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Coversheet for Thesis in Sussex Research Online A University of Sussex DPhil thesis Available online via Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/ This thesis is protected by copyright which belongs to the author. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Please visit Sussex Research Online for more information and further details OF THE EARTHQUAKE AND OTHER STORIES: THE CONTINUITY OF CHANGE IN PAKISTAN- ADMINISTERED KASHMIR Miguel Loureiro Doctor of Philosophy in Social Anthropology Department of Anthropology School of Global Studies University of Sussex April 2012 iii University of Sussex Miguel Loureiro Doctor of Philosophy Of the Earthquake and Other Stories: the continuity of change in Pakistan-administered Kashmir Summary On October 8th 2005 the villages surrounding Chinati bazaar in Bagh district of Pakistani-administered Kashmir (PaK) were hit by an earthquake measuring 7.6 on the Richter scale that affected the lives of more than 3.5 million people in PaK and Khyber Pukhtunkhwa. In this thesis I attempt to understand, through the stories and narratives of the people of Chinati bazaar, how they lived through, made sense of, and dealt with the earthquake and its aftermath. I use participant observation and conversations to tell the stories of those affected by the earthquake in their own voices as much as possible. The storytellers of the bazaar lived through two types of events: the earthquake itself and the post-earthquake rehabilitation and reconstruction process. The latter brought with it both positive and negative impacts: if, on the one hand, it brought progress and a new hope that life could be ‘Built Back Better’, on the other hand, it brought a different type of suffering – one that led to a loss of honour and dignity, resulted in social upheavals, and led to the exclusion and marginalization of certain groups. In this thesis I focus on both these ‘events’. Through these stories I build an argument about post-disaster discourses of change. I argue that while the narratives of the storytellers of Chinati bazaar posit the earthquake as a point of rupture in their confabulated stories, from which the collective memory of the bazaar dates its movement towards becoming modern and global, these changes have their origins instead in ‘bigger’ stories of modernisation and globalisation that pre- date the earthquake and that highlight and emphasise more continuous processes of change that have been occurring over a longer period of time. In this thesis I analyse how these two competing discourses of rupture and dramatic change on the one hand, and slow, continuous change on the other, play out in the lives of the storytellers of Chinati Bazaar. iv Table of Contents Summary...............................................................................................................................................iii List of Figures and Tables................................................................................................................... vi Acknowledgements..............................................................................................................................vii Glossary of Urdu and Pahari Terms viii Chapter One: The Earthquake and Discourses of Change in Pakistan-administered Kashmir: An Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................................................................1 Theoretical Framework ...................................................................................................................................................5 Disasters, Change and Continuity .................................................................................................. 6 Stories of the Earthquake: the narratives of critical events.......................................................... 10 The Bigger Stories: migration, modernisation and globalisation................................................. 13 Argument – The Continuity of Change ...................................................................................................................18 Methodology.......................................................................................................................................................................21 Structure of the Thesis...................................................................................................................................................27 Chapter Two: The Bazaar and its Storytellers: locating Chinati bazaar...................................... 29 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................................29 Historical Background...................................................................................................................................................31 Chinati Bazaar ..................................................................................................................................................................41 The Storytellers.................................................................................................................................................................46 Gulf Migrants ............................................................................................................................... 47 Pakistan Migrants......................................................................................................................... 52 Non-migrants................................................................................................................................ 57 In-migrants ................................................................................................................................... 59 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................................................................................61 Chapter Three: The Day the Earth Shook: The October 8th Earthquake and its Aftermath ..... 63 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................................63 The Day the Earth Shook..............................................................................................................................................64 Muzaffarabad, Ground Zero......................................................................................................... 65 Bagh City...................................................................................................................................... 67 Migrants........................................................................................................................................ 68 North of Bagh............................................................................................................................... 69 South of Bagh – Chinati ............................................................................................................... 71 Post-Earthquake Discourses of the Storytellers of Chinati Bazaar............................................................73 Rationalising the Earthquake........................................................................................................ 73 The Impact on Morality................................................................................................................ 76 Discourses of Change................................................................................................................... 78 The Rise of the NGO.........................................................................................................................................................82 The Actors .................................................................................................................................... 83 Mistargeting Communities........................................................................................................... 86 Revisiting October the 8th: Post-earthquake Assistance and the Legacy of Suffering........................92 Post-Earthquake Everyday Lives ................................................................................................. 95 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................................................................................97 Chapter Four: Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: The Social Construction of Biraderi and Egalitarianism in Azad Kashmir........................................................................................................ 99 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................................99 Social Stratification in Pakistan and PaK .........................................................................................................
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