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Theories of Race and Racism: a Reader/Edited by Les Back and John Solomos

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Theories of Race and Racism: a Reader/Edited by Les Back and John Solomos Theories of Race and Racism A Reader This comprehensive reader brings together foundational works in the study of race and racism by such authors as W. E. B. Du Bois, Frantz Fanon and Robert Park with some of the most exciting contemporary writings in the field by, amongst others, Paul Gilroy, Homi Bhabha and bell hooks. Theories of Race and Racism is divided into six main sections covering the following key topics: • Origins and Transformations • Sociology, Race and Social Theory • Racism and Anti-Semitism • Colonialism, Race and the Other • Feminism, Difference and Identity • Changing Boundaries and Spaces Each section begins with a brief editorial introduction, providing a guide to the readings in that section by historically contextualising them and relating them to other writings in the reader. Cross-national in content, historical in scope and offering a variety of perspectives, Theories of Race and Racism will be an invaluable resource for undergraduates across a range of disciplines. Les Back is Senior Lecturer in Sociology at Goldsmiths College, University of London. John Solomos is Professor of Sociology at South Bank University. Routledge Student Readers Series Editor: Chris Jenks, Professor of Sociology, Goldsmiths College, University of London Forthcoming Titles: Gender: A Reader Edited by Stevi Jackson and Sue Scott Theories of Race and Racism A Reader Edited and introduced by Les Back and John Solomos London and New York First published 2000 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2001. © 2000 Les Back and John Solomos: editorial material; individual chapters to their contributors All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Theories of race and racism: a reader/edited by Les Back and John Solomos. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Race. 2. Race relations. 3. Racism. I. Back, Les, 1962– II. Solomos, John. HT1521.T473 1999 305.8—dc21 99–16826 CIP ISBN 0–415–15671–8 (hbk) ISBN 0–415–15672–6 (pbk) ISBN 0-203-00597-X Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-17520-4 (Glassbook Format) For Nikolas Solomos, Daniel Solomos, Stephanie Back, Sophie Back and Charlie Back, in the hope of a better future Contents Notes on contributors xi Series Editor’s Preface xvii Preface xix Acknowledgements xxi Les Back and John Solomos INTRODUCTION: THEORISING RACE AND RACISM 1 PART ONE Origins and transformations 1 Winthrop D. Jordan FIRST IMPRESSIONS 33 2 Michael Banton THE IDIOM OF RACE 51 3 Tzvetan Todorov RACE AND RACISM 64 4 Oliver C. Cox RACE RELATIONS 71 5W. E. B. Du Bois THE CONSERVATION OF RACES 79 viii CONTENTS 6 Gunnar Myrdal RACIAL BELIEFS IN AMERICA 87 PART TWO Sociology, race and social theory 7 Robert E. Park THE NATURE OF RACE RELATIONS 105 8 Ruth Benedict RACE: WHAT IT IS NOT 113 9 John Rex RACE RELATIONS IN SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY 119 10 Robert Miles APROPOS THE IDEA OF ‘RACE’ . AGAIN 125 11 Stuart Hall OLD AND NEW IDENTITIES, OLD AND NEW ETHNICITIES 144 12 David Theo Goldberg RACIAL KNOWLEDGE 154 13 Howard Winant THE THEORETICAL STATUS OF THE CONCEPT OF RACE 181 PART THREE Racism and anti-Semitism 14 George L. Mosse THE JEWS: MYTH AND COUNTER-MYTH 195 15 Theodor W. Adorno and Max Horkheimer ELEMENTS OF ANTI-SEMITISM 206 16 Zygmunt Bauman MODERNITY, RACISM, EXTERMINATION 212 17 Sander L. Gilman ARE JEWS WHITE? 229 CONTENTS ix 18 Matthew F. Jacobson LOOKING JEWISH, SEEING JEWS 238 PART FOUR Colonialism, race and the other 19 Frantz Fanon THE FACT OF BLACKNESS 257 20 Lola Young IMPERIAL CULTURE 267 21 Anne McClintock THE WHITE FAMILY OF MAN 287 22 Chandra Talpade Mohanty UNDER WESTERN EYES 302 23 Ann L. Stoler SEXUAL AFFRONTS AND RACIAL FRONTIERS 324 24 Homi K. Bhabha ‘RACE’, TIME AND THE REVISION OF MODERNITY 354 PART FIVE Feminism, difference and identity 25 bell hooks RACISM AND FEMINISM 373 26 Hazel V. Carby WHITE WOMAN LISTEN! 389 27 Patricia Hill Collins BLACK FEMINIST THOUGHT 404 28 Patricia J. Williams RACE AND RIGHTS 421 29 Avtar Brah DIFFERENCE, DIVERSITY, DIFFERENTIATION 431 x CONTENTS 30 Ruth Frankenberg WHITE WOMEN, RACE MATTERS 447 31 Barbara Christian BLACK FEMINISM AND THE ACADEMY 462 PART SIX Changing boundaries and spaces 32 Gargi Bhattacharyya BLACK SKIN/WHITE BOARDS 478 33 Paul Gilroy THE DIALECTICS OF DIASPORA IDENTIFICATION 490 34 Kobena Mercer IDENTITY AND DIVERSITY IN POSTMODERN POLITICS 503 35 Michael Keith IDENTITY AND THE SPACES OF AUTHENTICITY 521 36 Richard Dyer THE MATTER OF WHITENESS 539 37 Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw RACE, REFORM AND RETRENCHMENT 549 38 Stephen Steinberg AMERICA AGAIN AT THE CROSSROADS 561 39 Chetan Bhatt THE LORE OF THE HOMELAND: HINDU NATIONALISM AND INDIGENIST ‘NEORACISM’ 573 40 Slavoj Zizek ENJOY YOUR NATION AS YOURSELF! 594 41 K. Anthony Appiah RACIAL IDENTITY AND RACIAL IDENTIFICATION 607 Guide to further reading 616 Name index 629 Subject index 639 Notes on contributors Theodor W. Adorno (1903–69) was one of the leading figures in the Frankfurt Institute for Social Research from the 1930s until his death. He published a number of books on various aspects of critical theory, including Prisms (1967), Negative Dialectics (1973) and The Culture Industry: Selected Essays on Mass Culture (1990). K. Anthony Appiah is Professor of Afro-American Studies and Philosophy at Harvard University. He is also an editor of the journal Transition. He has researched and written on the history of ideas about race and on philosophical thought and race. His books include In My Father’s House: Africa in the Philosophy of Culture (1992) and The Dictionary of Global Culture (with Henry Louis Gates Jr, 1997). Michael Banton is Professor Emeritus of Sociology at the University of Bristol. He is a former President of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain. He has written widely on race and ethnicity, and his previous books include Racial and Ethnic Competition (1983), Promoting Racial Harmony (1985), Racial Theories (1987 and 1998) and International Action Against Racial Discrimination (1996). Zygmunt Bauman is Professor Emeritus in Sociology at the University of Leeds. He is the author of a wide range of studies in social theory, including Legislators and Interpreters (1987) Modernity and Ambivalence (1991) and Postmodern Ethics (1993). Ruth Benedict (1887–1948) was a leading American anthropologist and taught at Columbia University in NewYork. Her books included Patterns of Culture (1945) and The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture (1947). xii CONTRIBUTORS Homi K. Bhabha is Chester D. Tripp Professor in Humanities at the University of Chicago. He is one of the most influential theorists in the field of postcolonialism and he has written widely on key issues related to colonialism and postcolonialism. He is the author of The Location of Culture (1994) and the editor of Nation and Narration (1990). Chetan Bhatt is a Senior Lecturer in Sociology, Goldsmiths College. He has carried out extensive research on race, ethnicity and new religious movements, including detailed studies of Hindu nationalism and Aryanism in India. He is the author of Liberation and Purity (1997) and a number of papers on aspects of Hindu nationalism. Gargi Bhattacharyya is a Lecturer in Cultural Studies and Sociology at the University of Birmingham. She is the author of Tales of Dark-skinnedWomen (1998) and numerous articles on questions of race, gender and culture. Avtar Brah is Senior lecturer in Extra-Mural Studies at Birkbeck College in the University of London. She is the author of Cartographies of Diaspora (1996) and of numerous articles and reports on aspects of race, gender and identity. She is a member of the editorial collective of Feminist Review. Hazel V. Carby is Chair of African and African-American Studies and a Professor of American Studies at Yale University. She is the author of Reconstructing Womanhood: The Emergence of the Afro- AmericanWoman Novelist (1987) and Race Men (1998). Barbara Christian is Professor of African-American Studies at the University of California, Berkeley. She is the author of BlackWomen Novelists (1980) and Black Feminist Criticism (1985). Patricia Hill Collins is Charles Phelps Taft Professor of Sociology in the Department of African- American Studies at the University of Cincinnati. She has written widely on issues of gender, race and social class, especially in relation to African-American women. She has written Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment (1990) and FightingWords: BlackWomen and the Search for Justice (1998). Oliver C. Cox (1901–74) was born in Trinidad and spent most of his life in the United States. He taught at Lincoln University and Wayne State University. He researched various aspects of the history of capitalism and its evolution, including the history of race and racism. He published a number of studies of the history of capitalism, including The Foundations of Capitalism (1959) and Capitalism as a System (1964). Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw is Professor of Law at UCLA and the Columbia School of Law in NewYork. She is one of the leading scholars in the area of race and law in developing what is called a Critical Race Theory in legal studies. She is a co-editor, along with N.
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