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Tc XsTTn IV. Modem Age. Upper Tertiary For/Titition III. Tertiary Age. Lower Tertiary Cretaceous Oolitic II. Secondary Age. Trias Carboniferous Devonian 1 Palseozoic Age. Upper Silurian Lower Siluri»w Metamorphic Rocks. CRUST QF THE R^ETH A.S EtRLA^TEB TQ ZQQLO&Y. w*!K:.ir.%. ■ i J-» ■-■ r' ^ ■ / Principles j^e ZooLocYr^l , 4 ■■ -v-: /i f< • tm svmcTi^ Hm -m ■.'' ,-■■. JS^aSSAL ■ MSAS iUO}:/' ' - ■ •V/iiA 'S' jt; ( > C-^ ' ^ '■: ' ■'L-s , •- -■ -' ->*y^'*- . /. •'!^v ,W . • ‘^1 i 4 T V •^i-' ; '!■ .•"-ss -■< •■ ■ ' ■ •*<—-. ^ ■ '. .,‘ • rt ,.^'%^«Mj>Aa-ATr'rs . - ' J T H c ks ^ Of s c H iir O t $ #. «l 3 t o €1 E a C \V >,• -.r •'i'O •.-, - ' 'V' '.■ .'“r - ’■' -S ^ .7. '. ,;r . •■ Itv'^'- , • 1/^ ■ ‘r > 7 - *T AvJ'Vi** ■ ' -A ■ ">.K S;|4 j S SES:' v^jp . ■- ./ VV»vv'i-;-'- r'^yj ;• ^. x-.rv: ■'4&s£^r' idHmiu :s .. C.:-' .<vr :'; ■•■ iC*-‘- ■ ‘ ■'^■'■■■- - . (< , . .■• yvwj'<1— »• • -t *■* . , • V i^ ' 8^2*T, J. » -C^nig^ ;'y'? '•‘j wi;ir VORK; siiJH.ooTf ano co>TpA*y. "Lt -- i*' •■■ i/irA_:.;i.5 iA YjfjgA-} %.o T't . , aT- ■ \ S ^-'i -:- : ; '-r- . >s*-« ■- i^Vr '. "• '■. ■.; '^^ ,v ,* ^ ^Lri. ■ ^ . - P' ^ . j j -n - 'v .'-^ ic^: i’*^— r r-!: '>/ A i \ '. ^/< ’ • ?* * ** “ ‘^K Ht^-.'i- 'S '.' •'■■%. ^'4 ••f. - I. V, ^:/:'..;'.i, J • ;s'/^ \* ••■ ?T-’^'.’ -♦■ ■’* * ■ 'at;w^T or tftR EA-aw a.§ rku. zookoc-r. ■ A, ■*. :j'^ •‘tv;!;,, ■ ^ I—'* r Principles TOUCHING THE STRECTUEE, DEVELOPMENT, DISTPJBUTION, AND NATURAL ARRANGEMENT or THE llACES OF ANUIALS, LIVING AND EXTINCT. WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS. PART I. COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY. FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. BY LOUIS AGASSIZ and A. BOSTON; GFOXJIL.D 59 WASIIINOTON 8TKEET. NEW YORK: SHEEDON AND COMPANY. 1873. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1873. by GOULD AITD LIJTCOLN, In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, PREFACE. 1’he design of this work is to furnish an epitome of the leading principles of the science of Zoology, as deduced from the present state of knowledge, so illustrated as to be intelligible to the begin¬ ner. No similar treatise now exists in this country, and, indeed, some of the topics have not been touched upon in the English lan¬ guage, unless in a strictly technical form, and in scattered articles. On this account, some of the chapters, like those on Embryology and Metamorphosis, may, at first, seem too abstruse for scholars in our common schools. This may be the case, until teachers shall have made themselves somewhat familiar with subjects comparatively new to them. But so essential have these subjects now become to a correct interpretation of philosophical zoology, that the study of them 'wiU hereafter be indispensable. They furnish a key to many phenomena vhich have been heretofore locked in mystery. Being intended for American students, the illustrations have been drawn, as far as possible, from American objects : some of them are presented merely as ideal outlines, which convey a more definite idea than accurate sketches from nature ; others have been left im¬ perfect, except as to the parts especially in question ; a large propor¬ tion of them, however, are accurate portraits from original drawings. Popular names have been employed as far as possible, and to the scientific names an English termination has generally been given; but the technical terms have been added, in brackets, whenever mis¬ understanding -was apprehended. Definitions of those least hkely to be understood, may be found in the Index. The principles of Zoology developed by Professor Agassiz in his published works have been generally adopted in this, and the results Df many new researches have been added. The authors gratefully acknowledge the aid they have received. In preparing the illustrations and, working out the details, from Mr. !• 6 PREFACE. E. Desi)r for many years an associate of Professor Agassiz, from Count Pourtales and E. C. Cabot, Esq., and also from Professor Asa Gray, by valuable suggestions in the revision of the letter-press. The first part is devoted to Comparative Anatomy, Physiology, and Embryology, as the basis of Classification, and also to the illus¬ tration of the geographical distribution and the geological succession of Animals; the second to Systematic Zoology, in which the prin- ciples of Classification will be applied, and the principal groups of animals will be briefiy characterized. Should our aim be attained, this work will produce more enlarged ideas of man’s relations to Nature, and more exalted conceptions of the Plan of Creation and its Great Author. Boston, June 1, 1848. PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION. In revising the present w'ork, the authors have endeavored to render more precise those passages which admitted of too broad a signification or of a double interpretation; and to correct such errors as had arisen from inadvertence, or such as the rapid progress of Sci¬ ence has disclosed. They are indebted for many suggestions on these points to several distinguished teachers w'ho have used the work as a text book, and more especially to Professor Wyman, of Harvard University. Several entirely new paragraphs have also been added. A list of some of the principal authors who have made original researches, or of treatises which enter more into detail than was ad¬ missible in an elementary work, has been given at the close of the volume, for the use of those who would pursue the subject of Zoology in a more extended manner. The work having thus been revised and enlarged, the authors sub¬ mit it to the public with increased confidence in its accuracy and usefulness. Boston, Fehruary 1, 1851. TABLE OF CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION .... ... 7 CHAPTER FIRST. The Sphere and pundamental Principles of Zo-3looy 1i5 CHAPTER SECOND. General Properties op Organized Bodies ... SECTION I. Organized and Unorganized Bodies. ci6 SECTION II. Elementary Structure of Organized Bodies .... 36 SECTION III. Differences between Animals and Plants. il CHAPTER THIRD. Functions and Organs of Animal Life , . , . 44 SECTION I. OJ the Nervous System and General Sensation . • ,44 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION II. Of tJie fecial Senses. ,48 1. Of Sight. 48 2. Of Hearing. ,,, 55 3. Of Smell.60 4. Of Taste. , , . 62 5. Of Touch. 63 6. -Of the Voice ... 64 CHAPTER FOURTH. Or Intelligence and Instinct . - . 67 CHAPTER FIFTH. Of Motion. ... 73 SECTION I. d-pparatics of Motion. ... 73 SECTION II. Of Locomotion 79 1. Plan ol the Organs of Locomotion . 82 2. Of Standing, and the Modes of Progression ... 88 Walking.90 Running.91 Leaping.91 Climbing.92 Flying.92 Swimming.93 CHAPTER SIXTH. Of Nutrition.96 SECTION I. Of Digestion . - . ..97 Digestive Tube .... .... 9? Chymification.100 Chylification.100 Mastication ... .... 101 In salivation . ■ . 108 Deglutition ... ... 108 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 9 CHAPTER SEVENTH. Pagw Cp the Blood and Circulation Ill CHAPTER EIGHTH. Op Respiration . 118 CHAPTER NINTH. Or TU£ Secretions.'126 CHAPTER TENTH. Embryology. ISi SECTION I. Of the Egg. 131 Form of the Egg. 13di Formation of the Egg.iSJ Ovulation.. 134 Laying.135 Composition of the Egg . ... 137 SECTION II. Development of the Young within the Egg.iot) SECTION III. Zo">logical Importance of Embryology. 1/3 CHAPTER ELEVENTH. Peculiar Modes op Reproduction.15t) SECTION 1. Qemmiparo^cs and Fissiparous Reproduction . 156 SECTION II. Alternate and Equivocal llc2)rodnction m 10 TABLE OF CONTENTS. SECTION III. Conscqjiences of Alternate Generation .... , 167 CFIAPTER TWELFTH. Metamorphoses of Animals. I7I CHAPTER THIRTEENTH. Geooraphicai Distribution of Animals . iBG SECTION I. General Laws of Distribution .... , l&G f SECTION II. Distribution of the Faunas. 194 I. Arctic Fauna. 197 II. Temperate Faunas. IDS III. Tropical Faunas. 2U4 SECTION III. Cvf elusions . 207 CHAPTER F0URTEI:K Geolcoical Succession of Animals; or, TPEiT DTS'i*».r»uT.oN IN Time.214 SECTION I. Structure of the Earth's Crust.214 SECTION II. Ages of Nature. 221 Palaeozoic Age ... .... !223 Secondary Age ... ..... 227 Tertiary Age. 223 Modern Age .... « . • . 235 Conclusions ... 2S5 EXPLANATION OP THE PIGTJKES. Frontispiece. — The diagram opposite the title page is intended to ^resent, at one view, the distribution of the principal types of animals, and the order of their successive appearance in the layers of the earth’s crust. The four Ages of Nature, mentioned at page 221, are represented by four zones, of diSerent shades, each of which is subdivided by circles indicating the number of formations of which they are composed. The whole disk is divided by radiating lines into four segments, to include the four great departments of the Animal Kingdom; the Vertebrates, with Man at their head, are placed in the upper compartment, the Articulates at the left, the Mollusks at the right, and the Radiates below, as being the lowest in rank. Each of these compartments is again subdivided to include the different classes belonging to it, which are named at the outer circle. At the centre is placed a figure to represent the primitive egg, with its germinative vesicle and germinative dot, (278,) indicative of the universal origin of all animals, and the epoch of life when all are appar¬ ently alike, (275, 276.) Surrounding this, at the point from which each department radiates, are placed the symbols of the several departments, as explained on page 155. The zones are traversed by rays which repre¬ sent the principal types of animals, and their origin and termination in¬ dicates the age at whicli they first appeared or disappeared, all those which reach the circumference being still in existence. The width of the ray in¬ dicates the greater or less prevalence of the type at different geological ages. Thus, in the class of Crustaceans, the Trilobites appear to com¬ mence in the earliest strata, and to disappear with the carboniferous for¬ mation. The Ammonites also appeared in the Silurian formation, and did not become extinct before the deposition of the Cretaceous rocks.
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  • In His Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime (1764)

    In His Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime (1764)

    RACE ‘Race’ is a term for the classification of human beings into physically, biologically and genetically distinct groups.The notion of race assumes, firstly, that humanity is divided into unchanging natural types, recognizable by physical features that are transmitted ‘through the blood’ and permit distinctions to be made between ‘pure’ and ‘mixed’ races. Furthermore, the term implies that the mental and moral behaviour of human beings, as well as individual personality, ideas and capacities, can be related to racial origin, and that knowledge of that origin provides a satisfactory account of the behaviour. Race is particularly pertinent to the rise of colonialism, because the division of human society in this way is inextricable from the need of colonialist powers to establish a dominance over subject peoples and hence justify the imperial enterprise.Race thinking and colonialism are imbued with the same impetus to draw a binary distinction between ‘civilized’ and ‘primitive’ and the same necessity for the hierarchization of human types. By translating the fact of colonial oppression into a justifying theory, however spurious, European race thinking initiated a hierarchy of human variation that has been difficult to dislodge. Although race is not specifically an invention of imperialism, it quickly became one of imperialism’s most supportive ideas, because the idea of superiority that generated the emergence of race as a concept adapted easily to both impulses of the imperial mission: dominance and enlightenment. In this respect, ‘racism’ is not so much a product of the concept of race as the very reason for its existence.Without the underlying desire for hierarchical categorization implicit in racism, ‘race’would not exist.
  • Nott's Lectures

    Nott's Lectures

    ' f.;3l'" 'A :»ft:l^A i» < rW-' 'yKr^^;flJf|^^^^'>^^7>t^;^=^M < 426 Nott^s Lectures, [Jan. alectic variations.* Yet a part of these nations were descended fromShem, and another part from Ham. In- deed the argument which proves our race to have a com- mon origin and parentage, is one of vast variety and strength. Like those fibres in some objects of nature, which, crossing each other hke a net work in every direc- tion, hold together in one body the mass they in- terpenetrate and bticlose, so this many sided argument, these physiological, hnguistic, antiquarian, and historic proofs, show the family of man to be one, and though separate in themselves, mutually confirm and sustain each other. The opinions in reference to which we have thus brief- ly expressed our dissent, are no otherwise injurious than as they present an unsound basis on which to rest the (Scripture defence of slavery. They imply no disrespect to the sacred volume, but the reverse. Some of the re- marks, therefore, with which this brief article is prefaced, are unsuitable if applied to them. They were designed to refer rather to a third hypothesis, which will be con- sidered in the following article, to which this may be re- garded, if the reader will, as introductory, an hypothesis which we are obliged to reject, if we continue to receive the Scriptures as the oracles of God. ARTICLE V. 7*2^0 Lectures on the Connection between the Biblical and Physical History of Man. Delivered by invita- tion^ from the Chair of Political Economy^ etc.