST DENSITY: POPULATION per sq mile 127 people Ecuador per sq km) people (49 LARGEST COUNTRY: sq miles 3,286,470 Brazil sq km) (8,511,965 SMALLEST COUNTRY: sq miles Suriname 63,039 sq km) (163,270

ASUNCIÓN

N o I d

BUENOS AIRES r

T o l

N o

o C

E r

g Cape Horn

Strait of Magellan e

Tierra del Fuego R

s N A

d o

í n a

n o

R P a

E L B

I H C SANTIAGO (Chile) Isla de Chiloé Isla San Félix TOTAL AREA: TOTAL sq miles 6,731,428 sq km) (17,434,410 NUMBER OF COUNTRIES: TOTAL 12 POPULATION: TOTAL million 388.9 WITH POPULATION: LARGEST CITY 21 million Brazil São Paulo, (Chile) A POLITICAL FACTFILE POLITICAL (Chile) Islas Juan Fernandez Isla San OCEAN Ambrosio PACIFIC 5 6 7 8 144 AFRICA Africa

1 2 3 4 r f ul

G Cance Equator n f

a o si er ic P p

E Tro SOMALIA recognized) MOGADISHU li e (not internationally SOMALILAND DJIBOUTI b Arabian e h Peninsula S ASMARA e a ERITREA Desert

Syrian S DJIBOUTI ASIA

ADDIS ABABA e d Lake Turkana R e ETHIOPIA KENYA il N

e Lake Blu le Victoria D i

CAIRO N

te e l i i

N h a

Black Sea W

e UGANDA

S KAMPALA

EGYPT KHARTOUM

l n SUDAN e

a U

Desert Libyan

g n o a C

r REPUBLIC

O r G Tibesti C

e CHAD

NDJAMENA CENTRAL AFRICAN

TRIPOLI O i R BANGUI

d A LIBYA C YAOUNDÉ e GABON LIBREVILLE TUNIS M TUNISIA

ABUJA s

r NIGER n NIGERIA e EUROPE

g i i

MALABO

a N t PORTO-NOVO

NIAMEY n BENIN LOMÉ B SÃO TOMÉ

ALGIERS GO

u TO

r o

OUAGADOUGOU e

A A

g N

N A

i GH I

(Spain)

Melilla K

Sahara

R ACCRA EQUATORIAL GUINEA U

MALI B s

a ALGERIA l Ceuta (Spain)

CÔTE t

D'IVOIRE A (IVORY COAST) YAMOUSSOUKRO BAMAKO RABAT

MOROCCO er LIBERIA LAÂYOUNE l CONAKRY

nc a g GUINEA A

e Ca (disputed)

BISSAU NOUAKCHOTT e MAURITANIA

SAHARA

of of

GAMBIA WESTERN S SENEGAL OCEAN MONROVIA

Madeira pic pic (Spain) (Portugal) ATLANTIC BISSAU SIERRA LEONE FREETOWN

GUINEA- Tro Islas Canarias BANJUL Equator DAKAR 1 2 3 4 AFRICA 145 5

6 7 8

apri

of C of c c

E pi

1000 miles Tro MORONI

(France)

Mayotte COMOROS

1000 km

MADAGASCAR E

ANTANANARIVO

U OCEAN

INDIAN Q

NAIROBI I

DODOMA B

Lake Nyasa Z O i M MAPUTO 0 0 z

e LILONGWE D

b MALAWI SWAZILAND

TANZANIA m

KIGALI a BURUNDI

Lake Tanganyika Z TSHWANE/PRETORIA LESOTHO MASERU HARARE ZIMBABWE MBABANE

RWANDA r e LUSAKA BUJUMBURA ZAMBIA v

CONGO i

R DEM. REP. BOTSWANA Desert

e Kalahari SOUTH AFRICA

n a

GABORONE

r O

BLOEMFONTEIN

N BRAZZAVILLE

KINSHASA

ANGOLA O C NAMIBIA COUNTRY WITH COUNTRY HIGHEST DENSITY: POPULATION per sq mile people Mauritius 1794 per sq km) people (693 LARGEST COUNTRY: sq miles Sudan 967,493 (2,505,810 sq km) SMALLEST COUNTRY: sq miles 176 Seychelles sq km) (455 CAPE TOWN WINDHOEK Cape of Good Hope LUANDA

Cabinda

(part of Angola) B PRÍNCIPE SÃO TOMÉ & OCEAN St Helena (UK)

ATLANTIC

rn ico

TOTAL AREA: TOTAL sq miles 11,437,866 sq km) (29,624,290 NUMBER OF COUNTRIES: TOTAL 53 POPULATION: TOTAL million 1008.4 WITH POPULATION: LARGEST CITY Egypt 14.8 million Cairo, pr

Ascension I. (St Helena) a

A of C of

POLITICAL FACTFILE POLITICAL

c c

pi Tro 5 6 7 8 146 EUROPE Europe ABCD

POLITICAL FACTFILE REYKJAVÍK 1 TOTAL AREA: 3,739,678 sq miles ICELAND A rct (9,685,756 sq km ) ic Cir cle TOTAL NUMBER OF COUNTRIES: 46 Norwegian TOTAL POPULATION: Faeroe Islands 717.8 million Sea (Denmark) Y LARGEST CITY WITH POPULATION: A Moscow, European Russia 13.5 million Shetland Islands W 2 R COUNTRY WITH HIGHEST Outer O POPULATION DENSITY: Hebrides N Monaco 42,667 people per sq mile Orkney Islands (16,410 people per sq km) British OSLO E Isles North LARGEST COUNTRY: W European Russia 1,527,341 sq miles Sea (3,955,818 sq km) S IRELAND DENMARK UNITED SMALLEST COUNTRY: DUBLIN COPENHAGEN Vatican City, Italy 0.17 sq miles KINGDOM (0.44 sq km) AMSTERDAM Elbe 3 LONDON NETH. THE BERLIN Channel Is. BELGIUM HAGUE (UK) BRUSSELS GERMANY LUXEMBOURG PRAGUE PARIS LUXEMBOURG L oir e e in CZECH REPUBLIC Bay of Biscay h FRANCE R LIECH. BRATISLAVA BERN VIENNA G AUSTRIA a SWITZERLAND ro SLOVENIA 4 ATLANTIC n n LJUBLJANA

E e PORTUGAL b ZAGREB r OCEAN o MONACO CROATIA Tagus MADRID ANDORRA SAN MARINO SARAJEVO LISBON I Madeira BOSNIA SPAIN Corsica T & HERZ. (Portugal) VATICAN CITY A Guadalquivir s ROME L nd Gibraltar Isla Y Balearic Ceuta (UK) Sardinia M e d i t Canary Islands (Spain) Melilla e 5 (Spain) (Spain) r r Sicily a n e AFRICA VALLETTA a n MALTA ABCD EUROPE 147

EFGH

l 1

M Ob'

N u Irtysh

n E D t

N N a D or th i A e rn D n v L in a s

N Lake Onega 2 I RUSSIAN F HELSINKI Lake Ladoga STOCKHOLM FEDERATION

a TALLINN e S ESTONIA

c i t LATVIA l a MOSCOW l B RIGA ra U LITHUANIA VILNIUS Volga KALININGRAD MINSK 3 (Russ.Fed.) BELARUS Aral Sea WARSAW Don POLAND KIEV UKRAINE

SLOVAKIA e p BUDAPEST MOLDOVA i e D n C a HUNGARY CHIﬁINÂU s p 4 ROMANIA i C a u c a s u s a SERBIA n A BELGRADE BUCHAREST S e MONTENEGRO Black Sea a PODGORICA Danube I PRISTINA BULGARIA KOS. SOFIA S (disp.) SKOPJE MACED. TURKEY TIRANA ALBANIA A 0 1000 km GREECE 5 0 1000 miles ATHENS

Cyprus S e a Crete

EFGH 148 ASIA Asia ABCD

ARCTIC OCEAN Franz Josef Land Severnaya 1 Zemlya

Laptev Sea Kara Sea

L e n a

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

O Y b e EUROPE n i 2 s Ir e ty y sh Black Sea ASTANA Lake Baikal ANKARA GEORGIA KAZAKHSTAN T TURKEY TBILISI r ULAN BATOR op i CYPRUS ARMENIA c AZERBAIJAN of NICOSIA YEREVAN MONGOLIA C BAKU UZBEKISTAN an BEIRUT ce SYRIA TURKMENISTAN BISHKEK r LEBANON DAMASCUS ﬂ JERUSALEM A GABAT KYRGYZSTAN AMMAN TEHRÁN TASHKENT ISRAEL JORDAN 3 BAGHDAD DUSHANBE TAJIKISTAN IRAQ IRAN KABUL CHINA KUWAIT ISLAMABAD KUWAIT AFGHANISTAN

Red Sea MANAMA e z BAHRAIN t g RIYADH QATAR PAKISTAN NEW n DOHA DELHI Ya s NEPAL THIMPHU SAUDI ABU DHABI u d U.A.E. n KATHMANDU BHUTAN I ARABIA MUSCAT G a n gesBANGLADESH AFRICA DHAKA VIETNAM SANA OMAN INDIA MYANMAR HANOI YEMEN (BURMA) LAOS 4 Arabian NAY PYI TAW Socotra Sea VIENTIANE Equator (Yemen) Bay of THAILAND Bengal BANGKOK CAMBODIA Laccadive Andaman & Islands Nicobar Islands PHNOM (India) (India) PENH COLOMBO MALE’ SRI MALA MALDIVES LANKA KUALA LUMPUR PUTRAJAYA SINGAPORE 5 IN

INDIAN OCEAN JAKARTA

ABCD ASIA 149

EFGH

POLITICAL FACTFILE

TOTAL AREA: 1 17,006,354 sq miles (44,046,472 sq km)

TOTAL NUMBER OF COUNTRIES: 49

TOTAL POPULATION: 4148.4 million Sea of Okhotsk LARGEST CITY WITH POPULATION: Tokyo, Japan 33.8 million Kurile Islands COUNTRY WITH HIGHEST 2 POPULATION DENSITY: Singapore 20,072 people per sq mile (7765 people per sq km)

LARGEST COUNTRY: Asiatic Russia 5,065,394 sq miles r NORTH e JAPAN c (13,119,382 sq km) KOREA an C PYONGYANG TOKYO of c SMALLEST COUNTRY: pi SEOUL ro Maldives 116 sq miles BEIJING T SOUTH (300 sq km) KOREA 3

Ryukyu Islands

TAIPEI TAIWAN PACIFIC OCEAN 4 MANILA

PHILIPPINES Equator 0 1000 km 0 1000 miles

BRUNEI BANDAR YSIA SERI BEGAWAN AUSTRALASIA 5 DONESIA & OCEANIA DILI EAST TIMOR

EFGH 150 AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA Australasia & Oceania ABCD

Wake Island Northern (to US) 1 Mariana Islands (US) Philippine M i HAGÅTÑA c MARSHALL Sea Guam r ISLANDS (US) o n MAJURO Caroline IslandsPALIKIR e MELEKEOK s Babeldaob MICRONESIA i 2 a BAIRIKI PALAU NAURU e l M a n e NAURU KIRIBATI PAPUA NEW s i GUINEA TUVALU Equator a ASIA SOLOMON FONGAFALE

PORT MORESBY ISLANDS HONIARA 3 VANUATU

Coral Sea PORT VILA Islands SUVA Ashmore & (Australia) New Caledonia Cartier Islands G (France) r (Australia) e FIJI a t NOUMÉA D i INDIAN v i d i 4 OCEAN n g AUSTRALIA Norfolk Island R (Australia) g a

Lake Eyre North in n rl

a g Lord Howe

D e Island Lake Torrens n (Australia) cor NEW pri Ca of ic y CANBERRA ZEALAND op Murra Tr WELLINGTON 5 Tasman Sea Tasmania

ABCD AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA 151

EFGH

POLITICAL FACTFILE Johnston Atoll (US) TOTAL AREA: COUNTRY WITH HIGHEST 1 3,244,632 sq miles (8,403,608 sq km) POPULATION DENSITY: Nauru 1210 people per sq mile TOTAL NUMBER OF COUNTRIES: (467 people per sq km) 14 LARGEST COUNTRY: TOTAL POPULATION: Australia 2,967,893 sq miles 34.5 million (7,686,850 sq km)

International Dateline LARGEST CITY WITH POPULATION: SMALLEST COUNTRY: Sydney, Australia 4.4 million Nauru 8.1 sq miles (21 sq km)

Baker & Howland Islands Jarvis Island 2 (US) (US) a PACIFIC KIRIBATI

i Equator Phoenix Islands KIRIBATI OCEAN Tokelau (NZ) Wallis & s Marquesas Islands Futuna American Cook Islands SAMOA (NZ) (Fr.) Samoa 3 MATÁ’UTU (US) ÁPIA PAGO PAGO e Society Islands TONGA PAPEETE Niue (NZ) n NUKU‘ AVARUA ALOFA French Polynesia y Iles Australes(France) Pitcairn 4 Kermadec Islands Islands (New Zealand) l (UK)

o Tr opic of Cap P ric orn

0 1000 km 0 1000 miles International Dateline 5 Chatham Islands (New Zealand)

EFGH