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Title ECOLOGY and BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION of LAKE View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Kyoto University Research Information Repository ECOLOGY AND BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION OF LAKE Title NAKA-UMI AND ADJACENT REGIONS -4. DISTRIBUTION OF FISHES AND THEIR FOODS- Kawanabe, Hiroya; Saito(Tezuka), Yoko; Sunaga, Tetsuo; Author(s) Maki, Iwao; Azuma, Mikio SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS FROM THE SETO MARINE Citation BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY (1968), 2(2): 45-73 Issue Date 1968-09 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/176454 Right Type Departmental Bulletin Paper Textversion publisher Kyoto University Spec. Pub!. Seto Mar. Bioi. Lab. Series II. Part II, September, 1968. ECOLOGY AND BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION OF LAKE NAKA-UMI AND ADJACENT REGIONS 4. DISTRIBUTION OF FISHES AND THEIR FOODS'l HIROYA KAWANABE, YOKO TEZUKA SAIT02l, TETSUO SUNAGNl, lWAO MAKPJ and MIKIO AZUMNJ Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto With 6 Text- figures and 10 Tables Along the coast of Japan Sea are many brackish lakes and lagoons, which are separated from the sea by sand-dunes or sand-bars. Lake Naka-umi is the largest one located on the border of the Shimane and Tottori Prefectures. The characteristic situation of it is that it joins to a lake, Shinji-ko, and to Miho Bay on opposite sides of it through narrow water-courses, namely River Ohashi-gawa and the Sakai Channel respectively (Fig. 1). The hydrographic conditions and the distribution, abundance and mode of life of organisms are varied greatly among these three bodies of water and from season to season. Such situation has aroused interests of limnologists and oceanographers, and several papers have been published on hydrological conditions, plankton organisms and benthic animals (e.g., CHIBA, 1959; CHIBA and KoBAYASHI, 1951; ISHII, 1931 ; KAZIKA W A, 1955 ; KAZIKA WA et al., 1951, 1952a, 1952b, 1956, 1957 ; MIYADI et al., 1945, 1952, 1954; MIZUNO, 1965; SHIBUYA, 1955; SUDA et al., 1951 ; UENO, 1955). Lake Naka-umi and adjacent regions have been one of the areas of inten­ sive fishing with their varieties of fish, shrimp, mollusc and other economically important fishery products; however, very few investigations have been carried out on fishes and other fishery products (OTA, 1941, 1951). Recently a land reclamation project has been intended in the district, and Lake Shinji-ko and Lake Naka-umi are expected to become freshwater lakes after its accomplish- 1) Contribution from the Laboratory of Animal Ecology, Department of Zoology, Kyoto University. 2) Present address : 1028 Dreyfus Apt. 23, Houston, Texas, U.S.A. 3) Present address : Biological Laboratory, College of Education, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Kagawa. 4) Present address: Biological Laboratory, College of Education, Wakayama University, Wakayama. 5) Present address: Fisheries Experimental Station of Okayama Prefectural Government, Ushimado, Okayama. 45 H. KAWANABE, Y. T. SAITO, T. SuNAGA, I. MAKI and M. AZUMA ment. As a result, the environmental conditions will be completely different from those in the present situation and most nektonic organisms are surmised to be impossible to migrate between Lake Naka-umi and Miho Bay. The survey on the distribution and mode of life of fish at present time, therefore, might be very important and affords interesting informations for the future. Members of the Naka-umi Research Group directed by Denzaburo MrYADI investigated the regions from the ecological point of view for three years and a half (1958-1962). This paper is concerned with the distribution and move­ ment of main fishes and their food habits. We have collected 282 species of fish belonging to 85 families, complete list of which was prepared by lWAI and ASANO (unpublished) for identification. General Features of the Regions The physical and chemical features and some characteristic aspects of food organisms of fishes in the regions concerned, which have been and will be treated in detail separately, are summarized here on Tables 1 and 2. Table 1. Physical conditions of the research areas. Lake Shinji-ko Lake Naka-umi Miho Bay area (km2 ) 81.7 99.2 112.4 depth (m) average 4.0 5.6 20 deepest 5.2 7.5 35 water temperature COC) surface spring 17 17 16 summer 30 30 27 autumn 18 18 20 winter 5 7 11 bottom spring 16 17 15 summer 29 30 25 autumn 18 ~ 21 21 winter 6 11 12 chlorinity (%o) surface spring 0.6 9.5 18.3 summer 1.2 7.4 15.2 autumn 1.1 7.1 15.4 winter 0.9 7.4 17.8 bottom spring 0.7 15.2 19.0 summer 1.3 16.1 18.2 autumn 1.1 15.2 18.2 winter 0.8 15.6 18.6 dissolved oxygen (%) surface summer >90 >90 >90 winter >90 >90 >90 40-70 (northern) >90 bottom summer >70 (30 : deepest) 0-10 (southern) >70 (northern) >90 winter >90 60-70 (southern) 46 Ecology and Biological Production of Lake Naka-umi and Adjacent Regions, 4 Table 2. Biotic conditions of the research areas. Lake Shinji-ko Lake Naka-umi Miho Bay ~~-------~~-- ---~--~ ------ phytoplankters dominant species Merismopedia tenuissima Leptocylindrus danicus Coscinodiscus wailesii Diploneis puella Chaetoceros mitra Stephanopyxis palmeriana Cyclotella Meneghinianum Coscinodiscus radiatus Lyngbya limnetica C. excentricus Planctonema Lauterborni Thalassionema nitzschioides biomass (mm3jl) spring 64 42 54 summer 163 74 60 autumn 90 75 17 winter 148 19 16 rooted aquatic plants and weeds dominant species Potamogeton malaianus Zostera marina Sargassum hemiphyllum Z. nana S. pilulijerum Gracilaria verrucosa G. chorda zooplankters dominant species Pseudodiaptomus inopinus Acartia clausi Paracalanus parvus Sinocalanus tenellus A. erythraea Evadne nordmanni Diaphanosoma brachyurum Oithona nana Keratella valga biomass (mm3jl) spring 2.5 7.8 9.0 summer 4.7 24.2 10.5 autumn 13.4 8.8 8.4 winter 32.1 10.3 11.2 phytal animals dominant species Anisogammarus subcarinatus Ampithoe valida Pontogeneia pacifica Anisogammarus subcarinatus Caprella scaura Pontogeneia pacifica benthic animals dominant species Corbicula japonica Musculus senhousia Dentalium octangularis (marginal) Fravocingla nipponica Proclava pjefferi Tendipes plumosus Anadara subcrenata Tubijex sp. (northern) (central) Raeta pulchela Theora lubrica Prionospio pinnata (southern) biomass (g-wet/m2 ) spring 498.5 (marginal) 123.8 (northern) 3.6 (central) 53.6 (southern) summer 480.1 (marginal) 21.6 (northern) 2.0 (central) 2.0 (southern) autumn 190.5 (marginal) 4.9 (northern) 1.7 (central) 0.0 (southern) winter 191.4 (marginal) 4.9 (northern) 5.6 1.6 (central) 0.2 (southern) ~-- ~-- Lake Shinji-ko is weakly brackish. Chlorinity is highest in summer, but attaining only to 1.36%o, gradually decreases during colder seasons and becomes 47 H. KAWANABE, Y. T. SAITO, T. SuNAGA, I. MAKI and M. AzUMA lowest in spring. Water temperature changes seasonally in large degree: 5.5- 5.90C in winter and 27.4-31.6°C in summer. The stratification of water is not serious throughout the year in view of water temperature, chlorinity and dis­ solved oxygen, with the exception of the deepest part of small area where chlorinity is about 3%o and dissolved oxygen concentration is less than 30% in summer. The lake may be divided into two parts according to the distribution of benthic animals: a clam, Corbicula japonica, is predominant in marginal sublittoral region and chironomid larvae, TendiPes, and an aquatic oligochaete, Tubifex, are dominant in profunda! region. Biomass of them are 200 to 500 g-wet weight/m2 in the former region and 1 to 4 g-wet weightjm2 in the latter. No marked difference is observed in bQth phyto- and zooplankton dis­ tribution in the lake. Chlorophyll content and production rate of phyto­ plankters are 1.4 to 10.6 mgjm2 and 120 to 1,400 mg-carbon/m2 /day respectively, 2 while biomass of zooplankters is 27 to 730 g-dry weightjm • Aquatic rooted plants are few even in marginal region and biomass of them is at largest only 2.85 ton (dry weight) for the whole lake. In Lake Naka-umi, the stratification of water is distinct throughout the year with respect to the hydrological conditions. Water temperature in winter is 5.9- 8.00C in the surface layer in contrast to 10.8-12.5°C in the bottom layer, whereas 28.8-31.1 ac and 23.4-27.8°C respectively in summer. Seasonal change of chlorinity is reversed between the surface and the bottom layer. In the surface layer the maximum is observed in winter (8.80-10.27%o) and the minimum is in summer (5.68-7.97%o); on the contrary, the maximum is in summer (15.10-17.26%o) and the minimum is in winter (8.86-16.19%o) in the bottom layer. Thus the stratification is more remarkable in summer. Dissolved oxygen concentration of water falls down to less than 10% at the bottom layer in summer in the southern part of the lake, which is separated by the Daikon-shima and E-shima Islands from the northern part where dissolved oxygen concentration is 40-70% near the bottom even in summer. The bottom fauna in the deeper part than 3 metres of the southern part is, therefore, very poor in summer, and no bottom animals but small bivalves, Raeta pulchela and Theora lubrica, which have short life-span, and small polychaetes, Prionospio pinnata, strongly resistant to low oxygen con­ centration, occur there. Plankton organisms are not much different between the southern and the northern part, although the vertically stratified distributions are seen in both parts. Biomass and production rate of phyto- and zooplankters are larger in summer than in winter: i.e., about three times in chlorophyll content of water, about twenty times in production rate of phytoplankters, and about two times in biomass of zooplankters.
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