Arctic Report Card 2017
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Nutrient Availability Limits Biological Production in Arctic Sea Ice Melt Ponds
Polar Biol DOI 10.1007/s00300-017-2082-7 ORIGINAL PAPER Nutrient availability limits biological production in Arctic sea ice melt ponds Heidi Louise Sørensen1,2 · Bo Thamdrup1 · Erik Jeppesen2,3,4,7 · Søren Rysgaard2,5,6,7 · Ronnie Nøhr Glud1,2,7,8 Received: 26 February 2016 / Revised: 26 August 2016 / Accepted: 10 January 2017 © The Author(s) 2017. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Every spring and summer melt ponds form at addition compared with their respective controls, with the the surface of polar sea ice and become habitats where bio- largest increase occurring in the enclosures. Separate addi- 3− − logical production may take place. Previous studies report tions of PO4 and NO3 in the enclosures led to interme- a large variability in the productivity, but the causes are diate increases in productivity, suggesting co-limitation of unknown. We investigated if nutrients limit the productiv- nutrients. Bacterial production and the biovolume of cili- ity in these first-year ice melt ponds by adding nutrients to ates, which were the dominant grazers, were positively cor- 3− − 3− three enclosures ([1] PO4 , [2] NO3 , and [3] PO4 and related with primary production, showing a tight coupling − 3− − NO3 ) and one natural melt pond (PO4 and NO3 ), while between primary production and both microbial activity one enclosure and one natural melt pond acted as controls. and ciliate grazing. To our knowledge, this study is the After 7–13 days, Chl a concentrations and cumulative pri- first to ascertain nutrient limitation in melt ponds. We also mary production were between two- and tenfold higher document that the addition of nutrients, although at rela- in the enclosures and natural melt ponds with nutrient tive high concentrations, can stimulate biological produc- tivity at several trophic levels. -
Palynological Investigations of Miocene Deposits on the New Siberian Archipelago (U.S.S.R.)
ARCTIC VOL. 45, NO.3 (SEPTEMBER 1992) P. 285-294 Palynological Investigationsof Miocene Deposits on the New Siberian Archipelago(U.S.S.R.)’ EUGENE v. ZYRYANOV~ (Received 12 February 1990; accepted in revised form23 January 1992) ABSTRACT. New paleobotanical data (mainly palynological) are reported from Miocene beds of the New Siberian Islands. The palynoflora has a number of distinctive features: the presence of typical hypoarctic forms, the high content taxa representing dark coniferous assemblages and the con- siderable proportion of small-leaved forms. Floristic comparison with the paleofloras of the Beaufort Formation in arctic Canada allows interpreta- tion of the evolution of the Arctic as a landscape region during Miocene-Pliocene time. This paper is a preliminary analysis of the mechanisms of arctic florogenesis. The model of an “adaptive landscape” is considered in relation to the active eustaticdrying of polar shelves. Key words: palynology, U.S.S.R., NewSiberian Islands, Miocene,Arctic, florogenesis RÉSUMÉ. On rapporte de nouvelles données paléobotaniques (principalement palynologiques) venant de couches datant du miocène situées dans l’archipel de la Nouvelle-Sibérie. La palynoflore possède un nombre de caractéristiques particulières, parmi lesquelles, la présence de formes hypoarctiques typiques, la grande quantité de taxons représentant des assemblages de conifires sombres, ainsi qu’une collection considérable de formes à petites feuilles. Une comparaison floristique avec les paléoflores de la formationde Beaufort dans l’Arctique canadien permet d’interpréter I’évolution de l’Arctique en tant que zone peuplée d’espèces végetales durant le miocbne et le pliocène. Cet article est une analyse préliminaire des mécanismes de la genèse de la flore arctique. -
New Siberian Islands Archipelago)
Detrital zircon ages and provenance of the Upper Paleozoic successions of Kotel’ny Island (New Siberian Islands archipelago) Victoria B. Ershova1,*, Andrei V. Prokopiev2, Andrei K. Khudoley1, Nikolay N. Sobolev3, and Eugeny O. Petrov3 1INSTITUTE OF EARTH SCIENCE, ST. PETERSBURG STATE UNIVERSITY, UNIVERSITETSKAYA NAB. 7/9, ST. PETERSBURG 199034, RUSSIA 2DIAMOND AND PRECIOUS METAL GEOLOGY INSTITUTE, SIBERIAN BRANCH, RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, LENIN PROSPECT 39, YAKUTSK 677980, RUSSIA 3RUSSIAN GEOLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE (VSEGEI), SREDNIY PROSPECT 74, ST. PETERSBURG 199106, RUSSIA ABSTRACT Plate-tectonic models for the Paleozoic evolution of the Arctic are numerous and diverse. Our detrital zircon provenance study of Upper Paleozoic sandstones from Kotel’ny Island (New Siberian Island archipelago) provides new data on the provenance of clastic sediments and crustal affinity of the New Siberian Islands. Upper Devonian–Lower Carboniferous deposits yield detrital zircon populations that are consistent with the age of magmatic and metamorphic rocks within the Grenvillian-Sveconorwegian, Timanian, and Caledonian orogenic belts, but not with the Siberian craton. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test reveals a strong similarity between detrital zircon populations within Devonian–Permian clastics of the New Siberian Islands, Wrangel Island (and possibly Chukotka), and the Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago. These results suggest that the New Siberian Islands, along with Wrangel Island and the Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago, were located along the northern margin of Laurentia-Baltica in the Late Devonian–Mississippian and possibly made up a single tectonic block. Detrital zircon populations from the Permian clastics record a dramatic shift to a Uralian provenance. The data and results presented here provide vital information to aid Paleozoic tectonic reconstructions of the Arctic region prior to opening of the Mesozoic oceanic basins. -
Eske Brun Og Det Moderne Grønlands Tilblivelse 1932 – 64
Eske Brun og det moderne Grønlands tilblivelse 1932 – 64 Ph.d.-afhandling af Jens Heinrich, juni 2010 Hovedvejleder dr. phil., lektor Thorkild Kjærgaard, Ilisimatusarfik Bivejleder ph.d. Søren Forchhammer I tilknytning til Ilisimatusarfik/Grønlands Univesitet KVUG (Kommissionen for Videnskabelige Undersøgelser i Grønland) Forside foto – Eske Brun, ca. 1940 © Nunatta Katersugaasivia/Grønlands Nationalmuseum Johan Carl Brun Gotfred Hansen (1711-75) læge (1765-1835) Stamtræ vinhandler Kilde DBL Constantin Brun (Brun og Hansen, (1746-1836) storkøbmand Nb. - ikke alle er inkluderet) Andreas Nicolai Hansen (1798-1873) Carl Frederik Balthazar Brun Ida de Bombelles f. Brun grosserer (1784-1869) godsejer, kammerherre (1792-1857) kunstner Petrus Friederich (Fritz) Constantin Alexander Brun Carl A. A. F. J. Brun Alfred Peter Hansen Octavius Hansen James Gustav Hansen Brun (1813-1888) amtmand (1814-1893) (1824-1898) (1829-1893) (1838-1903) (1843-1912) biavler, landmand generalmajor ingeniør politiker, grosserer, politiker, etatsråd sagfører Oscar Brun Axel Brun Erik Brun Constantin Brun Charles Brun Rigmor Hansen Ingeborg Hansen (1851-1921) (1870-1958) (1867-1915) (1860-1945) (1866-1919) (1875-1948) (1873-1949) landmand, politiker læge læge diplomat amtmand, politiker Carl Brun (1897-1958) Eske Brun diplomat (1904-1987) Departementschef Gift i 1937 med Ingrid f. Winkel (1911-) Tre børn; Johan (1938-), Christian (1940-) og Ida (1942- ) Eske Brun og det moderne Grønlands tilblivelse 1932-1964 Indholdsfortegnelse Forord ................................................................................................................................................ -
Geology of Greenland Bulletin 185, 67-93
Sedimentary basins concealed by Acknowledgements volcanic rocks The map sheet was compiled by J.C. Escher (onshore) In two areas, one off East Greenland between latitudes and T.C.R. Pulvertaft (offshore), with final compilation 72° and 75°N and the other between 68° and 73°N off and legend design by J.C. Escher (see also map sheet West Greenland, there are extensive Tertiary volcanic legend). In addition to the authors’ contributions to the rocks which are known in places to overlie thick sedi- text (see Preface), drafts for parts of various sections mentary successions. It is difficult on the basis of exist- were provided by: L. Melchior Larsen (Gardar in South ing seismic data to learn much about these underlying Greenland, Tertiary volcanism of East and West Green- sediments, but extrapolation from neighbouring onshore land); G. Dam (Cretaceous–Tertiary sediments of cen- areas suggests that oil source rocks are present. tral West Greenland); M. Larsen (Cretaceous–Tertiary Seismic data acquired west of Disko in 1995 have sediments in southern East Greenland); J.C. Escher (map revealed an extensive direct hydrocarbon indicator in of dykes); S. Funder (Quaternary geology); N. Reeh the form of a ‘bright spot’ with a strong AVO (Amplitute (glaciology); B. Thomassen (mineral deposits); F.G. Versus Offset) anomaly, which occurs in the sediments Christiansen (petroleum potential). Valuable comments above the basalts in this area. If hydrocarbons are indeed and suggestions from other colleagues at the Survey are present here, they could either have been generated gratefully acknowledged. below the basalts and have migrated through the frac- Finally, the bulletin benefitted from thorough reviews tured lavas into their present position (Skaarup & by John Korstgård and Hans P. -
A Spatial Evaluation of Arctic Sea Ice and Regional Limitations in CMIP6 Historical Simulations
1AUGUST 2021 W A T T S E T A L . 6399 A Spatial Evaluation of Arctic Sea Ice and Regional Limitations in CMIP6 Historical Simulations a a a a MATTHEW WATTS, WIESLAW MASLOWSKI, YOUNJOO J. LEE, JACLYN CLEMENT KINNEY, AND b ROBERT OSINSKI a Department of Oceanography, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California b Institute of Oceanology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland (Manuscript received 29 June 2020, in final form 28 April 2021) ABSTRACT: The Arctic sea ice response to a warming climate is assessed in a subset of models participating in phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), using several metrics in comparison with satellite observations and results from the Pan-Arctic Ice Ocean Modeling and Assimilation System and the Regional Arctic System Model. Our study examines the historical representation of sea ice extent, volume, and thickness using spatial analysis metrics, such as the integrated ice edge error, Brier score, and spatial probability score. We find that the CMIP6 multimodel mean captures the mean annual cycle and 1979–2014 sea ice trends remarkably well. However, individual models experience a wide range of uncertainty in the spatial distribution of sea ice when compared against satellite measurements and reanalysis data. Our metrics expose common and individual regional model biases, which sea ice temporal analyses alone do not capture. We identify large ice edge and ice thickness errors in Arctic subregions, implying possible model specific limitations in or lack of representation of some key physical processes. We postulate that many of them could be related to the oceanic forcing, especially in the marginal and shelf seas, where seasonal sea ice changes are not adequately simulated. -
Thinking About the Arctic's Future
By Lawson W. Brigham ThinkingThinking aboutabout thethe Arctic’sArctic’s Future:Future: ScenariosScenarios forfor 20402040 MIKE DUNN / NOAA CLIMATE PROGRAM OFFICE, NABOS 2006 EXPEDITION The warming of the Arctic could These changes have profound con- ing in each of the four scenarios. mean more circumpolar sequences for the indigenous people, • Transportation systems, espe- for all Arctic species and ecosystems, cially increases in marine and air transportation and access for and for any anticipated economic access. the rest of the world—but also development. The Arctic is also un- • Resource development—for ex- an increased likelihood of derstood to be a large storehouse of ample, oil and gas, minerals, fish- yet-untapped natural resources, a eries, freshwater, and forestry. overexploited natural situation that is changing rapidly as • Indigenous Arctic peoples— resources and surges of exploration and development accel- their economic status and the im- environmental refugees. erate in places like the Russian pacts of change on their well-being. Arctic. • Regional environmental degra- The combination of these two ma- dation and environmental protection The Arctic is undergoing an jor forces—intense climate change schemes. extraordinary transformation early and increasing natural-resource de- • The Arctic Council and other co- in the twenty-first century—a trans- velopment—can transform this once- operative arrangements of the Arctic formation that will have global im- remote area into a new region of im- states and those of the regional and pacts. Temperatures in the Arctic are portance to the global economy. To local governments. rising at unprecedented rates and evaluate the potential impacts of • Overall geopolitical issues fac- are likely to continue increasing such rapid changes, we turn to the ing the region, such as the Law of throughout the century. -
Moving Archives Agency, Emotions and Visual Memories of Industrialization in Greenland Jørgensen, Anne Mette
Moving Archives Agency, emotions and visual memories of industrialization in Greenland Jørgensen, Anne Mette Publication date: 2017 Document version Other version Document license: CC BY-NC-ND Citation for published version (APA): Jørgensen, A. M. (2017). Moving Archives: Agency, emotions and visual memories of industrialization in Greenland. Det Humanistiske Fakultet, Københavns Universitet. Download date: 26. Sep. 2021 UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN FACULTY OR HUMANITIES PhD Thesis Anne Mette Jørgensen Moving Archives. Agency, emotions and visual memories of industrialization in Greenland Supervisor: Associate Professor Ph.D. Kirsten Thisted Submitted on: 15 February 2017 Name of department: Department of Cross-Cultural and Regional Studies Name of department: Minority Studies Section Author(s): Anne Mette Jørgensen Title and subtitle: Moving Archives. Agency, emotions and visual memories of industrialization in Greenland Topic description: Memory, emotion, agency, history, visual anthropology, methodology, museums, post-colonialism, Greenland Supervisor: Kirsten Thisted Submitted on: 15 February 2017 Cover photography: A table during a photo elicitation interview, Ilulissat April 2015 ©AMJørgensen 2 CONTENTS Pre-face 5 Abstract 7 Resumé in Danish 8 1. Introduction 9 a. Aim and argument 9 b. Research questions 13 c. Analytical framework 13 d. Moving archives - Methodological engagements 16 e. The process 18 f. Outline of the Thesis 23 2. Contexts 27 a. Themes, times, spaces 27 b. Industrialization in Greenland 28 c. Colonial and postcolonial archives and museums 40 d. Industrialization in the Disko Bay Area 52 3. Conceptualizing Memory as Moving Archives 60 a. Analytical framework: Memory, agency and emotion 61 b. Memory as agency 62 c. Memory as practice 65 d. Memory as emotion 67 e. -
A Newly Discovered Glacial Trough on the East Siberian Continental Margin
Clim. Past Discuss., doi:10.5194/cp-2017-56, 2017 Manuscript under review for journal Clim. Past Discussion started: 20 April 2017 c Author(s) 2017. CC-BY 3.0 License. De Long Trough: A newly discovered glacial trough on the East Siberian Continental Margin Matt O’Regan1,2, Jan Backman1,2, Natalia Barrientos1,2, Thomas M. Cronin3, Laura Gemery3, Nina 2,4 5 2,6 7 1,2,8 9,10 5 Kirchner , Larry A. Mayer , Johan Nilsson , Riko Noormets , Christof Pearce , Igor Semilietov , Christian Stranne1,2,5, Martin Jakobsson1,2. 1 Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 106 91, Sweden 2 Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden 10 3 US Geological Survey MS926A, Reston, Virginia, 20192, USA 4 Department of Physical Geography (NG), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden 5 Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping, University of New Hampshire, New Hampshire 03824, USA 6 Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 106 91, Sweden 7 University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), P O Box 156, N-9171 Longyearbyen, Svalbard 15 8 Department of Geoscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark 9 Pacific Oceanological Institute, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia 10 Tomsk National Research Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia Correspondence to: Matt O’Regan ([email protected]) 20 Abstract. Ice sheets extending over parts of the East Siberian continental shelf have been proposed during the last glacial period, and during the larger Pleistocene glaciations. The sparse data available over this sector of the Arctic Ocean has left the timing, extent and even existence of these ice sheets largely unresolved. -
Some Aspects of the Thermal Energy Exchange on the South Polar Snow Field and Arctic Ice Pack'
MAY 1961 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW 173 SOME ASPECTS OF THE THERMAL ENERGY EXCHANGE ON THE SOUTH POLAR SNOW FIELD AND ARCTIC ICE PACK' KIRBY J. HANSON Po!ar Meteorology Research Project, US. Weather Bureau, Washington, D.C. [Manuscript received September 13, 1960; revised February 21, 1961 ] ABSTRACT Solar and terrestrial radiation measurements that were obtained at Amundsen-Scot>t (South Pole) Station and on Ice lsland (Bravo) T-3 are presented for representative summer and winter months. Of the South Polar net radiation loss during April 1958, approximately20 percent of the energy came from the snow and80 percent from the air. The actual atmospheric cooling rate during that period was only about lj6 of the suggested radiative cooling rate. The annual net radiation at various places in Antarctica is presented. During 1058, the South Polar atmos- phere transmitted about 73 percent of the annual extraterrestrial radiation, while at T-3 the Arctic atmosphere transmitted about 56 percent. The albedo of melting sea ice is discussed. Measurements on T-3 during July 1958 indicate that the net radiation is positive on both clear and overcast days but greatest on overcast days. Refreezing of the surface with clear skies, as observed by Untersteiner and Badglep, is discussed. 1. INTRODUCTION Ocean.ThisIsland wasabout by 5 11 miles in size and The elliptical orbit of the earthbrings it about 3 million about 52 meters thick (Crary et al. [2]) in 1953 when it miles farther from the sun at aphelion than at perihelion; drifted near 88' N., looo W. In the years that followed, consequently,during midsummer, about 7 percent less this it drifted southward and in July 1958 was located solar radiation impinges on the top of the Arctic atrnos- 79.5' N., 118' W. -
Nutrient Availability Limits Biological Production in Arctic Sea Ice Melt Ponds
University of Southern Denmark Nutrient availability limits biological production in Arctic sea ice melt ponds Sørensen, Heidi Louise; Thamdrup, Bo; Jeppesen, Erik; Rysgaard, Søren; Glud, Ronnie N. Published in: Polar Biology DOI: 10.1007/s00300-017-2082-7 Publication date: 2017 Document version: Final published version Document license: CC BY Citation for pulished version (APA): Sørensen, H. L., Thamdrup, B., Jeppesen, E., Rysgaard, S., & Glud, R. N. (2017). Nutrient availability limits biological production in Arctic sea ice melt ponds. Polar Biology, 40(8), 1593-1606. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-017-2082-7 Go to publication entry in University of Southern Denmark's Research Portal Terms of use This work is brought to you by the University of Southern Denmark. Unless otherwise specified it has been shared according to the terms for self-archiving. If no other license is stated, these terms apply: • You may download this work for personal use only. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying this open access version If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details and we will investigate your claim. Please direct all enquiries to [email protected] Download date: 28. Sep. 2021 Polar Biol (2017) 40:1593–1606 DOI 10.1007/s00300-017-2082-7 ORIGINAL PAPER Nutrient availability limits biological production in Arctic sea ice melt ponds Heidi Louise Sørensen1,2 · Bo Thamdrup1 · Erik Jeppesen2,3,4,7 · Søren Rysgaard2,5,6,7 · Ronnie Nøhr Glud1,2,7,8 Received: 26 February 2016 / Revised: 26 August 2016 / Accepted: 10 January 2017 / Published online: 1 March 2017 © The Author(s) 2017. -
Downloaded 10/01/21 10:31 PM UTC 874 JOURNAL of CLIMATE VOLUME 12
MARCH 1999 VAVRUS 873 The Response of the Coupled Arctic Sea Ice±Atmosphere System to Orbital Forcing and Ice Motion at 6 kyr and 115 kyr BP STEPHEN J. VAVRUS Center for Climatic Research, Institute for Environmental Studies, University of WisconsinÐMadison, Madison, Wisconsin (Manuscript received 2 February 1998, in ®nal form 11 May 1998) ABSTRACT A coupled atmosphere±mixed layer ocean GCM (GENESIS2) is forced with altered orbital boundary conditions for paleoclimates warmer than modern (6 kyr BP) and colder than modern (115 kyr BP) in the high-latitude Northern Hemisphere. A pair of experiments is run for each paleoclimate, one with sea-ice dynamics and one without, to determine the climatic effect of ice motion and to estimate the climatic changes at these times. At 6 kyr BP the central Arctic ice pack thins by about 0.5 m and the atmosphere warms by 0.7 K in the experiment with dynamic ice. At 115 kyr BP the central Arctic sea ice in the dynamical version thickens by 2±3 m, accompanied bya2Kcooling. The magnitude of these mean-annual simulated changes is smaller than that implied by paleoenvironmental evidence, suggesting that changes in other earth system components are needed to produce realistic simulations. Contrary to previous simulations without atmospheric feedbacks, the sign of the dynamic sea-ice feedback is complicated and depends on the region, the climatic variable, and the sign of the forcing perturbation. Within the central Arctic, sea-ice motion signi®cantly reduces the amount of ice thickening at 115 kyr BP and thinning at 6 kyr BP, thus serving as a strong negative feedback in both pairs of simulations.