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94 NORTH & WEST ASIA North & West Asia ABCD 137 ARCTIC 1 Franz Josef Land Severnaya Zemlya ya eml Z ya e a va S o r a Norwegian N K a N o r t h Sea North Cape Barents Sea Kheta Arctic Circle s Central 2 63 n ia i n h RUSSIANa ot N B o t f Lake r o D th O West Siberian f v e n S l Onega in rn b u a ’ Y i u e G n Lake Ladoga o Plain O is a b’ e e y S M Irt ys V h North ic o lt lg l B a a Sea a r m Central Russian i KALININGRAD h ga s (Russ. Fed.) Upland ol U I 3 V U AS r a EUROPE Don l KAZAKHSTAN Ozero Aral Sea Zaysan C Lake Ca a u s U Balkhash Ili Black Sea ca p ZB e n S h a n Danube s i E T i u s a K GEORGIA n IS KYRGYZSTAN A T A ARMENIA T m AZERB. UR N S K u Lake M TURKEY e E D M e d i a N a TAJIKISTAN t e Van . ry r r a a n SYRIA e a IRAQ 4 50 n LEBANON E T AFGHANISTAN Tibetan S e a u ig p ri IRAN h s H ISRAEL ra Plateau JORDAN tes i P m e KUWAIT r a si l a BAHRAIN an Ga y a s Gu nges QATAR lf Tropic of Cancer R U.A.E. e il e SAUDI N d ARABIA N A S M e O Arabian a E N Sea Bay of 5 AFRICA Y EM n Bengal Ade f of Socotra (Yemen) Gul 50 ABCD NORTH & WEST ASIA 95 EFGH OCEAN 137 1 New Siberian Islands Laptev Sea East Siberian S i b e r i a n L o w l a n Wrangel Island K r d Sea a a o b k rk t a në i Chukchi u n e g Lo A l a i n y a g O n n d S Sea e a n tr I a a L m it Y ly B o e K r Arctic Circle i Siberian Plateau n g 16 2 S FEDERATION tr Velikaya a i a t na i b r Le ga Bering e Am V a Sea itim k t a Lake h Sea of c Baikal m A Okhotsk a s m a A n d ey K l e a u Z u I s l r t i a n Sakhalin s d 3 IAArgun n la Is e il ur K i o b (administered by G Sea of Russian Federation, Japan claimed by Japan.) er (East Sea) iv R Yellow PACIFIC 16 4 e gtz East an Y China OCEAN Sea Tropic of Cancer South 0 km 800 M e China 0 miles 800 5 k o n g Sea 125 EFGH 96 NORTH & WEST ASIA Russia & Kazakhstan ABCD A r NORW c AY t 66 i G c C E DENMARK i R r ARCTIC c M l e 1 A SWEDEN N Zemlya Y Barents Sea Frantsa- Iosifa KALININGRAD N D (part of Russian F I N L A Murmansk Federation) EST. emlya POLAND LAT. a Z LITH. ay ov o r e N e M Pskov Sankt-Petersburg o y Velikiy s k a r 2 91 U BELARUS Novgorod Arkhangel’sk K K R Cherepovets A MOSCOW I Vologda MOLDOVA N Bryansk Vorkuta E Yaroslavl’ Nori’lsk Tula y Syktyvkar r y ’ Salekhard e Ryazan’ o b s i Nizhniy Kirov O n G e Voronezh Novgorod e Zapadno- Y Rostov- Kazan’ Perm’ y na-Donu i Sibirskaya 3 Izhevsk k Serov s Ravnina RUS Volgograd ' l Sochi V Samara Ufa a Yekaterinburg Nizhnevartovsk o r l g U a Ural’sk GEORGIAStavropol’ l Chelyabinsk a FEDE Nal’chik r Orenburg U Kostanay Astrakhan’ Petropavlovsk Groznyy Krasnoyarsk Orsk Rudnyy Omsk ARM. Makhachkala Tomsk Kokshetau Novosibirsk 4 102 Aktau K ASTANA AZ. a A Z Kemerovo e A K Pavlodar S H S T Barnaul n Aral A a i Sea N Karaganda Novokuznetsk p U Zhezkazgan s Z a Semipalatinsk T B C U R E Kyzylorda Ust’-Kamenogorsk K K Balkhash M I E S Ozero N T Shymkent Taraz IS A Balkhash T N Taldykorgan 5 A IRAN N K YR Almaty GYZS 104 TAN CHINA ABCD NORTH & WEST ASIA 97 EFGH e l c r Ostrov i 18 C c i Vrangelya t OCEAN c r A Vostochno- 1 Sibirskoye Pevek Severnaya More Anadyr’ Zemlya Novosibirskiye Ambarchik Bering Ostrova Sea More v stro Laptevykh uo yr ol m P ay 134 2 T Ozero Taymyr Tiksi Ossora V Ust’-Kamchatsks e r k L h Poluostov e n o Olenëk a y a Kamchatka n Magadan sk Petropavlovsk Srednesibirskoye iy et Khreb -Kamchatskiy Ploskogor'ye Okhotsk Yakutsk 3 SIAN Sea of Suntar Sibir Okhotsk (Siberia) a v o r RATION t s O Sakhalin e y i a k en ’sk- s Komsomol ' l L i na-Amure r Kansk u Skovorodno K 134 4 Bratsk Ozero Yuzhhno- Sakhalinsk Baykal Blagoveshchensk Chita Khabarovsk Irkutsk Amur JAPAN Ulan-Ude CHINA Vladivostok The Trans-Siberian Railroad, completed in 1916, runs 5578 miles (9297 km) between Moscow and Vladivostok. Crossing eight time zones, the journey takes six days. 0 km 500 5 MONGOLIA 0 miles 500 110 EFGH 98 NORTH & WEST ASIA Turkey & the Caucasus ABCD ROMANIA 91 1 Black Sea An average of 50,000 commercial ships pass through the Bosporus a year, along with thousands of ferries and smaller BULGARIA passenger boats. The strait is three times busier than the Suez Canal and four times as busy as the Panama Canal. Sinop Edirne Kırklareli Daê 2 86 Zonguldak Küre lari GREECE Tekirdaê Bosporus Kastamonu Samsun ƒstanbul C Marmara Karabük an Çanakkale k ik Boêazi Denizi a D Ordu ƒ rm aê (Dardanelles) zmit Adapazarı l I l Bursa Çankırı zi ar i Ki Çanakkale Çorum ∞ ANKARA Tokat Balıkesir Eski ehir Kırıkkale Sivas Ayvalik Kütahya 3 Lésvos A TURK Manisa n a Afyon t o l i a Chíos Nev∞ehir ƒzmir U∞ak Tuz Kayseri Gölü Niêde Sámos Aydin Kahraman- Konya Denizli ƒsparta mara∞ Muêla Ereêli i Bodrum r ê l a Osmaniye Antalya a Adana D 4 87 Dalaman T o r o s Gaziantep Mersin Tarsus Antalya ƒskenderun Ródos Körfezi Megísti Antakya Kárpathos TURKISH REPUBLIC OF Kríti NORTHERN CYPRUS Girne (recognized only by Turkey) (Kyrenia) Gazimaêusa NICOSIA (Famagusta) Larnaca Mediterranean Paphos 5 Limassol Sea CYPRUS LEBANON 54 ABCD NORTH & WEST ASIA 99 EFGH RUSSIAN FEDERATION 93 The Spitak earthquake struck Armenia in 1988, killing at least 25,000 people 1 and devastating the country’s infrastructure. Gagra C a u Caspian Sokhumi uri c ng a Och’amch’ire E s Sea K’ut’aisi u P’ot’i GEORGIA s Bat’umi T'BILISI Rust’avi Quba K Hopa u ra Sumqayıt 104 2 Vanadzor Gäncä Mingäçevir Trabzon Rize ri BAKU êla Gyumri a ARMENIA AZERBAIJAN iz D Kars aden Sevana Lich Nagorno- êu Kar YEREVAN Karabakh Do Aras Erzurum Xankändi s Erzincan Büyükaêri Daêi ra (Mount Ararat) ı A 16,853ft (5137m) Naxç van AZERBAIJAN Länkäran EY Van 3 Mu∞ Elazig Gölü Güney Van Azerbaijan has substantial oil reserves Ti Dog gr u T located in and around the Caspian Sea. i oro s sla Malatya Siirt r They were some of the earliest oilfields in the world to be exploited. Diyarbakır tan Batman rdis Adıyaman Ku Mardin IRAN flanliurfa The salty water of Lake Van inhibits all animal 102 4 life except the Pearl Mullet, a small fish that has adapted to the harsh conditions. Atatürk Dam, one of the largest dams in the world, was completed in 1990. The reservoir behind the dam covers an area of 315 sq miles (816 sq km) and often requires interruptions in the flow of the Euphrates River to maintain water levels. 0 km 200 SYRIA 5 IRAQ 0 miles 200 102 EFGH A B C D E 100 98 99 NORTH NORTH & WESTASIA The Euphrates is 1700 miles (2470 km) long and drains The NearEast 0 km 100 1 an area of 171,000 sq mi (443,000 sq km). Although 1 0 miles 100 less than 30 percent of the river's drainage basin is in Turkey, about 95 percent of the river's water originates T ig in the Turkish highlands. r is TURKEY Al Qámishlí Lebanon has only one permanent river, the Nahr el Litani, which runs for 110 miles (175 km). 2 87 Al Íasaksh 102 2 A‘záz A l Buíayrat Ar Raqqah J Í al-Asad a alab z Idlib í r a a h e O Dayr az Zawr r S a n E t e u Al Ládhiq íyah p s SYRIA hr 3 a 3 Í á te am h s CYPRUS n a e √ú Í ∞ Tar s im Tudmur n a r Tripoli r e LEBANON IRAQ t i Baalbek n o d n Manufactured by a secret process, BEIRUT a 4 e é b 4 Zahl e Damascus steel was much prized i n L in the preindustrial era as an a - M Saïda t i i t extremely hard metal used for high Golan L n DAMASCUS Soûr A Syrian quality sword blades. Heights Al Qunay√irah Lake H As Suwaydá’ efa Tiberias Desert Natzrat Dar‘á n Irbid WEST a d The shores of the Dead Sea are BANK r Al Mafraq 5 o 5 Petah J Az Zarqá’ the lowest land on the Earth’s Tikva surface, at 1371 ft (418 m) below Tel Aviv-Yafo As Sal√ AMMAN sea level.
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  • Frozen Desert Alive the Role of Sea Ice for Pelagic Macrofauna and Its Predators: Implications for the Antarctic Pack-Ice Food Web

    Frozen Desert Alive the Role of Sea Ice for Pelagic Macrofauna and Its Predators: Implications for the Antarctic Pack-Ice Food Web

    Frozen Desert Alive The role of sea ice for pelagic macrofauna and its predators: implications for the Antarctic pack-ice food web Hauke Flores FrozenDesertAlive &#0-*#-$1#'!#$-0.#*%'!+!0-$3,,"'21.0#"2-01S '+.*'!2'-,1$-02&#,20!2'!.!)V'!#$--"5# 0',2#" 7-,1#,--'#, T4TQ""# "*#!20-,'!4#01'-,4'* *#2S &22.S 555T03%T,* ' *'-2&##) !2*-%' #12,"#, #*#).3 03% "'11#022'#1 ',"#6 %&'(S[YZV[RVXVXVVUU[VT 1%23&4(%5"1&%"%617(%(6"( FrozenDesertAlive &#0-*#-$1#'!#$-0.#*%'!+!0-$3,,"'21.0#"2-01S '+.*'!2'-,1$-02&#,20!2'!.!)V'!#$--"5# 17"8&9:1%8 2#04#0)0'(%',%4,&#2"-!2-02',"# <'1)3,"##,(23305#2#,1!&..#, ,"#1'()13,'4#01'2#'260-,',%#, -.%#8%4,"# 1#!2-0>%,'$'!31Q"0T8T?5021Q ',&#2-.#, 02#4#0"#"'%#,-. 40'("%S+#'TRR[ -+SUTSW330 "--0 HaukeFlores %# -0#,-.SZ1#.2#+ #0S[YV 2#'0#+#0&4#, 0-+-2-0 S0-$T"0T<T2T<-*$$ 9-.0-+-2-0 SB0T2TT4,80,#)#0 '#--0"#*',%1!-++'11'# S0-$T"0T'0T:T2T<T"#'0 S0-$T"0T4T5T'2&+,, S0-$T"0T8TT>T5-*!)#02 %,+#+-07-$+7%0,"+-2&#0 %,6#"#,)#,,+#',#60-!+322#0 6'1#*8*-0#1 TV&#.TS[TSVTX2,TTRRZ Contents ",%*'1&13++07 Z B32!&13++07 SS 6#0+,13++07 SV 9&.2#0S 6#,#0*%,20-"3!2'-, S[ 9&.2#0T B'#2-$25-'!#$'1&1.#!'#1$0-+2&#&-32&&&#2*," U[ %1*,"1,""*#.&,2%1*,"1QChampsocephalusgunnari ,"Chaenocephalusaceratus',TRRSTRRU PolarBiology27(2004)119R129 9&.2#0U ",#0%7!-,2#,2-$,20!2'!+#1-.#*%'!$'1&#1S XS '+.*'!2'-,1$-02&#+0',#$--"5# PolarBiology29(2006)10451051 9&.2#0V B'120' 32'-,Q 3,",!#,"#!-*-%'!*0#*#4,!#-$ YU .#*%'!$'1&#1',2&#80#4&#Q&-32&#0,7!#, MarineEcologyProgressSeries367(2008)271282 9&.2#0W
  • Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections

    Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections

    -&? SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 82. NUMBER 6 THE PAST CLIMATE OF THE NORTH POLAR REGION BY EDWARD W. BERRY The Johns Hopkins University (Publication 3061) CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION APRIL 9, 1930 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 82, NUMBER 6 THE PAST CLIMATE OF THE NORTH POLAR REGION BY EDWARD W. BERRY The Johns Hopkins University Publication 306i i CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION APRIL 9, 1930 ZU £or& (gafttmore (prees BALTIMORE, MD., U. S. A. THE PAST CLIMATE OF THE NORTH POLAR REGION 1 By EDWARD W. BERRY THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY The plants, coal beds, hairy mammoth and woolly rhinoceros ; the corals, ammonites and the host of other marine organisms, chiefly invertebrate but including ichthyosaurs and other saurians, that have been discovered beneath the snow and ice of boreal lands have always made a most powerful appeal to the imagination of explorers and geologists. We forget entirely the modern whales, reindeer, musk ox, polar bear, and abundant Arctic marine life, and remember only the seemingly great contrast between the present and this subjective past. Nowhere on the earth is there such an apparent contrast between the present and geologic climates as in the polar regions and the mental pictures which have been aroused and the theories by means of which it has been sought to explain the fancied conditions of the past are all, at least in large part, highly imaginary. Occasionally a student like Nathorst (1911) has refused to be carried away by his imagination and has called to mind the mar- velously rich life of the present day Arctic seas, but for the most part those who have speculated on former climates have entirely ignored the results of Arctic oceanography.
  • Redacted for Privacy Abstract Approved: John V

    Redacted for Privacy Abstract Approved: John V

    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF MIAH ALLAN BEAL for the Doctor of Philosophy (Name) (Degree) in Oceanography presented on August 12.1968 (Major) (Date) Title:Batymety and_Strictuof_thp..4rctic_Ocean Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved: John V. The history of the explordtion of the Central Arctic Ocean is reviewed.It has been only within the last 15 years that any signifi- cant number of depth-sounding data have been collected.The present study uses seven million echo soundings collected by U. S. Navy nuclear submarines along nearly 40, 000 km of track to construct, for the first time, a reasonably complete picture of the physiography of the basin of the Arctic Ocean.The use of nuclear submarines as under-ice survey ships is discussed. The physiography of the entire Arctic basin and of each of the major features in the basin are described, illustrated and named. The dominant ocean floor features are three mountain ranges, generally paralleling each other and the 40°E. 140°W. meridian. From the Pacific- side of the Arctic basin toward the Atlantic, they are: The Alpha Cordillera; The Lomonosov Ridge; andThe Nansen Cordillera. The Alpha Cordillera is the widest of the three mountain ranges. It abuts the continental slopes off the Canadian Archipelago and off Asia across more than550of longitude on each slope.Its minimum width of about 300 km is located midway between North America and Asia.In cross section, the Alpha Cordillera is a broad arch rising about two km, above the floor of the basin.The arch is marked by volcanoes and regions of "high fractured plateau, and by scarps500to 1000 meters high.The small number of data from seismology, heat flow, magnetics and gravity studies are reviewed.The Alpha Cordillera is interpreted to be an inactive mid-ocean ridge which has undergone some subsidence.