Wheeler's Dental Anatomy, Physiology and Occlusionversion

This page intentionally left blank Stanley J. Nelson, DDS, MS Professor School of Dental Medicine University of Nevada Las Vegas, Nevada Major M. Ash, Jr. , BS, DDS, MS, MD hc* Marcus L. Ward Professor and Research Scientist, Emeritus The University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan *Deceased 11830 Westline Industrial Drive St. Louis, Missouri 63146 WHEELER’S DENTAL ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, ISBN: 978-1-4160-6209-7 AND OCCLUSION Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940, by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Rights Department: phone: (+1) 215 239 3804 (US) or (+44) 1865 843830 (UK); fax: (+44) 1865 853333; e-mail: [email protected]. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier website at http://www.elsevier.com/permissions. Notice Knowledge and best practice in this fi eld are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our knowledge, changes in practice, treatment and drug therapy may become necessary or appropriate. Readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the practitioner, relying on their own experience and knowledge of the patient, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the Authors assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising out of or related to any use of the material contained in this book. The Publisher Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Nelson, Stanley J. Wheeler’s dental anatomy, physiology, and occlusion / Stanley J. Nelson, Major M. Ash Jr.—9th ed. p. ; cm. Ash’s name appears fi rst on the earlier ed. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4160-6209-7 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Teeth. 2. Occlusion (Dentistry) I. Ash, Major M., 1921- II. Title. [DNLM: 1. Tooth–anatomy & histology. 2. Dental Occlusion. 3. Tooth–physiology. WU 101 N431w 2010] RK280.A74 2010 617.6–dc22 2008045858 Vice President and Publishing Director: Linda Duncan Senior Editor: John J. Dolan Developmental Editor: Brian S. Loehr Publishing Services Manager: Catherine Jackson Senior Project Manager: David Stein Design Direction: Amy Buxton Working together to grow libraries in developing countries Printed in China www.elsevier.com | www.bookaid.org | www.sabre.org Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 For Thomas P. Nowlin, DDS, MA This page intentionally left blank Obituary Professor Doctor Major McKinley Ash was born on April 7, 1921. In 1942 he received his degree in electrical engineering at the Illinois Institute of Technology. In 1943 he received a certificate in physics from the University of Chicago. Dr. Ash served during World War II and was awarded the Silver Star, the Purple Heart, and the Croix de Guerre. He then completed his Bachelor of Science degree in Chemistry at Michigan State University and married Fayola Foltz on September 2, 1947. In 1951 Dr. Ash received his Doctor of Dental Surgery from Emory University in Georgia and completed a master’s degree in Periodontics from the University of Michigan in 1954. During his 53-year career with the University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Dr. Ash founded and chaired the Department of Occlusion and directed the TMJ/ Oral Facial Pain Clinic and Stomatognathic Physiology Laboratory from 1969 to 1987. He was awarded the Marcus L. Ward Professor of Dentistry in 1984 and the school’s Distinguished Service Award in 1992. Throughout his career Dr. Ash was a prolific author, publishing over 200 scientific articles and seven textbooks, of which Wheeler’s Dental Anatomy, Physiology, and Occlusion is one. His work has been published in Chinese, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Polish, Portu- guese, and Spanish. Dr. Ash died March 21, 2007 in Scottsdale, Arizona. He was a fine educator. Reference: University of Michigan Record for Faculty and Staff of the University of Michigan. Submitted by Jerry Mastey, School of Dentistry, April 2, 2007. Photo credit: Courtesy of University of Michigan School of Dentistry. vii This page intentionally left blank Preface The ninth edition of Wheeler’s Dental Anatomy, Physiology, and Occlusion celebrates the life and many accomplishments The section on Forensic Odontology has been expanded of one of the finest dental educators that I have known, and updated to reflect growth and interest in this emerging Professor Doctor Major McKinley Ash. Although Dr. Ash science. As in the previous edition, the summary charts was not able to see this newest printing, his contributions found in the appendix provide a useful tool for examination to this ninth edition as well as to editions six through eight preparation. This information has been expanded to include will continue to improve dental education and practice for NEW! flash cards, located at the back of the book, and is many years to come. I have been one of his many students intended to be used as a quick study guide when a precious for the entirety of my career and I greatly miss his advice. few moments become available in a student’s busy In his memory, I will attempt to pick up the baton and schedule. continue the fine tradition of the Wheeler text. The continuity of subject matter and the basic information found in the previous editions have been retained to reflect the many years that this book has served as a resource in the field of dental anatomy; however, this ninth edition contains some exciting new features. Of particular note is the colorization of several black and white illustrations and photos. Often, the original photograph remains for a sense Chapter �� Pulp Chambers and Canals �� of history but is combined with a color-enhanced view of the tooth being studied and a simplified line drawing of the view to highlight the primary characteristics of tooth contour and the primary anatomical features. Coronal pulp Radicular pulp Cementum around apical canal A B F�� Comparison in size of the pulps of two intact lower first perman ent molars at differen t ages. A, The young pulp chamber is larg e (magnification r8). B, The older pulp is greatly reduc ed in size (magnifi cation r8). (A From Berkovitz BKB, Holland GR, Moxh am BJ: Oral anatomy, histology, and embryology, ed 3, St Louis, 2002, Mosby. B from Avery JK, Chieg o DJ: Essentials of oral histology and embryology, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.) 1 2 3 4 5 F�� Maxillary canine. Labioli ngual section s show various stages of developmen t. 1, Crown complete; root partially completed with large pulp cavity, wide open at apical end. 2, Tooth almost complete, except for lack of constriction of apical foramen. 3, Canine of young individual with large pulp cavity and completed root tip. 4, Typical canine of adult, demo nstrating constri ction of the foramen. 5, Canine of an elderly indivi dual with a constricted pulp chamber and canal; this specimen has lost its origi nal crown form because of wear during functi on. cedure. Elective endod ontics should be considered when It is possible for any root of a tooth to have multiple extreme calcification is present in a tooth scheduled for apical foramina. If these openings are large enou gh, the complex restorative procedures. space that leads to the main root canal is called a supplemen- tary or lateral canal (Figure 13-5). If the root canal breaks up into multiple tiny ca nals, it is referred to as a delta system 2 Foramen because of its complexity (Figure 13-6). The neurovascular bundle, which supplies the internal contents of the pulp cavity, enters through the apical foramen Demarcation of Pulp Cavity and Canal or foramina (see Figure 13-1). As the root begins to develop, the apical foramen is actually larger than the pulp cha mber The cementoenamel junction (CEJ) is not quite at the level (Figure 13-4, 1), but it becomes more co nstricted at at which the root canal becomes the pulp chamb er (see the completion of roo t formation (Figur e 13-4, 2 through Figure 13-1). This demarca tion is mainly macro scopically 5). based but may be visualized by exploring the CEJ (see Figure ix x Preface �� Dental Age DVD Introduced in the eighth edition, the accompanying DVD in this ninth edition has been expanded in several areas to include new content, including 3-D animations, electronic flash cards, labeling exercises, and a F�� Panoramic radiograph of a child about 7 years of age. This type of examination is of great value in registering an overall record of virtual reality tooth identi- development. fication quiz (From Pappas GC, Wallace WR: Panoramic sialogr aphy, Dent Radiogr Photogr 43:27, 1970.) . The additional material includes patterns of The dentition may be considered to be the single best mandibular movement and the resulting occlusal contacts physiological indicator of chronological age in juveniles.14 A knowledge of dental age has practical clinical applications; that occur when the subject demonstrates maximum inter- however, it is recognized that the coverage of these applications here must be brief . When indicated, references to a more detailed coverage are prov ided.

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