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Permanent Maxillary Lateral Incisors Dr.Zainab Mahmood

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Permanent Maxillary Lateral Incisors Dr.Zainab Mahmood lec 1 Dental anatomy DR. Huda Msaed Lafta Introduction to Dental Anatomy The field of dental anatomy is dedicated to the study of teeth including their development, eruption, morphology, classification, nomenclature and function. Terminology: Dense: tooth. Dental: anything related to teeth. Diphyodont: A condition where two generations of teeth are present in a lifetime (deciduous/primary dentition and permanent dentition). Heterodont: Man is a heterodont, which means that he has different- shaped teeth. Deciduous/Primary Dentition: The primary dentition is called so since they are the first set of teeth to appear in the oral cavity. The term deciduous implies that they are shed/fall off naturally. The primary dentition consists of a total of 20 teeth, 10 in each jaw. The primary teeth begin to emerge into the oral cavity at about 6 months of age and the child would have his/her complete set of primary teeth by 2½ to 3 years. (Fig.1) Primary dentition Dental Formula for Primary/Deciduous Dentition The primary dentition has the following dental formula: (on each side). I: Incisors (central and lateral) C: Canines 1 lec 1 Dental anatomy DR. Huda Msaed Lafta M: Molars (first and second) (Expressed as 2:1:2, i.e. two: one: two). Each quadrant in primary dentition has five teeth; beginning from the midline they are the central incisor, the lateral incisor, the canine, the 1st molar and the 2nd molar. Permanent/Secondary/Succedaneous Dentition There is a total of 32 teeth in the permanent dentition, 16 in each jaw. The permanent teeth are also called as succedaneous teeth/secondary teeth since they replace or succeed the primary teeth. • The permanent teeth begin to emerge at 6 years of age and gradually replace the smaller primary teeth. The eruption process is completed by 12 to 13 years except for the posterior most teeth, the four 3rd molars which erupt around 18 to 25 years of age. • The permanent molars are not succedaneous teeth as they do not have predecessors. Fig. 2 permanent teeth Dental Formula for Permanent Dentition In permanent dentition, the premolars are present in addition to incisors, canines and molars; the number of molar teeth is increased to three. The dental formula for permanent dentition is as follows: (On each side) I: Incisors (central and lateral) C: Canines P: Premolars (first and second) M: Molars (first, second and third) (Expressed as 2:1:2:3, i.e. two: one: two: three) 2 lec 1 Dental anatomy DR. Huda Msaed Lafta The permanent dentition consists of 16 teeth in each jaw and 8 in each quadrant. The teeth present in each quadrant from the midline are; central and lateral incisors, canine, 1st and 2nd premolars, followed by 1st, 2nd and 3rd molars. The Jaws The jaw is the bone which carries the teeth. There are two jaws: 1. The upper jaw, which is fixed, and is called “The Maxilla”. 2. The lower jaw, which is movable, and is called “The Mandible”. Arrangement in the Dental Arches 1. The teeth in the upper jaw" the maxilla" are called the maxillary or upper teeth. 2. The teeth in the lower jaw, "the mandible" are called the mandibular/ lower teeth. Anterior and Posterior Teeth Teeth are grouped into: 1. Anterior teeth which include the incisors and the canines. 2. Posterior teeth which include the premolars and molars. 3 lec 1 Dental anatomy DR. Huda Msaed Lafta 4 lec 1 Dental anatomy DR. Huda Msaed Lafta 5 LEC.2 TOOTH NOTATION SYSTEMS DR. HUDA MSAED Tooth Notation Systems In clinical practice, some “short-hand” system of tooth notation is necessary for recording data. When identifying a specific tooth, one has to list the dentition, dental arch, quadrant, and the tooth name. Tooth notation provides: 1. Standard and an easy way of communication among dental professionals, students, and care providers. 2. It also gives a convenient method of record keeping in dental practice. Although there have been more than 32 different tooth notation systems, 3 systems are commonly in use and they are discussed in this lecture. UNIVERSAL NOTATION SYSTEM This system uses continuous numbers and letters to denote each tooth. In this system, irrespective of the dentition, numbering always starts from the last tooth in the upper right quadrant and ends with the last tooth in the lower right quadrant. A- Permanent teeth: for the permanent dentition, the maxillary teeth are numbered from 1 through 16, beginning with the right third molar. Beginning with the mandibular left third molar, the teeth are numbered 17through 32. Maxilla Right Left 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 Mandibular 1 LEC.2 TOOTH NOTATION SYSTEMS DR. HUDA MSAED Examples: # 23: permanent mandibular left lateral incisor. #6: permanent maxillary right canine. #18: permanent mandibular left second molar. B- Deciduous teeth: for the primary dentition uses uppercase letters for each of the primary teeth: For the maxillary teeth, beginning with the right second molar, letters A through J, and for the mandibular teeth, letters K through T, beginning with the left mandibular second molar. The universal system notation for the entire primary dentition is as follows: Maxillary Right A B C D E F G H I J Left T S R Q P O N M L K Mandibular Examples: #B: primary maxillary right first molar. #F: primary maxillary left central incisor. #R: primary mandibular right canine. 2 LEC.2 TOOTH NOTATION SYSTEMS DR. HUDA MSAED Zsigmondy-Palmer SYSTEM/ quadrant system/grid system In the Palmer system, the mouth is divided into 4 sections called the quadrants. The system uses a unique ‘L’ shaped symbol/grid. (┌, ┐,└, ┘) to depict in which quadrant the specific tooth is found. The vertical line segment of the ‘symbol’ indicates the patient’s midline and the horizontal line indicates the occlusal plane that separates the upper and lower arches. • Maxillary right quadrant...................... ┘ • Maxillary left quadrant........................ └ • Mandibular right quadrant................. ┐ • Mandibular left quadrant.................... ┌ A- Permanent Dentition: beginning with the central incisors, the teeth are numbered 1through 8 in each arch. Maxillary 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Right Left 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Mandibular Examples: 6 Permanent mandibular right first molar 7 Permanent maxillary right second molar 3 Permanent mandibular left canine 3 LEC.2 TOOTH NOTATION SYSTEMS DR. HUDA MSAED B- Deciduous Dentition: beginning with primary central incisors, the teeth are numbered A through E in each arch. Maxillary E D C B A A B C D E Right Left E D C B A A B C D E Mandibular Examples: E Primary maxillary right second molar. B Primary mandibular right lateral incisor. C Primary mandibular left canine. 4 LEC.2 TOOTH NOTATION SYSTEMS DR. HUDA MSAED FDI NOTATION SYSTEM/Two-digit System The FDI system uses two-digit for each tooth—permanent and primary. The first-digit always denotes the quadrant: each quadrant is assigned a number 1 to 4 for the permanent dentition and 5 to 8 for the primary dentition. The quadrant code denotes the dentition, arch, and side in which the tooth is present. The second digit denotes the tooth (1 to 8 for permanent teeth and 1 to 5 for deciduous teeth). The teeth are numbered from the midline to posterior. The two-digit combination of quadrant code and tooth code gives the notation of a specific tooth. A- permanent teeth Maxillary 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Right 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Left Mandibular # 17: permanent maxillary right second molar. # 31: permanent mandibular left central incisor. # 44: permanent mandibular right first premolar. 5 LEC.2 TOOTH NOTATION SYSTEMS DR. HUDA MSAED B. Deciduous Teeth Maxillary 55 54 53 52 51 61 62 63 64 65 Right Left 85 84 83 82 81 71 72 73 74 75 Mandibular # 61: deciduous maxillary left central incisor. #53: deciduous maxillary right canine. #85: deciduous mandibular right second molar. 85 PARTS OF TOOTH Any tooth has two main parts: CEJ Anatomic crown: Anatomic crown is defined as the part of the tooth that is covered by enamel. Anatomic root: Anatomic root is that portion of the tooth that is covered by cementum the crown and the root joined the cement enamel junction (CEJ)or cervical line. 6 LEC.2 TOOTH NOTATION SYSTEMS DR. HUDA MSAED Clinical crown: Clinical crown is the part of a tooth that is visible in the oral cavity. Clinical root: Clinical root is that part of a tooth which is under the gingiva and not exposed to the oral cavity. STRUCTURE OF TOOTH Enamel : is the hardest substance in the human body consisting of more than 96 percent inorganic material. Dentin: forms the major bulk of the tooth. It is present in both crown and root portions. Cementum : is a hard avascular tissue that covers the roots of teeth. Dental pulp: is the specialized connective tissue that carries blood and nerve supply to the tooth. Pulp chamber: Is the portion of the pulp in the crown. Pulp canal: is the portion of the pulp in the root. The number of roots: 1. Single root: in all anterior teeth, mandibular premolars and maxillary second premolar. 2. Two roots with bifurcation: in mandibular molars and maxillary first premolar. 3. Three roots with trifurcation: in maxillary molars.
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