Rehabilitation of Changla Gali- Makhniyal Road

Home , Burhan Interchange, Changla Gali, Dhund (tribe), Dunga Gali, Haro River, Jabri

Public Disclosure Authorized KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA INTEGRATED TOURISM DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

CONSTRUCTION/ REHABILITATION OF CHANGLA GALI- MAKHNIYAL ROAD

Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized

ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA) AND Public Disclosure Authorized ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP)

FEBRUARY, 2019

ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Abbreviation……………………..……………………………………………..viii Glossary……………………………………………………………………………..…..xi Executive Summary…………………………..………………………………………..xiv 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1-1

1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND ...... 1-1 1.2 SAFEGUARD ASSESSMENT AND DOCUMENTS ...... 1-3 1.3 OBJECTIVE OF ESIA ...... 1-3 1.4 APPROACH & METHODOLOGY TO WORK ...... 1-4 1.4.1 Approach ...... 1-4 1.4.2 Methodology ...... 1-4 1.5 STRUCTURE OF REPORT ...... 1-6 1.6 ESIA TEAM ...... 1-7 1.7 INCLUSION OF SAFEGUARDS DOCUMENTS IN THE BIDDING DOCUMENTS ...... 1-7 2 LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATION FRAMEWORK ...... 2-1

2.1 KEY NATIONAL LAWS, REGULATIONS AND POLICIES ...... 2-1 2.2 PROVINCIAL LAWS, REGULATIONS AND POLICIES ...... 2-4 2.3 APPLICABLE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND TREATIES ...... 2-6 2.4 APPLICABLE WORLD BANK POLICIES ...... 2-8 3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 3-1

3.1 NEED AND PURPOSE OF PROJECT ...... 3-1 3.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 3-1 3.3 PROJECT LOCATION ...... 3-4 3.4 SALIENT FEATURES ...... 3-4 3.5 PROJECT COST ...... 3-8 3.6 PROJECT ADMINISTRATIVE JURISDICTION ...... 3-8 3.7 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE ...... 3-8 3.8 CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES AND REQUIRED MACHINERY ...... 3-8 3.9 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS ...... 3-9 3.10 WASTE GENERATION...... 3-9 3.11 CONSTRUCTION CAMPS ...... 3-9 4 PROJECT ALTERNATIVES ...... 4-1

4.1 ALTERNATIVES ...... 4-1 4.2 COMPARISON ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES ...... 4-3 4.3 SELECTED OPTION ...... 4-5 5 ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL BASELINE ...... 5-1

5.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT...... 5-1 5.1.1 Methodology to Assess Physical Environmental Conditions ...... 5-1 5.1.2 Description of Physical Environmental Conditions ...... 5-4 5.1.3 Air Quality ...... 5-9

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5.1.4 Noise ...... 5-10 5.1.5 Water Quality ...... 5-10 5.1.6 Land use ...... 5-15 5.1.7 Archeological and Historical / Places of Interest ...... 5-16 5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVE RECEPTORS ...... 5-16 5.3 ECOLOGICAL & BIODIVERSITY BASELINE ...... 5-20 5.3.1 Introduction ...... 5-20 5.3.2 Approach and Methodology for Ecological Assessment ...... 5-21 5.3.3 Floristic Composition of the Area ...... 5-22 5.3.4 Tree Inventory ...... 5-25 5.3.5 Medicinal Plants ...... 5-26 5.3.6 Protected Areas ...... 5-27 5.3.7 Fauna of the Project Area ...... 5-27 5.4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ...... 5-28 5.4.1 Methodology to Assess Socio-economic Conditions ...... 5-28 5.4.2 Survey Tool ...... 5-28 5.4.3 Team Composition and Data Collection ...... 5-29 5.5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE ...... 5-29 5.5.1 Administrative Setup ...... 5-29 5.5.2 Population & Gender ...... 5-29 5.5.3 Age Composition of the Respondents ...... 5-30 5.5.4 Ethnicity ...... 5-30 5.5.5 Languages ...... 5-31 5.5.6 Religion ...... 5-31 5.5.7 Family Life ...... 5-31 5.5.8 Social Organization ...... 5-31 5.5.9 Literacy Rate ...... 5-32 5.5.10 Health Facilities ...... 5-33 5.5.11 Professions/ Occupations ...... 5-34 5.5.12 Average Income& Expenditure ...... 5-34 5.5.13 Ownership Status of the Houses ...... 5-35 5.5.14 Construction Type of the Houses ...... 5-35 5.5.15 Irrigation Pattern ...... 5-35 5.5.16 Cropping Pattern and Average Yields ...... 5-35 5.5.17 Livestock ...... 5-36 5.6 SOCIAL AMENITIES ...... 5-36 5.6.1 Non-agriculture Employment Opportunities ...... 5-37 5.6.2 Transportation and Accessibility ...... 5-37 5.7 PERCEIVED SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS ...... 5-38 5.8 AWARENESS REGARDING THE PROPOSED PROJECT ...... 5-39 5.9 ACCEPTABILITY ABOUT THE PROJECT ...... 5-39 5.10 WOMEN ISSUES AND DEVELOPMENT NEEDS ...... 5-39 5.11 WOMEN SURVEY FINDING ...... 5-40 5.12 PRIVACY ISSUE ...... 5-40 6 PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE ...... 6-1 ii

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6.1 GENERAL ...... 6-1 6.2 OBJECTIVES AND PRINCIPLES OF CONSULTATION ...... 6-1 6.3 PROJECT STAKEHOLDERS ...... 6-2 6.4 MODES OF CONSULTATIONS ...... 6-3 6.5 APPROACH ADOPTED FOR THE CONSULTATION ...... 6-4 6.6 INFORMATION DISSEMINATED ...... 6-4 6.7 STAKEHOLDERS CONCERNS TOWARDS THE PROJECT ...... 6-5 6.8 CONSULTATION WITH INSTITUTIONAL STAKEHOLDERS ...... 6-7 6.9 PRESSING NEEDS OF THE CONSULTED VILLAGES SUGGESTED BY LOCAL PEOPLE 6- 11 6.10 DISCLOSURE OF ESIA-ESMP ...... 6-11 7 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS AND THEIR MITIGATIONS ...... 7-1

7.1 IMPACT MATRICES ...... 7-1 7.1.1 Summary of Potential Impacts ...... 7-1 7.2 IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES DURING DESIGN PHASE ...... 7-4 7.2.1 Route Selection (alignment) ...... 7-4 7.2.2 Seismic Hazard ...... 7-5 7.2.3 Drainage ...... 7-5 7.2.4 Slope Stability ...... 7-6 7.2.5 Disruption to Wildlife ...... 7-8 7.2.6 Topography ...... 7-12 7.2.7 Public Utilities ...... 7-12 7.2.8 Poor Design leading to Reduced Project Life ...... 7-13 7.3 IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE ...... 7-13 7.3.1 Land Acquisition, Resettlement and Compensation ...... 7-15 7.3.2 Soil ...... 7-15 7.3.3 Excavation of Earth, Borrowing and Stone Quarrying ...... 7-16 7.3.4 Blockage of water channels/ Natural Drainage ...... 7-16 7.3.5 Surface and Groundwater ...... 7-17 7.3.6 Location of Labor Camp, Material Depots, Equipment Yards and Approach Roads ...... 7-17 7.3.7 Air Quality ...... 7-18 7.3.8 Noise and Vibrations ...... 7-19 7.3.9 Borrow Areas/ Open Pits ...... 7-19 7.3.10 Impacts on Geology of the Area ...... 7-20 7.3.11 Waste and Hazardous Waste ...... 7-20 7.3.12 Contamination of Soil and Water due to Effluent ...... 7-21 7.3.13 Waste Management from Asphalt and Concrete Plants ...... 7-22 7.3.14 Green House Gas (GHG) Abatement ...... 7-23 7.3.15 Resource Conservation ...... 7-23 7.3.16 Energy Efficiency ...... 7-23 7.3.17 Disposal of Mucking Material ...... 7-24 7.3.18 Impacts of Heavy Vehicles on the Existing Road ...... 7-24

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7.3.19 Impact on Flora ...... 7-25 7.3.20 Impact on Wildlife and Threatened / Endangered Species ...... 7-29 7.3.21 Impacts on Aquatic Life ...... 7-30 7.3.22 Protected Areas ...... 7-30 7.3.23 Accessibility Issue ...... 7-30 7.3.24 Traffic Management ...... 7-31 7.3.25 Social Impacts of Labor Influx ...... 7-31 7.3.26 Gender Issues ...... 7-33 7.3.27 Rise in the Prices of Essential Commodities ...... 7-34 7.3.28 Graveyards ...... 7-34 7.3.29 Health and Safety ...... 7-34 7.3.30 Impacts on Archaeological Sites (Physical Cultural Resources) ...... 7-36 7.4 ANTICIPATED IMPACTS DURING OPERATIONAL PHASE ...... 7-36 7.4.1 Impacts on Land Sliding ...... 7-37 7.4.2 Air Quality ...... 7-38 7.4.3 Noise ...... 7-38 7.4.4 Wastes/ Hazardous Waste ...... 7-38 7.4.5 Disruption to Wildlife ...... 7-39 7.4.6 Terrestrial Habitat Alteration ...... 7-39 7.4.7 Role of CGM Road as Ecological Corridor ...... 7-40 7.4.8 Surface & Groundwater Contamination ...... 7-40 7.4.9 Road Safety ...... 7-40 7.4.10 Emergency & Disaster Preparedness ...... 7-41 7.4.11 Use of Renewable Energy ...... 7-41 7.5 POSITIVE SOCIAL IMPACTS ...... 7-41 7.5.1 Employment Opportunities ...... 7-41 7.5.2 Increase in Land Value ...... 7-42 7.5.3 Decrease in operating cost of vehicles ...... 7-42 7.5.4 Safe Travel Conditions ...... 7-42 7.5.5 Economic Boost ...... 7-42 7.6 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ...... 7-42 8 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 8-1

8.1 INCLUSION OF ESMP IN BIDDING/ CONTRACT DOCUMENTS ...... 8-1 8.2 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS ...... 8-1 8.2.1 Project Steering Committee (PSC) ...... 8-2 8.2.2 Project Management Unit (PMU) C&W Department ...... 8-5 8.2.3 Senior Environmental Expert ...... 8-6 8.2.4 Senior Social Safeguards Expert ...... 8-6 8.2.5 Contractors ...... 8-7 8.2.6 Monitoring and Evaluation Consultant (M&EC) ...... 8-7 8.2.7 ESMP Implementation and Monitoring ...... 8-7 8.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ...... 8-9 8.3.1 Environmental Codes of Practice (ECOPs) ...... 8-9 8.3.2 Mitigation Plans ...... 8-9

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8.3.3 Project and Site-Specific Management Plan ...... 8-10 8.4 ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN...... 8-12 8.5 MONITORING ...... 8-27 8.5.1 Compliance Monitoring ...... 8-27 8.5.2 Effects Monitoring ...... 8-27 8.5.3 Third Party Monitoring ...... 8-27 8.5.4 Site Visits ...... 8-27 8.6 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING ...... 8-28 8.6.1 Checklists for Environmental Monitoring ...... 8-28 8.6.2 Monitoring Plan ...... 8-30 8.7 THIRD PARTY VALIDATION (TPV) ...... 8-34 8.8 REPORTING ...... 8-34 8.9 COST FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF ESMP ...... 8-35 8.9.1 Cost for testing of ambient air, noise, water ...... 8-35 8.10 ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION COST ...... 8-39 8.10.1 Tree Plantation Cost ...... 8-40 8.11 COST FOR TRAINING AND CAPACITY BUILDING/STRENGTHENING ...... 8-45 8.12 COST FOR PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE) ...... 8-47 8.13 ENVIRONMENTAL BUDGET ...... 8-47 8.14 GRIEVANCES REDRESS MECHANISM ...... 8-48 8.14.1 Grievance Redress Committee (GRC) ...... 8-49 8.14.2 Grievance Redress Process ...... 8-49 8.14.3 GRM Implementation and Monitoring ...... 8-51 8.14.4 Grievance Reporting ...... 8-51 9 REFERENCES ...... 9-1

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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1-1: PROJECT COMPOSITION ...... 1-2 TABLE 3-1: STATUS OF PROJECT TRACK AND PROPOSED IMPROVEMENTS ...... 3-3 TABLE 3-2: LIST OF EXPECTED MACHINERY/EQUIPMENT ...... 3-8 TABLE 4-1: COMPARISION ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES ...... 4-4 TABLE 5-1: AMBIENT AIR QUALITY ANALYSIS ...... 5-9 TABLE 5-2: NOISE LEVELS ANALYSIS ...... 5-10 TABLE 5-3: SUMMARY OF WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS OF THE PROJECT AREA ...... 5-11 TABLE 5-4: LAND UTILIZATION OF STUDY AREA ...... 5-15 TABLE 5-5: ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVE RECEPTORS AND THEIR SENSITIVITY ...... 5-16 TABLE 5-6: TREE FOUND IN THE PROJECT AREA ...... 5-25 TABLE 5-7: MEDICINAL PLANT IN THE PROJECT AREA ...... 5-26 TABLE 5-8: FOREST RESERVED SITES ...... 5-27 TABLE 5-9: FAUNAL SPECIES OF SPECIAL CONCERN REQUIRED FROM THE STUDY AREA ..... 5-28 TABLE 5-10: GENDER RATIO OF THE RESPONDENTS ...... 5-30 TABLE 5-11: AGE COMPOSITION OF THE RESPONDENTS ...... 5-30 TABLE 5-12: ETHNIC STRUCTURE OF THE RESPONDENTS ...... 5-30 TABLE 5-13: FAMILY SYSTEM OF THE RESPONDENTS ...... 5-31 TABLE 5-14: EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION BY SEX (1997-98) ...... 5-32 TABLE 5-15: EDUCATIONAL STATUS OF THE RESPONDENTS ...... 5-33 TABLE 5-16: HEALTH FACILITIES IN PROJECT DISTRICT ...... 5-33 TABLE 5-17: OCCUPATIONAL STATUS OF RESPONDENT...... 5-34 TABLE 5-18: AVERAGE MONTHLY INCOME & EXPENDITURE ...... 5-34 TABLE 5-19: OWNERSHIP STATUS OF THE HOUSES ...... 5-35 TABLE 5-20: CONSTRUCTION TYPE OF THE HOUSES ...... 5-35 TABLE 5-21: POSSESSION OF LIVESTOCK BY THE RESPONDENTS ...... 5-36 TABLE 5-22: QUALITY OF WATER REPORTED BY THE RESPONDENTS ...... 5-36 TABLE 5-23: TRAFFIC COUNT SURVEY ...... 5-37 TABLE 5-24: POSITIVE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS PERCEIVED BY THE RESPONDENTS ...... 5-38 TABLE 5-25: AWARNESS OF THE PROJECT ...... 5-39 TABLE 5-26: ACCEPTABILITY ABOUT THE PROJECT ...... 5-39 TABLE 6-1: FRAMEWORKS FOR CONSULTATION ...... 6-2 TABLE 6-2: SUMMARY OF CONSULTATION MEETING WITH PAPS ...... 6-3 TABLE 6-3: SUMMARY OF COMSULTATION MEETING WITH INSTITUTIONAL STAKEHOLDERS . 6-4 TABLE 6-4: ISSUES AND FINDINGS OF THE PAPS CONSULTATION MEETINGS ...... 6-5 TABLE 6-5:CONCERNS OF RLEVANT GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS ...... 6-7 TABLE 7-1: SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ...... 7-2 TABLE 7-2: BLUE PINE MOIST TEMPERATURE ZONE ...... 7-7 TABLE 7-3: SUB-TROPICAL CHIR PINE ZONE ...... 7-7 TABLE 7-4: BROAD-LEAVED SCRUB ZONE ...... 7-7 TABLE 7-5: APPROPRIATE CROOSING STRUCTURES ...... 7-9 TABLE 7-6: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS EVALUATION MATRIX DURING THE CONSTRUCTION PHASE ...... 7-14

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TABLE 7-7: INVENTORY OF TREES TO BE CUT/UPROOTED DURING CONSTRUCTION OF CHANGLA GALI-MAKHNIYAL ROAD ...... 7-26 TABLE 7-8: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS EVALUATION MATRIX DURING THE OPERATION PHASE ...... 7-37 TABLE 8-1: ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF KEY PLAYERS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF ESMP 8-8 TABLE 8-2: ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL MANAGEMENT DURING PLANNING AND DESIGN PHASE ...... 8-12 TABLE 8-3: ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL MANAGEMENT DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE .... 8-15 TABLE 8-4: ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN DURING OPERATIONS PHASE 8-24 TABLE 8-5: SITE MINIMUM VISIT PLAN ...... 8-28 TABLE 8-6: MONITORING PLAN ...... 8-31 TABLE 8-7: REPORTING DURING IMPLEMENTATION AND OPEATION STAGES ...... 8-34 TABLE 8-8: ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING AND BUDGETING ...... 8-36 TABLE 8-9: ESTIMATED COMPENSATION COST OF CONIFER FOREST TREES ...... 8-39

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 3-1: SNAPSHOTS OF EXISTING ROAD CONDITIONS ...... 3-2 FIGURE 3-2: TYPICAL CROSS SECTION OF CARRIAGEWAY ...... 3-6 FIGURE 3-3: TYPICAL CROSS SECTION OF CARRIAGEWAY FROM KOHALA BALA TO KOHMAL GALI ...... 3-7 FIGURE 5-1: AMBIENT AIR QUALITY SAMPLING IN THE PROJECT AREA ...... 5-3 FIGURE 5-2: NOISE LEVEL MEASUREMENT IN THE PROJECT AREA ...... 5-3 FIGURE 5-3: SAMPLING OF GROUNDWATER AND SURFACE WATER ...... 5-4 FIGURE 5-4: GENERAL VIEW OF THE TOPOGRAPHY OF THE PROJECT AREA ...... 5-5 FIGURE 5-5: GENERAL VIEW OF THE SOIL AND GEOLOGY OF THE PROJECT AREA ...... 5-7 FIGURE 5-6: A GENERAL VIEW OF LAND USE IN TH PROJECT AREA ...... 5-15 FIGURE 5-7: SENSITIVE RECEPTORS OF PROJECT AREA ...... 5-19 FIGURE 5-8: SAMPLING OF VEGETATION ...... 5-22 FIGURE 5-9: PINE TREES IN THE PROJECT AREA ...... 5-23 FIGURE 5-10: SCRUB FOREST AT THE BANK OF HARO RIVER ...... 5-24 FIGURE 6-1: PHOTO LOG OF PUBLIC CONSULTATION MEETINGS ...... 6-10 FIGURE 7-1: WILDLIFE CROOSING STRUCTURES ...... 7-10 FIGURE 7-2: WILDLIFE SAFETY FENCING & SIGNAGE ...... 7-11 FIGURE 8-1: PROJECT OVERSIGHT ARRANGEMENT ...... 8-3 FIGURE 8-2: IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENT ...... 8-4 FIGURE 8-3: GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ...... 8-50

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LIST OF ANNEXURES

Annexure I: List of Data Collected from Departments Annexure II: Detail Proponent, Consultant and ESIA Team. Annexure III: Snapshots of Existing Road Conditions. Annexure IV: Truncated Traffic Survey Analysis. Annexure V: Project Location & Accessibility Map. Annexure VI: Project Alternative Alignment Map. Annexure VII: Location Map of Environmental Monitoring. Annexure VIII: Topography/Contour Map. Annexure IX: Rivers & Tributaries Map Annexure X: Geological Map. Annexure XI: Seismicity Map. Annexure XII: Environmental Monitoring Report. Annexure XIII: Index Map for Landuse (12 Sheets) Annexure XIV: List of Faunal Species Reported from Study Area. Annexure XV: Social Survey Questionnaire and Check List Annexure XVI: Road Design Consideration for Avoiding Wildlife Vehicle Collision. Annexure XVII: Chance Find Procedure. Annexure XVIII: Emergency Response Plan. Annexure XIX: Environment Codes of Practices (ECOPs)

ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

List of Abbreviation

Abbreviation Description

ADP Annual Development Program Agg. Aggregate ASTM American Standards for Testing Materials

BOD5 Biochemical Oxygen Demand BMPs Best Management Practices BP Bank Procedure OC Degree Centigrade CC Construction Contractor CGM Changla Gali – Makhniyal Road

CO2 Carbon Dioxide CO Carbon Monoxide COD Chemical Oxygen Demand COP Conference of Parties COI Corridor of Impact C&W Communication & Work Department DB (A) Decibel DCR District Census Report DC Design Consultant DO Dissolved Oxygen DOT Department of Tourism DPs Displaced Persons EC Environmental Committee EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan ESIA Environmental & Social Impact Assessment EPA Environment Protection Agency EPD Environment Protection Department EPO Environmental Protection Ordinance ERKF Economic Revitalization of KP and FATA XEN Executive Engineer

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FATA Federally Administered Tribal Areas FI Financial Intermediary Ft Feet GDA Galiyat Development Authority GHG Green House Gas GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism GDP Gross Domestic Product GOP Government of Pakistan GOKP Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa HA High Adverse HB High Beneficial IBRD International Bank for reconstruction and Development IDA International Development Association ILO International Labor Organization IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature Km Kilometer KP Khyber Pakhtunkhwa LAA Land Acquisition Act LA Low Adverse LDCs Less Developed Countries LGO Local Government Ordinance MA Medium Adverse M Million MB Medium Beneficial MDGs Millennium Development Goals MDTF Multi donor Trust Fund MSL Mean Sea Level NA Not Applicable NCS National Conservation Strategy NEQS National Environmental Quality Standards NESPAK National Engineering Services Pakistan (Pvt.) Ltd. NEP National Environmental Policy NOC No Objection Certificate

NOx Nitrogen Oxides

List of Abbreviation ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

NGO Non-Governmental Organization NSL Natural Surface Level OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration OPs Operation policies P & D Planning and Development PEGO Project Environmental Grievance Officer PEPA Pakistan Environmental Protection Act PIC Project Implementation Cell PM Particulate Matter PMU Project Management Unit PPC Pakistan Penal Code PTCL Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited Pvt. Private RoW Right of Way SBC Seismic Building Code SC Supervision Consultant SDO Sub Divisional Officer

SOx Sulfur Oxides SRO Statutory Regulatory Orders SOP Standards Operating Procedures TA Technical Assistance TOR Terms of Reference TSS Total Suspended Solids UNCED United Nation Conference on Environment and Development UNFCCC United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change USD United State Dollar USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency WAPDA Water and Power Development Authority WHO World Health Organization WB World Bank WVC Wildlife Vehicle Collision

ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

Glossary

Air Quality People, property, species or designated sites for nature conservation that Sensitive may be at risk from exposure to air pollutants potentially arising as a Receptors result of a proposed development.

Air Quality Levels of air pollutants prescribed by regulations that may not be Standard exceeded during a specified time in a defined area.

Average Rainfall Average amount of rainfall falling at any catchment area over a specific number of years.

Baseline Existing environmental conditions present on, or near a site, against which future changes can be measured or predicted.

Bentonite Natural clay that, when mixed with water, swells and forms a thixotropic gel (a particular type of viscous behavior exhibited by some liquids). It can be used temporarily to support trenches or retaining walls and helps to prevent collapse when they are being backfilled (i.e. refilled) or concreted.

Biodiversity The variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem.

Black Top A bituminous substance used to pave roads

Climate The climate can be described simply as the ‘average weather’, typically looked at over a period of 30 years. It can include temperature, rainfall, snow cover, or any other weather characteristic.

Climate Change A change in the state of the climate, which can be identified by changes in average climate characteristics that persist for an extended period - typically over a period of 30 years.

Decibel(s) A unit used to express relative differences in sound power or intensity. There is a million to one ratio in sound pressure (measured in Pascal (Pa)) between the quietest audible sound and the loudest tolerable sound. The decibel (dB) scale, based on a logarithmic ratio, is used in sound measurement because of this wide range. Audibility of sound covers a range of approximately 0-140dB.

Dust All airborne particulate matter.

Earthworks The removal or placement of soils and rocks such as in cuttings, embankments including the in-situ improvement of soils/rocks to achieve desired properties.

Ecosystem A biological community of interacting organisms (e.g. plants and

Glossary ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

animals) and their environment.

Effect Used throughout this ESIA Report to refer to the consequence of an impact to the receiving environment (see also: ‘impact’).

Effluent Liquid waste flowing out of a factory, farm, commercial establishment, or a household into a water body.

Environment Government agency established to protect and improve the environment Agency and contribute to sustainable development (Responsibility include: water quality and resources, flooding and coastal risk management and contaminated land)

Environment and A process for predicting and assessing the potential environmental and Social Impact social impacts of a proposed project, evaluating alternatives and assessment designing appropriate mitigation, management and monitoring measures.

Environmental A process of systematically assessing the likely environmental effects of Impact proposed development projects. EIA is a legal requirement for certain Assessment public and private projects under PEPA Act 1997.

Excavated Soil, rock and other material that has been removed from the ground Material during construction.

Greenhouse Gas A gas such as carbon dioxide, methane, chlorofluorocarbons, nitrous oxide, ozone and water vapor that contributes to the greenhouse effect by absorbing infrared radiation.

Groundwater All water that is below the surface of the ground and within the permanently saturated zone.

Heavy Metals A loosely defined term which refers to a group of metal and metalloids, many of which are toxic to some degree.

Initial A process of systematically assessing the likely environmental effects of Environmental proposed development projects. IEE is a legal requirement for certain Examination public and private projects under PEPA Act 1997.

Mitigation The measures put forward to prevent, reduce and where possible, offset any adverse effects on the environment.

Project Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Integrated Tourism Development Project

Risk Assessment An assessment of the probability of a hazard occurring that could result in an impact.

Right of Way To make a way over a piece of land for transportation purposes

Soil Erosion The detachment and movement of soil by the action of water and/or wind.

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Soil Profile A vertical cross-section through a soil.

Surface Water Water on the surface of planet such as in a river, lake, ocean, canal, stream, wet land and estuaries.

Topography Shape and feature of the surface of the earth.

Topsoil Surface soil usually including the organic layer in which plants have most of their roots and which the farmer turns over in plowing.

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Executive Summary

The World Bank (WB) and Government of KP (GoKP) are developing the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Integrated Tourism and Development Project using International Development Association (IDA) resources, with a focus on pilot sites, including Chitral, Naran, Galiyat and Swat. The project consists of four components: 1. Sector Enablement and Tourism Entrepreneurship 2. Infrastructure Planning and Development 3. Project Management and Capacity Building 4. Contingent Emergency Response Component

Under Activity 2.3 (Accessibility and Road Connectivity), the project involves construction of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road (CGM Road). The proposed road is expected to bring about employment opportunity, improved road conditions, enhancement of tourism, increase in land value, increase in trade, business and access to educational and health facilities for the area residents. This document presents Environmental & Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) including Environmental & Social Management Plan (ESMP) of CGM Road. Changla Gali- Makhniyal Road. C&W Department will be responsible for the implementation of project through Office of Executive Engineer (C&W Division), Abbottabad whereas, EPA KP will be responsible for reviewing the ESIA report, issuing environmental approval. Two alternative alignments were considered for the project: Alternative I is Changla Gali to Makhniyal Road via Seri and Chenali (New Alignment) and Alternative II is Changla Gali to Makhniyal Road via Nagri Tutial and Lora (Existing Alignment). After analyzing the environmental and social parameters, the most environmentally sound and most economical alternative considered is alternative II i.e. Changla Gali to Makhniyal Road via Nagri Tutial and Lora as it involves lesser land acquisition and resettlement. The proposed CGM Road starts at Changla Gali and ends at Makhniyal/Pirsohawa near Islamabad, covering a total length of 63.5 km. It is within the administrative boundaries of two districts of KP: Abbottabad and Haripur. A road currently exists here with poor conditions of varying degrees: • The road from Changla Gali to Ziarat Masoom (length of 8.00 km) needs widening, improvement and rehabilitation along with road furnishing. • From Ziarat Masoom to Padrana Gali (3 km) of road section has existing Jeep-able track having steep grades/sharp curves which needs complete construction and widening. • From Padrana Gali to Nagri Tutial (Six km) has existing Jeep-able track which needs complete construction and widening.

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Executive Summary ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

• The stretch from Nagri Tutial to Lora (10 km) has existing black top road in deplorable condition. This stretch needs improvement and widening of curves at places. • Lora to Kohala Bala (16 km) has formation width varying from 24 to 30 ft. It needs improvement of 24 ft. black top width. • From Kohala Bala to Makhniyal, (10.5 km) road is in deplorable condition needing major improvements by C&W Haripur through their own sources. • From Makhniyal to Pirsohawa, another 10 km length is already completed under ADP scheme by C&W Haripur where no improvement works will be required except provision of toll plaza near Pirsohawa. The construction work for the proposed project is expected to begin in early 2019 and will be completed within three years from the date of commencement. The total fund available for construction of the proposed project is 4620 Million R.s (USD 33.02). A host of national and provincial regulations are relevant to the proposed project. Most important of these are KP Environmental Protection Act 2014, which serves as the apex environmental statute governing this project. Under this Act, the project could not commence any physical work before obtaining approval from the KP Environmental Protection Agency, based on the ESIA. Besides this, the legal instruments related to wildlife and forest, both at the national and provincial level, are important in terms of their relevance to the project and have been considered while developing this ESIA report. Furthermore, the Land Acquisition Act is the governing law that would determine the compensation mechanism and rates for the land and any other private holdings that could either be acquired, or affected, due to the construction of the proposed road. Pakistan is signatory to a number of multilateral environmental agreements. Applicable International Conventions and Treaties referred in this report include the Convention on Biodiversity (CBD), Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Ramsar Convention and the Sustainable Development Goals. The World Bank has developed a number of policies to ensure its interventions remain environmentally sustainable, culturally acceptable and socially viable. Applicable World Bank Policies include Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01), Natural Habitats (OP/BO 4.04), Physical Cultural Resource (OP/BP 4.11), Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12) and Forests (OP/BP 4.36). The guiding notes on managing the risks of adverse impacts on communities from temporary project induced labor influx have also been taken into consideration while developing the mitigation measures. The topography of the project area is predominately sub mountainous, eroded by intervening flat valleys, which are fertile and partially irrigated by lifting groundwater through tube wells. Elevation of project route varies from 8250 feet above MSL near Changla Gali to 4700 feet above MSL near Makhniyal. The starting and ending points of project route are at higher elevations and the in between is valleys i.e. from Kohala

Executive Summary ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

Bala up to Nagri Tutial have minor elevation difference and ranges from 3300- 3600 feet above MSL. The major rivers flowing in the vicinity of project area are Dor and Haro. These rivers are perennial sources of water and have sufficient water due to substantial rainfall in the project area throughout the year except during months of November to January (low flow season). The major nullahs/streams in the project area are Rakh Bhallar, Tai Kas, Dotal Kas, Gadawa, etc. In the project area near Abbottabad, the mountains rich in various minerals exist. Due to substantial rainfall in the project area, soil erosion has been observed as a major problem along the alignment of the proposed road. The soil in the project area is mostly of alluvial character and consists of agglomerate of stone fragments, gravel, sand and silty loams. The project area is located in Seismic Zone 2B & 3. The area has mild summers and severe winters. Winters start from November to February, are normally very cold and chilly. In December and January, snowfall also occurs in Changla Gali area. During the monsoon season (July to September), rain is expected almost every day. Ambient air quality and noise analysis was conducted at three locations; Ziarat Masoom, Lora Valley and Kohala Bala. The ambient air sampling results showed Total Suspended Particulates were on higher side due to unpaved shoulder and condition of road whereas noise levels were higher at almost all the three locations. Groundwater is mostly used for potable purposes in the area, whereas surface water is used for irrigation. Surface and Groundwater samples were also collected from the project area. Presence of Coliform bacteria was detected in all the samples. Due to higher microbial contamination, water is unfit for drinking purpose without proper treatment. Other parameters were mostly found within the permissible limits, however in surface water, Aluminum was also found to be more than prescribed limit. This is probably due to the existence of Al based minerals in the rocks of the project area. The main forest area located in the close proximity of proposed project are Margalla Hills National Park, Feroz Pur Reserved Area, Barkot Reserved Forest Area and Tajwal Reserved Forest. The portion of project area (Road from Changla Gali to Ziarat Masoom road -8km) lies in Blue Pine Moist Temperate Zone. The road alignment of 19km from Ziarat Masoom to Nagri Tutial runs through pine forest zone. The portion of road from Nagri Tutial to Makhniayl (36.5km) is located in broad leaved scrub zone. Around 100 faunal species have been reported from the area, belonging to classes Mammalia, Heptofauna and Avis. In terms of conservation status, the most important species are Indian Pangolin (endangered), leopard (vulnerable), Cheer pheasant (vulnerable) and Laggar falcon (near threatened). The inventory of trees growing on left and right side of the existing road with proposed Right of Way of 34ft at straight portions and 40ft at curves was prepared. Over all 5745 trees of various species are expected to be cut/ uprooted mostly of which are below 6” diameter.

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Executive Summary ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

According to latest census (2017) the total population of Abbottabad District is 1,332,912 and of District Haripur is 1,003,031. Land use of the project area consists of small commercial shops and residential nature. Agricultural land is also available along the tract. However, there is no industry along the proposed project. A sample survey was carried out to develop a socio-economic baseline of the general population along the proposed ROW. A sample of 470 respondents including 120 women was selected by applying random technique. A pre–structured questionnaire was used for data collection. The survey revealed that majority of the population in the project area was having qualification under matric. Most of the people are self-employed, having their own business or shops. Major crops in the project area as reported by respondents were maize and wheat. Gender situation survey and focused group discussions revealed that women were mostly limited to household activities. However, young girls were found to be eager for getting higher education but due to unavailability of such education facility in the project area they are unable to get higher education. Women were generally excluded from decision-making processes. At the household level, a male elder, makes all decisions regarding the household, including those related to household income and its sources, education, health, marriage and conflicts. The consultation and information disclosure to the Project Affected Persons (PAPs) and other stakeholders was started from the early stages of the planning and design of the project. Initially, a series of consultations were held with the PAPs at the village level during the month of June & July, 2018 and gender inclusive focus group discussions were also conducted. A vast majority of interviewed people (91%) favored the construction of the proposed road. Major concerns raised were about land acquisition / resettlement issues. Almost all the females were in favour of the proposed road project provided that construction of road does not affect structure of their houses and shops. Major concerns of the people in the project area was satisfactory compensation in case of acquisition of their assets, privacy issues, security concerns and loss/ decrease of business during construction phase. People were also eager to have jobs during construction phase of the project. The Forest and Wildlife department is of the view that road should not be constructed on the cost of environment. They were of the view that only unavoidable roads may be constructed and showed serious reservations on road construction interventions in the area. In their opinion, the construction will cause short and long-term negative impacts on wildlife and flora of the area for which proper mitigation measures must be taken. Consultation were also held with WAPDA, Telecommunication and Public Health Engineering Department. They requested minimum disturbance to electricity poles, PTCL cables and water supply lines. They also demanded that proper compensation be given to them for restoration of utilities. The proposed construction of the Road will have both positive and negative impacts. Major impacts identified during construction are cutting of trees, ecological habitat

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Executive Summary ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road disturbance, maintaining slope stability, shifting of public utilities, generation of solid waste and hazardous waste, disturbance of drainage, soil erosion, surface and ground water contamination, construction camps/camp sites, deterioration of air quality, noise and vibrations, waste and hazardous waste, traffic management social conflicts due to labor influx and land acquisition and resettlement. Negative impacts anticipated during operational phase include invasion of timber mafia in the area, increase in air pollution and noise level due to increase of traffic, generation of solid waste due to increase in number of tourists and road safety issues due to increase in traffic and speed of vehicles due to improved road condition Mitigation measures include maintaining natural angle of cut slopes and embankments during design to avoid land sliding, avoid use of heavy machinery on wet soil to prevent damage to soil structure, provision of temporary runoff collection system to contain the construction runoff, safe storage of oil, lubricants, chemical and other hazardous substances removal of left-over material from site, use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPEs) like masks, goggles and gloves, regular water sprinkling, restrict construction vehicles movement during night time; prohibition of hunting, poaching and harassing of animals and birds, strict watch on timber mafia during operational phase, provision of pedestrian bridge/underpasses for crossing of pedestrian and domestic animals, provision of special corridors for movement of wild animals, signs or warning notices of the presence of animals, adoption of work safety measures and good workmanship practices. As such, the two most significant impacts remain disturbance to wildlife and tree cutting. This ESIA ensures that these impacts are addressed chiefly at the design stage, in the form of Wildlife Safety Plan and Tree Plantation plan to be prepared by the PMU and made part of the bidding documents for the contractors. The contractors will be required to develop site-specific versions of these plans before commencing any work. This report also includes Environmental & Social Management Plans (ESMP) for the design, construction and operations phases of the project. The ESMPs provide institutional arrangement for the implementation of the proposed mitigation measures during the design, construction and operational phases of the proposed project. The ESMP also defines roles and responsibilities, reporting mechanism, training needs and schedules and budget to implement the ESMP. The impacts, mitigation measures, monitoring indicators, frequency and responsibility has also been documented in the ESMP. Project Steering Committee will be responsible for overall project implementation while PMU Communication & Works Department will be responsible for overall implementation of ESMP of the project. The PMU will have EHS and Social Safeguard Experts to ensure compliance of ESMP by the contractor. An independent consultant (individual / firm) consultant will carry out third party monitoring for implementation of ESMP. The Contractor will be responsible for the implementation of ESMP for the proposed project. Monitoring will be undertaken during pre-construction, construction and operational phases to ensure the effectiveness of the proposed mitigation measures. Certain

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Executive Summary ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road environmental parameters will be selected and quantitative analysis will be carried out, including air, water and noise monitoring. The total cost required to effectively implement the mitigation measures is approximately Rs. 65.77 Million. Public disclosure of ESIA and ESMP was held on 26-01-2019 in Nagri Tutial and Lora Hazara. Stakeholders and project affected persons were informed about the project in public disclosure sessions. Copies of executive summary of ESIA, ESMP and project brochures were distributed among the participants. Issues, suggestions and concerns of the people were noted down and people were given relevant answers. Overall the peoples were in favor of the project.

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Section 01 ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

1 INTRODUCTION

This Environment and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) has been prepared for the Department of Communication & Works (C&W), Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. This study covers only the impacts from the construction of approximately 52 km Changla Gali - Makhniyal (CGM) Road (Activity 2.3) under the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Integrated Tourism Development Project financed by the World Bank. This report has been prepared to meet compliance with environmental regulations and requirements under KP Environmental Protection Act, 2014 and the World Bank’s Safeguard policies applicable to the project. It is to be noted that this ESIA remains a live document, subject to modifications as the project design and technical specifications are finalized or modify prior to the implementation stage.

1.1 Project Background In recent years, largely due to increased security and improved accessibility, the tourism sector in KP has experienced substantial growth. Around 1.2 million domestic tourists and thousands of international tourists are visiting the area annually, generating over $120 million in direct revenue and the trend is expected continue, bringing more tourists and investment to the province. Thus, recognizing the high potential for tourism to contribute to economic growth and opportunity, the Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (GOKP) has prioritized the development of this sector and developed a Tourism Policy in 2015. This development presents both challenges and opportunities. Where increased tourism activity presents an opportunity for poverty reduction through economic growth, enterprise development and jobs creation with particular involvement of local communities, it also increases environmental and social challenges in the area. The World Bank (WB) and GOKP are collaborating for the province’s economic development since year 2010 by initiating Economic Revitalization of KP and FATA (ERKF) project, aimed at economic recovery and revitalization of the crises affected areas of KP & FATA by creating sustainable employment opportunities through rehabilitation of SME, investment mobilization and institutional capacity building. Later on, additional financing has been allocated to support elements of tourism sector. To build upon the initial support to Department of Tourism (DOT)and the sector, the WB and GOKP are developing the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Integrated Tourism Development Project using International Development Association (IDA) resources under Multi donor Trust Fund (MDTF). In addition, GOKP is investing funds from Annual Development Plan (ADP) in several activities for developing the tourism sector. The additional financing will complement those activities by supporting the tourism sector. The project consists of four components which are as follows:

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Section 01 Introduction ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

Table 1-1: Project Composition

Comp. Component Name Activity Activity Name Strengthened policy and regulatory 1.1 environment for tourism Establishing data collection and Sector Enablement 1.2 monitoring mechanism 1 and Tourism Supply Chain Development for an Entrepreneurship 1.3 inclusive tourism sector Transforming visitor experience through 1.4 digital technology Infrastructure 2.1 Visitor Facility Development 2 Planning and 2.2 Heritage preservation Development 2.3 Accessibility and Road Connectivity Support for project implementation and Project Management 3.1 training 3 and Capacity 3.2 Environmental preservation Building 3.3 Cost for land acquisition and resettlement Contingent 4 Emergency Response Component

This document presents Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) of Changla Gali- Makhniyal Road (CGM Road) under Activity 2.3, Accessibility and Road Connectivity. The construction of CGM Road will provide access to several scenic locations along the 63.5-kilometer stretch, while reducing the travel time between Islamabad/Rawalpindi and Galiyat, especially during the peak tourist seasons (July – September and December – March). The project aims to sponsor its construction while integrating the latest technology for road safety. To ensure that this road provides all- season access to the tourist destinations in Galiyat to the extent possible, the project will also procure the relevant equipment for the local development authorities 1 for road clearing and maintenance during the harsh weather. Of the 63.5 kilometers, this project will support the construction/upgrade of 52 kilometer. To ensure enhanced tourist safety and overall experience, telephone/internet connectivity options will be explored with the private sector (telecom service providers) to procure Mobile Repeater Stations and/or Signal Boosters that could be installed at the remote yet established tourist sites and destinations for instance, camping pods2, tourist hostels, Lake Saif ul Maluk (Naran) and so on. The anticipated environmental and social impacts of the CGM Road are mostly site- specific and temporary; few (if any) of them are irreversible and could be easily mitigated through appropriate measures. Therefore, according to the World Bank Operational

1 Galiyat Development Authority, Kaghan Development Authority, etc. 2 Thandiyani (Abbotabad), Bishigram (Swat), Sharan (Kaghan) 1-2 │Page

Section 01 Introduction ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

Policy OP 4.01 ‘Environmental Assessment’ the proposed Project falls under Category ‘B’.

1.2 Safeguard Assessment and Documents In line with the World Bank and local regulations requirements, the following safeguard documents have been prepared for the project:

I. An ESIA (including ESMP) for the CGM Road, outlining the potential impacts and their mitigation plans. II. RAP for CGM Road, outlining resettlement issues and compensation. III. An Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) (for Naran, Galiyat, Swat and Chitral). IV. A Physical Cultural Resource Management Framework (PCRMF). have been prepared. A generic framework has been provided with roadmap to develop the PCRMP which includes screening for sites and management procedures for such cases. Cultural Resource Management Plans, where required, will be prepared for exact locations and provide mitigation measures to address project impacts. V. A Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) to provide guidelines for project interventions where land acquisition is involved. VI. Ingenious Peoples Planning Framework (IPPF) for sub-project sites in Chitral (Kalash).

1.3 Objective of ESIA The major objective of this ESIA study is the identification of the possible and induced impacts of the proposed Project on both short and long-term bases. The impact identification process focuses particularly on biophysical, socio-economic and cultural aspects of the environment. Based on the level and nature of these observations the ESIA then delineates proper mitigation measures. As a planning tool, the ESIA aims to ensure that environmental, socio-economic and cultural issues throughout the entire project lifecycle are anticipated and considered by the project proponent. It also serves as a framework for establishing project controls to reduce or prevent adverse environmental or socio-economic impacts. A separate ESMF is also being prepared. In addition, Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) has been prepared to deal with the land acquisition, resettlement and rehabilitation issues. The specific objectives of this ESIA are: • To assess the existing environmental and socioeconomic conditions of the Project Area; • To identify potential impacts of the proposed Project on the physical, ecological and social aspects of the Project Area, to predict and evaluate these impacts and determine their significance; • To propose appropriate generic mitigation measures that should be incorporated in the design of the Project to avoid or minimize if not eliminate the potentially adverse impacts, 1-3 │Page

Section 01 Introduction ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

• To assess the compliance status of the proposed activities with respect to the national and provincial environmental legislation and WB's OPs, • To provide institutional, monitoring, reporting and documentation measures for environmental safeguards compliance. • To aid decision makers to take informed decisions.

1.4 Approach & Methodology to Work

1.4.1 Approach

The study has been conducted in accordance with Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Government of Pakistan (GOP) Guidelines, 1997 and the World Bank Safeguards policies (OP4.01, OP4.04, OP4.36, OP4.11 and OP4.12) applicable to this project. The study is based on both primary and secondary data and information. The primary data includes data collected from field i.e.: information about land use; environmental sampling and analyses for air, water and noise; biodiversity & ecological survey; social survey including demographic characteristics, income dependency & quality of life, occupation, agriculture and cropping pattern and social amenities etc. The secondary data includes a review of relevant information from literature. Discussions were held with stakeholders including government officials, community representatives and a wide range of road users and roadside dwellers. The main purpose of this approach was to obtain an impartial impression of the people’s perceptions about the project and its environmental and social impacts. The assessment remains subject to change, pending finalization of technical specifications and alignment of the proposed road.

1.4.2 Methodology

The following methodology was adopted for carrying out the ESIA study of the proposed Project: a) Orientation

Meetings and discussions were held among the members of the ESIA Consulting Team. This activity is aimed at achieving a common ground of understanding of various issues of the Study. b) Data Collection Planning

Subsequent to the concept clarification and understanding obtained in the preceding step, a detailed data acquisition plan was developed for the internal use of the ESIA Consulting Team. The plan included; identification of specific data requirements and their sources; determination of time schedules and responsibilities for their collection and indication of the logistics and other supporting needs for the execution of the data acquisition plan. Field surveys were then conducted based on the data collection plan.

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Section 01 Introduction ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

c) Detailed Field Survey

Detailed site visits for collection of data was conducted from June 8-14, 2018 and July 1-26, 2018. The data collected from field include: • Identification of environmental sensitive receptors including air sensitive receivers, noise sensitive receivers and water bodies expected to receive pollutant load; • Sampling and analysis for air, noise and water; • Ecological survey; • Socioeconomic survey including public consultation; • Stakeholders consultation; Meetings with different departments at Haripur and Abbottabad district were held and following data was collected. List of data collected from various departments attached as Annexure-I. d) Sampling & Analysis of Physical Environmental Parameters

Environmental Services Pak Lab, which is EPA certified laboratory was hired for physical environmental sampling and was mobilized on August 15, 2018 for sampling and analysis of air, water and noise quality. Samples were collected from three (03) locations for analysis in the laboratory. e) Review of Secondary Data

Previous environmental and social soundness assessment for KP region and other published and unpublished information was collected in order to gain a complete understanding of existing environmental conditions of the area including: • Physical environment: topography, geology, soils, surface and groundwater resources and climate; • Biological environment: habitat types, flora and fauna (particularly rare or endangered species), critical habitats/zones and vegetation communities within the project area; • Socio-economic environment: settlements, socio-economic conditions, infrastructure and land use. • Heritage aspects: sites of cultural, archaeological or historical significance. f) Corridor of Impact (COI)

COI include the actual Project Right of Way (ROW) as well as the area in the surroundings in which positive and adverse impacts may be foreseen due to the implementation of the proposed Project. The area of influence is the area likely to be affected by the project, including all its ancillary aspects, such as relocation and access roads, borrow and disposal areas and construction camps, as well as unplanned developments induced by the project (e.g., spontaneous settlement, logging, or shifting agriculture along access roads).

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Section 01 Introduction ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

Based on the available route alignment of road, a route optimization was made by a team of experts to highlight any potential sensitive physical, ecological and socio-economic constraints along the proposed route alignment. Based on the above, a maximum COI of 200 m width 100 m on each side from the centerline was selected as COI for the baseline survey. g) Stakeholder Consultations

For this ESIA study, stakeholder consultation was carried out through questioners and one on one meeting. The ESIA team met with the government functionaries, affected persons and local communities along the proposed route. The objective of the consultation was to disseminate information on the project and its expected impact, long-term as well as short-term, among primary and secondary stakeholders and to gather information on relevant issues so that the feedback received could be used to address these issues at an early stage. h) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

The data collected from the field was analyzed and the impacts of the proposed project on the physical, biological and socio-economic environment prevalent in the project area were identified and characterized with respect to significance and probability of occurrence at the design, construction, operation and decommissioning phases. Possible mitigation measures and implementation mechanisms are proposed so that the impacts can be mitigated / controlled and the project implementation remains sustainable. i) Development of Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP)

An ESMP for the proposed project activities was prepared. The ESMP provides a plan for implementing and managing the mitigation and monitoring measures recommended in the ESIA. The ESMP includes the following: • Mitigation and monitoring plan. • Definition of roles and responsibilities of the proponent, contractors and monitoring teams. • Requirements for communication, documentation and training during the project. • Restrictions on design, timing and conduct of the project. • Change Management Plan to cover unforeseen events/environmental conditions during the project.

1.5 Structure of Report This document is a part of environmental and social safeguard Documents for the project prepared in light of the TORs provided by Project Management Unit (PMU) – Economic Revitalization of KP and FATA (ERKF) and World Bank guideline/policy for Environmental Assessment OP. 4.01. The structure of this report is listed below:

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Section 01 Introduction ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

Section 1: Introduction briefly presents the project background, objectives, methodology and need of the ESIA study. Section 2: Legal and Administrative Framework Lists national as well as provincial laws, regulations and procedures and applicable World Bank Operational Policies (OPs). Section 3: Project Description provides an overall description of the project including proposed alignment, design considerations and concepts, manpower requirement, waste generation, machinery and material requirements. Section 4: Project Alternatives enlists possible design alternatives for rehabilitation/ reconstruction of CGM road and their influence on environment and social situation. Section 5: Baseline Environmental & Social Conditions gives a description of baseline physical, biological and socio-economic conditions of the project area. Section 6: Public Consultation and Information Disclosure identifies the main stakeholders and their concerns raised during scoping sessions and deals with the measures to mitigate the social impacts. Section 7: Potential Environmental and Social Impacts and their Mitigations Measures identifies, predicts and evaluates impacts of the project activities during the construction and operation stages and deals with the measures proposed to mitigate potential environmental impacts of the proposed project. Section 8: Environmental and Social Management Plan: This section outlines organizational framework, mitigation and monitoring plans training requirements, defines roles and responsibilities, estimates budgets requirements for satisfactory implementation.

1.6 ESIA Team A ten-member multidisciplinary team conducted the ESIA study. The team consisted of environmentalists, ecologists and sociologists. Detail of ESIA team, contact detail of the Proponent and the Consultant are given as Annexure-II.

1.7 Inclusion of Safeguards Documents in the Bidding Documents This ESMP along with Wildlife Safety Plan and Tree Plantation Plan will be a part of the Request for Proposals package/ Bid Documents and its compliance is mandatory. The contractor will be required to prepare site-specific plans as stipulated in ESMP. These site-specific plans will then be embedded into the civil works contracts and therefore will be legally binding on the contractor. The site-specific plans must be submitted to the PMU/Project Director for review and clearance within 30 days of the signing of the contract or before mobilization on site, which ever date is earlier.

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Section 02 ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

2 LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATION FRAMEWORK

This section deals with the current environmental policy as well as legal and administrative framework required to carry out the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) of the CGM Road. All relevant provisions of Environmental Policies laid out by the Government of Pakistan, along with applicable World Bank Safeguards have been duly discussed and the Project Proponent will be required to adhere to these regulations throughout the course of the project. The institutional arrangement for compliance to these laws has been described in ESMP (Chapter 8).

2.1 Key National Laws, Regulations and Policies The enactment of comprehensive legislation on the environment, covering multiple areas of concern, is a relatively new and on-going phenomenon in Pakistan. Whereas, a basic policy and legislative framework for the protection of the environment and overall biodiversity in the country is now in place. The following description presents a brief overview of the relevance of various existing national policies, legislation and guidelines.

Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA), 1997

Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 (PEPA) is the basic legislative tool empowering the Government of Pakistan to frame and enforce regulations for the protection of environment. The PEPA 1997 is broadly applicable to air, water, soil, marine and noise pollution and handling of hazardous wastes. However, after the 18th amendment, environment has become a provincial subject, therefore, the KP law will govern the proposed project.

Pak EPA Sectoral Guidelines for Environmental Reports 1997

The sectoral guidelines by Pak-EPA (for Major Roads, Public Consultations, Sensitive & Critical Areas) road sector are taken as reference for the preparation of this ESIA. Ancillary facilities such as all works within the ROW, restoration of access to surrounding property, traffic control devices, administration buildings, tollbooths, truck weighing facilities, rest and service areas, borrow pits, maintenance depots and construction compounds are also included within the scope of the guideline.

Pakistan EPA, Review of IEE and EIA Regulations, 2000

These Regulations provide the necessary details on the preparation, submission and review of IEE and EIA. The Regulation classifies projects on the basis of expected degree of adverse environmental impacts and lists them in two separate schedules.

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Section 02 Legal and Administrative Frame Work ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

In accordance with Schedule II clause D, subcategory 2 of these regulations, an EIA for the proposed project needs to be submitted to the provincial Environmental Protection Agency in order to obtain Environmental Approval for it.

National Conservation Strategy 1992

NCS is the principal policy document on environmental issues in the country. The NCS outlines the country's primary approach towards encouraging sustainable development, conserving natural resources and improving efficiency in the use and management of resources. Part 3 of NCS provides action agenda & implementation strategy of 14 program areas for priority implementation. Those relevant to the proposed project are mainly supporting forestry and plantations, conserving biodiversity, increasing energy efficiency, preventing/abating pollution, managing urban wastes, supporting institutions for common resources, integrating population and environment programs and preserving the cultural heritage.

National Environmental Policy (NEP), 2005

Section 5 of the policy commits for integration of environment into development planning as instrument for achieving the objectives of National Environmental Policy. Its further states in clause (b) of subsection 5.1 that EIA/IEE related provisions of Environmental Protection Act, 1997, will be thoroughly enforced for all developmental projects. Management of proposed project will ensure that the project will not add to the aggravation of the environmental issues identified in NEP and mitigation measures would be adopted to minimize or avoid any contribution of the project in these areas.

National environmental Quality Standards (NEQS)

During the construction and post development phase of the project, NEQS will apply to all type of effluents and emissions. The NEQS specify the following standards: • Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants (32 parameters) in municipal and liquid industrial effluents discharged to inland waters, sewage treatment facilities and the sea (three separate sets of numbers); • Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants (16 parameters) in gaseous emissions from industrial sources; • Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants (two parameters) in gaseous emissions from vehicle exhaust and noise emission from vehicles and • Maximum allowable noise levels.

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Section 02 Legal and Administrative Frame Work ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

Land Acquisition Act, 1894 Including Later Amendments

The Land Acquisition Act, 1894, is a “law for the acquisition of land needed for public purposes and for companies and for determining the amount of compensation to be paid on account of such acquisition”. This law is applicable in resettlement of the community and will ensure provision of adequate compensation of land to the affectees.

Protection of Trees and Brushwood Act, 1949

This Act prohibits cutting or lopping of trees and brushwood without permission of the Forest Department. The Forest Department will be approached for permission to cut trees along the proposed project site.

Antiquities Act 1975

The protection of cultural resources in Pakistan is ensured by the Antiquities Act of 1975. Antiquities have been defined in the Act as ancient products of human activity, historical sites, or sites of anthropological or cultural interest, national monuments etc. The law prohibits new construction in the proximity of a protected antiquity and empowers the Government of Pakistan to prohibit excavation in any area, which may contain articles of archaeological significance. NOC would be requested from DG Archeological Department for construction within 200 feet of cultural heritage sites.

National Forest Policy 2015

Historically, Forestry remained a provincial subject even after independence of Pakistan. In the Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan 1973, Forestry is purely a provincial subject and not impacted by the eighteenth amendments in the Constitution (2010). However, the federal support to federating units for meeting international obligations and filling their financial gaps is widely acknowledged. Climate mitigation and adaptation measures are the focus of National Forest Policy in view of Pakistan’s high vulnerability to adverse impacts of climate change, in particular to extreme events.

The Forest Act (1927)/Addendum

The Forest Act prohibits grazing, hunting, quarrying, clearing for the purpose of cultivation, removing forest produce and felling or looping trees in forest or protected areas. Any person who contravene shall be liable with punishment set by the law. However, after Forest Ordinance Amendment (2016) in sec 27 and 34-A of the Forest Act 1927 a sub-section (3) is inserted according to which the government after approval from the provincial cabinet declares reserved forest as no more reserved and can acquire the forest land for purpose of projects of national importance.

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Section 02 Legal and Administrative Frame Work ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

Occupational Health & Safety Laws

In Pakistan, the OHS in different sectors is covered in various laws. There is no single comprehensive law covering OHS. The following pieces of legislation could be relevant to the project in terms of OHS aspects: • Factories Act 1934 • North-West Frontier Province Factories Rules 1975 • West Pakistan Hazardous Occupations Rules 1963 • Provincial Employees Social Security (Occupational Diseases) Regulation 1967 • Workmen Compensation Act 1923 and Rules 1961 However, the exact applicability of the above laws to the proposed project is subject to discussion and legal opinion.

Employment of Child Act, 1991

This Act prohibits the employment of children in any of the proposed project activities.

Draft Solid Waste Management Guidelines (2005)

Draft Guidelines for Solid Waste Management explain the waste generation, discharge and composition. These guidelines will strictly be followed for safe handling and disposal of waste generated during construction and operational stages of the project.

2.2 Provincial Laws, Regulations and Policies After the 18th amendment to the constitution of Pakistan, many subjects, including environmental protection and pollution prevention, have been devolved to the provincial jurisdiction. Therefore, the apex environmental statute governing the proposed project will be the KP Environmental Protection Act 2014. However, detailed rules, regulations and guidelines required for the implementation of the policies and enforcement of legislation are still in various stages of formulation and discussion. The following description presents a brief overview of the relevance of various existing provincial policies, legislation and guidelines.

KP Environmental Protection Act, 2014

After 18th Constitutional Amendment in 2011, the subject of environment was devolved and the provinces have been empowered for environmental protection and conservation. Subsequently, the KP government amended PEPA 1997 as KP Environmental Protection Act 2014 and KP EPA is responsible for ensuring the implementation of provisions of the Act in KP’s territorial jurisdiction. KP EPA is also required to ensure compliance with the NEQS and establish monitoring and evaluation systems. ESIA will be submitted to KP EPA under this law for issuing No Objection Certificate (NOC) before commencing physical work.

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Section 02 Legal and Administrative Frame Work ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

KP Wildlife and Biodiversity Act, 2015

This Act provides for the protection, preservation, conservation and management of wildlife in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. This Act is relevant because the proposed project interventions are located in areas that are rich in biodiversity and wildlife habitats. This act provides for establishment of a Wildlife Fund wherein a potential source of financing is the resource extraction fee to include cess and licensing fee obtained from sale or auction of any resources extracted from the Protected Area. This Act also describes that “any wild animal which is found dead or dying or which has been killed, caught or acquired ---- and any meat of animal, or article, product or trophy thereof, shall be the property of Government. The person in possession of such property shall be bound to hand over the possession of such property to the officer authorized”. Furthermore, this Act prohibits logging and felling or removing any plant or tree and clearing or breaking up any land for quarrying of stones or for any other purpose in a National Park.

KP Forest Ordinance 2002

This Ordinance is relevant because the proposed road passes through forested areas. Especially, during construction, the contractors will need to strictly abide by its provisions. This Ordinance prohibits construction of any building or shed, road or enclosure, or any infrastructure, or altering or enlarging any existing road or infrastructure in a reserved forest. It also bans any cutting, felling or uprooting any tree or brushwood listed in Schedule –I. furthermore, it also disallows to quarry stone from reserved forests. Due to the close proximity with a number of reserved forests, the mentioned provisions of this law will need to be taken into account.

Climate Change Policy, KP, 2016

The government of KP formulated a Provincial Climate Change Policy in June, 2016, to the specific needs of the Province. The sectors highlighted in the Policy that are also relevant to the project (Activity 2.1) include transport, wastes and urban planning etc. It also gives emphasis, to streamline Climate Change in different sectors of the economy and developmental projects in the Province to make a sustainable development and create resilience to natural disasters.

Tourism Policy, 2015

This policy identifies key priorities of provincial government for the next few years to develop the tourism sector as the priority sector and transform it into an engine of economic growth by making KP a preferred tourist destination.KP tourism sector vision aims to develop an internationally competitive tourism sector to fully realize its diverse potential; making tourism a leading economic sector for the province through public- private partnership. The policy focuses on sustainable tourism development. The proposed project is a direct intervention under this policy.

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Section 02 Legal and Administrative Frame Work ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

Culture Policy 2017, KP

The KP culture policy goals are to create an enabling environment in which Cultural Heritage Sector can flourish and play a significant and defining role in nation building, safeguarding of identity and socioeconomic development. The primary objective of KP cultural policy is to achieve the economic and social development and moderate the problems faced by existing cultural sector. KP cultural policy aims to provide an environment conducive to the protection, growth and promotion of indigenous cultural heritage. This policy is relevant to the project because the proposed interventions are located in areas of high cultural importance and also few areas are inhabited by indigenous population.

2.3 Applicable International Conventions and Treaties Pakistan is signatory to a number of international conventions and agreements on biodiversity conservation, environmental protection and sustainable development. The major conventions and agreements that are relevant to the project are the following:

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

Also known informally as the Biodiversity Convention, it is a multilateral treaty. The Convention has three main goals including: the conservation of biological diversity (or biodiversity); the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources. The Convention requires parties to develop national plans for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and to integrate these plans into national development programs and policies. Parties are also required to identify components of biodiversity that are important for conservation and to develop systems to monitor the use of such components with a view to promoting their sustainable use.

Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species (CMS)

This is commonly abbreviated to just the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) or the Bonn Convention and CMS COP is known as Global Wildlife conference—aims to conserve terrestrial, marine and avian migratory species throughout their range. It is an international treaty, concluded under the aegis of the United Nations Environment Programme, concerned with the conservation of wildlife and habitats on a global scale. The Convention requires countries to take action to avoid endangering migratory species. The term “migratory species” refers to the species of wild animals, a significant proportion of whose members cyclically and predictably cross one or more national jurisdictional boundaries. The parties are also required to promote or cooperate with other countries in matters of research on migratory species.

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Section 02 Legal and Administrative Frame Work ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

Conventional on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES)

CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) is an international agreement between governments. Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. The convention requires Pakistan to impose strict regulation (including penalization, confiscation of the specimen) regarding trade of all species threatened with extinction or that may become so, in order not to endanger their survival further.

Ramsar Convention

The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat is an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands. It is also known as the Convention on Wetlands. This convention becomes relevant because the proposed alignment passes close to a water body (Haro River). Pakistan being a signatory to the Ramsar Convention, has committed to work towards the wise use of all its wetlands through national land-use planning, appropriate policies and legislation, management action and public education. The wise use of wetlands is defined as “maintenance of their ecological character, achieved through the implementation of ecosystem approaches, within the context of sustainable development”.

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international environmental treaty adopted on 9 May 1992. The UNFCCC objective is to “stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system”. The framework sets non-binding limits on greenhouse gas emissions for individual countries and contains no enforcement mechanisms. Instead, the framework outlines how specific international treaties (called “protocols” or “Agreements”) may be negotiated to specify further action towards the objective of the UNFCCC

Sustainable Developments Goals

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a collection of 17 global goals set by the United Nations General Assembly in 2015 and adopted by Pakistan as its national goals. The goals are broad and interdependent, yet each has a separate list of targets to achieve. Achieving all 169 targets would signal accomplishing all 17 goals. The SDGs cover social and economic development issues including poverty, hunger, gender equality, water, sanitation, energy, health, education, global warming, urbanization, environment and social justice.

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Section 02 Legal and Administrative Frame Work ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

2.4 Applicable World Bank Policies The World Bank policies applicable to the project and its compliance mechanism, is summarized in the description below.

Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01)

Under this OP, the World Bank requires environmental assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank’s financing to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable and thus to improve decision making through appropriate analysis of actions and of their likely environmental impacts. This OP is relevant due to the project activities under component 2, including CGM road construction. The proposed Project consists of activities which can potentially have significant environmental and social consequences including: (i) Changes in land use; (ii) Damage to natural vegetation; (iii) Deterioration of air quality; (iv) Water contamination (v) Damage to top soil due to land reclamation, leveling and soil erosion; (vi) Cutting of trees; (vii) Safety hazards and (viii) Resettlement. However, the adverse environmental impacts are expected to be of temporary and localized. The project is categorized as an Environmental Safeguard Category B. The Environmental & Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) in hand is fully committed to the requirements determined in the WB Safeguard Policy. The environmental works carried out by the consultants on behalf of project proponents have been essentially guided by these rules as enunciated in the OP 4.01 Annex B “Contents of an Environmental Impact Assessment Report”.

Natural Habitat (OP 4.04)

OP 4.04 supports the protection, maintenance and rehabilitation of natural habitats and their functions. The Bank does not support projects that involve the significant conversion or degradation of critical natural habitats. The degradation of a critical natural habitat is defined as the modification of a natural habitat in a manner that substantially reduces the habitat’s ability to maintain viable populations of its native species. This OP is relevant because the project activities will directly or indirectly benefit the natural habitats, including Lake Saif ul Muluk (Naran) and Chitral Gol National Park (Chitral). Both are designated National Parks. Specifically, for Activity 2.3, this policy is relevant because most of the infrastructure activities will be in areas that are surrounded by natural habitats for the wildlife. Directly, the road construction activity does not involve any habitat destruction as the civil works will be for the already existing, incomplete or extension of roads, including the non-metaled/dirt tracks. The proposed project will include measures to develop the capacity of institutions at the local level for effective environmental planning and management of natural habitats in the destination action plan. The overall project will not conduct any activities within the designated protected areas and project interventions will facilitate the mitigation of degradation of such ecosystems during implementation.

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Section 02 Legal and Administrative Frame Work ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

Indigenous People (OP 4.10)

The project plans interventions in Chitral district, which is home to the Kalash tribe (recognized as IP). Therefore, OP 4.10 is relevant for the overall project. However, the Activity 2.3 does not have a direct relevance with this policy. An IPPF is prepared, consulted upon and disclosed publicly on the client’s website (in- country) and by the Bank prior to appraisal.

Physical Cultural Resources (OP 4.11)

This policy seeks to assist in the preservation of cultural property. The Bank normally will assist only those projects that are sited or designed so as to prevent any damage to physical cultural resources. There is very little chance that during the construction of proposed project, sites of cultural, archaeological, historical, or religious significance might be encountered. However, in case of discovery of any such sites or artefacts during the project feasibility, design and implementation, the site will not be selected if significant cultural sites are going to be affected or alternate options for the design of the sub-projects will be developed. However, in every situation, the provisions of this Policy will be applied.

Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12)

This Policy seeks to avoid involuntary resettlement where feasible, or to minimize, exploring all viable alternative project designs. Where resettlement avoidance is not feasible, resettlement should be conceived and executed as sustainable development programs, providing sufficient investment resources to enable displaced persons to share in project benefits. Displaced persons should be meaningfully consulted and should have opportunities to participate in planning and implementing resettlement programs. Projects should assist displaced persons to improve or, at least, restore livelihoods to pre- displacement levels or to levels prevailing prior to the beginning of project implementation or whichever is higher. This policy is triggered for the Project as there might be some form of land acquisition or tree cutting, belonging to individuals and these will need to be compensated.

Forests (OP 4.36)

The objective of OP 4.36 is to assist clients to harness the potential of forests to reduce poverty in a sustainable manner, to effectively integrate forests into sustainable economic development and to protect the vital local and global environmental services and values of forests. It applies to all World Bank investment operations that potentially have an impact on forests, regardless of whether they are specific forest sector investments. This OP is relevant because some tourist sites are surrounded by mountainous forest, though the project is not supporting any new construction activities at the cost of forest

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Section 02 Legal and Administrative Frame Work ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

clearance. The tourist facilities will be developed without tree cutting. A forest habitat management plan shall be prepared in case of intervention in forest area. For the CGM Road, a portion of the existing alignment passes through Forest Area. The updated design of new alignment may involve land acquisition in this forest area. The road construction activity will involve some tree cutting, for which tree plantation activity will be carried out.

Managing the Risks of Adverse Impacts on Communities from Temporary Project Induced Labor Influx

This guidance note provides guidance on identifying, assessing and managing the risks of adverse social and environmental impacts that are associated with the temporary influx of labor resulting from Bank supported projects. The guidance note contains guiding principles and recommendations to be considered as part of the design and implementation of projects with civil works that require labor from outside the project’s area of influence.

Environmental, Health & Safety Guidelines

In addition to operational policies (OP), the WBG has also established its EHS guidelines for all the interventions that are financed by the group. These EHS Guidelines are technical reference documents with general and sector-specific examples of Good International Industry Practice (GIIP). Following EHS guidelines are relevant to the proposed project during the construction and operation phase:

General EHS Guidelines: Issues associated with the construction and operation of maintenance facilities are addressed in the General EHS Guidelines with other key element like Environment and OHS at workplace as well as for community. EHS Guidelines for Construction Materials Extraction: Issues associated with sourcing of construction materials are presented in the EHS Guidelines for Construction Materials Extraction. Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines for Toll Roads: EHS issues associated with road projects, which occur during the construction and operation phase, along with recommendations for their management are included in the guidelines. Mitigations and preventive measures, based on the above guidelines, have been incorporated in the ESMP that forms a section of this ESIA. The mentioned EHS guidelines will be adhered to during the construction and operation of the project.

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Section 03 Project Description ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The proposed project comprises of rehabilitation and construction of road from Changla Gali up to Makhniyal (near Pir Sohawa).

3.1 Need and Purpose of Project • To provide a direct and alternate communication link from Galliyat valley to Islamabad which passes through Makhniyal and Pir Sohawa. • To explore a new area for the tourists and provide the communication facilities to the inhabitants of the area. • To develop the Tourism Industry by providing a direct access to tourists coming from Islamabad to travel within Khyber Pakhtunkhwa upto Galiyat.

3.2 Project Description The proposed project is construction/rehabilitation of road from Changla Gali to Makhniyal with total length of 63.5 Km. The proposed alignment starts from Changla Gali on Murree-Abbottabad Road (50 Km from Abbottabad) and ends at Makhniyal (near Pir Sohawa). This is an existing single lane road with poor surface condition. The available formation width of the road varies from 12 to 24 ft. and total ROW 24-30 ft. The proposed carriage way of the road with blacktop width is 24 ft. with 3.28 ft. shoulder on each side having total formation width of 35 ft. The road length of 8.00 km (0+000 to 8+000) from Changla Gali to Ziarat Masoom currently has 12 ft. black top width with formation width varying from 24 to 30 ft. This portion needs improvement & rehabilitation with 24 ft. black top width along with road furnishing. From Ziarat Masoom to Padrana Gali, 3 km (8+000 to 11+000) of road section has 10 to 12 ft. existing Jeep-able track having steep grades/sharp curves which needs complete construction of 24 ft. black top road. Six (6) km (11+000 to 17+000) from Padrana Gali to Nagri Tutial has 10 to 12 ft. existing Jeep-able track which needs complete construction of 24 ft. black top road. Ten (10) km (17+000 to 27+000) stretch from Nagri Tutial to Lora has existing 12 ft. black top road in deplorable condition, this stretch needs improvement and widening of curves at places with 24 ft. black top width. Lora to Kohala Bala, 16 km (27+000 to 43+000) has formation width varying from 24 to 30 ft. It needs Improvement of 24 ft. black top width to provide same specification road up to Kohala Bala. From Kohala Bala to Pirsohawa (KP Boundary) is total length of 20.5 km (43+000 to 63+500). From Kohala Bala to Makhniyal, 10.50 km is in deplorable condition that needs major improvements through C & W Haripur. From Makhniyal to Pirsohawa, another 10 km length is already completed under ADP scheme by C & W Haripur where no improvement works will be required except provision of toll plaza near Pirsohawa. Synopsis of the project is shown in Table 3-1. Few snapshots of existing road conditions are given in Figure 3-1 and further snapshots are attached as Annexure-III. Tables of traffic study report are attached as Annexure-IV.

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Section 03 Project Description ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

Changla Gali town road Leading to Ziarat Masoom Changla Gali to Ziarat Masoom Road Junction Left to Ziarat Masoom Right to Tajwal

Ziarat Masoom to Padrana Gali Road Lora Bazar

Lora to Kohala Bala Road Padrana Gali Junction

Figure 3-1: Snapshots of Existing Road Conditions

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Section 03 Project Description ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

Table 3-1: Status of Project Track and Proposed Improvements

Present Condition Required Improvement

Length Black Black S.N. Section Formation Formation (Km) Top Top Width Condition Width Remarks width width (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft)

Changla 8-km length Poor Gali to needs 1 8.00 12 24 to 30 (2-3 km road 24 35 Ziarat improvement & is a bit better) Masoom. rehabilitation Ziart 10 to 12 ft Masoom to Jeepable Needs complete 2 3.00 - - 24 35 Padrana track having construction Gali steep grades

Padrana 10 to 12 ft Gali to Jeepable Needs complete 3 6.00 - - 24 35 Nagri track having construction Tutial steep grades Needs Nagri Poor improvement 4 Tutial to 10.00 12 24 to 30 (2 km stretch 24 35 and widening Lora is new) of curves Needs Lora to Improvement to Paved but Kohala provide same 5 16.00 12 24 to 30 needs 24 35 Bala specification improvement road up to Kohala Bala. This portion Kohala will be handled Bala to 6 10.50 12 15-24 Very poor 24 35 by C&W Kohmal Haripur under Gali ADP budget No need any Good further Road improvement of Kohmal completed this portion 7 Gali to 10 18 35 under ADP - - except Pirsohawa Scheme by provision of toll C&W plaza near Pir Haripur Sohawa

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Section 03 Project Description ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

3.3 Project Location Project is located in District Abbottabad of KP province. The Road will connect the villages of Changla Gali, Ziarat Masoom, Padrana Gali, Nagri Tutial, Lora, Kohala Bala, Kohmal Gali and Makhniyal near Pirsohawa. The location map of project area and the accessibility map are attached as Annexure-V.

3.4 Salient Features The technical features of the proposed project are as follows and typical cross section of road is given in Figure 3-1. Typical cross section from Kohala Bala to Kohmal Gali is shown in Figure 3-2.

Total Length of Project: 63.50 km Take off Point Changla Gali End Point Makhniyal/Pirsohawa. No. of lanes 02 Rest Areas (4 Kanal) 04 Toll Plaza 02 Staff Quarter 01 Service Area 01 Including Restaurant, Staff Quarter, Toilets, Tuck shop and prayer area) Camp Office (4 Kanal) 01

Typical Cross Section from Changla Gali to Kohala Bala (Design by M/S NESPAK) Proposed ROW 40 ft. (12 m) Formation Width (available) 12 to 24 ft. Formation Width (Required) 35 ft. Carriageway (Black top width) 24 ft. Shoulder width 3.28 ft. (each side) Road Alignment Mostly hilly terrain Design life 10 Years 40 km/hr for hilly terrain Design Speed 80 km/hr for flat/rolling terrain

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Section 03 Project Description ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

Tentative pavement thickness

Road

Asphalt wearing course 0.16 ft. (50 mm) Asphalt base course 0.24 ft. (75 mm) Aggregate base course 0.65 ft. (200 mm) Aggregate sub base course 0.65 ft. (200 mm)

Shoulder

PCC 1:1.5:3 0.49 ft. (150 mm) PCC 1:4:8 0.32 ft. (100 mm) Sub Base course 0.9 ft. (275 mm)

Bridges and Culverts

Existing Bridges 04 at chainage of (24+000, 29+400, 40+000 & 42+000) 05 at chainage of (05+200, 26+300, 33+050, 35+000 & Existing Causeway 35+050) Existing Culverts 81 Box Culverts will be provided on the streams / water courses, whereas pipe culverts will be provided for disposal of water from side drains. Existing culverts will be extended to cater the extended road width. As this scheme is improvement of existing road / track. Adequately wide bridges are already constructed on the major rivers / nullahs. However, 2 small bridges need rehabilitation.

Typical Cross Section from Kohala Bala to Kohmal Gali (Design by M/S Spectra)

Formation Width (available) 12 to 24 ft. Formation Width (Required) 30 ft. Carriageway (Black top width) 20 ft. Shoulder width 3.28 ft. (each side) Road Alignment Mostly hilly terrain

Tentative pavement thickness Sub base course 0.65 ft. (200 mm) Base 0.49 ft. (150 mm) Asphalt Base 0.24 ft. (75 mm) Asphalt wearing course 0.16 ft. (50 mm)

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Section 03 Project Description ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

Figure 3-2: Typical Cross Section of Carriageway

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Section 03 Project Description ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

Figure 3-3: Typical Cross Section of Carriageway from Kohala Bala to Kohmal Gali

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Section 03 Project Description ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

3.5 Project Cost The estimated total cost for construction of proposed road from Changla Gali to Makhniyal is 4620 Million R.s (USD 33.02 M), including 4455 Million R.s (USD 31.82 M for the section from Changla Gali to Kohala Bala and 165 Million R.s (USD 1.2 M) for the section from Kohala Bala to Kohmal Gali (conversion rate of 1 USD = PKR 140 has been taken). This cost is tentative and will be finalized with the detailed technical design of the proposed road.

3.6 Project Administrative Jurisdiction The proposed project falls under the jurisdiction of Deputy Commissioners of Haripur and Abbottabad districts.

3.7 Project Implementation Schedule The project is scheduled to be completed in 36 months.

3.8 Construction Activities and Required Machinery Construction activities involve following: • Earth work (clearing of vegetation/ trees and top soil) • Roadwork (Levelling, preparation of sub grade, sub base, base and wearing course) • Structure works Table 3-2 shows the list of expected machinery required for construction. The number of these machines will be finalized with the detailed design of the proposed road: Table 3-2: List of expected Machinery/Equipment

S.N. Type of Machinery and Equipment

1 Dump Truck 2 Front End Loader 3 Dozer 4 Grader 5 Vibratory Roller 6 Water Tankers 7 Aggregate Spreader 8 Three Wheel Rollers 9 Tandem Roller 10 Asphalt Plant 11 Paver 12 Self-Propelled Pneumatic Roller

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Section 03 Project Description ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

S.N. Type of Machinery and Equipment

13 Asphalt Distributor 14 Batching Plant 15 Concrete Transit Truck 16 Concrete Pump 17 Excavator 18 Water Pumps 19 Cranes 20 Vibrators 21 Generators

3.9 Construction Materials The materials used in construction of this road would include coarse aggregates (crush), fine aggregates (sand), soil, water, asphalt, reinforcement, cement etc.

3.10 Waste Generation Due to construction activities waste will be generated at construction and contractors camp site. The construction waste will include wastewater, oil spillage from machinery, domestic waste and waste construction materials. Solid waste generated during construction and camp sites will be safely disposed in demarcated waste disposal sites.

3.11 Construction Camps Camp sites will be selected based on following considerations: • Number of workforces deployed • Type and quantity of machinery mobilized • Availability of adequate area for establishing camp sites including parking areas for machinery, stores and workshops, • Access to communication and local markets and away from the local population settlements • Appropriate distance from sensitive areas including settlements and religious and/or cultural facilities Final locations will be selected by the contractor with the assistance of Supervision Consultant, which will be finalized after the approval from Project Director of Communication & Works Department Abbottabad and Haripur. Care will be taken to safeguard the existing environment of the area and location shall be selected away from settlements. It will not be possible to locate camp sites within the ROW. The contractors may acquire land on lease from private landowners.

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Section 04 ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

4 PROJECT ALTERNATIVES

Analysis of alternatives in an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) takes into account practicable strategies that can advance the elimination of any negative environmental impacts if identified. This section is a requirement of Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency and is critical in consideration of ideal project development with minimal environmental disturbance. Since the major aim of this report is identification of major impacts regarding all aspects of the projects, the findings obtained can be utilized for analysis of all possible options for final development. Efforts have been made using all appropriate options of engineering design in identifying the road alignment to minimize the resettlement impacts as per World Bank policy. The Project route is selected in such a way that it passes through thinly populated area. The Project passes through mixed land uses, viz. forested, hilly and bed of nullah. A number of bridges have been proposed to minimize resettlement and social issues. This section covers the project alternatives which were examined for the construction of the CGM Road and explains the selection of the most feasible alternative in terms of socio- economics, environment and health & safety.

4.1 Alternatives The following alternatives have been identified for the project: • No project option. • Project road to follow exactly the existing route with no alteration. • Alternative new alignment route. An analysis of all above alternatives is as follows:

Option I: No Project Option Description The “No project option” considers continuation of utilizing existing road and no further development would be done. It reflects no apparent change to the physical, cultural and social environment. There is no continuous paved road available from Changla Gali to Makhniyal and the present condition of some stretches of approach from Changla Gali to Makhniyal are steep which makes the track risky for people and vehicles as well. Most of the track is single lane and in very poor condition. This track connects Islamabad with tourist areas of Galiyat in Abbottabad and Murree to provide an alternate route for tourist destination along with Islamabad-Murree Expressway but the condition of road is not worth travelling. Advantages: If the project is not taken up at all, then the MDTF money, efforts and time resource allocated for the proposed activities will be saved. These resources may become available for other projects in KP, FATA or Baluchistan. No land will be required and no

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Section 04 Project Alternatives ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

disturbance will be caused to people through the land acquisition and resettlement processes. Disadvantages: No project option may result in degradation of air, dust and noise pollution due to unpaved shoulders, bumpy road and deteriorated road conditions etc. The continuation of existing conditions of road will result in longer travel times. The deplorable conditions of road will result in wear and tear of vehicle and increased probability of accidents. Due to the hilly terrain, approach to the main city by nearby villages will remain difficult and access to better educational and health facilities will also remain limited. In case of emergencies, rescue services will also not reach easily to the affected areas or safe areas if needs evacuation. Improvement in tourism, trade and development will also remain slow. The track comprises of steep curvatures, a situation that poses travel hazards for traffic using this track. Continued use of the existing road section would not only mean an increase in travel risks but will also result in higher transportation costs and more travel time. Additionally, the maintenance costs due to wear and tear on vehicle that would occur due to travel on depreciated road conditions. The “No Project’’ option would result in lack of efficient transportation, discourage local trade and tourism that is requisite for economic development and growth for the vicinity and worsen the issue of traffic congestion on the other routes to Murree and the Galiyat. Hence, no project option will further deteriorate the condition and people of the area will continue to suffer socially and environmentally. Conclusion: For the No-project option, the analysis reveals that the weaknesses and threats far outweigh the potential strengths and opportunities. Therefore, the “No project option” is not recommended.

Option II: New Alignment (Changla Gali to Makhniyal Road via Seri and Chenali) Description: This Alternative provides a direct and alternate communication link from Changla Gali to Makhniyal/Islamabad via Seri and Chenali. This option will connect the villages of Ziarat Masoom, Padrangali, Chenali, Seri, Garrhi, Dakhan Paiser, Kohala Bala, Makhniyal/Pirsohawa to Changla Gali and Islamabad. This alternative involves construction of new road alignment from Kohala Bala upto Padrangali (20 km), while the rest of the alignment will be rehabilitation of existing road. Advantage: This option will allow the tourists to explore a new area, provide the communication links to the inhabitants of the area and to promote tourism by providing direct access from Islamabad to Galiyat. Improved access to main city will help elevate the educational

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Section 04 Project Alternatives ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

and health facilities available to the locals and will also provide better business opportunities improving trade and development. Disadvantage: This alternative will result in removal of more trees, extensive land acquisition and more waste material generated from cutting and levelling of the surface. Land sliding and erosion triggered by cutting of rocks may also occur. The construction activities will result in noise, vibration, dust and air pollution. Conclusion: Due to extensive land acquisition and resettlement, this option is not recommended.

Option III: Existing Alignment (Changla Gali to Makhniyal Road via Nagri Tutial and Lora) Description: This alternative consists of Construction/rehabilitation of existing road from Changla Gali to Makhniyal via Nagri Tutial and Lora. This alignment is already being used to reach Galiyat from Islamabad. This alternative will also directly link E-35 at Shah Maqsood from Kohala Bala and to Ghora Gali from Lora. Advantages: This option will allow the tourists to explore a new area, provide the communication links to the inhabitants of the area and to promote tourism by providing direct access from Islamabad to Galiyat. Improved access to main city will help elevate the educational and health facilities available to the locals and will also provide better business opportunities improving trade and development. Since the alignment is already existing therefore, clearing of land and cutting of trees are expected to be less in this alternative. Lesser cutting of rocks will be involved which will help in maintaining the rock stability and lesser erosion and land sliding risks will be expected. The tract will also involve lesser air pollution, dust, noise and vibration due to construction activities. Disadvantages: This route has steep and deteriorated road patches needs to be rehabilitated/ constructed to decrease the gradient. Conclusion: This alternative is envisaged to be most environmentally and socially feasible as it involves lesser land acquisition and resettlement compared to the other Alternative. Therefore, this alternative is recommended.

4.2 Comparison Analysis of Alternatives The comparison between three possible alternatives based on the environmental, health, safety, social and economic impacts is described in Table 4-1 below. The two alignment

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Section 04 Project Alternatives ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

alternatives considered for the proposed road project are given as a map in Annexure- VI. Table 4-1: Comparision Analysis of Alternatives

Option I Option II Option III Changla Gali to Makhniyal Changla Gali to Makhniyal Impacts Road Road No Project option Via Seri and Chenali (New Via Nagri Tutial and Lora Alignment) (Existing Alignment) Environ- • Air pollution and dust • Noise, vibration, dust and air • Lesser clearing of land and ment, will increase with pollution during cutting of trees on this Health passage of time due to construction. alternative. and deterioration of road; • Cutting of a higher number • Lesser cutting of rocks will Safety • Longer travel times due of trees. be involved which will to steep and damaged • Land sliding and erosion help in maintaining the road; triggered by cutting of rocks rock stability • More wear and tear of may also occur. • Lesser erosion and land vehicle sliding risks. • Higher probability of • Lesser air pollution, dust, accidents. noise and vibration during • Land sliding and erosion construction. triggered by cutting of rocks will not occur. • The ecological status of the area will remain unchanged. Socio- • Nearby villages will • Extensive land acquisition • Land acquisition and economic remain difficult to and resettlement. resettlement will be lesser access • Generation of employment as the road track already • Access to better opportunities exists at most of the places. educational and health • Option for tourists to explore facilities will also a new area and provide the • Generation of employment remain limited. communication links to the opportunities. • Improvement in tourism, inhabitants of the area. • Improved access to main trade and development • Improved access to main city city will also remain slow. • Better business opportunities, • Better business • Limited access for trade and development. opportunities, trade and rescue in case of development. • Better access to educational emergency/disasters; and health facilities • Better access to educational and health • Ease in access for rescue in facilities case of emergencies/disaster • Ease in access for rescue in case of emergencies/disaster

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4.3 Selected Option After analyzing all the considered alternatives, the most environmentally sound and most economical alternative considered is Option-III (Changla Gali to Makhniyal Road via Nagri Tutial and Lora) as it involves lesser land acquisition and resettlement. The Chief Secretary also approved this alignment for construction on May 20, 2018. Therefore, detailed ESIA study of CGM road was conducted for existing alignment.

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5 ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL BASELINE

This section describes project area and its surroundings to establish baseline, which are expected to be affected by the project. The baseline description includes physical, ecological and socioeconomic aspects of the project area. A site visit was conducted to collect primary data on physical, ecological and socioeconomic aspects. Environmental surveys, interviews with general public and various governmental and non-governmental organizations were carried out to collect the baseline data. Furthermore, sensitive receptors of potential project impacts were identified. Secondary data was collected from available literature and District Census Report (DCR) etc.

5.1 Physical Environment

5.1.1 Methodology to Assess Physical Environmental Conditions

The methodology used for the physical environment baseline included collection and review of relevant documents including policy and previous study documents, use of satellite imagery and Google Earth, onsite environmental investigation and consultation with public and stakeholders. Various qualitative and quantitative data collection tools were used to develop an environmental baseline for the proposed area.

5.1.1.1 Data from Secondary Sources

Data from secondary sources were collected for environmental perspectives. Secondary sources used for environmental data collection include research articles and bibliographical data. Furthermore, documents including relevant policy and development statistics of the project area were collected and reviewed. The main documents reviewed included the following: • Design Alignment Study • Project Information Document/Integrated Safeguards Data Sheet (PID/ISDS), World bank • Review of documents prepared by World Bank most importantly Operational Manual, BP 4.12, Involuntary Resettlement, World Bank • Development Statistics of KP • Review of statistical information about the project area prepared by the National Statistical Bureau; Islamabad, Pakistan • Meteorological Department, Government of Pakistan • Environmental Profile of KP, June 2017, KP EPA

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5.1.1.2 Data from Primary Resources Field Surveys

The preparation of this ESIA has involved intense fieldwork in the project corridor of impact (COI) and survey activities including all its ancillary aspects, relocation and access roads, as well as unplanned developments induced by the project (e.g., spontaneous settlement, etc.). The area of influence may include, for example, (a) the watershed within which the project is located; (b) off-site areas required for resettlement or compensatory tracts; (c) the air shed (e.g., where airborne pollution such as smoke or dust may enter or leave the area of influence; (e) migratory routes of humans, wildlife, or fish, particularly where they relate to public health, economic activities, or environmental conservation; (f) areas used for livelihood activities (fishing, grazing, gathering, agriculture, etc.) or religious or ceremonial purposes of a customary nature and (g) physical cultural resources and archeological sites. A range of tools and data gathering techniques used in the field are summarized below. • Ambient air sampling at selected points • Ground and surface water sampling for laboratory analysis • Noise measurement • Key Informant Interviews.

Physical Environmental Sampling Methodology

In order to assess baseline conditions, ambient air, noise and water quality was monitored along the proposed route alignment. Random sampling was carried out at 3 points. Sampling points are shown in Annexure-VII. These points were selected on the basis of population concerned. Methodology adopted for Physical Environmental Sampling and Water Analysis for this ESIA has been described in the coming sections. Results of Physical Environmental parameter analysis along with discussions are given in the later sub-sections of this chapter.

Ambient Air Quality Sampling

Ambient air quality sampling was carried out at three locations namely; Ziarat Masoom, Lora Valley and Kohala Bala on 15-18 August 2018 by ESPAK laboratory. Sampling was conducted for 24 hours period and samples were taken at downwind site. Figure 5- 1 shows a view of ambient air quality sampling being conducted in the project area. Horiba Ambient Air Analyzers were used for the detection of CO, NO2 and SO2. and High Volume Sampler was used for the assessment of PM. These measurements were performed according to standard operating procedures.

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Figure 5-1: Ambient Air Quality Sampling in the Project Area

Noise Level Measurement

Noise level measurement was carried out from 15th to 18th August, 2018. Figure 5-2 shows noise being measured in the selected areas. Noise levels were monitored in populated areas along the route with the help of a portable digital sound meter at the project site for 24 (twenty-four) hours.

Figure 5-2: Noise Level Measurement in the Project Area

Surface Water and Groundwater Sampling & Analysis

Surface water samples and groundwater samples were collected from the selected sampling points. Samples collected through grab sampling method were immediately stored at 4 °C in an icebox and transported to the Environmental laboratory, where samples were subjected to analysis within 24 hours of collection. Figure 5-3 shows pictures of respective samples.

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The laboratory team followed USEPA sampling procedures and protocols for sample collection and preservation. Analytical methods used during the laboratory testing are in line with the American Public Health Association’s Standard Methods for the Examination of Water. Groundwater samples were collected from hand pump at the three sampling locations mentioned above on 15th to 18th August. Analyses of surface water quality were carried out at three locations namely; Haro River, Subhian Bridge & Gambheer.

Figure 5-3: Sampling of Groundwater and Surface Water

5.1.2 Description of Physical Environmental Conditions

5.1.2.1 Topography

The topography of the project area is predominately sub mountainous, eroded by intervening flat valleys, which are fertile and partially irrigated by canals or by lifting groundwater through tube wells. The project area lies in two districts namely Haripur and Abbottabad. A Part of project lies in District Haripur, which is geographically divisible into four regions. The first is Maidan-e-Hazara which consists of plain area of Haripur district surrounded by mountains of Tanawal. The second region Tanawal, which is mainly mountainous, is sub-divided into upper Tanawal and lower Tanawal which lies in the north of Maidan-e-Hazara. The third region is Khanpur Punjkahta which is a well- watered plain lying in the south-eastern corner of the Haripur District where the Haro emerges from the Khanpur Hills. The last and fourth region is Chach in the west of Haripur city. Major portion of the project lies in district Abbottabad which is dominated by mountains and hills. The mountains of Abbottabad are part of lesser Himalayas. Along the northern boundary of the District, a series of low lying hills form barrier to the Mangal tract in District Mansehra. To the south of these hills, Orash or Resh plains lie with an area of

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about six (6) square kilometers. Another such tract is Dhan which is an elevated basin enclosed by Nara hills. Elevation of project route varies from 8250 feet above MSL near Changla Gali to 3300 feet near Kohala Bala. At end point near Makhniyal elevation is 4700 feet above MSL. Start and end point of project route are at higher elevation and in between valley from Kohala Bala upto Nagri Tutial (25km) have minor elevation difference and ranges from 3300- 3600 feet MSL. Figure 5-4 shows general topography of the project area. The Topography Map of the area is attached as Annexure-VIII.

Figure 5-4: General View of the Topography of the Project Area

5.1.2.2 Drainage & Hydrology

Haro, Dor and Siran are the main streams of Abbottabad District. The important rivers of Haripur district are river Indus, Siran, Dor and Haro. The rivers and tributaries of the project area are shown in the map attached as Annexure-IX. The major rivers flowing in the vicinity of project area are Dor and Haro. The Dor River originates at the northern end of Dunga Gali range, flows through the plains of Abbottabad and Haripur and joins the Siran River near north of Gandger range eight km 5-5 | P a g e

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above Tarbela eastern. The Haro River emanates from the southern end of Dunga Gali range where it has two main branches. The eastern known as Dhund and the western is known as Karral Haro. The two streams unite at the head of Khanpur tract and the river after flowing for some distance’s debauches on the Khanpur Panjkatha. These rivers are perennial sources of water and have sufficient water due to substantial rainfall in the project area throughout the year except during months of November to January (low flow season). The major nullahs/streams in the project area are Rakh Bhallar, Tai Kas, Dotal Kas, Gadawa, etc. The drainage pattern of the area is from the elevated proposed alignment towards the Haro river or its tributaries due to the typical topography of the area. The project will not interfere with the drainage pattern or the hydrological regime of the river.

5.1.2.3 Geology and Soil

Along the proposed route, the landscape at high altitudes is rugged. Valleys at low altitude have deep alluvial deposits. In the project area near Abbottabad, the mountains rich in various minerals exist. The major minerals present in the entire stretch of the project area are iron, lead-zinc, manganese, tungsten, bentonite, graphite etc. Geological map is shown in Annexure-X. Due to substantial rainfall in the project area, soil erosion has been observed as a major problem along the alignment of the proposed road. The water percolates inside the land and erodes the soil significantly. The soil in the project area is mostly of alluvial character and consists of agglomerate of stone fragments, gravel, sand and silty loams. The soil at project area is predominantly of silt. The general characteristics of soil are shown in Figure 5-5.

5.1.2.4 Seismicity

Horizontal and vertical seismic forces transmitted to the support structures by the ground during earthquake may cause extremely high mechanical stress to engineering structures as well as roads, seismic adaptation which is primarily related to the appropriate design of support structures and connections between the units. The project area is located in Seismic Zone 2B & 3, where 2B represents peak horizontal ground acceleration from 0.16 to 0.24g and 3 represents peak horizontal ground acceleration from 0.24g to 0.32g. Seismic map of the proposed road alignment is attached as Annexure-XI. After the 2005 earthquake, the Government also provided guidelines for infrastructure development in earthquake prone zones. These guidelines will be used for designing the proposed project.

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Figure 5-5: General View of the Soil and Geology of the Project Area

5.1.2.5 Climate

Kakul Weather Station is the nearest weather station of Pakistan Meteorological Department for collection and recording of meteorological data for the proposed Project. The average data for the various climatic parameters such as temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, wind speed and direction has been acquired for the year 1981 to 2010 (recent 30-year average normal meteorological data) which is presented in graphical form below. Due to the mountainous character of the Galiyat, the summer season starts a little late and is comparatively less severe. The temperature begins to rise from May onwards. June is the hottest month of the year. On the other hand, the winter season is comparatively severe and heavy snowfalls occur at higher elevations. However, compared to many drier and colder areas of Pakistan, the minimum temperature in the project area remains in the vicinity of freezing point and does not fall too low.

Monthly Mean of Daily Temperatures 35 32 30 29.7 28.8 28.5 27.9 25 23.7 25.1 24.5 23.7 25.1 21.7 21.9 20 19.4 20.8 18.2 18.2 18.9 17.7 17.2 15.9 15.6 15 13.9 14.7 13 12.2 13.3 10 10.5 10.4 9 5 6.8 6.2 5.8 2.12.3 2.3 0 0.7

Minimum Temperature °C Maximum Temperature °C Mean Temperature °C

Source: Data from Pakistan Met Department

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The Galiyat region falls in the active monsoon zone, with around 40% of annual precipitation occurring during July-August period and the remaining 60% being unevenly distributed between September and June. Nevertheless, each month witnesses some precipitation, which is lowest in November. The variation of monthly rainfall for the past 30 years (1981-2010) is given in the chart below:

Mean Monthly Rainfall (mm) 300 250 257.5 235.6 200

150 143.6 104.4 111.9 100 88.9 100.6 69.8 70.2 50 50.6 60.4 31.1 0

Source: Pakistan Meteorological Department The data for relative humidity is being recorded on daily basis for 00 UTC, 03 UTC and 12 UTC. The monthly mean, which is calculated for these timings for the past 30 years (1981-2010) is presented in the chart below:

Mean Monthly Relative Humidity (%) 90 80 80.9 74.8 70 72.1 65.8 64.4 64.4 61.2 60 59.8 57.7 60.6 50 52.7 52.6 40 30 20 10 0

Source: Pakistan Meteorological Department The monthly mean for the wind speed at 00 UTC, 03 UTC and 12 UTC are presented in Chart below for the past 30 years (1981-2010) in knots. It is observed that the area generally does not encounter very windy conditions, with the winter season particularly low-wind.

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Mean Wind at Synoptic Hours (Knots) 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.1 1.2 1 1 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0

00 UTC 03 UTC 12 UTC

Source: Pakistan Meteorological Department

5.1.3 Air Quality

The results of Ambient Air Quality Analysis are given in Table 5-1. The detailed laboratory report is attached as Annexure- XII. Table 5-1: Ambient Air Quality Analysis

Location

S.N. Parameters Unit Ziarat Lora NEQS Kohala Bala Masoom Valley

1 Carbon monoxide mg/m3 0.76 0.77 0.93 5

2 Nitric oxide µg/m3 22.61 22.25 22.25 40

3 Nitrogen Dioxide µg/m3 30.41 30.82 30.82 80

4 Sulphur dioxide µg/m3 19.77 18.82 20.83 120

5 Ozone hrs. µg/m3 9.90 9.50 12.86 80 24 24

6 Lead µg/m3 0.0172 0.0148 0.0228 1.5 Avg. sampling time sampling Avg. 3 7 PM (2.5) µg/m 21.46 34.41 31.43 35

3 8 PM (10) µg/m 129.89 140.53 134.17 150 Total suspended 9 µg/m3 377.19 508.94 369.22 500 particulate (TSP)

Table 5-1 indicates that all the parameters monitored are well within prescribed permissible limits of NEQS. However, the values for particulates (S# 7-9) are on higher side, mainly due to unpaved shoulder and condition of road.

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5.1.4 Noise

Noise level results show that existing ambient noise levels are higher than NEQS in almost all the instances. Therefore, proper noise mitigation will be necessary for the project. Average values of noise levels are given in Table 5-2. The detailed noise report is attached as Annexure–XII. Table 5-2: Noise Levels Analysis

Equivalent Noise Level NEQS Limit S.N. Location (Leq) dB(A) dB(A) Day Time Night Time Day Time Night Time

1 Ziarat Masoom 63.29 59.06

2 Lora Valley 69.61 65.47 65 55

3 Kohala Bala 69.40 60.69

5.1.5 Water Quality

It was observed during field survey that ground water is mainly used for drinking purposes, while surface water is used both for drinking and irrigation. Pakistan has not yet established surface water quality standards; therefore, the water quality results of aforementioned parameters are compared below with the WHO guidelines for surface water standards in class V (for Agriculture purpose) and NEQs for drinking water standards. All the samples, both for ground and surface water, showed presence of bacterial contamination. Presence of E-Coli and Fecal Coliform was detected in the samples. This means that the water is unfit for human consumption unless properly treated. For ground water, other parameters are within the permissible limits except Turbidity at Kohala Bala. Surface water analysis also shows that all parameters were within the permissible limits except aluminum in Haro River. The possible source of aluminum in the Haro River water is the existence of Aluminum rocks in the mountains. The water with access aluminum can be used for irrigation purposes. The surface water also showed bacterial contamination and excess fluoride in Haro River and Subhian bridge water samples. The results of water analyses are shown below in Table 5-3 whereas the detailed laboratory report is attached as Annexure- XII.

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Table 5-3: Summary of Water Quality Analysis of the Project Area

Groundwater Surface water WHO Limits WHO S.N. Parameters NEQS Limit Ziarat Lora Kohala River Subhian (drinking) Class V Unit Gambeer Masoom Valley Bala Haro pull

1 Temp. OC 21.1 19.9 22.4 26.4 25.3 24.9 ≤ 30

2 pH 8.047 7.264 7.129 8.007 8.177 8.151 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 <5.3 Total Must not be detectable in 3 +ve +ve +ve +ve +ve +ve 0 Coliform any 100 ml sample Must not be detectable in 4 E Coil +ve +ve +ve +ve +ve +ve 0 any 100 ml sample Fecal Must not be detectable in 5 +ve +ve +ve +ve +ve +ve - Coliform any 100 ml sample 6 Color TCU N/D N/D 3.63 ≤ 15 TCU 15 cu Non- 7 Taste N/O N/O N/O - Objectionable/Acceptable Non- 8 Odor N/O N/O N/O NS Objectionable/Acceptable 9 Turbidity NTU 4.1 2.09 13.9 <5 5 Total 10 Dissolved mg/l 235 508 686 319 248 303 <1000 1000 Solid (TDS) Total 11 Hardness as mg/l 204 392 496 <500 - CaCO3 12 Chloride mg/l 6 14 49 14 10 10 <250 250

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Groundwater Surface water WHO Limits WHO S.N. Parameters NEQS Limit Ziarat Lora Kohala River Subhian (drinking) Class V Unit Gambeer Masoom Valley Bala Haro pull

13 Fluoride mg/l 0.2 0.2 0.2 2.2 0.4 0.5 ≤1.5 1.5

14 Nitrate mg/l 1.78 9.75 18 ≤ 50 NS

15 Nitrite mg/l 0.0058 0.007 0.374 ≤ 3 NS

16 Phenol mg/l N/D N/D N/D <0.09 <0.05 N/D ---

17 Cyanide mg/l N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D ≤ 0.05 0.07

18 Cadmium mg/l N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D 0.01 0.003 >0.0039

19 Chromium mg/l N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D ≤0.05 0.05 >0.016

20 Copper mg/l 0.303 N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D 2 1-2 >0.018

21 Lead mg/l N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D ≤ 0.05 0.01 >0.082

22 Mercury mg/l N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D ≤ 0.001 0.001 >0.0024

23 Nickel mg/l N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D ≤ 0.02 0.02 >1.4

24 Silver mg/l 0.0032 N/D 0.009 N/D N/D 0.0168 1 NS

25 Zinc mg/l 0.352 0.0167 N/D 0.0058 0.0133 N/D 5 3 >0.12

26 Arsenic mg/l N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D ≤ 0.05 0.01 >0.36

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Groundwater Surface water WHO Limits WHO S.N. Parameters NEQS Limit Ziarat Lora Kohala River Subhian (drinking) Class V Unit Gambeer Masoom Valley Bala Haro pull

27 Barium mg/l 0.339 0.0469 0.104 0.099 0.157 0.0461 0.7 0.7

28 Aluminum mg/l 0.0658 N/D 0.0122 0.854 0.657 0.0547 ≤ 0.2 0.2 >0.75

29 Manganese mg/l 0.0283 N/D 0.045 0.377 0.0936 N/D ≤ 0.5 0.1-0.5

30 Boron mg/l 0.227 0.0667 0.124 0.047 0.124 0.0399 0.3 0.3

31 Iron mg/l 0.0564 0.0146 0.755 0.28 0.166 0.0656 -- 0.3

32 Selenium mg/l N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D 0.01 0.01

33 Antimony mg/l N/D N/D N/D 0.005 0.005

34 Pesticides N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D N/D - -

35 (BOD5) mg/l N/O N/O N/O 10 2 1 - -

36 (COD) mg/l N/O N/O N/O 29 5 2 - - >30 Total 37 Suspended mg/l N/O N/O N/O 1672 60 19 - - - Solid (TSS) 38 Oil & Grease mg/l N/O N/O N/O N/D N/D N/D - - -

39 Sulphate mg/l N/O N/O N/O 87 40 31 - - -

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Groundwater Surface water WHO Limits WHO S.N. Parameters NEQS Limit Ziarat Lora Kohala River Subhian (drinking) Class V Unit Gambeer Masoom Valley Bala Haro pull

40 Sulphide mg/l N/O N/O N/O N/D N/D N/D - - -

41 Ammonia mg/l N/O N/O N/O 2.3 1.9 2.7 - - - An-ionic 42 detergents (as mg/l N/O N/O N/O N/D N/D N/D - - - MBAs) 43 Chlorine mg/l N/O N/O N/O N/D N/D N/D - - -

Legend

N/O – Not Observed N/D – Not Detected

TCU – True Color Unit NTU – Nephelometric Turbidity Unit

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5.1.6 Land use

According the provincial Environmental Profile by KP EPA (June 2017), in KP, land is divided in different zones based on productivity and crop production. The proposed project area lies in Zone-8, Temperate & Sub-tropical Himalayan Foothills. The proposed project route passes through the mountainous region with hilly, plain, uncultivated, cultivated, residential and commercial land. Around 50% comprises of forested or barren hills. Another close to 10% comes under either as road or nullah beds. Major concern for the project will be the remaining 40% area, where close to 30% is under cultivation and more than 9% is the built-up area under residential or commercial use. Three main commercial areas fall along the alignment of proposed project: one in Ziarat masoom, another in Lora and the third one in Kohala Bala. From Lora to Kohala Bala, some poultry farms were also observed along the alignment. Agriculture and forest area land constitutes a minor portion whereas there is no industry located in this area. It is envisaged that major land acquisition is involved in market area where lot of shops and structure would be damaged. Table 5-4 shows the land utilization of the study area. Annexure-XIII shows detailed index map for land use. Table 5-4: Land Utilization of Study Area Area Percentage of S.N. Description (Acres) Total Area (%) 1 Settlement/Built-up Area 256.54 9.07% 2 Nullah/ Stream/Flood Plain 57.18 2.02% 3 Bare Rock, Gravel, Mountains, Hills 658.92 23.28% 4 Cultivated Area / Cropped Area / Terraces 857.70 30.31% 5 Hill Forest 831.26 29.37% Road Asphalt 6 168.40 5.95% (Road width as seems from Satellite Image) Grand Total 2830.00 100.00%

Note: The land use features have been digitized from high resolution satellite images. The area has been calculated using GIS software.

Figure 5-6: A General View of Land use in th Project Area

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5.1.7 Archeological and Historical / Places of Interest

Significant efforts were made to identify the archeological/historical sites falling within the proposed COI of the project area, but no historical site was found in the proposed project area. However, many places of interest are present in Haripur district. The archeological sites of Haripur district include the Julian and Sirsukh remains near Khanpur which part of the Taxila archeological complex are, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Other places of interest in the district include the Bhamala Stupa, Tarbela Dam and Khanpur Dam while in Abbottabad the places of interest are hill stations such as Thandiani, Nathiagali, Dungagali, Changla Gali, Miranjani, Mushkpori Top and Ayubia

5.2 Environmental Sensitive Receptors The structure coming within the 1km of ROW are categorized as sensitive receptors. Sensitive receptors and their respective sensitivity are listed in Table 5-5. A comprehensive map showing sensitive receptors of the project area such as surface water bodies, schools, Mosques, Graveyard, Dispensaries, etc. is given in Figure 5-7. Table 5-5: Environmental Sensitive Receptors and their Sensitivity

S.N. Name/Type of Physical Sensitive Receptor Remarks

A Educational institutions

1 Govt. Higher Secondary School, Ziarat Masoom Sensitivity due to access, dust, noise and vibrations especially in teaching 2 Quaid public School, Dhana hours during construction phase

3 Govt. Girls Primary School, Mari

4 Govt Primary School, Binani

5 Govt High School, Nagri Tutial

6 Govt Girls High School, Nagri Tutial Mudrasa, Jamia Islamia Khulfa Rashadeen, 7 Nagri Tutial 8 Rose Group of Colleges, Lora

9 The Tutor School System, Lora

10 Kiran Public School, Dhari Kyala Lora

11 Dar-e-Arqam, Lora

12 Govt Girls Middle School, Kunal Battal

13 Govt High School, Phalla

14 Govt Boys Primary School, Phalla

15 Sir Syed Public School and College, Ropar

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S.N. Name/Type of Physical Sensitive Receptor Remarks

16 Mudrasa Taleem ul Quran, Ropar

17 Govt Boys Middle School, Kohala Balla

18 Govt High Secondary School, Barkot Govt English Medium Primary School, Kohmal 19 Paien 20 Govt English Primary School, Makhniyal

B Health Institutions

1 Civil Dispensary, Changla Gali Sensitivity due to access, dust, noise and vibrations especially during Community Midwife Work Station, Ziarat 2 night during construction phase Masoom 3 D Type Hospital, Lora

4 Humayal Azam Maternity home, Lora

5 BHU, Phalla

C Mosques/Shrines/Graveyard

1 Graveyard, Chand mari Graveyard is sensitive due to access to fulfill the religious rituals in case 2 Graveyard, Chachan of death. 3 Graveyard, Ziarat Masoom

4 Mosque Jamia Ghosia, Ziarat Masoom

5 Graveyard, Hottla Dhana

6 Mosque Gulzara Habib, Hotla Dhana Chiki

7 Graveyard, Dhana Baloch

8 Madni Mosque\ Graveyard, Bhengra

9 Mosque\ Graveyard, Padranagali

10 Graveyard, Binani

11 Al fallah Mosque, Galli Panjoth

12 Graveyard, Mala Mola

13 Madni Mosque, Machna

14 Jamia Mosque Al-Fateh, Mala Mola

15 Mosque Sadiq e Akbar, Bhatti Madan Lora

16 Graveyard, Bhatti Madan Lora

17 Graveyard, Lora

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S.N. Name/Type of Physical Sensitive Receptor Remarks

18 Madni Mosque, Lora Syedna Umar Farooq, Mohalla Kohata Dhair 19 Kyala Lora 20 Mosque, Kund Battal

21 Graveyard, Kund Battal

22 Jamia Ghosia, Pull Ghambir

23 Mustafa Mosque, Slekh

24 Allahwali Mosque, Phalla Ropar

25 Graveyard, Ropar

26 Jamia Mosque Bilal, Ropar

27 Taqwa Mosque, Kohala Bala

28 Faroqia Mosque, Darkot Gali

29 Graveyard, Barkot

30 Jamia Mosque Yousaf, Makhniyal

31 Jamia Mosque Ghosia, Sangrari

32 Graveyard, Sangrari

33 Riaz-ul-Jannah Mosque, Pirsohawa

34 Silah-ud-Din Ayubi Mosque, Pirsohawa

D Important Buildings/sites Sensitivity due to noise, vibrations 1 Post Office, Ziarat Masoom and access at some places during construction phase E Residential Areas Chand Mari, Chachan, Ziarat Masoom, Hotla Sensitivity due to land sliding, noise Dhana, Bhengra, Mari, Binani, Nagri Tutial, and vibrations. Exposure to dust and 1. Mala Mola, Lora, Kund battal, Gambher, access problems may occur at certain Kohala Bala, Makhniyal, Sangrari and Pir locations during construction phase. Sohawa F Commercial Areas Sensitivity due to noise and Shops in Ziarat Masoom, Lora, Ghambeer, vibrations. Exposure to dust and 1. Kohala Bala access problems may occur at certain locations during construction phase.

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Figure 5-7: Sensitive Receptors of Project Area

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5.3 Ecological & Biodiversity Baseline

5.3.1 Introduction

Owing to its peculiar geographical position, Pakistan harbors a great diversity of flora. More than 6000 vascular plant species occur in this region (Stewart, 1972), out of which 5,600 species have been described to date in the Flora of Pakistan, representing 22 families and about 150 genera (Nasir & Ali, 1970-95). Four phytogeographical regions have been recognized in Pakistan, which help to explain the richness of its flora. 70% species are uniregional and about 30% of the species are bi- or pluri-regional. Among the uniregionals, the IranoTuranian element is the most common (46%), followed by the Sino-Japanese (10%), Saharo-Sindian (9.5%) and Indian (4.5%) elements (Ali & Qaiser, 1986).

Study area (Right of Way of 63.5 km existing road) is located between elevation of 1,524 m (Pirsohawa) and 2,522 m (Changla Gali) and represented by a range of varying microhabitat dominated by Blue Pine (Moist Temperate Zone); (Sub-Tropical Chir Pine Zone) and (Broad-Leaved Scrub Zone). The map shared above reveals number of sensitivities with reference to its ecological positioning, which is reflected as stars and circular spots, reflecting biodiversity hotspots and protected areas of varying categories ranging from National Park to reserve forests. The project for the sake of convenience can be divided in two parts, the construction phase and the operational phase. The construction of roads, though a short term and limited activity, but still poses potential threat of habitat fragmentation and also have 5-20 | P a g e

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influence to change hydrological dynamics, ultimately impacting the habitats and natural processes. The operational phase potentially linked to ambient air quality, incremental noise level due to vehicular movement, it has relatively much to interfere with fauna component of ecosystem, rather flora. The ecological survey of the proposed project has been carried out to assess the existing biodiversity of the area, as well as assess impacts of construction activities on flora and fauna particularly the number and type of trees to be cut /uprooted.

5.3.2 Approach and Methodology for Ecological Assessment

Vegetation Studies: Plant communities are complex phenomena which can be variously classified. Because of the individualistic distributions of species and the continuity of the communities, there is no single, natural unit of classification. Different choices of ways of defining community-types imply different classifications of the same vegetation3. The landscape ecological approach however illustrates the important relationships between spatial patterns and ecological processes and applied to solve environmental problems4. The vegetation was studied following the methods and concepts of Braun- Blanquet (19325), which is essentially a floristic ecological approach that establishes the relationship between vegetation with all its component species and characteristics of the habitat. The Braun Blanquet system of phytosociology has been employed widely in different eco-botanical regions for the sampling and classification of plant communities by various workers (Shimwell, 19716; Mirza, 19787; Baig, 19818; Mirkin and Naumova, 20099). The representative sampling stand from each study area (LEU) that is large enough to hold species of regular occurrence (minimal area)10 was selected and the vegetation data was recorded using quadrat of 10x10 m, 5x5 m and 1x1 m for trees, shrubs and herbs respectively11.

3 Whittaker R.H. 1978: Classification of Plant Communities. Dr. W. Junk bv Publishers. The Hauge, Boston. 4 Turner, M.G., R. H. Gardner and R. V. O'Neill 2001. Landscape Ecology in Theory and Practice. Springer- Verlag, New York, NY, USA. 5 Braun-Blanquet, J. 1932. Plant Sociology, the study of plant communities. Trans. G.D. Fuller and H.S. Conard. Mc Graw-Hill, New York. 6 Shimwell, D.W. 1971. The description and classification of vegetation. Sidgwish and Jackson, London. 7 Mirza, R.A. 1978. Ecological studies in the inland halophytic vegetation of the British Islands. Ph.D. diss. University of Manchester, UK. 8 Baig, M.S. 1981. Vegetation classification for evaluation of rangelands in arid zones. Pk.Soil.Bult.12. Soil Survey of Pakistan. 9 Mirkin, BM. and Naumova, LG. 2009. Braun-Blanquet method of vegetation classification in Russia. Zh. Obshch Biol.2009 Jan-Feb; 70(1):66-77. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19326856 retrieved 19-12-2018). 10 Whittakar, R.H. 1978. Classification of Plant Communities. Dr. W. Junk Publishers. The Hauge, Boston PP.219. 11 ibid 5-21 | P a g e

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Vegetation sampling in a forest using Vegetation sampling in a grass stand using 10x10m quadrat 1x1m quadrat

Figure 5-8: Sampling of Vegetation

The dominant plant communities with associated floristic composition have been presented with respect to Lower Western Himalayas Temperate forest; Subtropical Pine Forest and Subtropical Broad-leaved Forest habitats. The inventory of trees to be cut uprooted from the proposed Row of 34ft (40ft at curves) was also prepared through counting each species of size less than 6-inch, 6-16 inch and more than 16-inch diameter respectively and presented with reference to type of forests existing within the proposed project area. Faunal Studies: The survey methods for Large Mammals include: Stand counts; Camera surveys; Spotlight surveys and harvest data. The survey methods for birds include: point count; Transect count; Feeder counts and Nest box logs. Ideally, A combination of walkabout and refuge search techniques are ideally used for reptile survey along a survey route (called a transect) across study site. Visual search of pond and surrounding area; Netting in pond and Torching in pond are common techniques for amphibian survey. However, due to cold weather conditions, most of the animals are hibernated therefore, secondary information for the faunal species existing within/in vicinity of the study area has been documented.

5.3.3 Floristic Composition of the Area

The vegetation was studied based on the forest zones existing in the project area. The description of floristic composition in the forest zones is described as follows:

Blue Pine Moist Temperate Zone: The portion of project area (Road from Changla Gali to Ziarat Masoom road -8km) lies in Blue Pine Moist Temperate Zone. The main characteristic of this type of habitat is establishment of coniferous forests. These forests extend to dry temperate region at one side and to some extent in to alpine forests. The number of dominant species in this type of forest is small and in fact pure stands or

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mixture of two species are commonly found. The existing forest consists almost exclusively of Pinus wallichiana (Blue pine) with a small admixture of Cedrus deodara (Deodar) and Picea smithiana (Spruce). The shrubby undergrowth is present with Vibernum and Lonicera as characteristic genera. Some evergreen shrubs such as Sarcococa saligna, Daphne mucronata, Skimmia laureola and Strobilanthes wallichii are also found with. Other shrubs include Indigofera, Lonicera, Rosa, Desmodium, Rubus and Viburnum. The herbaceous flora includes Impatiens, Plectranthus, Senecio, Dipsacus and Heracleum. Climbers such as Rosa brunonii, Clematis spp. and Hedera nepalensis are frequent. Mosses and ferns grow fairly. These forests are “Reserve Forests” and have been protected from grazing resulting in prominent regeneration. The soil under these forests shows wide range but loam predominate. Fires are liable to sweep up in to these forests from the inflammable chir pine forests below them and do great damages. Subtropical Pine Forests Zone: The road alignment of 9 km from Ziarat Masoom to Nagri Tutial runs through pine forest zone. Pinus roxburghaii is the characteristic species of this zone that forms hole of the top canopy. In the center of its distribution there is usually little or no middle canopy except in depressions where the evergreen oaks and some of other deciduous associates may extend down from

Typical Blue Pine Moist Temperate Zone Subtropical Pine Forests Zone represented dominated by Pinus wallichiana (Blue Pine). by Pinus roxburghaii (Chir Pine).

Figure 5-9: Pine Trees in the Project Area

The temperate forest and trees of the tropical or semi-tropical deciduous forests spread up from below. There is heavy needle fall in these forests that are prone to fire unless special protective measures are taken. A major part of the chir zone has been cleared for cultivation and there is evidence of former clearing in many of the existing forests. Fire is a natural factor of the site occurring periodically from lightening. The dead material accumulated in the forests enhance fire

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spreading in the forest. Some portions of these forests are protected that exhibit good regeneration of pine trees. The unprotected parts of the forests are under heavy grazing. The floristic composition of this zone includes Pinus roxburghii as dominant species. Quercus incana, with occasional Lyonia ovalifolia and Rhododendron arboreum, occurs widely on the moister sites. Pistacia integerrima, Syzygium cumini, Mallotus philippinensis, Xylosma longifolium, Quercus glauca, Ficus spp. and other broadleaved trees spread up from lower down; Pyrus pashia may occur throughout the altitudinal range. The common shrubs at higher altitudes include Myrsine africana, Daphne, Lonicera, Rosa etc. and Carissa, Dodonaea, Woodfordia, etc. at lower elevations. Berberis and Indigofera, Reinwardtia and Rubus spp. occur throughout. Clematis, Smilax and Rosa are the only common climbing genera present. Typical herbaceous species include Viola, Valeriana and Senicio. The grasses include Heteropogan contortus, Chrysopogon, Bothriochloa, Themeda and Arundinella. The soils under this zone tend to be light and sandy loam and of moderate fertility. Much erosion of top soil has taken place through burning. Broad-Leaved Scrub Zone: The portion of road from Nagri Tutial to Makhniayl (36.5 km) is located in broad leaved scrub zone. This type of forest has branchy trees forming a canopy varying in density from complete cover under the most favorable conditions to scattered single trees or groups on dried sites, typically filed in with a shrub growth of varying density. The type of habitat is dominated by Olea ferruginea (kao). Other tree species include Diasporas lotus (Wild Amlook), Melia azedarach (Dhrek), Ailanthus altissima, (Ailanthus), Broussonetia papyrifera (Paper Mulburry), Dalbergia sissoo (Shisham), Robinia pseudoacacia (Kikar spp.), Morrus alba (Mulbury) and Populus euramericana (Poplar). The dominant shrubs are Punica grantum (Wild Pomegranate) andDodona burmanniawa (Sanatha). There is usually little ground vegetation most of the year but during rainy season a fairly complete cover of grass and herb may develop. There are no phanerogamic epiphytes and climbers are rather infrequent. Among the above-mentioned species, no endangered, threatened or vulnerable species as per IUCN Red List.

Figure 5-10: Scrub Forest at the Bank of Haro River

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The soils are shallow and dry and may overlies great variety of geological formations from sandstone, shale and quartzite.

5.3.4 Tree Inventory

The inventory of trees growing on left and right side of the existing road with proposed Right of Way of 35 ft at straight portions and 40ft at curves has been prepared. The tree species were counted with respect to their diameters of less than 6 inches (under size), 6- 16 inches (pole crop) and more than 16 inches (mature trees) respectively. Over all 5745 trees of various species were counted. Out of these 3815 trees are under size (<6” diameter), 1686 trees are pole crop (size 6”-16”) and 244 mature trees respectively that are expected to be cut/uprooted. The tree inventory is presented in the section on impacts and mitigations. The following Table 5-6 provides a list of trees found in the project area. Table 5-6: Tree Found in the Project Area

Vernacular/ S.N. Taxon Life Form Conservation Status12 Common name

Blue Pine Moist Temperate Zone 1 Pinus Wallichiana Blue Pine Tree LC 2 Prunu paidus Kalakhat Tree LC 3 Abies pindrow Fir, Partal Tree LC 4 Cedrus deodara Deodar Tree LC Bankhor / Chesnut 5 Aesculus indica Tree VU / Shah Baloot 6 Plecenthrus rugulus Kandar Tree LC 7 Salix babylonica Willow Tree Invasive 8 Pyrus pashia Batangi Tree Not assessed Sub-Tropical Chir Pine Zone 9 Pinus roxburghii Chir Pine Tree LC 10 Quercus Baloot Oak Tree Not assessed 11 Sacocoa slagina Ree Tree Not assessed 12 Juglans regia Walnut Tree LC 13 Robinia pseudoacacia Kikar Tree LC 14 Mallotus philippensis Komeela Tree Not assessed 15 Prunus persica Aroo Tree Not assessed 16 Diosypros lotus Amlok Tree LC

12 According to IUCN. LC stands for Least Concern 5-25 | P a g e

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Vernacular/ S.N. Taxon Life Form Conservation Status12 Common name

17 Pyrus pashia Batangi Tree Not assessed Broad-Leaved Scrub Zone 18 Olea ferruginea Kao Tree Not assessed 19 Diospyros lotus Wild Amlook Tree LC 20 Melia azedarach Dheek Tree Not assessed 21 Ailanthus altissima Ailanthus Tree Endangered 22 Broussonetia papyrifera Paper Mulburry Tree Alien & Invasive 23 Dalbergia sissoo Shisham Tree Not assessed 24 Robinia pseudoacacia Kikar Tree LC 25 Morus alba Mulbury Tree Not assessed 26 Bauhinia variegate Kachnar Tree LC 27 Populus euramericana Poplar Tree LC 28 Ficus carica Fig Tree LC 29 Salix babylonica Willow Tree Not assessed 30 Duranta repens Duranta Shrub Not assessed 31 Eucalyptus camaldulensis Sufaida Tree Introduced

5.3.5 Medicinal Plants

The medicinal plants observed/ reported from the study area are given in Table 5-7. There are reports of collections of herbs medicinally important and administratively categorized as NTFP (Non Timber Forest Products), to overcome the expected problem of overharvest; the resource has been protected under ABS (Access on Benefit Sharing) component of CBD (Convention of Biological diversity). Table 5-7: Medicinal Plant in the Project Area

Local S N. Botanical Name Life Form Status13 Name 1 Berberis lycium Royle. Sumbal Shrub Not assessed Geranium wallichianum D. 2 Ratanjot Perennial Herb Not assessed Don. 3 Paeonia emodi Wall. Mamaikh Perennial Herb Not assessed

13 IUCN Red List of Endangered Species 5-26 | P a g e

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Local S N. Botanical Name Life Form Status13 Name Podophyllum emodi Wall ex 4 Bankakri Perennial Herb Not assessed Royle. 5 Skimmia laureola DC. Neer Shrub Not assessed Mukhsh 6 Valeriana officinalis non L. Herb Not assessed Bala 7 Viola canescens Wall ex Roxb. Banafsha Herb / Shrub Not assessed

5.3.6 Protected Areas

The forest areas of Barkot, Lora and Ziarat Masoom is much degraded due to fuel wood and timber extraction and is characterized by sparse pine trees. The reserve forests at higher elevation are relatively intact. The main reserve forest area located in the proximity of subject road are shown in Table 5-8. Table 5-8: Forest Reserved Sites

Forest Reserved Site Area

Margalla Hills National Park Margalla Hills

Feroz Pur Reserved Area Makhniyal to Komal Gali

Barkot Reserved Forest Area Barkot

Tajwal Reserved Forest Nagri Tutial to Ziarat Masoom

5.3.7 Fauna of the Project Area

There are around 39 mammalian species reported from and vicinity of project area according to the wildlife department officials in Haripur. As per IUCN Red List, 34 of the reported species are categorized under Least Concern, while status of another 3 have not been assessed. Two mammalian species, namely panther and Indian pangolin are categorized as Vulnerable and Endangered respectively. The biological survey of the project area has been carried during winter season when almost all herpetofauna is hibernated. A total of 17 amphibians and reptiles have been reported from the area. 9 of them are categorized as Least Concern, while 7 have not been assessed. Data is deficient in case of Central Asian Cobra. None of the reptiles or amphibians is categorized as vulnerable, threatened or endangered. The complete list of reptiles and amphibian found in the area is tabulated in Annexure-XIV. The study area is the home of variety of species of avifauna. The record of birds reported from the study area based on secondary data shows a total of 39 species. Out of these, conservation status has not been assessed for two species, while 35 species are categorized as Least Concern. Two avifauna species, namely Cheer Pheasant and Laggar

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Falcon are categorized as Vulnerable and Near Threatened respectively. The common bird species with their conservation status is given in Annexure-XIV. List of faunal species having IUCN Red List status other than Least Concern or Not Assessed is given in the following Table 5-9. Table 5-9: Faunal Species of Special Concern Required14 from the Study Area

S.N. Scientific Names Common Names Local Names Class Status

1 Panthera pardus Panther or leopard Seehn, guldar Mammalia Vulnerable Manis 2 Indian Pangolin Chaunti Khor Mammalia Endangered crassicaudata 3 Catreus wallichii Cheer pheasant Avis Vulnerable Near 4 Falco jugger Laggar falcon Avis Threatened

5.4 Socio-economic Environment

5.4.1 Methodology to Assess Socio-economic Conditions

A sample-based survey was carried out to develop a socio–economic baseline of the general population along the proposed ROW. A sample of 470 respondents including 120 women was selected by applying random technique. This included 20% respondents from project affected households and 10% of the total households along the project area. The survey focused on the following features of the sample population. • Demographic characteristics • Education and literacy • Nature of business / occupation • Income and expenditure pattern • Income analysis and poverty level • Housing characteristics and amenities • Women’s role in socio–economic life • Conflict Resolution Mechanism

5.4.2 Survey Tool

The information was collected with the help of pre-designed social survey questionnaire (study tool) attached as Annexure-XV. The questions were formulated keeping in view the objectives of the study and type of respondents. The questionnaire was formulated in English and printed as such and the questions were asked in the local language understood by the respondents.

14 Source: Wildlife Department, Haripur 5-28 | P a g e

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5.4.3 Team Composition and Data Collection

A team of multi-disciplinary experts and data enumerator consisting of twelve (12) persons including sociologists, environmental engineers/scientists and data enumerators carried out this survey in the Project area.

5.5 Socio-Economic Profile

5.5.1 Administrative Setup

The Deputy Commissioner, being the district revenue collector, looks after revenue matters with the assistance of Assistant Commissioners at each sub-division (Tehsil). Each tehsil has a revenue set-up consisting of Tehsildar and Naib Tehsildar (Tehsildar is primarily a revenue officer and is responsible for the collection of land revenue and other dues payable to the government). Haripur and Abbottabad are both districts, part of the Hazara division. There are two constituencies of national and four KP assemblies in district Haripur and district Abbottabad each. The major portion of MC road falls in constituency NA-15 & 16 and KP-36 and 37. Haripur district consists of 44 Union Councils, while Abbottabad district consists of 35 union Councils. The proposed CGM road passes through 04 UCs of Abbottabad and 3 UCs of Haripur district.

5.5.2 Population & Gender

The key demographic statistics for Abbottabad and Haripur districts as per Census 2017 are given in the Table below:

Abbottabad Haripur

Total Population 1,332,912 1,003,031 Growth Rate 2.20% 1.97% Total Area 1967 km2 1725 km2 Population Density 677 581 Sex Ratio 1.03 0.99

Source: DCR, 2017, Haripur & Abbottabad Districts). During the socio-economic survey for the ESIA, total 470 respondents were contacted, comprising of 74% males and 26% females. Efforts were made to include the majority of the population in the sample and contact the maximum population during the survey. Below given table shows Gender ratio of the respondents interviewed is given in the Table 5-10.

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Table 5-10: Gender Ratio of the Respondents

S.N. Gender Ratio Number Percentage

1 Male 350 74

2 Female 120 26

Total 470 100

5.5.3 Age Composition of the Respondents

The age distribution of the respondents is given below in Table 5-11. The age statistics reflects that 16% respondents fall between the age group of 15-25 years, 33% between 26-35 years, 28% between the age group of 36-45 years. The 24% were more than 45 years of age. These age brackets show that the respondents interviewed were mature enough to express their opinion/concerns about development of this road project. Table 5-11: Age Composition of the Respondents

S.N. Frequency Distribution Number Percentage 1 15 – 25 74 16 2 26 – 35 154 32 3 36 – 45 130 28 4 46 and above 112 24 Total 470 100

5.5.4 Ethnicity

The people of Abbottabad & Haripur Districts in the project corridor belong to Karlals, Jadoon, Gujjar, Malik, Tanoli, Dhund, Abbasi, Syed (Sadaat), Awan (tribe), Tareen, Qureshi, Piracha, Mir and Mughals clans. The people of both Districts are known to be brave, hospitable and generous. (Source: DCR, 1998, Haripur & Abbottabad Districts). Table 5-12 shows most common ethnic groups found in the surveyed villages: Table 5-12: Ethnic Structure of the Respondents

S.N. Ethnic Group Number Percentage 1 Abbasi 165 35 2 Gujjar 134 29 3 Malik 67 14 4 Balouch 27 6 5 Khola 20 4 6 Rajpoot 17 4

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7 Jadoon 13 3 8 Mughal 12 3 9 Syed/Khan/Sheikh 15 3 Total 470 100

5.5.5 Languages

Hindko is the predominant language of the districts and is spoken by more than 70% of the people. Other languages spoken include Urdu, Gojri, Potohari, Pashto and Pahaari. English is also widely understood among the educated segment of the local population.

5.5.6 Religion

The predominant religion in both districts is Islam (99.67% of the population). A negligible proportion of the population belongs to religious minorities, including Christians, Hindus, Qadiani / Ahmadi. During the socio-economic survey of the area, no minority members were reported to reside there. All the respondents interviewed i.e. 100 percent were Muslims and reported their religion Islam.

5.5.7 Family Life

Mostly people live with their parents. Families live in a shared house and share all productive resources such as land, crops, trees and cattle. The internal domestic management and arrangements are in the hands of the elder women of the family. She can be a mother, grandmother or wife of an elder brother. The external matters are dealt by the head of the household, a man who can be the father, grandfather or elder brother. 87% respondents of the socio-economic survey were married. However, survey result shows that 80% respondents were living in joint family system, where grandparents are living under same roof with their children and 20% respondents reported nuclear family system. The figures are shown in Table 5-13. Table 5-13: Family System of the Respondents

S. N. Family System Numbers Percentage 1 Joint 376 80 2 Nuclear 94 20 Total 470 100

5.5.8 Social Organization

Social organization revolves around autonomous Khel (i.e. lineage which is now called caste) wherein all people are blood related and a link from ten to twelve generations makes one Khel. Organizationally, up to this extent, the people physically or financially

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help each other much more and they stay united against any type of threats. Usually, the elders constitute the Jirga (council of elders) which decides the issues and keep the tribes united. The members of Jirga are not nominated by government but the community recognizes a person as its Malik who dedicates himself to community services and gets recognized by fellow community members and the government agencies. The main roles and responsibilities of a Malik are to resolve conflicts and disputes within the community and representation of the community in a Jirga or at other social platforms.

5.5.9 Literacy Rate

The overall literacy rate in Abbottabad District is 64.29% and in Haripur is 31.3%. The female literacy rate in Abbottabad & Haripur District is only 49.44% & 17.35%, compared to male literacy of 78.51% & 44.35%, respectively. However, the situation is now improving. According to Alif Ailan, Haripur ranked first in the entire country in 2017 in educational performance, while Abbottabad stood at 16th. Government education policy lays special emphasis on primary education because it is necessary for raising literacy rate. The numeric detail of educational institutes in the two districts is given in Table 5-14. Table 5-14: Educational Institution by Sex (1997-98)

Haripur Abbottabad S.N. Educational Institution Total Male Female Male Female 1 Ayub Medical College 1 2 Govt Post Graduate College 1 0 1 0 2 3 Degree Colleges 1 1 5 1 8 Inter College / Higher 4 7 3 7 3 20 Secondary School 5 Govt Polytechnic Institute 1 0 0 0 1 6 High Schools 63 15 62 24 164 7 Middle Schools 56 27 68 40 191 8 Primary Schools 656 251 523 455 1885 9 Other Model Schools 0 0 1 5 6

Source: DCR of Haripur & Abbottabad Districts, 1998 Educational status of the respondents is shown in Table 5-15. Only 09% respondents were graduates and above.

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Table 5-15: Educational Status of the Respondents

Sr. No. Educational Level Number Percentage 1 Illiterate 125 27 2 Primary 70 15 3 Middle 60 13 4 Matric 133 28 5 Intermediate 39 8 6 B.A & above 43 9 Total 470 100

There are some 20 educational institutions that fall within the project COI, as listed in the section on Environmentally Sensitive Receptors. In the surveyed villages, 44% respondents stated they had educational facilities available to them in their villages from primary to matriculation level. However, 56% respondents stated they did not have educational facilities in their villages, where education facility is not available, parents have to send their children to the nearest village where this facility is available.

5.5.10 Health Facilities

The project districts are relatively well served in terms of health facilities, as the numbers in below table suggest: Table 5-16: Health Facilities in Project District

S.N. Type of Facility Haripur Abbottabad Total 1 Civil Hospital 2 6 8 2 DHQ Hospital 1 1 2 3 BHUs 39 49 98 4 RHCs 5 4 9 5 Dispensaries 12 32 44 6 MCH Center 2 2

At present in Haripur there are two Civil Hospitals, one in Khalabat Township while the other is functioning in village Rehana. Besides this there are Ayub Medical Complex, Cantonment Hospital and a T.B Hospital functioning in the district. There are five medical facilities that fall within the project COI, as listed in the section on Environmentally Sensitive Receptors. During the socio-economic survey, only 58% respondents reported having availed the facilities of Basic Health Units (BHUs) by the Government. 5-33 | P a g e

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5.5.11 Professions/ Occupations

The economically active population of Haripur district as per1998 census was 18.6 percent of the total population. The economically active population of the Abbottabad district compromises about 176 thousand souls. During the social survey, efforts were made to interview the respondents from all walks of life. The detailed statistics regarding occupational status of the respondents are given in Table 5-17. Table 5-17: Occupational Status of Respondent

S.N. Profession Numbers Percentage 1 Businessmen/ shopkeepers 152 32 2 House Wife 90 19 3 Labor/Workers 90 19 4 Agriculture 30 6 5 Drivers 20 4 6 Govt Employee 21 5 7 Private Job 17 3 8 Student 10 2 9 Jobless 40 9 Total 470 100

5.5.12 Average Income& Expenditure

Table 5-18 presents average monthly income and expenditures trend for the respondents. Table 5-18: Average Monthly Income & Expenditure

Average Monthly Range Income Expenditure S.N. (Rs.) Number % Number % 1 less than 10,000 56 12 150 32 2 10,001- 20,000 244 52 211 45 3 20,001- 30,000 103 22 61 13 4 30,001- 40,000 20 4 24 5 5 Above 40,000 47 10 24 5 Total 470 100 470 100 It is interesting to note that people under almost all income range categories are able to keep their expenditure well within their incomes, which must result in reasonable savings. Only the middle class of the area (income range 30-40 k) seems to spend a little more than what they earn.

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5.5.13 Ownership Status of the Houses

Respondents were also asked about the ownership status of their houses in order to assess their economic status. The data Table 5-19 reveals that most residents of the area live in their own houses. Table 5-19: Ownership Status of the Houses

S.N. Type of Ownership of House Number Percentage 1 Owner 456 97 2 Renter 9 2 3 Provided by Government 5 1 Total 470 100

5.5.14 Construction Type of the Houses

Most of the houses in the area are Pucca Houses, as would be expected where trend of net saving exists. Table 5-20 shows the construction type of the houses owned by the respondents. Table 5-20: Construction Type of the Houses

S.N. Type of House Number Percentage 1 Pacca 423 90 2 Semi Pacca 36 8 3 Kacha 11 2 Total 470 100

5.5.15 Irrigation Pattern

Despite the fact that more than 30% area in the project COI is categorized as cultivated area, agriculture is not a booming practice in the Project area due to scarcity of water and its dependency on rain water (Barani area). People have developed plain lands into agriculture lands, but its fertility and yield are entirely dependent on rain water. Even though the rainwater is available almost every month, its pattern has become erratic in the recent past, according to the local population. Some people have installed tube-wells to irrigate their lands, but it is not a common choice because water table in the area is very low and installation of tube-wells is very costly, which is not economically viable. It was reported during field survey that 100% respondents rely on rain water for irrigation purpose because there is no canal distribution system in that area.

5.5.16 Cropping Pattern and Average Yields

The major crops grown in Project area are maize and wheat. A few numbers of villages sow vegetables potato and peas and orchards of apricot and walnut were also observed in

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Project area. According to survey finding the average yield of major crops in Project area is 12 maunds per acre for each crop.

5.5.17 Livestock

Livestock is significant source of income in the project area. Milk selling to fulfill the daily livelihood requirements and selling of animals at some important occasion in the family to meet financial requirements is common practice. More than half of the area people rely on livestock as the secondary source of income. Table 5-21: Possession of Livestock by the Respondents

S.N. Possession of Livestock Number Percentage (%) 1 Yes 278 59% 2 No 192 41% Total 470 100

5.6 Social Amenities a) Water

Almost all the area residents use water from the natural springs for potable and domestic use. In 34% of the cases, the spring water is piped through water supply schemes, generally provided by government and maintained by local community with their mutual contributions. The remaining area residents have to fetch water from their nearby spring for their use. The residents reported their satisfaction about the water quality, though the water analysis conducted for this assignment shows that it needs proper treatment before human consumption. Table 5-22: Quality of Water Reported by the Respondents

S.N. Quality of Water Number Percentage (%)

1 Sweet 465 99

2 Brackish/not good 5 1

Total 470 100

b) Electricity

The survey found that electricity is available to around 87% of the households.

c) Fuel

Only 15%respondents are enjoying the natural gas facility provided by Government; while, significant number of respondents85% have to use wood or gas cylinders for fuel purpose.

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d) Telephone Facility

Most of the people use mobile telephone facility; however, the landline telephone facility is also available in the surveyed area, though it is used by only 24% respondents.

e) Sewerage System

A proper sewerage system is not available in the Project villages. However, the local residents use small open drains and septic tanks system made on self-help basis.

5.6.1 Non-agriculture Employment Opportunities

The project route is away from any industrial unit, there are few stone crushers along the route near the bank of streams. Three main commercial areas fall along the alignment of proposed project: one in Ziarat Masoom, another in Lora and the third one in Kohala Bala. From Lora to Kohala Bala, some poultry farms also exist along the alignment.

5.6.2 Transportation and Accessibility

A new expressway (E-35) is in operation from Burhan interchange on M-1 up to shah Maqsood interchange near Haripur which connects Haripur/Abbottabad with Islamabad/Peshawar. A road also connects Shah Maqsood interchange on E-35 with proposed project route at Kohala Bala. Major mode of transportation in the Project area includes mini buses, cars, vans, jeeps, tractor trolleys, passenger buses and trucks. Traffic count survey was held at eight different sections of the proposed road (Changla Gali – Tajwal Road, Tajwal Road – Ziarat Masoom, Ziarat Masoom – Padranagali, Padranagali – Nagri Tutial, Nagri Tutial – Malamoola, Malamoola – Dhund Haro River Bridge, Dhund Haro River Bridge – Lora and Lora – Kohala Bala) and including traffic of all categories. Traffic count survey is given below in Table 5-23 and detail tables of traffic study report are attached as Annexure-IV. Existing traffic count for all type of vehicles which used CGM road in 2018 is 7041 and after 25 years it is expected to increase upto 12244. An average 19 road accidents have been reported per month from August 2017 to October 2018. Table 5-23: Traffic Count Survey Wagons Trucks 3 Multi Motor Cars / Trucks 2 /Pickups / Buses Axle Axle cycles Jeeps Axle Rigid Minibuses Rigid Veh. Changla Gali to 223 427 150 1 36 0 1 Tajwal Road

Tajwal Road to 223 427 150 1 36 0 1 Ziarat Masoom

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Wagons Trucks 3 Multi Motor Cars / Trucks 2 /Pickups / Buses Axle Axle cycles Jeeps Axle Rigid Minibuses Rigid Veh. Ziarat Masoom to 150 350 115 0 10 0 0 Padranagali

Padranagali to Nagri 10 5 1 0 0 0 0 Tutial

Nagri Tutial to 732 668 113 7 13 1 21 Malmoola

Malmoola to Dhund 732 668 113 7 13 1 21 Haro River Bridge

Dhund Haro River 732 668 113 7 13 1 21 Bridge to Lora Road

Lora Road to Kohala 1167 1023 242 41 46 0 18 Bala

5.7 Perceived Socio-economic Impacts

a) Positive Impacts

Table 5-24 provides the positive socio-economic impacts perceived by the respondents. Almost all the respondents perceived that the construction of CGM road will increase employment opportunities and income generation in the area. Table 5-24: Positive Socio-economic Impacts Perceived by the Respondents Increase Percentage Decrease Percentage S.N. Possible Impact % % % % Employment Opportunities 1 464 99% 6 1% Increase 2 Mobility access 316 67% 154 33% Increase in marketing 3 446 95% 24 5% Opportunities 4 income generating activities 461 98% 9 2%

5 Increase in living standard 328 70% 142 30%

6 Unemployment 155 33% 315 67%

b) Apprehensions Raised by the Respondents

Although, above discussion shows the positive socio-economic impacts perceived by the respondents, yet they have certain apprehensions/ concerns against the positive perception. About 01% respondents had apprehension against the

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employment opportunities, whether, management of hotel and other businessman prefer local people for provision of jobs or not. About 33% had apprehended that due to huge rush on road mobility access may decrease, 05% were skeptical about new market establishment. 02% apprehension about the increase of economic activities because most of the subcontracts by the hotel and market are awarded jobs to outsiders and local are not given priority.

5.8 Awareness Regarding the Proposed Project A large number of respondents 99% were aware of the proposed Project while only 1% was those, who had no prior knowledge of the Project Table 5-25. Table 5-25: Awarness of the Project

S.N. Awareness of the Project Number Percentage

1 Yes 465 99

2 No 5 1

Total 470 100

5.9 Acceptability about the Project Table 5-26. shows the acceptability of the project during the survey, 91% respondents were in favor of construction of CGM road project considering it beneficial for the local economy, whereas 09% respondents were against the construction of road due to land acquisition/Resettlement issues. Table 5-26: Acceptability about the Project

S. N. Project Acceptability Number Percentage

1 Yes 430 91

2 No 40 9

Total 470 100

5.10 Women Issues and Development Needs In order to ensure gender issues are sufficiently identified, women issues were identified through survey tool, gender situation survey Performa attached as Annexure-XV. The women were interviewed by female staff to determine their access to social amenities like education and health facilities, participation in household income generating activities and decision making, project impacts on mobility of women and to record gender concerns if any and provide appropriate mitigation plan if required. Besides, during consultation separate focus group discussions were also arranged with women at selected points in affected villages to address the overall gender issues. FGDs analyzed the existing situation of the affected communities from gender perspective, assessed the

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possible project impacts on women of the affected villages and recommended actions to improve gender dimensions.

5.11 Women Survey Finding During Socio-economic assessment women (26% of population surveyed) from the project area were interviewed by the female staff to collect information related to socio- economic conditions of women, available education and health facilities, project related awareness, anticipated project impacts on mobility of women and their concerns if any. During survey, it was observed that the women in project affected villages mainly resides in the house and do household works. However, few women were found engaged in nursing and stitching at home. The project route is passing through the rural areas and women in the area also engage in activities such as fetching drinking water, collecting firewood, washing clothes, livestock grazing, etc. As per level of awareness on the project, most women were aware of the construction of road project. As per level of awareness on the project, most women were aware of the construction of road project. Women are generally excluded from decision-making processes. At the household level, a male elder, often also the head of the household is in control. He makes all decisions regarding the household, including those related to household income and its sources, education, health, marriage and conflicts. When needed, he consults with other male members. During public consultation sessions with the females, it was observed that very few girls travel for higher education or accessing vocational facilities located in the urban centers and occasionally travels for consulting doctors. But women working in the agriculture fields feared that their routine movements may disturb during and after the construction of the road.

5.12 Privacy Issue As the project route is passing through the rural areas and rural community, women activities in the field (such as fetching of drinking water, collecting firewood, washing clothes, livestock grazing activities etc.) may be affected due to the road construction activities. Moreover, labor influx for construction works can lead to a variety of adverse social and environmental risks and impacts such as risk of social conflict, increased risk of illicit behavior and crime, influx of additional population (followers), impacts on community dynamics and increased burden and competition for public services and natural resources. The risks of these occurrences and their mitigation will be assessed in the project ESIA, ESMP and actions incorporated into the Contractor ESMP (CESMP).

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6 PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE

6.1 General The consultation and information disclosure to the Project Affected Persons (PAPs) and other stakeholders during project planning, designing and implementation stages is a key to sustainable development. Likewise, participation of stakeholders is essential to meet the objectives of meaningful consultation for preparation of ESIA. Project Affected persons (PAPs) and other stakeholders from different fields of life were consulted meaningfully to learn their concerns and adopt appropriate measure in project design and disseminate requisite information about project impacts, Bank policy guidelines and ESIA parameters.

6.2 Objectives and Principles of Consultation The stakeholder consultation process provides a forum where information relevant to the project is disseminated to and asked from the stakeholder. This participation is necessary because it paves a pathway between the investor and the public and enables the provision of much needed local knowledge and indigenous know-how which must be integrated into the project design. This not only fosters goodwill and success in the project but also leads to a conflict- free project implementation. The stakeholders including regulators, government representatives and the NGOs were met to appraise and discuss the environmental and social perspective of project activities. Their valuable concerns and suggestions were noted and thereafter incorporated in the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment process and study. This section describes the outcomes of the public consultation sessions held with different stakeholders that may be affected by the project. The consultation process was carried out in accordance with the World Bank Guidelines on public consultation. In order to meet the criteria of meaningful consultation process, consultations were held with PAPs from early stages of the project. Initially, at the start of the field surveys for the collection of socio-economic data in June& July 2018, a series of consultation sessions were held with the PAPs. These consultation meetings proved very useful in information sharing and consensus building. Concerns raised during the socio-economic survey and preliminary village meetings were incorporated in the ESIA. The consultation process will continue with the stakeholders to share the latest development interventions in the project and solicit responses from the PAPs/DPs, the consultation sessions were held in different villages/mouzas of project area. After the approval, Copies of the ESIA shall be made available to communities and interested parties in accessible locations through local government authorities, (e.g. Village councils, district offices etc.)

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At this stage, specific objectives of the public consultation were as follows: • Share information with stakeholders on the construction of the proposed Motorway and expected impacts on the physical, biological and socio-economic environment of the project corridor; • Understand stakeholders’ concerns regarding various aspects of the project, including the existing available transport facilities, construction of the new Motorway and the likely impacts of construction related activities and operation of the Project; • Understand the perceptions, assessment of social impacts and concerns of the affected people/ communities in the nearby vicinity of the newly proposed alignment for the Motorway; • Provide an opportunity to the public to provide valuable suggestions in the project design in a positive manner; • Reduce the chances of conflict through the early identification of controversial issues and consult them to find acceptable solutions.

6.3 Project Stakeholders Project stakeholders were engaged in the review and discussions on various project aspects social and environmental issues at the early stage of impact assessments for feedback. There are two categories of stakeholders in project.

Individual / All project affected persons, households and communities. community Project beneficiaries for instance, residents of the project area, users stakeholders of the road, vulnerable and gender.

C&W, Wildlife department, Forest department, Agriculture department, revenue department, WAPDA, Police, Irrigation, PTCL Institutional and Environment department Stakeholders The contractors, construction workers, financing institutions like the World Bank, mass media/civil society members, consultants and project advisors.

Public Disclosure of Information, which give high priority to public consultation and participation in designing and implementation of a socially and environmentally responsible project, is derived from various policy / legislative tools, as summarized in Table 6-1. Table 6-1: Frameworks for Consultation

Legal/Policy Source Regulations/Safeguard Policy requirements

Government of • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1997 Guidelines for Pakistan Public Consultation requires public consultation and involvement in project planning and implementation. The policy and procedures require proponents to consult with affected

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Legal/Policy Source Regulations/Safeguard Policy requirements community and relevant NGO during preparation reports. The guidelines contain a number of references of need for Public Involvement. • Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (PEPA) Regulations, 2000.

World Bank • OP.4.01, Clause 15 described that for all Categories A and B projects proposed for IBRD or IDA financing, during the EA process, the borrower consults project-affected groups and local nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) about the project’s environmental aspects and takes their views into account. The borrower initiates such consultations as early as possible. In addition, the borrower consults with such groups throughout project implementation as necessary to address EA-related issues that affect them.

6.4 Modes of Consultations The following forums were used to carry out the public consultations process. • Consultative meetings held with the general stakeholders • Scoping sessions held with local communities • Focus group discussions held with main road users such as drivers, daily travelers, etc. The concerns raised by the stakeholders were considered in developing the ESIA, in order to enhance project acceptability among the general public on social considerations. Table 6-2 provides a summary of the public consultations. Table 6-2: Summary of Consultation Meeting with PAPs

No. of S.N. Village/ Mouza Venue Date Participations

1 Ziarat Masoom Main Bazar 09-06-2018 15

2 Ziarat Masoom Main Bazar 09-06-2018 13 DaraIftiqar Abbasi 3 Dhana Hothla 10-06-2018 13 Canceller Dara Abdul Quyyam 4 Bhangra 11-06-2018 15 Nazim 5 Nagri Tuttial Dera Gul Bahar 12-06-2018 18

6 Nagri Tuttial Main Bazar 12-06-2018 14

7 Mulamula Shop Aman-Ul-Haq 13-06-2018 11

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No. of S.N. Village/ Mouza Venue Date Participations

8 Lora Dara Gul Naz 13-06-2018 15

9 Kund Battla Jamia Masjid 14-06-2018 13

10 Ghambir Main chowk 04-07-18 10

11 Kohala Bala Main Chowk 05-07-18 17

12 Makhniyal Sangra Gali Stop 08-07-18 11

Table 6-3: Summary of Comsultation Meeting with Institutional Stakeholders

S.N. City Offices Date

District Police Officer, Deputy Commissioner, 1 Haripur Public Health Engr, District Forest Officer, 06-07-2018 DO Agriculture, Wildlife (DWO) Public Health Engr, Wild Life (DWO), 2 Abbottabad Director GDA, SDO C&W, SDO Irrigation, 09-07-2018 DEO Environment, District Forest Officer SDO C&W, Executive Engr WAPDA, 3 Haripur Executive Engr PTCL, Land Acquisition 12-07-2018 Collector (LAC)

6.5 Approach Adopted for the Consultation To hold the meetings, peoples were informed one day before the meeting to assemble on the Dera of village head man/representative of each village. In addition, announcements were also made via loud speakers of mosque in different village about the meetings. The meetings were held in an open encouraging atmosphere where people expressed their concerns and views freely. Formal meeting with female, vulnerable and disabled of the affected community were also conducted, to explore their needs, problems and priorities related to project execution. In addition to the formal meeting, individual meetings were also held with the affected females to efficiently involve them in planning process.

6.6 Information Disseminated Following issues were discussed and disclosed to the DPs during the consultation meetings: • Introduction of the project; • Description of various project components, its activities and impacts; • Discuss social and environmental impacts;

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• Discuss overall land acquisition and resettlement related impacts of the project and • Needs, priorities and reactions of the affected people regarding the proposed.

6.7 Stakeholders Concerns towards the Project As per stakeholders, the proposed CGM Road Project will have several impacts of varying significance. Despite the impacts, the affected communities have a friendly attitude towards the Project although there was some opposition, particularly arising due to lack of information regarding compensation assistance and resettlement, at the beginning of the environment and social assessment. The interest of the PAPs was evident regarding different impacts, community consultation, compensation, awareness about the project and mode of community support for the project. Some concerns were raised by the participants, particularly with regard to environmental and social impacts of the project. Table 6-4 shows concerns and responses from the village level consultation meetings while photolog of consultation meeting is given in Figure 6-1. Table 6-4: Issues and Findings of the PAPs Consultation Meetings

S.N. Key Topic Concerns raised Responses

Compensation issues in relation to LARP will be prepared and loss of assets due to the project Compensation Compensation rates will be 1 interventions, compensation rates for assets lost decided as per the law and in and timely disbursement of consultation with local people. compensation.

The compensation rates will be Compensation rates should be Principles and based on negotiations with the disclosed to the local people and procedures of local communities to reflect the 2 finalized with the consent of rate assessment replacement value of the assets affected people according to the acquired. However, it will be done market rate. by the DC.

During the construction phase the project will result in causing The contractor will be required to inconvenience to the nearby ensure that construction work residents and affect their daily does not hinder local people’s activities. Especially the ones who Inconvenience access to the local route and their 3 need to dislocate, will be affected to Local people ability to cross it safely. significantly. The graves will not be affected. The road construction should avoid Dismantling of mosques will be the schools, settlements as well as avoided to the extent possible. some sensitive location (i.e. shrine, mosques, graveyard etc.).

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S.N. Key Topic Concerns raised Responses

A number of measures have been included in the project to control Minimize the effects of noise, dust, dust and noise. The contractor will vibration, traffic and lighting Control over be bound to follow such steps, as 4 associated with construction dust and noise described in the ESMP. Traffic activities on the communities living management plan will be near the project area implemented during construction phase.

Local people will be involved in Some PAPs indicated that they Lack of trust in various project committees to could not rely on the local 5 Local increase their confidence. government to deal with land government Proper Grievance Redressal acquisition and resettlement Mechanism will be put in place.

The construction of this road would increase and improve their There were also demands to accessibility to high schools, provide basic civic amenities like health facilities, banks and fuel New civic 6 dispensary, high school especially stations and enhance business and Amenities for female and vocational training employment opportunities in the institute. area. However, direct provision of new civic facilities is not under the mandate of this project.

Loss of income to local people due to acquisition / change in their commercial property should be The contractor will be bound compensated through employment to give preference in Income / opportunities. employment to locals. Effort will 7 Employment Poor people should be given special be made to engage poor and attention for employment during vulnerable during the construction construction stage and establish stage of the project. vocational training centers for local people.

World Bank should ensure strict monitoring during compensation Monitoring and payment to the PAPs. Internal and external monitoring 8 Implementation Implementation of the project of the project will be carried out. of project without any delays and completes the project as soon as possible.

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S.N. Key Topic Concerns raised Responses

The presence of outside labor should not restrict the movement of local women working in nearby fields.

Elderly women with less exposure, the illiterate and those with no male support shared that they have no Measures have been proposed to Fears and idea about the procedures regarding minimize impact on gender 9 Concerns of compensation. mobility and houses. GRM is also Women put in place. They feared that even if they are compensated, they will not be able to properly utilize the money.

They shared that there is no platform or forum at the village level through which women can voice their problems.

6.8 Consultation with Institutional Stakeholders Table 6-5 shows the concerns of institutional stakeholders while photolog of consultation meeting is given in Figure 6-1. Table 6-5:Concerns of Rlevant Government Departments

Respondent/ S.N. Concern Response Department 1 Chief The CCF was of the opinion that due to different The minimum tree Conservator of mega projects like CPEC & other cutting will be Forests (CCF), developmental projects, the ecology & overall suggested/recommended Hazara Region: environment of the region is already damaged in ESIA report. Line Javed Arshad and no compensations were made to the departments will be & Ijaz Qadir concerned line departments for implementation taken onboard at various Conservator of of mitigations plans. forums and for different Forests (CF), CF commented that the above issues are leading activities like tree Lower Hazara to the environmental suicide and if the project plantation. at Abbottabad, decision makers could not take appropriate KP Forest measures to sustain the biodiversity in the Department. project area then the project should be stopped because of high threats to the ecology. The road may be constructed but not at the cost of environment.

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Respondent/ S.N. Concern Response Department 2 Conservator of The CF Watershed did not agree with road Noted Down. Forests / construction because of the fragile ecosystem of Project Director the area. He suggested that only unavoidable Watershed: roads may be constructed and showed serious Sagheer Ahmad reservations on road construction interventions Malik in the area. & Divisional The DFO Gallies was agreed to some extent for Forest Officer the development of eco-tourism in the region Gallies: Sardar through the proposed road but not at the cost of Saleem at Environment. Abbottabad KP Forest Department. 3 Environmental The Director EPA was busy elsewhere in a - Protection meeting. The project was introduced to his staff Agency (EPA) with massage to covey the information to the office, Director. Abbottabad: Monitoring Inspectors: Naveed Anjum and Abrar Ahmad 4 DFO Only the unavoidable activities should be taken The officials were Abbottabad during the construction of proposed road. briefed that many Wildlife The construction will definitely cause short & wildlife protection Division long term negative impacts on wild species of measures have been Iftikhar-ur- the area. A National Park has already been incorporated in the Zaman KP proposed for the protection of wildlife in the design to ensure Wildlife area. He proposed that a breeding & recuse minimum damage is Department. centre should be developed under the project caused to wildlife. The with consultation of Wildlife Department KP to line department is manage any potential losses to the worthy welcome to make any wildlife due to the proposed road alignment. suggestions to further improve the suggested mitigation measures. 5 Sub Divisional The officials were briefed about the proposed - Forest Officer interventions & detailed discussions made on Haripur: Legal status and situation of forests in the Zuhaib Hasan region. & Sub Divisional Forest Officer Makniyal: M. Asif

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Respondent/ S.N. Concern Response Department 6 Sub Divisional The official suggested to avoid habitat losses Noted Down. Wildlife during construction. He also shared secondary Officer, data on wildlife of the study area. Haripur, Muhammad Awais. 7 Inspector The official was briefed about the project and Noted Down. Fisheries asked the scope of fisheries in respect of the Department proposed project. He shared with Consultants Haripur. team that there is no scope of fisheries development due to decreasing water flow in the Haro River. 8 Lecturer in The professional recommended to avoid Noted Down. Wildlife at damage to Wildlife/Fauna during construction University of of road as the surrounding areas are home to Haripur: Dr. different wildlife species. Kabeer Data was shared between the Experts and concluded the session after detailed discussions on fauna of the area. 9 Community The community representatives were briefed Noted Down. representatives about the environmental concerns of the project. at Ziarat They were informed about the positive impacts Masoom, Nagri (e.g. increase in tourism and consequent Tutial and Bind economic enhancement of the area) and Kayana Jabri negative impacts (e.g.) cutting of trees, traffic congestion, water and air pollution caused due to project intervention. Community representatives unanimously showed their support for widening of the existing road. 10 Police According to DPO, provide proper security to Noted local people during construction phase. 11 Public Health Underground water pipe line should be avoided Noted Engineering to damage. Shift pipelines step by step to minimize the effect of water supply. 12 Agriculture According to Agriculture officer agriculture Compensation will be land will decrease, during construction crop provided as per agreed yield will also decrease due to blasting and process cutting rocks. 13 PTCL According to XEN Telecommunication save the Noted underground cable of PTCL.

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Consultation meeting at village Makhniyal Consultation meeting at village Ziarat Masoom

Consultation meeting at village Gambhir Gender Consultation meeting at village Chan Mari

Meeting with DFO Haripur Meeting with Director GDA Abbottabad

Figure 6-1: Photo Log of Public Consultation Meetings

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6.9 Pressing Needs of the Consulted Villages Suggested by Local People Local people were also inquired about the pressing needs of the project area as perceived by them. The foremost preferred needs are upgrading of schools, hospital/ dispensary, provision of gas, vocational training, preference to locals in road construction work and water supply. Due to restricted mobility, they suggested friendly grievance mechanisms at the village level to address their concerns- specifically those who are elderly, single or with no male support. Guidance and support to local people in preparation of required documents for compensation was also recommended.

6.10 Disclosure of ESIA-ESMP Public disclosure enables affected groups and interested parties to understand likely implications of the project and to provide input into project design. It promotes dialogue among stakeholders i.e. government, community, NGOs and implementing agencies. As per OP 4.01, for all Category A and B projects the environmental and social aspects must be discussed with the stakeholders. The objectives of public disclosure are to aid meaningful public consultation and to ensure transparency of World Bank operations to its stakeholders and constituents. The safeguard documents were disclosed on the website of C&W and on the World Bank projects and operations site in first week of January 2019. Public disclosure meetings were held in Nagri Tutial and Lora Hazara as per below mentioned schedule.

Presentations containing project information and relevant aspects of public interest were delivered to the public. Furthermore, project brochures, handouts of presentations, executive summaries of ESIA, ESMP and RAP in Urdu and English languages were also distributed to the public. No. of Sr. # Location Venue Date Time Participants 1 Nagri Tutial Sajid Ali Dera 26-01-2019 11:00 AM 77 2 Lora Hazara Malik Iftikhar 26-01-2019 03:00 PM 44 Dera

The disclosure meetings were started with the recitation of Holy Quran. The Project Manager briefed the participants about salient features of the project. The resettlement expert presented the findings of RAP and the environmental expert presented the findings of ESIA and ESMP. Suggestions, issues and concerns were raised by the participants during disclosure meetings are given in Table 6-6. and pictures of public disclosure is shown in Figure 6-2 & 6-3.

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Table 6-6 : Concerns/ Suggestions and their Response Concerns/ Issues/ Location Name Response Suggestions Nagri ▪ Warmly welcomed and ▪ The co-operation of Mr. Yasir is Tutial appreciated the highly appreciated. construction of CGM Participant 1 road and ensured full support and co-operation in successful implementation Participant 2 ▪ Reroute the alignment ▪ The site shall be revisited to check and avoid it to pass in the possibility of alternate route. front on my house at Nagri Tutial. Participant 3 ▪ My land will be acquired ▪ Consultations were held with all the and I was not consulted affectees during June/July 2018 and during survey. their affected structures were also noted down. Survey was conducted for his family members in his absence. Participant 4 ▪ What will be the ▪ The land will be acquired as per procedure for Land Acquisition Act 1894. compensation? ▪ The compensation shall be provided ▪ Who will provide at market rates, acceptable to the compensation? public. ▪ Will the side walls be ▪ The protection and retaining walls constructed? shall be constructed. ▪ What is the width of land ▪ The width of existing road varies to be acquired with from place to place however for the reference to existing purposed construction the ROW is road? 40 ft which will be marked from the center line of road on both sides. Participant 5 ▪ Measures should be ▪ The project is aimed at increasing the taken to increase the economy of province. through livelihood of locals. tourism related activities. Which will ▪ Steep slopes near increase livelihood of locals. Changlagali should be ▪ The engineering team is working on avoided. reducing the slope and sharp turns to ▪ It should be named as make road safe for journey. Tourist Road. ▪ The proposed name is good and it will be conveyed to the competent authorities. Participant 6 ▪ Will the compensation of ▪ The compensation of both land and land be given if only structures will be paid to the boundary wall is affected people. acquired? ▪ The land rates will be based on market rates.

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Concerns/ Issues/ Location Name Response Suggestions ▪ Land should be acquired ▪ Efforts shall be made to complete at market rates. the project within given timeframe ▪ The project must be of 36 months. completed in time. ▪ Please identify the ▪ The bypass road is not a part of the Participant 7 locations of bypasses and project. It can be constructed by crossing, if any. requesting the local government and MPA or MNA. Lora Participant 1 ▪ The road should be ▪ Different alternative studies were Hazara constructed through conducted for the road and most Dhakan Paiser, Chanali feasible option was selected by the and Siri. experts. Participant 2 ▪ Siri is the backward area ▪ The alignment has now been and construction of road approved keeping in view the is Inevitable for the technical and engineering aspects. development of the area. ▪ The people of Siri can request their representatives in federal or provincial governments to provide an additional road through that area. Participant 3 ▪ We were informed that ▪ The selected alignment is not to the road will be deprive a group of people or to constructed through benefit others in the near vicinity. Dhakan Paiser, Siri and This road will benefit all the people Chanali as per previous living in this area. approved alignment. ▪ Please do not deprive us from our right since the previous option is better. Participant 4 ▪ We are willing to give ▪ Anyone who is affected will be free land to government compensated. for construction of road ▪ As discussed earlier the experts and through Siri. competent authorities have selected ▪ If the previous alternative most feasible option. is selected it will save land acquisition cost. Participant 5 ▪ We are happy that road ▪ The people must welcome and will be constructed, it appreciate the construction of CGM doesn’t matter whether it road irrespective of personal or is constructed through local benefits. Lora or Siri. It is good for overall development of the area.

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Figure 6-2 : Public Disclosure meeting at Nagri Tutial

Figure 6-3 : Public Disclosure meeting at Lora Hazara

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7 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS AND THEIR MITIGATIONS

This section provides the identification and assessment of the potential impacts during different phases of the project on the physical, biological and socio-economic environment of the project area. The impacts are assessed based on significance of impacts and sensitivity of the surrounding environment. The significance of impacts is evaluated using Impact Matrix for construction stage and operation stage. Mitigations measures recommended for the potential environmental impacts are also given with each impact.

7.1 Impact Matrices Impacts assessment is done using impact matrix for construction and operation stages of the project. The identified impacts are categorized based on the magnitude of the impact and the probability of its occurrence. Table 7-1 and Table 7-2 gives impacts of various activities on the environment at design, construction and operation stage, respectively. The following criteria has been used for to define the magnitude of impacts:

Negligible/No The impact which has unapparent and negligible influence O Impact: on natural and socio-economic environment.

Low Adverse The impact which has a slight influence on the natural and LA Impact: socio-economic environment.

Medium Adverse The impact which can be eliminated/ mitigated after MA Impact: applying the appropriate mitigation measures.

High Adverse The impact which can be partially/ but not fully mitigated HA Impact: by applying the mitigation measure.

Positive/Beneficial: The impact which improve/enhance the natural and socio- B Impact economic environment.

7.1.1 Summary of Potential Impacts

Summary of significant impacts are listed in Table 7-1, grouped into the project components and impact groups.

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Section 07 Potential Environmental & Social Impacts and their Mitigations ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

Table 7-1: Summary of Significant Environmental Impacts

Project Activities / Issue Potential Impact

A. Design & Planning Phase Topographical survey and Geotechnical investigation of ▪ No potential impact the area ▪ Acquisition of land for the construction of expressway. Acquisition of land and other ▪ Involuntary resettlement and loss of livelihoods private assets/ ▪ Other social issues related to resettlement Route Selection(alignment) ▪ Change in Land Value ▪ Disruption of public utilities ▪ Impact of taking material from the borrow sites ▪ Soil Erosion ▪ Change in hydrologic regime Land and landscape ▪ Destabilization of mountain slopes transformation ▪ Topographic change ▪ Clearing of vegetation and cutting of trees ▪ Disruption to Wildlife B. Construction Phase Construction contractor ▪ Socio–economic and cultural issues, like women mobilization and privacy, child labor, burden on local health services etc. establishment of campsite and ▪ Land degradation due to solid waste disposal of camp machinery/ equipment Yard site and other allied facility like asphalt and concrete plant ▪ Deterioration of air quality due to machinery & equipment ▪ Potential for spread of oils & chemicals from Workshop facilities ▪ Noise and air Pollution ▪ Loss of vegetation ▪ Soil erosion ▪ Contamination of soil and water body ▪ Burden on available local resource, like water ▪ Changes in land use pattern ▪ Influx of external work force ▪ Health and Safety issues Transportation of ▪ Soil erosion and contamination construction material ▪ Air pollution

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Project Activities / Issue Potential Impact ▪ Noise pollution ▪ Occupational Health and Safety issues ▪ Community health & safety issues ▪ Damage to infrastructure Construction Work ▪ Blockage of natural drainage Cutting of rocks, large scale ▪ Land sliding excavation, dumping of soil ▪ Soil erosion and impact on top fertile soil and blasting, etc. ▪ Blockage of irrigation system & natural drainage ▪ Borrow pit and quarry management issue ▪ Pollution from asphalt and concrete plant ▪ Water body contamination ▪ Noise, air and vibration issues ▪ Loss of vegetation ▪ Burden on available water resource ▪ Ecology and biodiversity disturbance ▪ Land degradation due to solid waste disposal ▪ Dilapidation and degradation to sites of Historical, Cultural, Archeological or Religious Significance ▪ Blocked of access due to earth works and stockpiling of excavated material ▪ Resource efficiency and conservation issue ▪ Disruption of Existing Public Utilities/ Infrastructure ▪ Occupational Health and Safety issues Health and safety issues ▪ Traffic management issue ▪ Community health & safety issues C. Operation Phase Road and traffic management ▪ Surface and groundwater contamination and maintenance activity ▪ Land Sliding ▪ Road and traffic safety issues ▪ Noise pollution ▪ Air pollution ▪ Ecology and biodiversity disturbance ▪ Land degradation due to solid waste ▪ Social & cultural change ▪ Health and Safety

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7.2 Impacts and Mitigation Measures during Design Phase This phase mainly comprises of comprehensive feasibility study of the proposed alignment. There will be no major physical interference such as construction and movement of heavy machinery during this phase except site inspection and other surveys for the completion of feasibility study. Following is the brief description of impacts envisaged and the recommended mitigation measures during design phase.

7.2.1 Route Selection (alignment)

Improper route selection for the road alignment could lead to social issues of resettlement/relocation of assets and displacement of people. This impact would be of high significance. Mitigation Measures: Most of the significant environmental impacts of the project can be addressed at the design phase, which is mainly the responsibility of the Design Engineers. The location of various components and structures, nature of construction technology etc. predominantly determine the environmental implications of the project. Despite having examples of other similar projects, the exact quantum of environmental impacts cannot be predicted at times. Hence, the efficacy of the design will finally be tested only when the results of follow up monitoring become available. The Design Engineers must also add all features for safety of the workers during operation and maintenance. After analyzing all the considered alternatives route, the most environmentally sound and most economical alternative considered is Changla Gali to Makhniyal Road via Nagri Tutial and Lora as it involves lesser land acquisition and resettlement. The location of road alignment can have a substantial impact on the Wildlife Vehicle Collisions (WVC) events that may occur after the road is constructed. Thus, integration of transportation and conservation planning at the initial design stages, when location /alignment is discussed, is essential to addressing the WVCs. With this integration, the routes can be laid out with consideration of animal presence, animal movements and ecological process. Typically, these efforts are aimed at conservation, but they can also substantially reduce WVCs. Road Design Considerations: Consideration of some basic WVC mitigation principles in designing various elements of the proposed road could minimize the potential for WVCs. Some of the mitigations are wildlife fencing (which includes fence types, height, mesh size, overhangs and dig barrier, posts etc.), wildlife underpasses and overpasses, multiple use underpasses and overpasses, vegetation management in the right of way etc. These concepts could also be used as part of the initial road design. The example of various considerations at Annexure-XVI should be taken into account when designing the road, especially the portions that have a high likelihood for WVCs.

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7.2.2 Seismic Hazard

The location of the project area varies from Seismic Zone 2B to 3 as per Earthquake Zones Classification of the Building Code of Pakistan, 2007, where 2B (Upper Moderate) represents peak horizontal ground acceleration from 0.16 to 0.24 g and 3 (high) represents peak horizontal ground acceleration from 0.24 to 0.32 g. A high intensity earthquake impacting the project site can adversely impact the development. This factor requires special consideration of the designers keeping in view the earthquake of October 08, 2005. This will be a major negative impact. Mitigation Measures: • The proposed road will be designed and constructed to withstand earthquake hazards considering the peak ground acceleration of the area. In this Zone, designing of various types of structures will be done on the basis of Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA). • Retaining walls will be constructed along the road and also included in project design. • For seismic hazard analysis, updated structural and seismic evaluations will be carried out.

7.2.3 Drainage

The project area has high frequency of rainfall especially during monsoon and water flows through the hills passing through the road which may deteriorate the road surface decreasing the life of road. This is moderate negative impact. Mitigation Measures: Box Culverts will be provided on the streams / water courses, whereas pipe culverts will be provided for disposal of water from side drains. Existing culverts will be extended to cater the extended road width. As this scheme is improvement of existing road / track. Adequately wide bridges are already constructed on the major rivers / nullahs. However, 2 small bridges need rehabilitation.

Existing Bridges 04 at chainage of (24+000, 29+400, 40+000 & 42+000)

Existing Causeway 05 at chainage of (05+200, 26+300, 33+050, 35+000 & 35+050)

Existing Culverts 81

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7.2.4 Slope Stability

Slope stability may be affected by construction of road cuts or embankments. Excessive slope of steep cuts, changes in drainage capacity and pattern can result in landslides as the project area is prone to land sliding. This will be major negative impact. Mitigation Measures: • Design will consider maintaining natural angle of cut slopes and embankments to avoid land sliding; • Minimum clearance of vegetation especially tall trees shall be considered in design; • Engineering measures will be incorporated in design to control runoff and increase slope stability e.g. Rip Rap and Retaining wall etc.

7.2.5 Tree Cutting and Uprooting Almost 5,745 trees have been identified to be cut for the project. Further, there could be a possibility of loss of other trees during other construction related activities. The number of trees to be cut will be finalized with detailed technical design. Though the project proposes to offer monetary compensation for the trees to their respective owners, its ecological impact for the area will remain. Therefore, 10 compensatory trees have been proposed to be planted in lieu of each tree cut. Mitigation Measures: • Comprehensive tree plantation plan will be developed after final alignment and prior to start of the road construction and updated inventory will also be carried out. Tree plantation plan should be prepared in consultation with office of the concerned stakeholders; it would clearly define the quantum, roles and responsibility with concrete financial plans. The final tree plantation plan will be approved by the WB. • Site Specific Tree Plantation Plan will be prepared by the contractor prior to the commencement of construction activities at each site. • The photographical and botanical inventory of trees. • Compensatory plantation of ten trees in place of one tree. • Use of native and zone-specific species where needed; non-native species to be strictly avoided. Empirical Plantation Plan The habitat along the alignment has been clearly represented by Blue Pine Moist Temperate Zone, Sub-Tropical Chir Pine Zone and Broad-Leaved Scrub Zones. In order to minimize the effect of ecological imbalance, it is highly recommended to respect the naturally defined zones; any effort to introduce fast growing species without having any substantial justification potentially crates an undesirable result.

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Considering all possible physical, ecological and administrative limitations like harsh weather, water scarcity, elevating gradients and vulnerability to gully erosion (vertical erosion) following set of species are recommended.

Table 7-2: Blue Pine Moist Temperature Zone

S.N. Taxon Common Name 1 Pinus wallichiana (Blue Pine) 2 Prunu paidus (Kalakhat) 3 Abies pindrow (Fir, Partal) 4 Cedrus deodara (Deodar) 5 Aesculus indica (Bankhor) 6 Plecenthrus rugulus (Kandar) 7 Pyrus pashia (Batangi)

Table 7-3: Sub-Tropical Chir Pine Zone

S.N. Taxon Common Name

1 Pinus roxburghii (Chir Pine)

2 Quercus baloot (Oak)

3 Sacocoa slagina (Ree)

4 Juglans regia (Walnut)

5 Robinia pseudoacaia (Kikar spp)

6 Mallotus philippensis (Komeela)

7 Prunus persica (Aroo)

Table 7-4: Broad-Leaved Scrub Zone

S. N. Taxon Common Name

1 Olea ferruginea (Kao)

2 Diospyros lotus (Wild Amlook)

3 Melia azedarach (Dheek)

4 Ailanthus altissima (Alianthus)

5 Dalbergia sissoo (Sheshum)

6 Robinia pseudoacacia (Kikar)

7 Ficus carica (Anjeer)

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Plan for compensatory and compulsory plantation for each felled tree: four plants of similar floral function/type for each plant or tree removed and • Disallow introduction of exotic species or species with known environmental setbacks (e.g. Eucalyptus, Paper Mulberry etc.). • Planting in the adjacent area can help to support local flora and fauna. It may provide additional habitat and migration routes for local animals while also guarding against erosion. • Native species of plants are likely to require little maintenance and may prove beneficial for maintaining ecosystem integrity. Time: 1. Spring plantation – Starting from Feb 15 until April 15 2. Monsoon plantation- Starting from July 15 until September 15

The plantation work done during above mentioned periods have more chances of success and the operation would be more cost effective.

7.2.5 Disruption to Wildlife

The project area is rich in biodiversity, both floristic and faunal. Few occasions of human interaction with wildlife have been reported around the proposed project’s AOI. The construction of proposed road might result in disturbance to wildlife habitats area and possible Wildlife Vehicle Collision. However, the impact is likely to be mitigated through roadway engineering design measures and wildlife will be able to adjust its niche using its intrinsic phenotypic plasticity. Mitigation Measures: The torrential run off nullahs and other natural passages are used by the ungulates and other fauna to reach the water sources. Considering the needs and keeping in mind to minimize the natural conflicts of the system, sustainable provisions in the form of elevated structures, culverts and other crossings have been planned. There are 81 existing culverts along the proposed route of the CGM road. These culverts have been installed to convey water under a roadway rather than to enhance wildlife movement; however, if existing culverts are large enough, they may allow safe passage of a variety of small and medium-bodied animals. These will be provided with appropriate substrate leading up to the culvert to enhance the possibility of its use by the wildlife. Adding ledges to culverts has been shown to encourage many terrestrial species including small and medium-bodied mammals and reptiles to use culverts for crossing beneath roads. Therefore, culverts will be modified with dry ledges for use by water-shy organisms; these ledges will be constructed to be able to withstand flood events. Examples of few wildlife crossing structures are presented in Figure 7-1. Matrix given below will be followed while selecting a particular structure:

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Table 7-5: Appropriate Croosing Structures

Wildlife Small Traffic Large bridge / culvert or calming & culverts underpass tunnel education Retain/restore X X X connectivity Reduce traffic Mitigation X X X accidents goals Connect habitats for protected X X X species

Small X Species X X X X size-group Medium Large X X X

Further recommendations for ensuring minimal disturbance to wildlife and avoiding road kills are given hereunder: • To restore or maintain habitat connectivity and benefit the widest range of species, the best option may be to build a large crossing structure (wildlife bridge or underpass). • To reduce mortality of amphibians crossing from breeding to summer range, the best mitigation option may be to install culverts, with an associated substantial fencing system to direct animals to the culverts and prevent them from crossing the road. • Fencing could be used in conjunction with other crossing structures to exclude animals from portions of road where their crossing is not desired and to direct or “funnel” animals toward a desired crossing location such as a pipe, culvert, or underpass • Exclusion fences may, in some cases, act to trap wildlife within the ROW and must be built with one-way gates, swing gates etc to enable animals otherwise trapped in the ROW to escape. • To prevent small-bodied animals from entering the ROW through fences, fencing should be buried, or otherwise secured in the ground and should be of a mesh size that will not trap animals in the roadway Figure 7-1 shows from top to bottom clock wise Wildlife Underpass; Riparian Culvert with Rock Ledge; Modification in existing culverts to facilitate wildlife crossings; Exclusion Fencing.

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Figure 7-1: Wildlife Croosing Structures An overall Wildlife Safety Plan will be developed with the final detailed technical design of the proposed road, prior to the start of road construction which includes the number and type of these crossings, prevention of animal vehicle collision, installation of proper signage and conservation measures will be integrated in the final CGM Road alignment including in the engineering design with estimated required cost. Following aspects will be considered while developing the wildlife safety plan: 1. Chronic road-kill sites 2. Known migration/movement routes 3. Identified hot spots of focal species 4. Landscape linkages (designated greenways) 5. Presence of listed species 6. Identified strategic habitat conservation areas 7. Riparian corridors (with potential for retrofitting existing structures) 8. Core conservation areas

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9. Presence of separated required ecological resources (e.g. a forest patch and ephemeral wetland breeding area for amphibians that is separated by the road) for a species or set of species 10. Public ownership (or in public land acquisition program) vs. private lands

Safety fencing and signage will be provided at wildlife hotspots. Wildlife fencing for is aimed at reducing collisions with large vehicles by keeping the animals from entering the road or road corridor including the right-of-way. Fencing coupled with signage, could be provided for improved effects. Signage will be standardized to target vehicle speed and driver alertness. Figure 7-2 provides examples of fencing and signage.

A large-mammal fence, with smaller mesh A moose fence sizes toward the bottom

Permanently flashing warning sign, permanently flashing wildlife warning combined with a rumble strip sign

Figure 7-2: Wildlife Safety Fencing & Signage

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7.2.6 Topography

The topography in the project area will change because of construction of road and other project related structures. The road will be widened and structures will be affected along the road. Decreasing the road gradient will result in considerable earthworks resulting in significant change in topography. Earthwork and excavation operation will cause high adverse impact on topography. Mitigation Measures: Visual changes to the topography will be of permanent but slightly adverse in nature and need no mitigation measures except that the project design should consider aesthetic concerns. The proposed design has tried to minimize these impacts.

7.2.7 Change in Land Value The proposed Project is expected to increase the land values, especially in villages where little or no road infrastructure is present. Land owners will have an opportunity to sell their land on increased prices and invest into new businesses. This impact will be major positive in nature. Mitigation Measures: This is a positive impact, no mitigation required.

7.2.7 Public Utilities

Due to the proposed project, public utilities affected may create disruption of public services and economics. This impact is however temporary and minor negative in nature. Mitigation Measures: • Incorporate technical design features to minimize effect on public utilities and • All public utilities likely to be affected by the proposed project need to be relocated well ahead of the commencement of construction work. • For the construction of the CGM Road, a provision will be kept for a cable duct for fibre optic cables in road’s engineering design. Although, this feature adds to the overall cost of the road construction and supervision marginally, but it will save up to 80 percent cost, otherwise incurred if the fibre optic cables are installed after the completion of road construction. The government will have the option of contractual agreement with potential private information and communications technology (ICT) service providers that could pay the annual fee to install and maintain their respective cables in the duct and the revenues could be utilized for road maintenance.

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7.2.8 Poor Design leading to Reduced Project Life

The project area being a hilly terrain, is prone to strong water currents, land sliding etc. If the design is poor, it may cause erosion leading to reduced project life. This impact is permanent and negative in nature. Mitigation Measures: • Review design to ensure that it incorporates design related mitigation measures such as surface water body crossing for easy flow of discharge produced by upstream, appropriate selection of sites for waste dumping and borrow, slope stabilization, etc. • Edge Scouring of earthen embankments or concrete work must first be dealt at design stage. Wherever such a situation is anticipated, aprons should be provided to secure edges and specifications must be kept of high standards.

7.3 Impacts and Mitigation Measures during Construction Phase Table 7-6 provides a checklist of potential impacts likely to be associated with the construction phase. The following section provides a brief explanation of these factors, also suggesting a line of action towards mitigation measures for the adverse impacts. The set of impacts are based upon physical, biological, cultural and social aspects.

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Table 7-6: Environmental Impacts Evaluation Matrix during the Construction Phase

Biological Physical Environment Socioeconomic Environment Environment

Environmental

Component

S.N.

Project

Activities Quality

Topography/Drainage0 SoilQuality Landscape WaterQuality Surface Quality Groundwater Stability Landslide/Slope Air &Vibration Noise Flora Fauna Safety & Health Public of Disruption Utilities Employment Disturbance Population Values Cultural/Religious Management Traffic 1 Construction camps, workshops etc. LA MA LA LA LA O LA LA LA O LA O B LA LA O 2 Site clearing LA MA LA LA O LA LA MA LA LA LA LA B MA LA LA Excavation operations at borrow & quarry 3 HA HA MA LA LA HA HA HA HA MA MA LA B MA LA MA areas 4 Transportation of construction materials O LA O LA O LA LA MA LA LA LA O B LA LA MA Open storage of construction materials, fuel 5 O LA HA LA LA O LA O LA LA LA O B LA LA LA etc. 6 Generation of solid waste O MA LA LA O O LA O O LA LA O B LA LA LA 7 Use of Chemicals O LA LA LA O O LA O O O MA O O O LA O 8 Earthwork operations HA HA MA HA LA HA MA MA MA MA MA LA B MA LA MA 9 Operation of asphalt plant and batching plant MA MA MA O O O MA LA O O MA O B LA LA O 10 Use of generators O O LA O O O MA MA O O LA O B LA LA O 11 Influx of Labor O O O O O O O O O LA O O B LA LA O 12 Blastin g MA LA MA LA O HA MA HA LA LA HA O B LA O LA

Legend O = Insignificant / no impact LA = Low Adverse MA = Medium Adverse HA = High Adverse B = Beneficial 7-14 | P a g e

Section 07 Potential Environmental & Social Impacts and their Mitigations ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

7.3.1 Land Acquisition, Resettlement and Compensation

The proposed project construction is being developed in the already available corridor of the existing roads, but land will be acquired for widening of existing road. Approximately 525 kanals will be acquired for the construction of the proposed road. 34 houses, wall of 20 houses, 126 shops, 6 mosques, 6 nos. structures including schools, BHU and water tanks will be partly effected. This will result in loss of infrastructure, commercial activities and disturbance to people. Mitigation Measures: • Careful alignment and route selection by the designer to minimize the impact by avoiding the residences of these families and shops especially in the area of Changla Gali and Zariat Masoom. • A detailed Resettlement Action Plan has been prepared as per World bank OP 4.12 and Land Acquisition 1894 including later amendments • The compensation for the structures, houses, shops, trees, private and public properties etc. has to be made as per Resettlement Action Plan. • Mitigation measures will involve land management and providing judicious compensation to the affectees by providing sufficient budget in the project cost. The process of land acquisition and compensation will be followed in a transparent manner to minimize the impacts. • Adequate budget will be provided in the Project cost for the compensation to the affected people as per Land Acquisition Act, 1894 and framing of a judicious and fair compensation package for provision of compensation on at least the prevailing market rates.

7.3.2 Soil

Soil may be affected by erosion, compaction and contamination. Soil erosion may occur on roadside, at contractors’ camps and at embankment works, as a result of uncontrolled run-off from equipment washing yards, excavation of earth/cutting operations and clearing of vegetation. Soil may also be impacted due to unauthorized use of borrow areas and quarries, resulting in degradation of landscape. Whereas, contamination of soil may be caused by oil and chemical spills at asphalt plant sites, workshop areas and equipment washing yards. This may limit the future use of land. This impact is high adverse negative in nature. Mitigation Measure: • Soil contamination by asphalt will be minimized by placing all containers in a bunded area away from water courses; • Provision of impervious platform with oil and grease trap for collection of spillages during equipment and vehicle maintenance; • All spoils shall be disposed of safely and the site shall be restored back to its original conditions;

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• Non-bituminous wastes from construction activities shall be dumped in approved sites, in line with the legal prescriptions for dumpsites; • In areas with strong sheet flow, high embankments will be provided with chutes and drains/culverts to minimize soil erosion. Stone pitching and retaining walls will be made at high embankments in critical areas; • As applicable and needed, plantation of grasses and shrubs will be done for slope protection; • Soil erosion control measures such as the formation of sediment basins, slope drains, etc, shall be adopted; • Productive land or land adjacent to agricultural / irrigated land shall not be preferred for excavation. Non-productive, barren lands in broken terrain, nullahs and publicly recognized waste lands will be given preference for borrowing materials and • Aggregate required for construction procured from quarries and river beds will need approval from authorties.

7.3.3 Excavation of Earth, Borrowing and Stone Quarrying

The excavation of earth from borrow areas and for clearance of ROW may result in erosion of soil. Erosion results in change of edaphic characteristics of soil. Loss of fertile top soil may affect adversely on the productivity of the project area. The impact is high adverse in nature. Mitigation Measures: • Avoid agriculture land for borrow materials; • Contractor needs to obtain approval for excavation and submit the plan of rehabilitation of the site after excavation; • In case soil excavation from agricultural land is unavoidable, the top 1 ft soil will be stored at stockpile area for future use in rehabilitation of the site;

7.3.4 Blockage of water channels/ Natural Drainage

The alignment also crosses streams and channels. These channels and streams may be blocked and the catchment of the downstream may be disturbed during construction phase. Mitigation Measures: To minimize the impact of the project on the geophysical environment, a number of measures have been included in the design that will need to be taken into account when constructing the project facilities. A second class of measures is related to the day-to-day management of the project during construction. Following specific measures are required to minimize potential impacts: • Unnecessary widening beyond the proposed design of the road shall be avoided at straight portions and on bends.

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• The natural drainage pattern will not be disturbed and culverts will be constructed where required. • Surplus soil and cleared vegetation will be disposed of so as to avoid disturbing the natural drainage. • Borrow sites would not be deeper than 5 ft. at any location to avoid alteration in drainage pattern and reduce the risk of soil erosion; • The contractor will ensure that the borrowing does not cause slope instability, loss of soil/land productivity, uneven terrain and altered drainage and • Wherever necessary, these places will be levelled and planted with trees using appropriate planting methodology.

7.3.5 Surface and Groundwater

The surface water may get contaminated due to the surface runoff during construction phase. Construction activities may result in debris entering water body resulting in sedimentation. Storage and transport of construction material may also result in spills of chemical and contamination of water bodies. Groundwater may also get contaminated from the wastewater generation from the construction camps, leachate from improper dumping of solid waste. Consumption of water for construction activities may also affect other designated uses of water especially drinking water. The impact is high adverse in nature. Mitigation Measures: • Take precautions and construct temporary or permanent structures to prevent water pollution due to increased sedimentation. • Maintenance workshop, material yard, crushers, asphalt plant and construction camps shall not be sited within 1 km of water resources. • Septic tanks and soakage pits shall be designed to cater the wastewater from the construction camps. • Water required for construction shall be obtained in such a way that the water availability and supply to nearby communities remain unaffected and • Regular water quality monitoring according to determined sampling schedule.

7.3.6 Location of Labor Camp, Material Depots, Equipment Yards and Approach Roads

Location of camps near sensitive receptors like water resources and use of private lands without prior consent of landowners for dumping and storage of construction material and equipment can result in adverse environmental impacts and create server social issues. Location of labor camp, material depot, equipment yard and approach roads will not cause any serious problem if selected in consultation with local communities and landowners and impacts can easily be mitigated.

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Mitigation Measures: • The contractor will, in consultation with PD, select the location of all these facilities after a rapid assessment through the Screening checklist. Satellite imagery can also be used to select the suitable sites, to record the pre-construction conditions and to monitor the condition of these sites during and after the construction phase. • The camp/other site facilities will be established on a flat land without much natural vegetation, at least 500 m away from the communities and surface water bodies. • The contractor will prepare a Camp Site Management Plan, get it approved by the PD and abide by its provisions. The plan will include measures for rehabilitation of site upon completion. It will also include the photographical and botanical inventory of vegetation before clearing the site.

7.3.7 Air Quality

Air quality will be affected by fugitive dust emissions from construction machinery; dust from the unpaved surface and construction vehicles. Emissions may be carried over longer distances depending upon the wind speed, direction, temperature of surrounding air and atmospheric stability. Besides, multifarious construction activities and increased vehicular traffic (construction vehicles) would also contribute to the localized airborne dust. Once in the air, the larger sized particles, under influence of gravity, tend to settle down in the immediate vicinity of the source. The Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) of the size smaller than 10 micrometre (PM10) tends to remain suspended in the environment for much longer and persistent time and is an environmental hazard. The objectionable impacts of settling of the suspended dust would be its dry deposition on vegetation, motor vehicles, structures and other exposed surfaces. Exhausts from fossil fuel burning in the construction machinery will also deteriorate local air quality. Similarly, exhausts from generators can also have impacts on air quality in the vicinity. The overall impact on the quality of air during the construction phase will be high adverse, however, it will be temporary and limited to the project’s construction phase only. Mitigation Measures: • All vehicles, machinery, equipment and generators used during construction activities shall be kept in good working condition and be properly tuned and maintained in order to minimize the exhaust emissions; • Blowing of dust from potential sources at the worksite shall be avoided by shielding them from the exterior, for example using polythene curtains or raising a fence of corrugated sheets around areas of active constructions; • Blowing of dust and particulate matter from stockpiled loose materials (e.g. sand, soil) shall be avoided either by sheeting them with tarpaulin or plastic sheets or by sprinkling them with light shower of water; • Open burning of solid waste from the contractor’s camps shall be strictly banned;

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• Preventive measures against dust will be adopted for on-site mixing and unloading operations. During non-rainy times, water sprinkling of the site shall be carried out to suppress excessive dust emission(s); • Only good quality oils, petroleum products, additives and spares shall be used in the machinery, generators and the construction vehicles. Usage of used oil shall be strictly prohibited; • Emissions from power generators and construction machinery are important point sources at the construction sites. Proper maintenance and repair is needed to minimize the hazardous emissions and • NEQS applicable to gaseous emissions generated by construction vehicles, equipment and machinery shall be enforced during construction works.

7.3.8 Noise and Vibrations

Sources of noise during construction are heavy machinery such as bulldozers, excavators, stabilizers, concrete mixing plant, pneumatic drills, stone crushers and other equipment. This impact is temporary and high adverse in nature. Mitigation Measures: • Selection of up-to-date and well-maintained plant or equipment with reduced noise levels ensured by suitable in-built damping techniques or appropriate muffling devices; • Confining excessively noisy work to normal working hours in the day, as far as possible; • Providing the construction workers with suitable hearing protection like ear cap, or earmuffs and training them in their use; • Preferably, restricting construction vehicles movement during night time; • Heavy machinery like percussion hammers and pneumatic drills shall not be used during the night without prior approval of the client; • Vehicles and equipment used shall be fitted, as applicable, with silencers and properly maintained; • Contractors shall comply with submitted work schedule, keeping noisy operations away from sensitive points; implement regular maintenance and repairs and employ strict implementation of operation procedures and • Noise barriers shall be provided where necessary in the form of high boundary walls (concrete or wood), earth berms, etc. in front of schools, hospitals and mosques.

7.3.9 Borrow Areas/ Open Pits

Borrow / open pits and its excavation activities may result in land disputes, soil erosion, loss of potential cropland, loss of vegetation, landscape degradation and damage to road embankments.

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Borrow/ Open pits may also result in potential sources of mosquito breeding and may prove hazardous to human beings, livestock and wildlife. This will also degrade hygienic condition of the project area. This impact is permanent and high adverse in nature. Mitigation Measures: • Conversion of borrow pits into fish farms and care in selection of borrow areas; • Necessary permits shall be obtained for any borrow pits from the competent authorities; • No excavations are allowed within distance of 500 m to ROW; • In borrow pits, the depth of the pit shall be restricted up to 5’ and the sides of the excavation will have a slope not steeper than 1:4; • Soil erosion along the borrow pit shall be regularly checked to prevent/mitigate impacts on adjacent lands and • In case borrow pits fill with water, measures have to be taken to prevent the creation of mosquito-breeding sites.

7.3.10 Impacts on Geology of the Area

The activities for the construction/installation of proposed project components involving cutting and blasting of rocks may disturb the stable geological formation of the area. As a result, features of the geological formation will be damaged at some places. Mitigation Measures: • The aforementioned activities cannot be avoided during the construction phase. Therefore; following mitigation measures should be taken into account in order to minimize the adverse impacts: o It is suggested that blasting should be minimized where possible; if inevitable then low intensity explosive material should be used instead of high intensity explosive material. o Controlled blasting, i.e. increased number of blasts with low intensity explosive material should be preferred rather than high intensity single blast to avoid excessive damage to the surrounding rocks.

• Retention walls must be provided where rock cutting for construction or widening of road is carried out. At a few places, rock cutting is likely to cause erosion, directly impacting the houses located in proximity.

7.3.11 Waste and Hazardous Waste

Waste will be generated at construction and contractors camp site. The construction waste will include wastewater, oil spillage from machinery, domestic waste and solid waste etc. Though no significant hazardous waste generation is envisaged during construction of the road, but the handling and storage of oil, asphalt/bitumen may be a source of environmental pollution as a hazardous waste. This will result in unhygienic conditions,

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health risk to work force and public at the camp site. This impact is temporary and moderate negative in nature. Mitigation Measures: • Solid waste (including food waste) will be segregated and disposed of as follows: o Materials suitable for recycling will be stored separately and sold to approved recycling contractors o Combustible waste, Non-combustible, non-recyclable rubbish will be sent to a landfill

• Contractor will apply strict rules on his workers and labor to ensure that no spill or leakages are caused. All fuels, oils and bitumen will be stored appropriately, with concrete padding and bunding for containment in case of leakage. • Training of work force in the storage and handling of materials and chemicals that can potentially cause soil contamination; • Solid Waste generated during construction and camp sites will be safely disposed in demarcated waste disposal sites and the contractor will provide a proper waste management plan; • Proper labelling of containers, including the identification and quantity of the contents, hazard contact information etc; • Emergency Response plan shall be prepared to address the accidental spillage of fuels and hazardous goods; • Immediate collection of spilled oils/fuels/lubricants by collection of contaminated soils and skipping oils from surface water by applying appropriate technologies; • Used oil shall be collected in separate containers stored on impervious platform with restricted access and shall be sold to licensed contractor and the burning of waste oil shall be strictly restricted;

7.3.12 Contamination of Soil and Water due to Effluent

Effluents released as a result of the project activities, if not contained properly, may contaminate the soil and water bodies. If allowed to leach into the ground, the contaminants may also pollute groundwater. There is a causal link between effluent discharge and health, the impact of which is analyzed based on: • The nature of pollutants (oil and grease, chemicals, organic substances, etc.) • Discharge rate and duration • Discharge conditions • Characteristics of surface drainage and receiving water body e.g. water quality, flow rate etc. • Location of receptors (communities) with respect to the discharge point • Communities’ exposure to pollutants (concentration of pollutants in water)

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• Current and potential uses of water in the community • Health risks due to pollutants. Mitigation Measures Mitigation measures to reduce the impact of waste effluents produced during project activities are listed below. • The camps will be located as to avoid proximity drinking water sources, maintaining a minimum distance of 500 m from such natural resources. • Wastewater from contractor’s workshop and equipment washing yards shall be pre- treated before discharging it into natural streams; No contaminated effluents will be released into the environment without having been treated. • Sewage and other waste effluents will be handled so as to avoid contaminating surface and groundwater. • Water from washing areas and kitchen will be released into sumps. • An appropriately designed septic tank will be used to treat sewage and outlets will release treated effluents into sumps. The integrity of the entire system will be maintained and monitored. • Septic tanks and sumps will be built at a safe distance from any water hole, stream or dry streambed, so as to prevent the entry of surface water and the bottom of the sump will be kept above groundwater level. • Sumps will be located in a position such that they are: • Fixed in absorbent soil • Down-slope and away from the camp (and downwind, if practical) • Downstream from the camp water source and above the high-water mark of any nearby water body (if any). • When abandoning sumps, an extra cap of soil will be placed over them to allow compaction. • Vehicle and equipment maintenance, including washing, will be allowed only in designated areas underlain with concrete slabs and a system to catch runoff.

7.3.13 Waste Management from Asphalt and Concrete Plants

Concrete and asphalt have limited usable life, after which they become waste. If not used within the time span, their wastage will have major financial implications. Further, their disposal will become very difficult because of the large quantities involved. Mitigation Measures • The contractor will develop specific environmental management plans for asphalt plants and concrete batching plants. These plans will incorporate the general measures as applicable to the entire project but will also have focused mitigations for solid waste from these plants. • The plan will be reviewed and approved by Supervision consultants. • Reusing bitumen spillage; 7-22 | P a g e

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• Disposing non-usable bitumen spills in a deep trench providing clay linings at bottom and filled with soil at the top (for at-least 0.5 m); • Segregating and stockpiling scarified/ milled bituminous material and reusing this material in sub grade/shoulders.

7.3.14 Green House Gas (GHG) Abatement

The main sources of greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, NOx etc.) during the construction activities of the proposed project will include both mobile and stationary sources. The mobile source will be the construction and transportation vehicles while the stationary source will be the batching and asphalt plants. Emission of greenhouse gases cause global warming and other climatic changes on regional and global scale. Mitigation Measures: • Regular motioning of the vehicles for engine efficiency; • Avoid idling of construction vehicles; • Alternative energy resources shall be considered where possible; • NEQS applicable to gaseous emissions generated by construction vehicles, equipment and machinery shall be enforced during construction works.

7.3.15 Resource Conservation

Almost all the materials to be used in the construction of project are non-renewable and therefore their sustainable use is necessary for the future use. Large quantities of water are used in the construction of concrete structures and in watering the unfinished surfaces. Excessive use of water might affect the water availability for community. Bitumen and other construction material are not locally produced and its sources are not locally available so its sustainable use is prerequisite. The impact is moderate adverse in nature. Mitigation Measures: • Wastage of water shall be reduced by training the workers involved in water use; • Wastage of water shall be controlled through providing proper valves and through controlling pressure of the water; • Water jets and sprays shall be used for watering surfaces rather than using overflow system; • Source of water shall be carefully selected. Water use shall not disturb the existing community water supplies; • Unnecessary equipment washings shall be avoided; • Use optimum amount of bitumen for road surfacing.

7.3.16 Energy Efficiency

Use of electricity will be insignificant. Diesel and residual fuel oils will be used to operate construction machinery and asphalt and batching plants. Sustainable use of energy resources is very important not only to continue future use, but it will also help to reduce

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air emissions. For conservation of energy, efficiency of the engines and burning processes is very important. Electricity shortage is not expected but the sustainable use of diesel and residual fuel is necessary. The impact is moderate adverse in nature. Mitigation Measures: • Ensure adequate insulation to reduce heat loss through batching plants; • Regularly monitor CO and CO2 content of the flue gases to verify that combustion systems are using practical excess air volumes; • Maintain clean heat transfer surfaces in asphalt batching plant; • Regular service of the vehicles and batching plants will reduce the mechanical losses of energy.

7.3.17 Disposal of Mucking Material

Inevitable cut and fill earthwork operations will open up scars on the land around the project area. This impact is temporary and minor negative in nature. Mitigation Measures: Mitigation measurewill include proper landscaping, which should be given due consideration along with re-establishment of the local/indigenous vegetation. The excavated materials that are unsuitable for use will need to be stored, transported and reused and the residual material shall be disposed of appropriately at designated sites.

7.3.18 Impacts of Heavy Vehicles on the Existing Road

The plying of heavy vehicles on the existing road may result in air pollution (due to unpaved roads), noise pollution due to tire-road friction especially near sensitive receptors (residential areas, school, health facility etc.) and damage to roads and traffic congestion. However, the impacts would be temporary and moderate negative in nature for which the following mitigation measures are proposed. Mitigation Measures: • Any vehicle with an open load carrying area used for transport of potentially dust producing materials shall have properly fitted side and tailboards. Materials having potential to produce dust shall not be loaded to a level higher than the side and tail boards and shall be covered with clean tarpaulin in good condition. The tarpaulin shall be properly secured and extended to at least 300 mm over the edges of the sideboard and tailboard; • Where dust emissions are high, diversion tracks, if required, shall be overlain with shingle or surface treated. • The Contractor shall not use any vehicles either on or off road with grossly excessive noise pollution. In case of built-up areas, noise mufflers shall be installed and maintained in good condition on all motorized equipment under the control of the Contractor; • The Traffic Management Plan shall be implemented and communicated to the major stakeholder. 7-24 | P a g e

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7.3.19 Impact on Flora

The most significant adverse impact of widening the existing road with formation width of 15-30ft to 35-40ft will be destruction of forest habitat that hold a variety of plant communities ranging from blue pine of moist temperate zone, chir pine of subtropical zone and a number of species from brad leave scrub zone. This will be a major adverse impact of the proposed project.

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Table 7-7: Inventory of Trees15 to be Cut/Uprooted during Construction of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

Trees Growing on Left Bank Trees Growing on Right Bank

Blue Pine Moist Temperate Zone Pinus Wallichiana (Blue 251 68 13 332 147 179 43 369 701 Pine) Prunu paidus (Kalakhat) 16 7 23 1 1 24

Abies pindrow (Fir, Partal) 17 21 38 2 1 4 7 45

Cedrus deodara (Deodar) 7 1 8 1 1 17 19 27 Aesculus indica (Bankhor/Chesnut/Shah 7 10 17 15 1 6 22 39 Baloot) Plecenthrus rugulus 5 26 31 101 4 105 136 (Kandar) Salix babylonica (Willow) 5 1 6 6

Pyrus pashia (Batangi) 26 3 29 76 7 83 112

Sub-Total 329 136 13 478 347 195 70 612 1090

Sub-Tropical Chir Pine Zone

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Trees Growing on Left Bank Trees Growing on Right Bank

Sacocoa slagina (Ree) 31 8 39 2 20 22 61

Juglans regia (Walnut) 17 4 21 1 1 22 Robinia pseudoacacia 1 1 1 (Kikar spp) Mallotus philippensis 1 1 1 (Komeela) Prunus persica (Aroo) 2 2 2

Diosypros lotus (Amlok) 2 2 3 3 5

Pyrus pashia (Batangi) 15 7 22 22

Sub-Total 692 340 11 1043 122 505 53 680 1723

Broad-Leaved Scrub Zone

Olea ferruginea (Kao) 194 5 2 201 95 12 3 110 311 Diasporas lotus (Wild 35 10 3 48 1 1 49 Amlook) Melia azedarach (Dheek) 95 18 5 118 33 10 1 44 162

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Trees Growing on Left Bank Trees Growing on Right Bank

Zone/Species Under Size Pole Crop Mature Under Size Pole Crop Mature Total (<6” (6-16” (>16” Sub-Total (<6” (6-16” (>16” Sub-Total diameter) diameter) diameter) diameter) diameter) diameter) Ailanthus altissima 335 10 7 352 85 24 5 114 466 (Ailanthus) Broussonetia papyrifera 350 70 20 440 284 92 5 381 821 (Paper Mulburry) Dalbergia sissoo 90 40 10 140 102 4 106 246 (Shisham) Robinia pseudoacacia 170 30 200 4 4 8 208 (Kikar) Morrus alba (Mulbury) 180 75 255 29 7 6 42 297 Bauhinia variegate 1 1 1 (Kachnar) Populus euramericana 210 80 30 320 19 11 30 350 (Polplar) Ficus carica (Fig) 8 2 10 10

Salix babylonica (Willow) 3 5 8 8

Duranta repens (Duranta) 1 1 1 Eucalyptus camaldulensis 2 2 2 (Sufaida) Sub-Total 1,659 338 77 2074 666 172 20 858 2932

Grand Total 2,680 814 101 3595 1135 872 143 2150 5745

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Mitigation Measures: • Implementation of tree plantation plan developed at design phase will be ensured. • Site Specific Tree Plantation Plan will be prepared by the contractor prior to the commencement of construction activities. • Vegetation will only be cleared where it is absolutely necessary. • Construction workers will not be allowed to use wood from the area are cooking fuel. • Compensatory plantation of ten trees in place of one tree should be ensured. • Use of native and zone-specific species where needed; non-native species to be strictly avoided.

7.3.20 Impact on Wildlife and Threatened / Endangered Species

Construction activities accompanied with construction camps may affect fauna prevailing in the project area. The cutting of trees for the construction camp sites and road widening will have a negative impact on the fauna as well. Construction activities involving excavation, movement of labor, carriageway of goods and machinery to various sites along the project area will negatively impact fauna. Most animals will avoid these areas. Some reptiles might be killed during digging and piling operations. Edible and refuse goods of the contractor’s camps may attract wildlife that might be hunted by the workers. Manis crassicaudata (Indian Pangolin) is an endangered species reported from the project area. The Indian pangolin is threatened by hunting for its meat and for various body parts used in traditional medicine. The attraction in tourism may also attract hunters that may be more threat for this species. Panthera pardus (common leopard) is another vulnerable animal inhabitant of mountainous areas but rarely comes down to settlements during winter in search of prey. Although the increasing population of wild boar is fulfilling the feeding requirement of leopard but still there are chances of its appearance in the project area and subsequent hunting. This will be a major negative impact. Mitigation Measures: • Enforcement of project policy of a complete ban on hunting, transport of hazardous substances and removal of plant materials; • Advanced and efficient machinery will be employed for construction work in order to keep a check on noise pollution that affect fauna negatively; • The wildlife department will be taken on board and consulted whenever any interaction with wildlife is envisaged. • Dumping of construction material will be avoided in areas of dense vegetation. Dumping areas selection will be done in consultation with the wildlife department. • The camps will be properly fenced and gated to check the entry of wild animals in search of eatable goods. Similarly, wastes of the camps will be properly disposed of

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to prevent the chances of eating by wild animals, which may become hazardous to them; • Awareness will be created among the construction workers on wildlife conservation and its importance; • Low speed limits shall be maintained for construction vehicles to avoid disturbing wildlife in their habitats, particularly in access roads to quarries and camps site. • The engineering design to integrate the principles of green infrastructure and green highways including habitat conservation, animal trespasses etc. Road design consideration and guidelines are attached as Annexure-XVI.

7.3.21 Impacts on Aquatic Life

If debris or spoil is dumped in to surface water bodies during construction, it may impact the aquatic life. Mitigation Measures: • No spoil/debris will be dumped in the Haro River or in to seasonal torrents

7.3.22 Protected Areas

Margalla Hills National Park and reserved areas i.e., Ferozpur, Tajwal and Barkot reserved areas are located in the closed vicinity of the subject road rehabilitation areas. The impact on these nature reserved areas is minimal as the rehabilitation activities will only be confined to the adjacent existing road areas. Therefore, no impact on the protected areas are expected to occur during rehabilitation works. Mitigation Measures • MHNP is managed under by the CDA. The project will strictly adhere to the covenants of their management system and will enforce similar practices throughout the corridor. • The protected areas will be kept strictly off-limit for the construction workforce.

7.3.23 Accessibility Issue

Closure of existing unpaved / deteriorated road and other pathways during the construction phase of the project will cause inconvenience to the nearby residents and affecting their daily life activities. It might be difficult for the students to reach their school/colleges. Similarly, the patients may also face difficulty of access to the basic health unit and hospital. Mitigation Measures: • Mitigation measures will include public awareness through media, proper traffic diversion plans, appropriate sign boards and timely completion of the project.

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7.3.24 Traffic Management

Due to the proposed construction activities, on site traffic management may pose a challenge on the road since it is single lane road and hilly terrain. Movement of heavy machinery and construction activities may result in temporary traffic jam or may result in accidents and cause inconvenience to the people passing through the road. This impact is temporary and moderate negative in nature. Mitigation Measures: • Movement of vehicles carrying construction materials will be restricted during the daytime to reduce traffic load and inconvenience to the local residents; • Coordinated planning with the traffic police in accordance with the construction program for advance warnings to the residents and road users; • Construction vehicles, machinery and equipment will move or be stationed in the designated project boundary; • Diversions shall be suggested and well communicated to the road users clearly and well ahead of construction commencement; • Availability of continuous emergency services to deal with accidents and • The executing agency is required to maintain liaison between the Traffic Police, local residents/ travellers and the contractor to facilitate accident free traffic movement during construction stage.

7.3.25 Social Impacts of Labor Influx

This can be particularly acute in smaller communities hosting a largely male workforce and/or a workforce from other regions which may result in conflicts between locals and non-locals concerning employment opportunities, wages and natural resources. Mobile workers can also contribute significantly to gender-based social impacts and risks.

Risk of social conflict: Conflicts may arise between the local community and the construction workers, which may be related to religious, cultural or ethnic differences, or based on competition for local resources. Tensions may also arise between different groups within the labor force and pre-existing conflicts in the local community may be exacerbated. Ethnic and regional conflicts may be aggravated if workers from one group are moving into the territory of the other.

Increased risk of illicit behavior and crime: The influx of workers and service providers into communities may increase the rate of crimes and/or a perception of insecurity by the local community. Such illicit behavior or crimes can include theft, physical assaults, substance abuse, prostitution and human trafficking. Local law enforcement may not be sufficiently equipped to deal with the temporary increase in local population.

Increased burden on and competition for public service provision: Presence of construction workers and service providers (and in some cases family members of either or both) can generate additional demand for the provision of public services, such as water, electricity, medical services, transport, education and social services. This is 7-31 | P a g e

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particularly the case when the influx of workers is not accommodated by additional or separate supply systems.

Increased risk of communicable diseases and burden on local health services: The influx of people may bring communicable diseases to the project area, including sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), or the incoming workers may be exposed to diseases to which they have low resistance. This can result in an additional burden on local health resources. Workers with health concerns relating to substance abuse, mental issues or STDs may not wish to visit the project’s medical facility and instead go anonymously to local medical providers, thereby placing further stress on local resources. Local health and rescue facilities may also be overwhelmed and/or ill- equipped to address the industrial accidents that can occur in a large construction site.

Inadequate waste disposal and illegal waste disposal sites: Large populations of workers generate increased amounts of waste, for which no sufficient local waste management capacities may exist, which would likely lead to improper disposal practices.

Camp related land use, access roads, noise and lights: The camp use can result in increase in noise and light pollution especially at night. The construction of new access roads can also lead vegetation removal and landscape transformation. Mitigation Measures: • Local population will be given preference in construction related jobs. Most unskilled workers will be hired from local communities, while for skilled manpower also, first choice will be given to local area residents. • The Contractor will prepare the construction camp management plan which, in addition to other components, will include the labor influx management plan. This will be reviewed and approved by World Bank. • The Contractor will select the specific timings for the construction activities particularly near the settlements, so as to cause least disturbance to the local population, particularly women. • Contractor will take due care of the local community and observe sanctity of local customs and traditions by his staff. Contractor will warn the staff strictly not to involve in any unethical activities and to obey the local norms and cultural restrictions. • The Contractor will carry out the construction activities in such a way that the open defecation timings by the local community should not be affected. The normal defecation timings are early in the morning and at late in the evening. So, the Contractor will have to take care of these timings. • During construction activities, if privacy of the nearby households is affected, the Contractor will inform the house owner to make some arrangements. Similarly, Contractor will take care as much as possible that the construction activities should not affect the privacy.

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• The contractor will also ensure that solid waste and wastewater is disposed of in an environmentally friendly manner in designated areas and by approved methods only. • The contract will explore alternative water sources and ensure that water usage by the project does not affect or compete with water requirements of the local community. • The Contractor will also ensure that noise and light pollution from the labor camp is kept at minimal levels especially at night.

7.3.26 Gender Issues

Due to the project activities local women many not be able to perform their daily outdoor chores. The induction of outside labor may create social and gender issues due to the labor force being unaware of local customs and norms. It may also cause hindrance to the mobility of local women for working in the field, herding livestock, picking fuel wood, etc. Gender-based violence: Construction workers are predominantly younger males. Those who are away from home on the construction job are typically separated from their family and act outside their normal sphere of social control. This can lead to inappropriate and criminal behavior, such as sexual harassment of women and girls, exploitative sexual relations and illicit sexual relations with minors from the local community. A large influx of male labor may also lead to an increase in human trafficking whereby women and girls are forced into sex work. Child labor and school dropout: Increased opportunities for the host community to sell goods and services to the incoming workers can lead to child labor to produce and deliver these goods and services, which in turn can lead to enhanced school dropout. Mitigation Measures: • The contractor will be required to provide qualified key personnel to address the specific risks identified in the project including SEA risks. Contractors will specify key staff with the technical skill and experience to implement the SEA Action Plan. • The bidding documents will include specific requirements that minimize the use of expatriate workers and encourage hiring of local workers, thereby minimizing labor influx. • The bidders will be required to submit Codes of Conduct (CoCs) with their bids. The CoCs will set clear boundaries for acceptable and unacceptable behaviours of all individuals and companies and will be signed by companies, managers and individuals. • All project consulting firms will also be required to submit Codes of Conduct with their proposals. • The contractor will be required to establish anti-sexual harassment policies that governs conduct in the workplace.

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• The contractor will be required to provide mandatory and repeated training to workers on sexual exploitation and abuse and HIV/AIDS prevention and on the content and obligations derived from the code of conduct • Provisions will be set in contracts for dedicated payments to contractors for SEA prevention activities (e.g. training) against evidence of completion.

7.3.27 Rise in the Prices of Essential Commodities

Due to induction of outside labor for project works, the demand for basic items will increase thereby causing an increase in the prices of essential commodities. Additionally, the road improvement activities during the construction phase may disrupt the normal flow of trade and supply of essential goods. Mitigation Measures In terms of labor induction, the project will exert no significant impacts on the prices of essential commodities. To avoid risk of such price hikes, majority of the unskilled and semi-skilled labor will be recruited from the local areas and specific clauses will be added in the Contracts of Contractor. Project Engineer and the Contractor will ensure that normal trade routes remain open and supply of goods is not severely impacted. Furthermore, the contractor should normally procure the field camps supplies from the main markets or any nearby commercially active city.

7.3.28 Graveyards

Graveyards and burial sites are very sensitive for the local communities. The shifting of graves falling in the ROW may cause social disruption leading to possible conflicts, ultimately affecting the project works. However, in the proposed project, no graves or burial site would be affected. Mitigation Measures: The proposed project poses no destruction and disturbance to graveyards, as per current design. However, if such a requirement were to arise, a detailed consultation with the local communities would be carried out. After the agreement and approval of the local community the affected graves would be relocated to some other site. For this, a proper shifting allowance would be provided.

7.3.29 Health and Safety

a) Occupational Health and Safety Health risks and work safety problems may result at the workplace if the working conditions provide unsafe and/or unfavorable working environment and due to storage, handling and transport of hazardous construction material. This is moderate negative impact. Mitigation Measures: • Obligatory insurance against accidents for laborers/workers;

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• Providing basic medical training to specified work staff and basic medical service and supplies to workers; • Layout plan for camp site, indicating safety measures taken by the contractor, e.g. firefighting equipment, safe storage of hazardous material, first aid, security, fencing and contingency measures in case of accidents; • Work safety measures and good workmanship practices are to be followed by the contractor to ensure no health risks for laborers; • Provision of adequate sanitation, washing, cooking and dormitory facilities including light up to satisfaction; • Provision of appropriate PPEs to workers, e.g. helmet, adequate footwear for bituminous pavement works, protective goggles, gloves, earmuffs etc.; • Ensure strict use of wearing these protective clothing during work activities; • Elaboration of a contingency planning in case of major accidents; • Adequate signage, lightning devices, barriers, yellow tape and persons with flags during construction to manage traffic at construction sites, haulage and access roads. b) Community Health and Safety The construction activities and vehicular movement at construction sites and access service roads may also result in road side accidents particularly inflicting local communities who are not familiar with presence of heavy equipment and machinery. This is a temporary and moderate negative impact. Mitigation Measures: • There shall be proper control on construction activities and oil spillage leakage of vehicles. • Efforts will be made to create awareness about road safety among the drivers operating construction vehicles; • Timely public notification of planned construction works; • Close consultation with local communities to identify optimal solutions for diversions to maintain community integrity & social links; • Seeking cooperation with local educational facilities (school teachers) for road safety campaigns; • Provision of proper safety and diversion signage, particularly at sensitive/accident-prone spots; • If identified, consider additional guard rails at accident-prone stretches and sensitive locations (schools & hospitals); • During construction work pedestrian and vehicular passages shall be provided for crossing near settlement;

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7.3.30 Impacts on Archaeological Sites (Physical Cultural Resources)

No known Archeological sites exist along the project corridor or its close vicinity. During construction, there is a chance of finding archeological remains. In that case, the contractor shall immediately report through Supervision Consultant to Directorate General (DG) of Archeological Department, Government of Pakistan to take further suitable action to preserve those antiques or sensitive remains. Chance finds procedure is given in Annexure-XVII. Mitigation Measures • The proposed design ensures that none of the identified PCR sites come in the ROW of the alignment. Furthermore, utmost care will be taken during construction to not disturb any sites that fall close to the alignment. • The Contractor will be required to instruct the construction crew(s) and site supervisors in archaeological, cultural, historical site and artifact recognition, conservation procedures and temporary site protection. • In case of a chance find during excavation, the Contractor will halt work at the site immediately, inform the PD and notify the Department of Archaeology and Museums through the client. • Legal provision should be met (the minimum distances of the archaeologically important sites to be maintained in accordance with the provisions of the Antiquities Act 1975).

7.4 Anticipated Impacts during Operational Phase Significant negative as well as positive impacts are expected during the operation period of the project. Most of the associated impacts relate to road/ traffic safety and the socioeconomic benefit of the living community. The anticipated environmental, social and safety impacts related to the proposed Project have been studied for the operational stage of the Project as discussed hereunder.

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Table 7-8: Environmental Impacts Evaluation Matrix during the Operation Phase

Biological Socioeconomic Physical Environment

Environment Environment

Environmental S.N.

Component

Project

Activities

Topography/Drainage0 SoilQuality WaterQuality Surface Stability Landslide/Slope AirQuality &Vibration Noise Flora Fauna Safety Public Employment Disturbance Population Activities Economic Management Traffic Construction camps, 1 O O O O LA LA LA O O O LA O O workshops etc. 2 Site clearing O O LA O LA O HA HA O O LA O O Excavation operations 3 at borrow & quarry LA O LA O LA LA LA LA LA B LA B LA areas Transportation of 4 O O LA O LA LA O O O B LA O LA construction materials Legend O - Insignificant / no impact LA = Low Adverse MA = Medium Adverse

NA - Not Applicable B = Beneficial HA= High Adverse

7.4.1 Impacts on Land Sliding

Seismic risk and unstable geological formations are two major causes of land sliding in the area. It might have impact during construction and operation both phases. The formation at some places of the project area may become loose due to the blasting of rocks. This will increase the risk of land sliding on proposed alignment. The impact has been considered in the operations phase, as it would remain relevant even after construction of the project. The impacts of land sliding will be in the category of low adverse. Mitigation Measures • Keeping the seismic zones in view, highway design has been prepared that will cater the seismic activities up to relevant category earthquakes. • Proper road safety instruction signage at sensitive location • Reinforcement measure at such places by appropriate wire mesh lining and retaining wall will be provided to prevent land sliding. • Plantation / bio-engineering

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Section 07 Potential Environmental & Social Impacts and their Mitigations ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

7.4.2 Air Quality

Improvement in road condition will help reduce traffic related emissions in the short term by allowing a smoother traffic flow. However, in the longer run, increased traffic levels and congestion might lead to increased vehicular (CO, NOx, SOx, PM10) pollution levels, which may result in causing public health risks, nuisance and other impacts on biophysical environment. This impact is minor negative in nature. Mitigation Measures: • Setting up of a system to monitor air quality along project area in accordance with the applicable standards/limits; • Helping the owners and occupants of the affected premises to identify and implement special measures such as hedges and vegetation to reduce air pollution; • Roadside tree plantations as part of the compensatory tree plantation exercise; plants should be selected in accordance to their ability to absorb emissions; • Regular road maintenance to ensure good surface condition; • Restricting speed limits at sensitive locations; • Monitoring air quality at defined schedule; • Regular vehicle checks to control/ensure compliance with NEQS and • Enforcement and penalties against traffic rules violators.

7.4.3 Noise

During the operational phase, the noise levels are anticipated to increase due to traffic related noise pollution; vibrations from engines and tires and mainly use of pressure horns. This impact is permanent and moderate negative in nature. Mitigations Measures: • According to noise level results, additional sound barriers in form of trees and hedges will be discussed with the affected people and planted if agreed; • Signs for sensitive zones (health centres / educational institutions etc.) to disallow the use of pressure horns and • Enforcement and penalties against traffic rules violators.

7.4.4 Wastes/ Hazardous Waste

Due to increased number of tourists using this road, municipal waste is expected to be generated during operation phase. No hazardous waste is expected to generate in operation phase except during road maintenance works. Mitigations Measures: • Solid waste generated shall be properly disposed of through local solid waste management system through coordination with local government • Provision of separate waste bins for different types of wastes, including plastic, recyclables etc. 7-38 | P a g e

Section 07 Potential Environmental & Social Impacts and their Mitigations ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

• Coordination with the local administration for banning use of polythene bags in the area. • Management of hazardous waste during road maintenance works will be similar as given for construction phase.

7.4.5 Disruption to Wildlife

The project area is rich in wildlife. Few occasions of human interaction with wildlife have been reported around the proposed project’s AOI. The proposed road can impact animal movements by direct mortality or avoidance behavior. The road is already in existence and the wildlife is stabilized on both sides of the road. However, widening of the road will increase the traffic load that would consequently increase the mortality of wild animals. However, the impact is likely to be mitigated through design measures and wildlife will be able to adjust its niche using its intrinsic phenotypic plasticity. Mitigation Measures: • Safety fencing and signage will be provided at wildlife hotspots. • Safe speed limit will be strictly implemented, to ensure fatal accidents involving wildlife or humans could be avoided. • The underpasses for movement of wild animals will be provided in between Changla Gali and Ziarat Masoom for crossing of monkeys. For other animals few underpasses may be provided in Scrub zone between Nagri Tutial to Makhniyal. • Caution boards would be erected at crossing areas of wild animals. The exact location for boards would be determined through a survey of crossing animals. • Roadside reflectors may be used to scare animals away from the road when vehicles approach at night. • Pedestrian Overhead bridges should be constructed near the populated areas for pedestrians and livestock crossings. • Fencing or plant barriers can reduce the risk of collisions between animals and vehicles.

7.4.6 Terrestrial Habitat Alteration

Widening of the road will enable the movement of heavy goods transport in the area. The existing ecosystem in the pine zone is very fragile. The accessibility to the forest for illegal tree cutting could in long run change the vegetation pattern of the area naturally or through management practices (e.g. replacement of pine forest with eucalyptus plantations al already practiced in areas where original forests have been cleared) Mitigation Measures: • Strict watch and ward against timber mafia. • Restriction on grazing in pine zone to enhance regeneration rate.

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Section 07 Potential Environmental & Social Impacts and their Mitigations ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

7.4.7 Role of CGM Road as Ecological Corridor

The roadside margins can increase habitat diversity, they can support abundant populations of some small mammals, insects and birds, as well as native plant species. Roadsides can also be important habitats for rare native plant species and have the potential to restore native grass and wildlife communities. The proposed road can, therefore, provide ecological corridor through which there is a link between different habitats. Mitigation Measures: • Restriction on construction of settlements along the road. • Restriction on clearance of vegetation from the margins of the road • Restriction of grazing along the road sides.

7.4.8 Surface & Groundwater Contamination

No major adverse impact on groundwater and surface water is anticipated during the operational phase, with the exception of some occasional oil spills from the vehicles, accidental spills from oil tankers and occasional spills in the service areas. Though such spills are accidental, infrequent and restricted up to the road surface, but sometimes the oil maybe washed into surface and groundwater during rains etc. Mitigation measures: • The service areas will work under a system that have proper SOPs, provisions for oil spill prevention, staff training etc. • Random vehicle checks to ensure compliance requirement • Enforcement and penalties against vehicle fitness violators.

7.4.9 Road Safety

Enhanced vehicular movement and speed may result in road safety issues like road side accidents. This impact is permanent but moderately adverse in nature, since the frequency of accidents may be lowered, but their intensity may be quite severe due to enhanced speeds at which vehicles will move. The impact may be considered permanent and high adverse in nature. Mitigation Measures: • Strict enforcement of speed limits, installation of speed guns and channelization of traffic with respect to categories (heavy vehicle traffic and light vehicle traffic) and enforcement of penalties for the violators. • Installation and maintenance of all signs, signals, markings and other devices used to regulate traffic, including posted speed limits, warnings of sharp turns, or other special road conditions which are susceptible to accidents • Installation of speed guns/ cameras • Enforcement of penalties for the violators.

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• Road marking should be done immediately after completion construction work • Regular maintenance of vegetation within road rights-of-way is necessary to avoid interference with vehicle travel and road maintenance. Unchecked growth of trees and plants can cover signals and signs, restrict motorist visibility

7.4.10 Emergency & Disaster Preparedness

Emergency situations most commonly associated with road operations include accidents involving single or multiple vehicles, pedestrians and / or the release of oil or hazardous materials. Disasters such as earthquakes, flooding and other disasters such as fires may also occur. Mitigation Measures: • Emergency preparedness and response plan will be prepared in coordination with the local community, local emergency responders and the traffic police to provide timely first aid response in the event of accidents and hazardous materials response in the event of spills. • The Emergency Response Plan for earthquakes and manmade disasters shall be implemented in close consultation with the Rescue Services, Fire Fighting Department, bomb disposal squad and paramedics. In addition, training of the staff/employees regarding the emergency procedures/plans will be regularly conducted. The Emergency Response Plan is attached as Annexure-XVIII.

7.4.11 Use of Renewable Energy

The proposed road and allied infrastructure will require electrical energy, mainly for lighting purposes, during its operations. Following recommendations are made to ensure energy efficiency of the project. Mitigation Measures: The street lights along the corridors, including lighting at the junctions, bus stops, truck layby etc., are proposed to be battery mounted solar street lights. The bid documents shall specify the illumination levels required along the stretches. Budgetary provision for the proposed solar street light will be given in the project cost (civil cost) and the specification for the same will be provided in the bid document.

7.5 Positive Social Impacts

7.5.1 Employment Opportunities

Due to the construction of the proposed Project, economic activity will be generated in the project area as the laborers and semi-skilled staff will have an opportunity to work for the construction of the proposed project. This will help in developing their skills and capacities. This is a moderate positive impact.

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Section 07 Potential Environmental & Social Impacts and their Mitigations ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

7.5.2 Increase in Land Value

The proposed Project is expected to increase the land values, especially in villages where little or no road infrastructure is present Land owners will have an opportunity to sell their land on increased prices and start new businesses. This impact will be major positive in nature.

7.5.3 Decrease in operating cost of vehicles

During the operation of the proposed Expressway, lesser wear and tear of the vehicles will occur and it will also result in lesser fuel consumption and decrease in operating cost. This impact is permanent and has a major positive impact

7.5.4 Safe Travel Conditions

Improved Road conditions will result in smooth vehicular movement providing safer conditions for tourists and locals to commute. This is positive impact.

7.5.5 Economic Boost

Improved infrastructure will promote new business opportunities in project region. In addition, the local community will be benefited with economic boost, better employment, education & healthcare facility especially for women and children will be improved. This impact will be permanent and major positive in nature.

7.6 Community Development Improved communication infrastructure will promote new business opportunities. Due to the construction of the proposed Project, access mobility to other area especially Islamabad and Rawalpindi will be easy. New marketing activities will boost with the development of road. With the boost of commercial activity and enhanced employment opportunities and standard of living of the local people will be raise.

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Section 08 ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

8 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

Environmental and Social management plan (ESMP) consists of the set of mitigation, monitoring and institutional measures to be taken during implementation and operation to eliminate adverse environmental and social impacts, offset them, or reduce them to acceptable levels. The main objectives of ESMP are to: • Provide details of the project impacts along with the proposed mitigation measures and the corresponding implementation activities; • Define the role and responsibilities of the Project Proponent, Contractor, Supervisory Consultants and other role players and effectively communicate environmental issues among them; • Define a monitoring mechanism, reporting frequency and identify monitoring parameters to ensure that all the mitigation measures are completely and effectively implemented and Identify the resources required to implement the EMP and outline the corresponding financing arrangements. It is to be noted that of the total length of proposed road (63.5 km), only 43 km is being financed by the World Bank under this project. This ESMP primarily relates to this length of the proposed road. The other 20.5 km, from Kohala Bala to Pirsohawa (KP Boundary) is being constructed by C&W through its own resources. From Kohala Bala to Makhniyal, 10.50 km needs major improvements through C & W Haripur through ADP budget. From Makhniyal to Pirsohawa, another 10 km length is already completed under ADP scheme by C & W Haripur where no improvement works will be required. As per available information, no environmental study has been submitted to the KP EPA for this patch of the road by C&W. The relevant officials in C&W have been informed of this requirement and requested to consult the EPA for environmental compliance of this portion. Under best practices, it is strongly recommended that C&W departments carries out an environmental audit of this length of road and implement mitigations resulting from the audit.

8.1 Inclusion of ESMP in Bidding/ Contract Documents The present ESMP and Wildlife Safety Plan will be included in the bidding/ contract documents and their implementation will be a contractual binding for the contractors. The document "contractor’s guidelines" prepared by C&W and safeguards procedures will also be handed over to Contractor.

8.2 Institutional Arrangements The overall implementation and oversight arrangement for the entire project (all components) is presented in Figure 8-1 below. The specific arrangement for CGM Road construction and management is illustrated in Figure 8-2:

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Section 08 Environmental & Social Management Plan ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

8.2.1 Project Steering Committee (PSC)

The project management will be overseen by a Project Steering Committee (PSC) which will be chaired by the Additional Chief Secretary (ACS) of KP. The PSC will comprise representatives from P&D, C&W, Finance Department, DoT, FATA Secretariat, LGRD, GDA, KgDA and private sector stakeholders including representation from the T&T industry, Hazara University, Women Chambers of Commerce, Agha Khan Foundation, Bank of Khyber and SME Development Authority (SMEDA). The PSC will provide strategic guidance and facilitate coordination across different departments (mainly C&W and DoT), agencies and various line departments and offices of the local government(s). It is proposed that representatives from the provincial forest and wildlife departments are also included in the PSC, as these departments are important stakeholders of the project.

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Section 08 Environmental & Social Management Plan ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Integrated Tourism Development Project

Project Steering Committee (PSC)

Department of Sports, Culture, Tourism and Youth Communication and Works Component 2 Components 1 and 2 (for all infrastructure development activities including roads)

PMU (Peshawar) (Housed at DoT) PMU (Housed at C&W) 1. Project Director 1. Project Director 2. Heritage/ Eco Tourism Expert 2. Senior Infrastructure Engineer 3. Digital Marketing Expert 3. Road Engineer 4. PPPs/ Legal Advisor 4. Senior Environmental Expert 5. Financial Management Expert 5. Senior Social Safeguards Expert 6. Procurement Expert 6. Divisional Accounts Officer 7. Administration and Accounts Officer 7. Procurement Expert 8. Additional staff as and when desired 8. Project Accounts Officer 9. Liaison Officer 9. Support staff (Drivers etc.)

Component 3 will provide the project management, establishment costs and capacity building support to the two PMUs

Figure 8-1: Project Oversight Arrangement

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Section 08 Environmental & Social Management Plan ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

World Bank Ensures Compliance with ESMP Representative

Reporting Reporting rd 3 Party M&E PMU (C&W) EPA (KPK) Consultant Project Director

ing Responsible for checking and compliance of implementation of ESMP Report (Construction (Contractor) Supervision Consultant) EHS & Social Specialists Environmental & Social Specialist

Supervision, reporting and Responsible for implementation technical assistance for of ESMP implementation of ESMP

Reporting

Figure 8-2: Implementation Arrangement

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Section 08 Environmental & Social Management Plan ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

8.2.2 Project Management Unit (PMU) C&W Department

The project will be implemented through two IEs; i.e. the PMUs, each at DoT (Peshawar) and C&W (Peshawar). For the CGM Road, PMU of C&W will be the relevant one. The PMU- C&W will be established within the head office of C&W in Peshawar. It will undertake the implementation of all engineering and infrastructure development activities identified under the components 1 and 2 of the project, including the construction of CGM Road, site development at tourist destinations and public facilities for the tourists. The PMU will be further strengthened through relevant staffing and logistics. The engineers will be employed on a regional basis to match the jurisdiction of associated works contracts at various project locations. The staff of the PMU will be trained in relevant fields by the WBG to ensure compliance with polices. The structure of PMU is given in Figure 8-1 and reproduced below: PMU (Housed at C&W) 1. Project Director 2. Senior Infrastructure Engineer 3. Road Engineer 4. Senior Environmental Expert 5. Senior Social Safeguards Expert 6. Divisional Accounts Officer 7. Procurement Expert 8. Project Accounts Officer 9. Support staff (Drivers etc.)

The C&W PMU will monitor and coordinate all project implementation activities. the PMU, led by the Project Director, will be responsible for all aspects of project implementation including financial management, procurement, recruitment of staff, consultants and contractors and overseeing the implementation of ESMP. The PMU will be further strengthened through relevant staffing and logistics. The engineers will be employed on a regional basis to match the jurisdiction of associated works contracts at various project locations. The project will ensure the implementation of environmental safeguards in the project by hiring of a Senior Environmental Specialist at the C&W PMU. Additional resources will be hired from the joint service delivery unit of KP, once established.

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8.2.3 Senior Environmental Expert

Senior environmental expert will be part of the PMU. S/he will be responsible to oversee both environmental and health & safety related issues. Main responsibilities will include: i) Supervising, facilitating and coordinating implementation of Environmental mitigations included in the ESMP; ii) Ensuring that contractors follow EPA – KP regulations, World Bank Safeguard Policies and other requirements mentioned in the ESMP; iii) Overall monitoring and reporting of EHS impacts and issues including periodic progress reports; iv) Identifying any issues of non-compliance and report these; v) Suggesting mechanisms to link contractor performance in relation to the ESMP to the timing of financial payments, incentives or penalties; vi) Providing secretarial support for implementation of Grievance Redressal Mechanism for environment and OHS related complaints; vii) Assisting Project Director in addressing and resolving environment-related complaints; viii) Identifying and preparing EHS training materials and conducting EHS trainings; ix) Preparing progress reports and other reports as and when required; x) Reviewing ESMP and revising it if required.

8.2.4 Senior Social Safeguards Expert

Senior social safeguard expert will be part of the PMU. S/he will be responsible to oversee the social and gender-related issues and also any issues emanating from land acquisition and resettlement. Main responsibilities will include: i) Monitor and check the implementation of all social mitigation measures as suggested in ESMP; ii) Monitor social related matters of the project and maintain a social complaint register to document social issues; iii) Ensure timely social monitoring in the field iv) Ensure inclusion of ESMP requirements in project designs. v) Remain the focal point for managing the project GRM for social and gender issues and maintain analysis and reports on types of complaints received, resolved, time taken to action, etc.

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vi) Provide technical lead to the field teams regarding gender mainstreaming activities of the project vii) Linkages development with NGOs and public-sector entities working on empowerment of women and marginalized segments of society. viii) Ensure the grievance redressal mechanism (GRM) is gender friendly ix) Prepare periodic progress reports and other required reports.

8.2.5 Contractors

Contractors are also required to appoint the following environmental staff for the implementation of ESMP in the field, particularly the mitigation measures. • Environmental officer • OHS (Occupational, Health & Safety) Officer • Social Expert • Community Liaison Officer The contractor will develop various plans directed towards environment, health and safety and social issues and get them approved by the PMU. The contractor will also be responsible for communicating with and training of its staff in the environmental / social aspects before the commencement of the construction works. The construction contract will have appropriate clauses to bind the contractor for the above obligations.

8.2.6 Monitoring and Evaluation Consultant (M&EC)

An independent external monitor will be hired to monitor and provide external monitoring reports of the ESMP implementation. M&E consultant will report directly to PMU.

8.2.7 ESMP Implementation and Monitoring

ESMP shall be made integral part of the civil works bidding and contract documents and the Contractor will be responsible for its implementation.

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Section 08 Environmental & Social Management Plan ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

Table 8-1: Role and Responsibilities of Key Players for Implementation of ESMP

Organization Position Responsibility

PMU Project Director • Ensure ESMP Implementation. PMU Senior Indicative TORs Environment • Supervise ESMP implementation for environmental Expert mitigations; • Ensure that contractors follow all related policies and procedures; • Overall monitoring and reporting of EHS impacts and issues; • Identify non-compliance; • Assist PD in addressing and resolving environment- related complaints; • Prepare EHS training materials and conduct trainings; • Reviewing ESMP and revising it if required. • Prepare and submit the project, monthly, quarterly and annual progress report(s) on ESMP compliance for the World Bank. • Act as a focal point to the World Bank on Environmental safeguards compliances PMU Senior Social Indicative TORs Safeguards • Supervise ESMP implementation for all social Expert mitigation. • Monitor social related matters of the project • Maintain a social complaint register to document social issues; • Ensure inclusion of ESMP requirements in project designs. • Provide technical lead to the field teams regarding gender mainstreaming activities of the project • Linkages with social sector NGOs and other entities. • Ensure the GRM is gender friendly • Prepare progress reports and other required reports. • Prepare and submit the project monthly, quarterly and annual progress reports of social safeguards documents complinaces to the World Bank • Act as a social safeguard focal point to the World Bank for social safeguard compliances

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Organization Position Responsibility

Independent TPV Indicative TORs • Develop monitoring and evaluation methodologies for Environment and social safeguards documents compliances monitoring • Implementation of Monitoring and Evaluation of ESMP and social safeguards documents; • Monitoring of construction contractor; • Prepare environment and social safeguards compliance monitoring progress reports to the project authorities and World Bank.

8.3 Environmental Management

8.3.1 Environmental Codes of Practice (ECOPs)

A set of environmental codes of practice (ECOPs) has been prepared and attached as Annexure-XIX for various environmental and social management aspects. The Contractors will be contractually obligated to comply with these ECPs: • ECP 1: Waste Management; • ECP 2: Fuels and Hazardous Goods Management; • ECP 3: Water Resources Management; • ECP 4: Drainage Management; • ECP 5: Soil Quality Management; • ECP 6: Top Soil Management; • ECP 7: Topography and Landscaping; • ECP 8: Quarry Areas Development and Operation; • ECP 9: Air Quality Management; • ECP 10: Noise and Vibration Management; • ECP 11: Road Transport and Road Traffic Management; • ECP 12: Construction Camp Management; • ECP 13: Cultural and Religious Issues; • ECP 14: Workers Health and Safety and • ECP 15: Construction and Operation Phase Security.

8.3.2 Mitigation Plans

Mitigation plans have been prepared on the basis of the detailed impact assessment. These plans are project-specific, however contractors will be required to carry out further detailing of the key aspects, to prepare site-specific management plans as discussed below.

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8.3.3 Project and Site-Specific Management Plan

These plans are site-specific and where applicable, contract-specific and will be prepared by various contractors prior to the commencement of construction activities. The Plans to be prepared by the contractors for various aspects of the environmental management will mostly include the detailing of the measures included in the ESMP, Wildlife Safety Plan and Tree Plantation Plan developed at the design stage. A brief description of each of these plans is provided below: Site Specific Wildlife Management Plan will be prepared by the contractor aligned with the Wildlife Safety Management Plan and as per the given mitigation measures during construction and post construction phase. The plan will be submitted to the PMU for review and approval before contractor mobilization. Site Specific Tree Plantation and Management Plan will be prepared by the contractor as per the final tree inventory after finalization of the road alignment. It will specify the final number of trees to be cut for the specific site, the number of trees to be planted, specific spots of replantation, species to be planted etc. The plan will be submitted to the PMU for review and approval prior to contractor mobilization. Erosion and Drainage Control Plan will be prepared by the contractor on the basis of ECP 4 and 7 and the mitigation measures given in ESIA. The Plan will be submitted to PMU for review and approval before contractor mobilization. Pollution Prevention Plan will be prepared and implemented by the Contractor on the basis of ECPs 1, 2, 9, 10 and WBG EHS Guidelines (2007), as well as the mitigation plans given in ESIA. The Plan will be submitted to the PMU for review and approval before contractor mobilization. Waste Disposal and Effluent Management Plan will be prepared and implemented by the Contractor on the basis of ECPs 1, 2, 12 and WBG EHS Guidelines (2007), as well as the mitigation plans given in ESIA. The plastic waste management will be included in the waste management plan The Plan will be submitted to the PMU for review and approval before contractor mobilization. Traffic Management Plan will be prepared by the Contractor on the basis of ECP 11 and also the mitigation plans given in ESIA, after discussion with C&W and authorities responsible for roads and traffic. The Plan will be submitted to the PMU for their review and approval before contractor mobilization. Borrow Area Management and Restoration Plan for management and restoration of borrow areas will be prepared by the Contractor on the basis of ECPs 5, 7, 8, 9 and other requirements described in the mitigation plans. This Plan will aim at minimizing the environmental and social impacts during borrowing activities and restoring as much as possible the original natural situation of these sites by various measures (refill, leveling or smoothening). Restoration methodologies will be included in the Plan. The Plan will be approved by the PMU.

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Occupational Health and Safety Plan will be prepared and implemented by the Contractor on the basis of the WBG EHS Guidelines (2007) and other relevant standards. The Plan will be submitted to the PMU for review and approval before contractor mobilization. Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Plan: Separate water supply and sanitation provisions will be needed for the temporary facilities, labor camps and workshops, in order not to cause shortages and/or contamination. A plan will be prepared by the Contractor on the basis of ECP 3. The Plan will be submitted to the PMU for review and approval before contractor mobilization. Construction Camp Management Plan will be prepared by the Contractor on the basis of ECP 12 and also the mitigation plans given in ESIA. The Plan will include the camp layout, details of various facilities including supplies, storage and disposal. The Plan will be submitted to the PMU for review and approval before camp establishment. Fuel and Hazardous Substances Management Plan will be prepared by the Contractor on the basis of ECP 2 as well as the mitigation plans given in ESIA and in accordance with the standard operating procedures, relevant guidelines and where applicable, material safety data sheets. The Plan will include the procedures for handling oils and chemical spills. The Plan will be submitted to the PMU for review and approval before contractor mobilization. Emergency Preparedness Plan will be prepared by the Contractor after assessing potential risks and hazards that could be encountered during construction of road. The Plan will be submitted to the PMU for review and approval before contractor mobilization. Communication Plan will be prepared by the contractor to demonstrate how they will communicate with local community leaders, provide details regarding employment opportunities and traffic management throughout the construction period. The contractor’s communication plan should define a process for receiving, recording and responding to complaints and also monitoring of the success of any responsive action taken to prevent the escalation of any conflicts.

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8.4 Environmental & Social Management Plan Table 8-2: Environmental & Social Management during Planning and Design Phase

Related Aspect/ Responsibility S.N. Impacts Mitigation Activities Implementation Supervision 1 ▪ Tree cutting / ▪ Selection of • Comprehensive tree plantation plan will be developed based on PMU, PMU uprooting Alignment updated tree inventory after final alignment and prior to start the road Contractor ▪ Shifting of Public construction. Tree plantation plan should be prepared in consultation Utilities with office of the concerned stakeholders; it would clearly define the quantum, roles and responsibility with concrete financial plans. The final tree plantation plan will be approved by the WB. • The photographical and botanical inventory of trees. • Use of native and zone-specific species where needed; non-native species to be strictly avoided. 2 ▪ Disruption to ▪ Obstacle in animal • Develop the Wildlife Safety Plan: the plan will describe in detail the Design PMU wildlife movements various options of animal safety structures embedded in the road Consultant, C&W, engineering design while crossing. Contractor • Design elevated structures and culverts/ underpasses for movement of wild animals e.g. monkeys at natural pathways and near water points between Changla Gali and Ziarat Masoom. • For other animals’ underpasses provided in Scrub zone between Nagri Tutial to Makhniyal. • Caution boards and signage would be erected at crossing areas of wild PMU, PMU animals. The exact location for boards would be determined through a Contractor survey of crossing animals.

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Related Aspect/ Responsibility S.N. Impacts Mitigation Activities Implementation Supervision 3 ▪ Physical ▪ Selection of • Careful alignment and route selection to minimize the impact. Design PMU Scarring of Alignment Consultant landscape and ▪ Shifting of Public • Assure minimum tree cutting and vegetation clearance during Contractor Forest topography. Utilities alignment selection, shifting utilities. Department, ▪ Loss of ▪ Excavation of Earth PMU vegetation and ▪ Identification of • Project design to consider aesthetic concerns. Contractor PMU fertile top layer site for construction • Agricultural areas will be avoided for borrowing of materials, unless of soil. camps, asphalt & requested by the landowner for lowering the land to create new batching plant and irrigation polders. crushers • Contractor needs to obtain approval for excavation and for plan of rehabilitating the site after excavation. • Identify locations where excavated material should be transported or to be reused or dumped. 4 ▪ Land sliding ▪ Earthquake • Ensure Seismic provision in all engineering and structural design. Design PMU and ▪ Rainfall Consultant • Retaining walls and adequate drainage structure will be constructed Deterioration of ▪ Flood/ upstream along the road and also included in project design. road and water body crossing • Design structures for easy flow of discharge produce by upstream. ▪ Poor design • Avoid construction through flood prone area, if not possible; in design provide flood protection embankment/ RCC Retaining wall. • Slope Stabilization and edge sourcing of earthen embankments or concrete work will first be dealt at design stage. • Wherever such a situation is anticipated, aprons will be provided to secure edges.

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Related Aspect/ Responsibility S.N. Impacts Mitigation Activities Implementation Supervision 5 ▪ Resettlement ▪ Selection of • Selection of the route with minimum resettlement of the Design PMU issues of local Alignment structures/people. Consultant people and ▪ Land Acquisition • Adequate budget in the project cost for the compensation to the ▪ Disturbance to ▪ Shifting of Public Design C&W, LAC, affected people as per Land Acquisition Act, 1894. Consultant PMU public and Utilities cultural ▪ Identification of • Incorporate technical design features to minimize disturbance / Design properties or site for construction interference with cultural site and public property and public utilities PMU Consultant loss of camps, asphalt & as far as possible. properties/ batching plant and • In case of unavoidable interference to cultural site and public property Social businesses/ crushers prior notification and consultation needs to be made to reach consensus Safeguards PD PMU structures/ on procedures and options (e.g. re-location / re-building) or any other Specialist crops form of agreed compensation. (PMU) • All public utilities likely to be affected by the proposed project need to Design PMU be relocated well ahead of the commencement of construction work. Consultant • Construction camps, asphalt & batching plant and crushers sites must be 500 m away from the localities & cultural sites and 100 m away from the existing road. • Asphalt, batching and crushing plants must be installed in the downwind direction of residential areas. 6 ▪ Vehicle and ▪ Selection of • Adjust steep gradients and sharp curves/turns in the design. Design PMU Road accident Alignment • Provision of retaining walls in the design. Consultant ▪ Poor design of road 7 ▪ Change in Land ▪ Selection of • Positive Impact, no mitigation required. - - Value Alignment

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Table 8-3: Environmental & Social Management during Construction Phase

Related Aspect/ Responsibility S.N. Impacts Mitigation Activities Implementation Supervision 1 ▪ Tree cutting / ▪ Construction related • Implementation of tree plantation plan developed at design phase Contractor PMU uprooting. work. should be ensured. ▪ Establishment of • Site Specific Tree Plantation Plan will be prepared by the contractor construction camps, prior to the commencement of construction activities. asphalt & batching • Trees will only be cut/ cleared where it is absolutely necessary. plant and crushers. • Construction workers will not be allowed to use wood from the area are cooking fuel. • Compensatory plantation of ten trees in place of one tree. • Use of native and zone-specific species where needed; non-native species to be strictly avoided. 2 ▪ Physical ▪ Excavation of Earth. • Excavation of borrow sites as per specifications. Contractor PMU Scarring of ▪ Material extraction • Borrow sites would not be deeper than 5 ft. at any location to avoid landscape and quarrying/ borrow alteration in drainage pattern and reduce the risk of soil erosion. topography. areas. • Install temporary erosion control features when permanent ones will ▪ Construction work. be delayed. Use erosion control measures such as hay bales, berms, ▪ Establishment of straw, or fabric barriers. construction camps, • Stockpiling spoil at designated areas and away from road. asphalt & batching plant and crushers. • Cover stockpile with plastic sheeting, prevent run-off with hay bales, or use similar measures. • Remove any left-over construction material/wastes from the construction sites. • These sites shall be restored to its original conditions as far as possible.

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Related Aspect/ Responsibility S.N. Impacts Mitigation Activities Implementation Supervision 3 ▪ Loss of fertile ▪ Excavation of Earth. • Selection of borrow area with least vegetation cover. Contractor PMU top layer of soil ▪ Material extraction • Assure minimum disturbance to native flora (vegetation clearance) and soil quarrying/ borrow during construction. erosion. areas. ▪ Construction work. • Minimize the amount of clearing. Clear small areas for active work ▪ Establishment of one at a time. construction camps, • Clear without destroying large plants and turf where possible and asphalt & batching preserve them for replanting in temporary nurseries. plant and crushers. • Move earth and vegetation only during dry periods. Store topsoil for re-spreading. If vegetation is required to be removed during wet periods, disturb ground only just before actual construction. • The contractor’s staff and labor will be strictly directed not to damage any vegetation such as trees or bushes. They will use the specified paths and tracks for movement and will not be allowed to trespass through farmlands. • Contractor will supply gas cylinders at the camps for cooking purposes and cutting of trees/bushes for fuel will not be allowed. • Re-vegetate with recovered plants and other appropriate local flora immediately after equipment is removed from a section of the site. • The photographical and botanical inventory of vegetation before clearing the site will be done. 4 ▪ Contamination ▪ Operation of • Camps will not be located in close proximity of drinking water Contractor PMU of land, ground batching/ concrete sources, maintaining a minimum distance of 500 m. & surface water • Water from washing areas and kitchen will be released into sumps.

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Related Aspect/ Responsibility S.N. Impacts Mitigation Activities Implementation Supervision due to effluent, and asphalt plant • Wastewater from contractor’s workshop and equipment washing yards hazardous and crushers. shall be pre-treated before discharging it into natural streams materials or ▪ Construction • No contaminated effluents will be released into the environment waste. Camps. without treatment. ▪ Spillage of lubricants, fuel and • Septic tanks and sumps will be built at a safe distance from any water chemicals during hole, stream or dry streambed, so as to prevent the entry of surface operation, repairing water and the bottom of the sump will be kept above groundwater and maintenance of level. machinery and • Provide septic tanks for treating sewage from toilets before equipment. discharging through soakage pit. ▪ Excavation of Earth. ▪ Blasting. • Prevent dumping of hazardous materials especially near Rivers and ▪ Material extraction seasonal nullahs. quarrying. • Emergency Response plan is prepared to address the accidental spillage of fuels and hazardous goods. • Appropriate arrangements such as usage of concrete base drip pans to avoid spills during fuelling/oil change and for storage. • Segregating and stockpiling scarified/ milled bituminous material and reusing this material in sub grade/shoulders. • Non-usable bitumen and used oil shall be collected in separate containers stored on impervious platform with restricted access and shall be sold to licensed contractor and the burning of waste oil shall be strictly restricted.

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Related Aspect/ Responsibility S.N. Impacts Mitigation Activities Implementation Supervision • Soil erosion control measures such as the formation of sediment basins, slope drains, etc., shall be adopted. • General refuse should be stored in enclosed bins to separate from construction material. • A reputable waste collector should be employed by the contractor to remove the general refuse from the site. • Proper storage and site practices to minimize the potential for damage or contamination of construction material. • Material transport in closed vehicle or covered with canvas (Tarpal) sheets; • Recording system for the amounts of waste

5 ▪ Land sliding ▪ Cutting and blasting • Blasting should be minimized where possible; if inevitable then low Contractor PMU and of rocks intensity explosive material should be used instead of high intensity ▪ Instability of explosive material. geological • Controlled blasting, i.e. increased number of blasts with low intensity formation explosive material should be preferred rather than high intensity single blast to avoid excessive damage to the surrounding rocks. • Retention walls must be provided where rock cutting for construction or widening of road is carried out. At a few places, rock cutting is likely to cause erosion, directly impacting the houses located in proximity.

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Related Aspect/ Responsibility S.N. Impacts Mitigation Activities Implementation Supervision 6 ▪ Disruption to ▪ Construction work. • Enforcement of Wildlife Safety Plan as included in the bidding Contractor PMU wildlife ▪ Construction documents. Camps. ▪ Operation and • Develop and implement a site-specific wildlife safety plan. movement of • Advanced and efficient machinery will be employed for construction machinery and work in order to keep a check on noise pollution that affect fauna equipment. negatively. ▪ Transportation of construction • The wildlife department will be taken onboard and consulted material. whenever any interaction with wildlife is envisaged. ▪ Excavation of Earth. • Dumping areas selection will be done in consultation with the wildlife department.

• The camps will be properly fenced and gated to check the entry of wild animals in search of eatable goods.

• Wastes of the camps will be properly disposed of to prevent the chances of eating by wild animals, which may become hazardous to them. • Awareness will be created among the construction workers on wildlife conservation and its importance.

• Low speed limits shall be maintained for construction vehicles to avoid disturbing wildlife in their habitats, particularly in access roads to quarries and camp sites.

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Related Aspect/ Responsibility S.N. Impacts Mitigation Activities Implementation Supervision 7 ▪ Air, noise and ▪ Operation of • Selection of up-to-date and well-tuned construction machinery, Contractor PMU dust pollution batching/ concrete equipment or vehicles with reduced noise and stack emissions. and asphalt plant • The Contractor shall not use any ill-maintained and noisy construction and crushers. machinery, equipment and vehicles especially near communities. ▪ Operation and movement of • Dust control system on asphalt plant. machinery and equipment. • Water sprinkling at dust prone areas particularly near the ▪ Transportation of communities. construction • The Contractor will also ensure that noise and light pollution from the material. labor camp is kept at minimal levels especially at night. ▪ Construction work. ▪ Excavation of Earth. • Regular inspection, tuning and maintenance of construction ▪ Blasting. machinery, equipment and vehicles should ensure.

8 ▪ Operation and ▪ Safety/ accident • Asphalt & batching plant and crushers sites must be 500 m away from Contractor PMU & health risk to movement of the localities & cultural sites and 100 m away from the existing road. local machinery and • Asphalt, batching and crushing plants must be installed in the population equipment. downwind direction of residential areas. living ▪ Transportation of within/near the construction • The Contractor will select the specific timings for the construction subproject material. activities particularly near the settlements, so as to cause least especially ▪ Construction work. disturbance to the local population. women, ▪ Excavation of Earth. • Restriction on movement of machinery on the designated haulage routes for transportation of materials.

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Related Aspect/ Responsibility S.N. Impacts Mitigation Activities Implementation Supervision children and ▪ Material extraction • Public awareness campaigns through displaying sign board at site and elderly people. quarrying. haulage routes. • Adequate signage to manage traffic at sites, haulage and access roads.

• During construction work pedestrian and vehicular passages shall be provided for crossing near settlement. • Strict enforcement keeping non-working persons particularly children, away from work sites. • Avoid movement of construction and transportation vehicles at night near communities. 9 ▪ Construction work. ▪ Traffic Jams • Efforts should be made to accommodate the traffic along the Contractor PMU & congestion ▪ Operation and road/interchanges as far as practically possible. movement of may take • Provision of signboards directing the drivers about the diversion. place and machinery and • Providing and maintaining traffic management comprising diversion cause equipment. ▪ Blasting. warning, guiding and regulatory signage, channelizes and delineators, inconvenience ▪ Excavation of Earth. lightening etc. to the people. ▪ Transportation of • Movement of vehicles carrying construction material should be construction restricted material. • Availability of continuous services of the police in the diversion and control of traffic. • Temporary bypass, if possible, should be avoided if it involves clearing of land.

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Related Aspect/ Responsibility S.N. Impacts Mitigation Activities Implementation Supervision 10 ▪ Health and ▪ Construction Camps • Provision of drinking water should ensure, which meet the NEQS and Contractor PMU Safety of ▪ Construction work WHO Guidelines. Laborers/ • Screen construction workers for major communicable diseases. Workers • Use of safety sign board at construction site • Training of drivers and construction workers. • Usage of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) during work. • Provision of first aid facilities. • Provision of emergency vehicle. • Underage employment is not allowed. • Proper fencing of the camp site. • Deployment of guards for security. 11 ▪ Loss of ▪ Establishment of • State land shall be preferred for worker camp locations, camp shall be Contractor PMU properties/ construction camps, established at least 500 m away from nearest community. Explore off- businesses/ asphalt & batching site accommodation for crew. Keep camp size to a minimum. structures/ plant and crushers. • In case of unavoidable interference to public property e.g. re-location / crops. ▪ Construction work. re-building; compensation will be given to affected person/ owner in ▪ Excavation of Earth. accordance with market rate. ▪ Material extraction quarrying. • Compensation for trees/ crops required to be cut on account of their coming in the ROW of Expressway must be paid to farmers/owners in accordance with market rates. • Restoration/ rehabilitation of damaged infrastructure to the entire satisfaction of the affected persons.

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Related Aspect/ Responsibility S.N. Impacts Mitigation Activities Implementation Supervision 12 ▪ Social conflicts ▪ Establishment of • Majority of the unskilled and semi-skilled labor will be recruited from Contractor PMU due to influx of construction camps, the local areas. external asphalt & batching • The contractor will prepare a Camp Site Management Plan, get it workforce plant and crushers. approved by the PD and abide by its provisions. ▪ External workforce • Strictly prohibit hunting, poaching and cutting of trees. • Contractor will take care as much as possible that the construction activities should not affect the privacy. If unavoidable, ensure prior and proper communication with the concerned property owner. • Explore alternative water sources and ensure that water usage by the project does not affect or compete with water requirements of the local community. • Underage employment is not allowed. 13 ▪ Rise in the ▪ Establishment of • Project Engineer and the Contractor will ensure that normal trade Contractor PMU Prices of construction camps, routes remain open and supply of goods is not severely impacted. Essential asphalt & batching • The contractor should normally procure the field camps supplies from Commodities plant and crushers. the main markets or any nearby commercially active city. ▪ External workforce

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Table 8-4: Environmental & Social Management Plan during Operations Phase

Related Aspect/ Responsibility S.N. Impacts Mitigation Activities Implementation Supervision - 1 ▪ Chances of ▪ Road accidents. • The saplings planted in the project area against the trees cut C&W damage of ▪ Improper should be properly maintained throughout their initial growth saplings. maintenance. period in terms of water requirement and necessary nutrients. Therefore, proper care of newly planted trees will need special care. • Enforcement and penalties against traffic rules violators. • An awareness campaign targeted on the neighborhood farmers will be carried to popularize the planting of trees and saplings should be provided on subsidized costs. • Organic farming will be encouraged to minimize the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. - 2 ▪ Disruption to ▪ Moment of traffic • Proper maintenance and cleaning of blockages from culverts/ C&W wildlife on roads during underpasses for easy movement of wild animals especially operation phase near water points. ▪ Improper • Fencing or plant barriers can reduce the risk of collisions pathways for between animals and vehicles. wildlife • Roadside reflectors may be used to scare animals away from movement the road when vehicles approach at night. ▪ Improper • Caution boards would be erected at crossing areas of wild maintenance and animals. blocked culverts/ underpasses • Speed limit caution boards would also erect at specific crossing areas of wild animals.

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Related Aspect/ Responsibility S.N. Impacts Mitigation Activities Implementation Supervision - 3 ▪ Air ▪ Moment of traffic • Setting up of a system to monitor air quality along project C&W emissions or on roads during area in accordance with the applicable standards/limits. air operation phase • Roadside tree plantations as part of the compensatory tree degradation plantation exercise. • Plants should be selected in accordance to their ability to absorb emissions. • Regular vehicle checks to control/ensure compliance with NEQS. - 4 ▪ Noise ▪ Moment of traffic • According to noise level results, additional sound barriers in C&W on roads during form of trees and hedges will be discussed with the affected operation phase people and planted if agreed. • Signs for sensitive zones (health centers / educational institutions etc.) to disallow the use of pressure horns. • Enforcement and penalties against traffic rules violators. - 5 ▪ Solid waste ▪ Moment of traffic • Solid waste generated shall be properly disposed off through C&W & generation on roads during local solid waste management system. of odour operation phase. ▪ Road accidents. - 6 ▪ Terrestrial ▪ Timber mafia. • Strict watch and ward against timber mafia. C&W, KP Forest habitat Dept. • Restriction on grazing in pine zone to enhance regeneration alteration rate.

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Related Aspect/ Responsibility S.N. Impacts Mitigation Activities Implementation Supervision - 7 ▪ Deterioration ▪ Poor road • Monitor and maintain drainage structures and ditches C&W of road and maintenance including culverts. Clean out culverts and side channels associated when they begin to fill with sediment and lose their structures effectiveness. and • Regular road maintenance to ensure good surface condition. accidents of • Fill mud holes and pot-holes with good quality gravel; hazardous remove fallen trees and limbs obscuring roadways. material • Use water from settling basins and retention ponds for road maintenance.

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8.5 Monitoring

8.5.1 Compliance Monitoring

Compliance monitoring is a key component of any effective environmental compliance and enforcement program. It encompasses all of the means used to make a compliance determination. The primary goals of compliance monitoring include: • Assessing and documenting compliance with permits and regulations, • Supporting the enforcement process through evidence collection, • Monitoring compliance with enforcement orders and decrees, • Creating deterrence and • Providing feedback on implementation challenges to permit and rule writers. Monitoring of physical environmental parameters will be carried out with the help of checklists prepared on the basis of the mitigation plans provided in Tables 8-2 and 8-3 & 8-4. These checklists will be filled by the contractor’s environment specialist on a regular basis. All non-compliances recorded in the filled checklists will be followed up for remediation. The summary of filled checklists, non-compliances and remedial actions will be included in the progress reports.

8.5.2 Effects Monitoring

Effects monitoring is a key component which monitors Environmental Effects of the project in Operational phase. Client will engage a competent consultant to conduct effects monitoring on a periodic basis. The effects monitoring plan is provided in the Table 8-5. The overall objective of the effects monitoring is to ensure that the key environmental parameters in the project area remain within the acceptable limits specified by the National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) (and other relevant benchmarks) throughout the project execution. For this purpose, the Independent Environmental Monitor (IEM) will carry out the periodic sampling, monitoring and analysis of the key environmental parameters specified in the ESMP and provide their results to the Client.

8.5.3 Third Party Monitoring

Client will engage a suitable consultant to carry out environmental audit of the project on annual basis. During these audits, the ESMP compliance and its effectiveness will be assessed. This monitoring will help identify weaknesses in the ESMP implementation and also recommend the corrective measures. The third party monitoring will also cover the GRM.

8.5.4 Site Visits

The monitoring program will comprise site inspection designed to determine contractor(s) compliance with ESMP and applicable regulations and statutes. The proposed site inspections by the EHS and Social Experts of PMU will be carried out on

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regular basis as per their own time schedules. However, the minimum level of M&E activities is outlined in Table 8-5

Table 8-5: Site Minimum Visit Plan

Project Phase Proposed Minimum Inspections

• One visit to project site • One visit each to proposed Borrow site, Camp site, Material Pre-Construction Depot site, proposed machinery yard and other proposed sites. • One visit to each community • One visit to proposed water sources • Visits to main project site at 20%, 50%, 75% and 100% completion stage. Construction • At least one visit to other project sites every month. • Two visits per quarter in response to complaints

Post Construction • Two visits per quarter on response to any complaints

It is also anticipated that additional inspection will be required in response to any complaints by local communities.

8.6 Environmental Monitoring

8.6.1 Checklists for Environmental Monitoring

For the purpose of conducting environmental monitoring, the following checklists will be prepared and used at the site:

i. Campsite & Nearby Communities Checklist • Location of labor camps, material dumps, equipment yards and approach roads • Pollution from diesel and other oil spills from machinery • Smoke from burning of waste material or burning firewood • Soil Compaction due to Labor Camps and machinery yards. • Infection diseases in Labor employees and nearby public. • Water sources used and its impact on community water sources • Noise monitoring on labor camp sites and on nearby communities. • Air quality monitoring due to machinery exhaust discharge and other vehicles on the labor camp sites as well as on nearby public or communities.

ii. Borrow Area and Quarries Checklist (for each site) • Impact of taking borrow material from earth borrow site. • Access to other construction materials.

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iii. Waste Material Disposal • Site for disposal of waste construction material • Material and construction waste management after completion of road construction • Diesel and other fluids spilling over to the construction site machinery.

iv. Construction Site Checklist • Adjustments with unstable locations appearing during construction. • Limitations of construction sites resolved appropriately. • Earthen embankment or concrete work edge Scouring. • Discharge to unstable slopes or leakages on construction. • Any damage / discharge diversion of water to any spur/bund avoided. • Any discharge spill or dumping on any building or house on any surface water body • Effect on surface flow conditions in case of rain. • Dust smoke and other polluting impacts from construction machinery. • Dust or other pollutants from stored material / spoil heaps. • Noise from use of old or outdated machinery. • Noise due to blasting in hilly tract • Public safety at construction site. • Tree plantation as compensation to trees cut. • Health and safety of labor and employees at construction site. • Impacts on sources of drinking water.

v. Road Checklist • Drains, paths roads crossed by moving machinery and the damage suitably repaired. • Impacts on roads used for transport of construction material. • Impact of stone quarrying.

vi. Operational Checklist • Strict application of prescribed M&E plan. • Continuous evaluation of design efficiency. • Understanding and training of operational manual. • Annual environmental audit. • Regular maintenance. • Staff welfare. • Continued public consultation. • Continued mitigation of gender issues and women consultation. • Refresher courses for operational staff. • Staff and labor colony reconstruction. 8-29 | P a g e

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• Construction of some additional / support structures.

vii. Biological Checklist • Damage to Flora. • Damage to Fauna habitat • Animals killed by Road accidents. • Impact on adjacent open lands. • Impact on Endangered species.

viii. Sociological Checklist • Impact on existing services, education, health, electricity, water supply, communication. • Impact on local ethnicity, tribal tension, community rivalries and canal water disputes. • Impact on land ownership. • Adverse effect on cultural and archaeological heritage. • Chance find during construction. • Graveyards or burials. • Employment. • Women status, exposure to employment and education opportunities • Cultural reunion through better communication. • Market opportunities. • Recreation opportunities and Tourism. • Monitoring of GRM

8.6.2 Monitoring Plan

Proposed monitoring plan to be carried out during pre-construction, construction and operation phases of the project to establish the baseline condition and ensure contractors compliance with the mitigation measures and evaluation of the Project impact on post- completion is given in Table 8.6 along with the monitoring indicators and frequency.

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Table 8-6: Monitoring Plan

Responsible Agency

Location Means of Parameter Frequency Monitoring Monitoring Supervision

Surface water Haro River, Sampling and Biannually Contractor PMU quality Ghambir analysis of Bridge and river water Annually External Monitor PMU Subhian quality (through EPA Bridge according to certified NEQS laboratory) Spot Monthly Contractor PMU measurements of pH, conductivity, turbidity; visual inspection of presence of petroleum products Groundwater Ziarat Sampling and Biannually Contractor PMU quality Masoom, analysis of Lora and ground water Annually External Monitor PMU Kohala Bala quality (through EPA according to certified NEQS laboratory) Air Quality Along the Visual Daily Contractor PMU (dust, smoke) access and inspection to haul road ensure good standard equipment is in use and dust suppression measures(sprin kling) are in place Along the Visual Daily Contractor PMU access and inspection to haul road ensure dust suppression work plan is being implemented Air Quality Ziarat Air quality Annually Contractor PMU (PM10, NO2, Masoom, monitoring for Annually External Monitor PMU SO2, CO2, Lora and 24hoursforthe (through EPA CO) Kohala Bala parameters certified specified in laboratory) NEQS

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Responsible Agency

Location Means of Parameter Frequency Monitoring Monitoring Supervision

Emissions Close to Visual Monthly Contractor PMU from plant construction inspection and area equipment Noise and Close to 24 hours noise Annually Contractor PMU vibration noise monitoring generating through and equipment EPA certified and road laboratory 24 hours noise Annually External Monitor PMU monitoring (through EPA through and certified EPA certified laboratory) laboratory Spot Monthly PMU measurements Waste Storage and Visual Monthly Contractor PMU Management camp area inspection that solid waste is disposed of at designated sites Spills from Storage area Visual Monthly Contractor PMU hazardous inspection for liquid storage leaks and spills Operation of Borrow and Visual Monthly Contractor PMU borrow sites quarry areas inspection of quarry sites Road Traffic Along the Visual Monthly Contractor PMU safety road inspection to ensure Traffic Management implemented at project site Local --- Visual Monthly Contractor PMU roads/adjace- inspection to nt roads ensure local roads are not damaged Drinking At Visual Weekly Contractor PMU water and construction inspection sanitation camps Safety of At active Visual Monthly Contractor PMU workers construction inspection in sites all areas where

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Responsible Agency

Location Means of Parameter Frequency Monitoring Monitoring Supervision run off leaves bare and at important drainage features (ditches, gullies etc.) after major rainfall events Erosion --- Visual Weekly Contractor PMU inspection to ensure local roads are not damaged Reinstatemen --- Visual After Contractor PMU t of work sites inspection completion of all works Wildlife Project area Visual Monthly PMU, Contractor PMU Safety Plan inspection, verify proposed physical structures for Wildlife safety, verifying design documents, verifying the budget in the overall costing of the road construction. Tree Project area Visual Monthly PMU, Contractor PMU plantation verifying with plan documents, number of trees planted, sample of mortality and survival

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8.7 Third Party Validation (TPV) Annual third-party validation will be held with an objective to review the effectiveness of environmental management of the project. Independent Monitoring & Evaluation Consultant will carry out annual review of the appropriateness and adequacy of ESMP in the light of monitoring and supervision done by PMU and the contractor itself. The senior environmental and social experts in PMU will revise the ESMP in case substantial gaps and shortcomings are identified through the TPV.

8.8 Reporting Environmental and social experts will prepare monthly reports covering various aspects of the ESMP implementation including compliance and effects monitoring, capacity building and grievance redressal during project implementation. A 3rd party independent consultant (individual / firm) will prepare reports during post-completion. List of reports to be prepared during implementation and operation stages are presented in Table 8-7. Table 8-7: Reporting during Implementation and Opeation Stages

Report Contents Prepared by Distribution Monthly Non-Compliances Environmental/Social PMU, TPV Progress observed on sites and Safeguards Experts Consultant; Report for actions required C&W, Contractor ESMP Compliance Monthly Actions taken on site in Contractor PMU, TPV Progress response to monthly Consultant Report for report ESMP Project progress and Compliance works to be under taken in the coming three months Details of training delivered Details of accidents reported and actions taken Quarterly Quarterly review on Environmental and Social PMU, C&W, Progress implementation of ESMP Experts World Bank, Report for including compliance and EPA – KP, ESMP monitoring, capacity Contractor Compliance building and grievance redressal Biannual Biannual reporting for Environmental & Social PMU, C&W, Progress OHS, including work Expert World Bank, Report for hours, number of lost- EPA – KP, ESMP time accidents/incidents, Contractor Compliance serious injuries and fatalities, amount of lost time, root cause investigations, etc. There

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Report Contents Prepared by Distribution should also be some incident reporting requirements, such as for major spills, fatalities, local unrest, etc. Annual TPV Results of effects TPV Consultant PMU, C&W, Report for monitoring; Independent World Bank, ESMP review and verification of Contractor, M&E Compliance ESMP implementation performance; recommended actions required by all parties

8.9 Cost for Implementation of ESMP

8.9.1 Cost for testing of ambient air, noise, water

Testing and analysis for ambient air, noise and ground and surface water will be undertaken during pre- construction, construction and operational phases to ensure the effectiveness of the proposed mitigation measures. Certain environmental parameters will be selected and quantitative analysis will be carried out. The results of analysis will be compared with the guidelines; standards and pre-project conditions to investigate whether the ESMP and its implementation are effective for the mitigation of impacts or not. Parameters to be analyzed during pre- construction, construction and operation phase of the project and responsibilities for monitoring and reporting have been discussed in the Table 8-8.

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Table 8-8: Environmental Testing and Budgeting No. of Samples (No. of Responsib Parameters Location Measurements Frequency Duration Cost (Rs.) Components Samples x ility Frequency x Year) Pre- Construction Phase

UV fluorescent SO2 analyzer, AC32e chemiluminescent Ziarat Masoom, 75,000/- All NEQS NO-NO & NOx Lora and Kohala 2 3x1x1 = 3 Once C&W 24 hours (@ 25,000 Air Quality parameters analyzer, O analyzer, Bala 3 per sample) HiVol 3000, CO12e non dispersive infrared CO analyzer

U.S.EPA, Ziarat Masoom, 78,000/-(@ Ground All NEQS SMWW, Lora and Kohala 3x1x1 = 3 Once C&W - 26,000 per Water parameters Colilert®, Bala sample) Quality Thermometer Haro River, U.S.EPA, 66,000/-(@ Surface All NEQS Ghambir Bridge SMWW, Water 3x1x1 = 3 Once C&W - 22,000 per parameters and Subhian Colilert®, sample) Quality Bridge Thermometer Ziarat Masoom, 15,000/-(@ Extech - Lora and Kohala 3x1x1 = 3 Once C&W 24 hours 5000 per Noise Level Sound Meter Bala sample)

Total 234,000/-

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No. of Samples (No. of Responsib Parameters Location Measurements Frequency Duration Cost (Rs.) Components Samples x ility Frequency x Year) Construction Phase (36 Months)

UV fluorescent SO2 analyzer, AC32e chemiluminescent Ziarat Masoom, 450,000/- All NEQS NO-NO & NOx Contracto Lora and Kohala 2 3x2x3 = 18 Biannually 24 hours (@ 25,000 Air Quality parameters analyzer, O analyzer, r Bala 3 per sample) HiVol 3000, CO12e non dispersive infrared CO analyzer U.S.EPA, Ziarat Masoom, 468,000/- Ground All NEQS SMWW, Contracto Lora and Kohala 3x2x3 = 18 Biannually - (@ 26,000 Water parameters Colilert®, r Bala per sample) Quality Thermometer Haro River, U.S.EPA, 396,000/- Surface All NEQS Ghambir Bridge SMWW, Contracto 3x2x3 = 18 Biannually - (@ 22,000 Water parameters and Subhian Colilert®, r per sample) Quality Bridge Thermometer Ziarat Masoom, 90,000/-(@ Extech Contracto - Lora and Kohala 3x2x3 = 18 Biannually 24 hours 5000 per Noise Level Sound Meter r Bala sample) Total 1,404,000/- Operation Phase (1st year) Ziarat Masoom, UV fluorescent SO 75,000/-(@ All NEQS 2 Lora and Kohala analyzer, AC32e 3x1x1 = 3 Annually C&W 24 hours 25,000 per Air Quality parameters Bala chemiluminescent sample)

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No. of Samples (No. of Responsib Parameters Location Measurements Frequency Duration Cost (Rs.) Components Samples x ility Frequency x Year) NO-NO2& NOx analyzer, O3 analyzer, HiVol 3000, CO12e non dispersive infrared CO analyzer U.S.EPA, Ziarat Masoom, 78,000/-(@ Ground All NEQS SMWW, Lora and Kohala 3x1x1 =3 Annually C&W - 26,000 per Water parameters Colilert®, Bala sample) Quality Thermometer Haro River, U.S.EPA, 66,000/-(@ Surface All NEQS Ghambir Bridge SMWW, Water 3x1x1 = 3 Annually C&W - 22,000 per parameters and Subhian Colilert®, sample) Quality Bridge Thermometer Ziarat Masoom, 15,000/-(@ Extech - Lora and Kohala 3x1x1 = 3 Annually C&W 24 hours 5000 per Noise Level Sound Meter Bala sample) Total 234,000/- TOTAL COST FOR OPERATIONAL PHASE FOR 1ST FIVE YEARS (with an annual Increment of 10% in each year to make provision for inflation) 1,428,594/- 234,000+257,400+283,140+311,454+342,600 GRAND TOTAL 3,066,594/-

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8.10 Ecological Restoration Cost

I. Calculation of timber volume Timber volume was calculated by using a measuring tape to measure the length and diameter of the log. The average diameter of the log was taken as 4 feet after measurement. Average Radius = 2ft Area in square feet= 2ft x 2ft x 3.14 (pi) = 12.56 sq. ft. Average length of log = 15ft Volume of the log = (area x length) = 12.56 x 15 = 188.4 cubic feet.

II. Calculation for Compensation The compensation cost for Conifer trees (Mature, Pole crop and Under size) has been worked out only for the deodar, kail, partal and cher trees that produce timber of high market value. However, this cost is estimated and will need verification by the concerned forest authorities prior to execution of the project. The cut / uprooted trees during execution of the project will remain the property of KP Forest Department. The estimated compensation of forest conifer trees to be paid to KP Forest Department is as given in Table 8-9 and will be included in the Resettlement Action Plan. Table 8-9: Estimated Compensation Cost of Conifer Forest Trees

Unit Market Rate per cubic Standard Volume of a Tree No. Cost (Rs.) ft. (Rs.)16 single tree (cubic feet)

Mature Trees More than 16 inch diameter

Deodar 17 2,000 188.4 6,405,600 Kail 56 1,500 188.4 15,825,600 Fir 4 1,200 188.4 904,320 Cher 45 900 188.4 7,630,200 Total 30,765,720

Pole Crop 6-16 inch diameter

Deodar 2 2,000 94.2 376,800 Kail 247 1,500 94.2 34,901,100 Fir 22 1,200 94.2 2,486,880 Cher 765 900 94.2 64,856,700

16 Divisional Forest Officer Galiyat (Gallies) 8-39 | P a g e

Section 08 Environmental & Social Management Plan ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

Unit Market Rate per cubic Standard Volume of a Tree No. Cost (Rs.) ft. (Rs.)16 single tree (cubic feet)

Total 102,621,480

Less than 6 inch diameter @ 700/Maund

Deodar 8 700 5.33 3731

Kail 398 700 265.33 185,731

Fir 19 700 12.66 8,862

Cher 740 700 493.33 345,333.33

Total 1,143,658

Grand Total 134,530,858

8.10.1 Tree Plantation Cost

Plantation Pattern Plantation will be undertaken under the general principle that it will in no way endanger or affect condition of the road pavement and that it will not hinder smooth flow of traffic or disturb overhead and underground utility limes. Plantation will be undertaken in a manner that in the first-ROW shrubs (starting from the berm of the road) would be planted and in the second and subsequent rows small trees and tall trees would be planted. Care will be taken that these do not fall on utility lines. As a general guideline, plant to plant and row to row spacing shall not be less than 3 meters. The last row of trees shall be established along the exterior boundary of the ROW to define and protect it. Choice of Trees / Shrubs The following species (but not limited to) has been recommended for plantation in different Landscape Ecological Zones falling in Chngla Gali - Makhniyal Road Project.

Table 8-10: Recommended Species for Plantation

Zone Blue Pine Moist Sub-Tropical Broad-Leaved Temperate Zone Chir Pine Zone Scrub Zone Tree/Shrubs Recommended Trees Blue Pine (Pinus Wallichiana ✓

o Chir Pine (Pinus roxburghii) ✓

o Willow (Salix babylonica) ✓ ✓

o Olive (Olea ferruginea) ✓ ✓

o Phulai (Acacia modesta) ✓

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Zone Blue Pine Moist Sub-Tropical Broad-Leaved Temperate Zone Chir Pine Zone Scrub Zone Tree/Shrubs o Hackberry (Celtis australis) ✓ ✓

o Pear (Pyrus pasha) ✓ ✓

o Amaltas (Casia fistula) ✓ Recommended Shrubs

o Anar (Punicum grantum) ✓ ✓ ✓ Rose (Rosa spp.) ✓ ✓ ✓

o Jetico-Fire Flame Bush ✓ ✓ (Woodfordia fruticosa) o Jasmine (Jasminum humile) ✓ ✓ Lantana (Lantana camara) ✓ ✓ ✓ No planting shall be done in median strip up to a minimum distance of 100 meters on either side of U-Turns to ensure visibility. Only grass cover may be provided. Plantation Cost As estimated during field survey, a total of 5745 trees of different sizes would be cut/uprooted. These trees are owned by PK Forest Department that would allow the cutting of these trees only if 10 plants are planted for each cut tree. The forestation cost of Rs. 22.69 million for raising one avenue mile (500 plants) and their maintenance for 5 years, keeping the prevailing rate of daily wages as Rs. 500 per man per day.

Table 8-11: Estimated Cost of Plantation of One Avenue Mile (500 Plants) for First Year S.N. Rate Amount Description Quantity Man Days (Rs.) (Rs.)

1 Clearance of site One Avenue Mile 500/MD 10 5,000 (500 plants)

2 Layout One Avenue Mile 500/MD 4 2,000

3 Digging of pits @ 3cft 500 pits 500/MD 20 @ 25 10,000 each pits/ person

4 Average cost plants 500 plants Rs.30/- - 15,000

5 Carrying of plants from 500 plants Rs. 10/- - 5,000 nursery to site including per plant loading/unloading

6 Planting of plants 500+125 =625 plants Rs. 5 per - 3,125 (including 25%) plant

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S.N. Rate Amount Description Quantity Man Days (Rs.) (Rs.)

restocking with ball of earth

7 Replacement of earth 500 pits 500/MD 20 @ 25 pits 10,000 per person with silt 1 cft. (0.0283m3) per pit 500 cft. (14.15m3)

8 Hand watering 30 times 500x30=15,000 500/MD 50 25,000 during dry months plants

9 Reopening of pits 2 500x2=1000 pits 500/MD 10 @100 5,000 times@1Cft pits per person

10 Weeding 4 times 500x4=2000 plants 500/MD 5 2,500

11 Miscellaneous/ Lump Sum 4,000 Unforeseen

Total (1st year) 86,625

Table 8-12: Estimated Cost of Maintaining Plantation of One Avenue Mile (500 Plants) for Second Year Rate Amount Description Quantity Man Days S.N. (Rs.) (Rs.) 1 Restocking of 25% plants 125 plants Rs.30/- - 3,750 Each per Avenue Mile

2 Carrying of plants from 125 plants Rs.10/- - 1,250 Nursery to site including Each loading/ unloading 3 Re-digging of pits 25% @ 125 pits 500/MD 5 @ 25 2,500 pits/person 3cft each 4 Planting of plants with 125 plants Rs. 5 per - 625 plant ball of earth 5 Hand watering 30 times 500x30=15,00 500/MD 50 @ 300 plants 25,000 During dry months 0 plants per person 6 Re-opening of Pits 2 500x2=1,000 500/MD 10 @ 100 5,000 times @ 1 Cft. pits pits/person.

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Section 08 Environmental & Social Management Plan ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

Rate Amount Description Quantity Man Days S.N. (Rs.) (Rs.) 7 Weeding 2 times 500x2=1,000 500/MD 10 @ 100 5,000 pits/person.

8 Miscellaneous/ Lump Sum 3,000 Unforeseen Sub-Total 46,125 Escalation @ 10 % 4,612 Total (2nd year) 50,737

Table 8-13: Estimated Cost of Maintaining Plantation of One Avenue Mile (500 Plants) for Third Year. Amoun Description Quantity Rate (Rs.) Man Days S.N. t (Rs.) 1 Restocking of 20% plants 100 plants Rs.30/- - 3,000 per Avenue Mile Each 2 Carrying of plants from 100 plants Rs.10/- - 1,000 Nursery to site including Each loading/ unloading 3 Re-Digging of Pits @ 3cft. 100 pits 500/MD 4 @ 25 pits/person 2,000 4 Planting of plants with 100 plants Rs. 5 per - 500 plant ball of earth 5 Hand watering 20 times 500x20=10, 500/MD 33 @303 16,500 During dry months 000 plants plants/person 6 Re-opening of Pits 2 500x2=100 500/MD 10 @100 5,000 times @ 1cft. 0 pits plants/person 7 Weeding 500 plants 500/MD 5 @100 plants/person 2,500 8 Miscellaneous/Unforesee Lump Sum n 3,000 Sub-Total 33,500 Escalation @ 10% 3,350 Sub-total for 3rd year Rs. 36,850

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Table 8-14: Estimated Cost of Maintaining Plantation of One Avenue Mile (500 Plants) for Fourth Year. S.N. Amount Description Quantity Rate (Rs.) Man Days (Rs.) 1 Restocking of 10% plants 50 plants Rs.30/- - 1,500 per Avenue Mile Each

2 Carrying of plants from 50 plants Rs.10/- - 500 Nursery to site including Each loading/ unloading 3 Re-Digging of Pits @ 3cft 50 500/MD 2 @ 25 pits 1,000 each per person 4 Planting of plants with 50 plants Rs.5 per - 250 plant ball of earth 5 Hand watering 10 times 500x10 500/MD 17 @ 300 8,500 During dry months =5000 plants plants per person 6 Weeding 150 plants 500/MD 1 500 7 Miscellaneous/Unforeseen Lump Sum 2,000 Sub-Total 14,250 Escalation @ 10% 1,425 Total for 4th year 15,675

Table 8-15: Estimated Cost of Maintaining Plantation of One Avenue Mile (500 Plants) for Fifth Year. Amount Description Quantity Rate (Rs.) Man Days S.N. (Rs.) 1 Restocking of 5% plants per 25 plants Rs.30/- - 750 Avenue Mile Each 2 Carrying of plants from Nursery 25 plants Rs.10/- - 250 to site including loading/ Each unloading 3 Re-Digging of Pits 5% @ 3 cft 25 pits 500/MD 0.5 250 each 4 Planting of plants with 25 plants Rs.5 per - 125 plant ball of earth 5 Hand watering 5 times During 500x5 500/MD 8 4,000 dry months =2,500 plants 6 Weeding 150+25= 500/MD 1 500 175 plants

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Section 08 Environmental & Social Management Plan ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

Amount Description Quantity Rate (Rs.) Man Days S.N. (Rs.) 7 Miscellaneous/Unforeseen Lump Sum 1,000 Sub-Total 6,875 Escalation @10% 688 Total for 5th year 7,563 Total cost of 1 avenue mile (500 trees) for 5 years (86625+50737+36850+15675+7563) = Rs. 197,450 Total cost for 114.9 (5745x10/500) avenue miles= Rs. 22,687,005/-

8.11 Cost for Training and Capacity building/Strengthening Capacity building will be aimed at strengthening the PMU and operational staff in the field of environmental management and social development. Table 8-16 shows the positions proposed for institutional strengthening for an effective implementation of environmental and social mitigation measure. Table 8-16: Cost for Institutional Strengthening

Scheduling Cost Estimates Institutional Position strengthening (Months) Rs. Environmental, Health & Safety 300,000 x 36 = 36 Establishment Expert 10,800,000/- of ESSU 250,000 x 36 = Social Expert 36 9,000,000/- Total Cost 19,800,000/-

In order to ensure that the ESMP provisions are implemented efficiently and effectively, training and capacity building and strengthening are required. Therefore, based on the assessment of the institutional capacities that will be involved in the implementation of the ESMP, the following broad areas of capacity building/strengthening have been identified and recommended for the PMU for effective implementation of the ESMP. The training plan shall include a program for the delivery of intermittent training, to cover the subjects included in Table 8-17. Trainings would be carried out initially at induction of staff and repeated throughout the project.

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Section 08 Environmental & Social Management Plan ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

Table 8-17: Institutional Training for Implementation

Cost Training Type of Participants Content Scheduling Estimates Activity Trainer Training Rs. Awareness and OHS best Contractor OHS Officer Presentation applicability of OHS Once 100,000/- practices Staff (Contractor) code of practices Awareness and Pollution importance of Contractor Environmental prevention Lecture Practices to be Once 100,000/- Staff Expert PMU practices adopted for pollution preventions Social Expert Awareness of local Sensitivity to Contractor PMU & Lecture culture and practices Once 100,000/- local culture Staff Contractor Awareness Risk, Prevention and Environment on vector Contractor available treatment Officer Presentation Once 100,000/- borne Staff (Contractor) diseases Risks, safe practices Contractor OHS Officer Driver safety Lecture and responding to Once 100,000/- Staff (Contractor) accidents Awareness Environment associated with Waste Contractor Officer Lecture waste Storage, Once 100,000/- Management Staff (Contractor) collection and safe disposal Potential natural and other Emergency Contractor OHS Officer hazard/emergencies Workshop Once 100,000/- Response Staff (Contractor) and dealing with emergency to minimize damage Awareness on regulations wild life and forest and Environment Ecological Contractor penalties against Officer Lecture Once 100,000/- Conservation Staff violation of laws. (Contractor) Importance of protection of endangered species Awareness on EPA Environment rules, guidelines, Managerial EPA and Social regulation and Staff of Lecture Once 100,000/- Regulation Experts standards for Contractor (Contractor) satisfactory compliance Lecture Awareness on WB Once 100,000/- Environment World Bank Managerial operational policies and Social Safeguard Staff of and best practices on Experts policies Contractor environment and (Contractor) social issue Total 1,000,000/

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Section 08 Environmental & Social Management Plan ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

8.12 Cost for Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) The cost required for PPEs for hundred (100) laborers during the whole construction period of thirty-six (36) months is given in the Table 8-18. Contractor will bear the cost of PPEs and it should be the part of Contractors Bidding document and BOQ items. Table 8-18: Break-up for Personal Protective Equipment Cost17

Items Quantity Cost / Item (Rs.) Total Cost (Rs.) Dust masks 14400 20 288,000

Safety Shoes 600 2000 1200,000

Gloves 600 300 180,000

First Aid Box 3 5000 15,000

Ear Plugs 1200 30 36,000

Safety Helmets 100 1500 150,000

Safety Jackets (Hi Vis) 200 600 120,000

Total 1,989,000

8.13 Environmental Budget The tentative cost required to effectively implement the mitigation measures is important for the sustainability of the Project and is summarized in Table8-19. Table 8-19: Tentative Budget for ESMP

Estimated Description Unit Cost

Environmental Monitoring Rs. 3,067,000/-

Tree Plantation Rs. 22,687,000/-

Institutional strengthening Rs. 19,800,000/-

Institutional training Rs. 1,000,000/-

Personal Protective Equipment Rs. 1,989,000/- Hiring of Third Party Validation Consultant (TPV) (on lump sum for Rs. 4,500,000/- entire project life)

Wildlife safety features (fencing & signage) Rs. 2,500,000/-

Waste container for construction camps (0.8m3 @ 35,000*4) Rs. 140,000/-

17 Based on a construction period of 36 months and a labor force of 100. 8-47 | P a g e

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Estimated Description Unit Cost

Temporary Traffic Diversion/ Safety signage (10*15,000= 150,000) & Traffic controlling Staff (6*15,000=90,000) for intermittent 3 years Rs. 2,310,000/- construction period 90,000*24=2,160,000 Water Sprinkling for dust control during construction (Bowser Rs. 1,800,000/- @150,000/month for 12 months intermittent)

Sub Total Rs. 59,793,000/-

Contingencies @10% Rs. 5,979,300/-

Grand Total Rs. 65,772,300/-

8.14 Grievances Redress Mechanism The main objective of the grievance redressal procedure will be to provide mechanisms to resolve project related grievances so as to avoid delays. It will also provide to PAPs a public forum to raise their objections and through conflict resolution, address these issues adequately. During land acquisition, valuation, compensation and resettlement process various grievances can arise that might require mitigation. Major possible grievances are; • Losses not identified correctly; • Compensation/assistance inadequate or not as per entitlement matrix; • Dispute about ownership; • Delay in disbursement of compensation/assistance and • Improper distribution of compensation/assistance in case of joint/communal ownership. The grievance redress mechanism will focus on the following during the implementation process: • Record grievances, both written and oral, categorizing and prioritizing them and providing solutions within an agreed timeframe; • Discuss the grievances on a regular basis with relevant authorities and identify decisions/actions for issues that can be resolved at that level; • Informing the PMU and project steering committee of any more serious issues; • Reporting to the aggrieved parties about the developments regarding their grievances and the decisions; • All expenses incurred in arranging grievance negotiations and meetings of Grievance Redress Committee (GRC) as well as logistics required, shall be arranged by the C&W Department being the executing agency and • All information about grievance procedures, grievance forms and responses will be available in languages readily understandable to the locals.

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8.14.1 Grievance Redress Committee (GRC)

GRM will be set up with a two-tiered structure; one GRC will be set up at PMU (C&W) head office level and one GRC will be set up at the field level enabling immediate local responses to grievances and higher-level review addressing more difficult cases not resolved at the field level. The GRCs will continue to function for the benefit of the PAPs, till complete implementation of RAP. GRC composed at two (02) levels are explained below: First Tier GRC at Field Level The 1st tier GRC will comprise the following members: 1. Sub-divisional Officer (SDO), C&W (Chair) 2. Tehsil Nazim (Member) 3. Local Revenue Department Official (Member) 4. Social Safeguard Specialist (Secretary) 5. Environment Specialist 6. Representative of Project Supervision and Management Consultants 7. Two Representatives of PAPs (male and female) 8. Any other member as requested by the Chairperson

Second Tier GRC at PMU Level The 2nd tier GRC will comprise the following members:

1. Project Director, PMU, C&W (Chair) 2. Revenue Department Official (Member) 3. Social Safeguard Specialist (Secretary) 4. Environment Specialist 5. A Representative of PAPs Committee 6. Any other member as requested by the Chairperson

8.14.2 Grievance Redress Process

PAPs can submit a formal complaint to the Grievance Redress Committee (GRC) located at the sub-project site at the field level. The Social Development Specialist will serve as the Secretary to the GRC and will maintain its records. Once the complaint is submitted, it shall be recorded in the complaints register and uploaded to a computer excel sheet without delay and an acknowledgement sent to the complainant within three (3) business days. Project technical staff will be assigned to investigate the complaint by visiting the site location to meet complainants and all related stakeholders and submit a fact-finding report and recommendations to the GRC within seven (07) business days of receipt of 8-49 | P a g e

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complaint. The GRC will have weekly meetings and will take decisions on all complaints and their fact-finding reports in accordance with the agreed entitlements and provisions in the RPF/ RAP/ entitlement matrix. A decision will be communicated to the complainant within fifteen (15) business days and recorded in the complaint register and excel sheet. If the complainant is not satisfied with the decision received, he/she can elevate the complaint to the 2nd tier grievance redress committee located at the PMU C&W. The PMU GRC will receive secretarial support from the Social Safeguards Specialist and will meet fortnightly. The 2nd Tier GRC will acknowledge the complaint within three (03) business days, scrutinize the record of the 1st Tier GRC, meet with the complainant(s) and relevant departments and investigate the remedies available. After thorough review and scrutiny of the available record and conducting a visit of site to collect additional information if required, the 2nd Tier GRC will inform the complainant of the GRC’s decision within thirty (30) business days of receipt of the complaint. If the complainant is still dissatisfied with the decision, he can go to the court of law, if he/she wishes so.

Complaint Steering Committee Verbal

Grievance Written

Written Field GRC (1st Confirmation Tier)

Yes Proceedings recorded in database Resolved

PMU GRC (2nd Tier)

Y Proceedings recorded e in database Resolved

Court of Law

Figure 8-3: Grievance Redress Mechanism 8-50 | P a g e

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8.14.3 GRM Implementation and Monitoring

PD will be overall responsible for the implementation of all GRM tasks and cross-agency coordination and shall be tasked with day-to-day GRM related activities. S/he will also be responsible to monitor compliance with the established Grievance Redressal Mechanism. The PD shall be assisted by the Social Safeguards Specialist at PMU.

8.14.4 Grievance Reporting

The GRC will record the grievance, investigate and after subsequent actions, the results will be included in the monthly project progress reports. In the construction period and the initial operation and maintenance period covered by loan covenants, the project proponent will periodically report progress to the World Bank. This will include reporting of complaints and their resolution.

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Section 9 References ESIA & ESMP of Changla Gali-Makhniyal Road

9 REFERENCES

1. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa integrated tourism and development project, technical note (may, 2018). 2. Project appraisal document. 3. PC-1 for Design & Construction of Makhniyal Road from Changla Gali to Islamabad district Abbottabad. 4. Presentation on F/S, Design & Construction of Makhniyal Road from Changla Gali to Makhniyal/Islamabad” C&W department Abbottabad” April 2018. 5. Pakistan Meteorological Department 6. District census report Abbottabad district, 1998. 7. District census report Haripur district, 1998. 8. Census of Pakistan, 2017. 9. Building code of Pakistan (seismic provisions - 2007). 10. Integrated regional master plan “Galiyat region, KP” August 2017. 11. Environmental impact assessment report of Hasanabdal – Havelian E-35. 12. Irrigation department Abbottabad. 13. Report of Wild life vehicle collision reduction study, October 2008. 14. Report of Wild life crossing guidance manual “California department of transportation”. 15. Report of Guidelines on mitigating the impact of linear infrastructure and related disturbance on mammals in Central Asia, September 2014. 16. Habitat fragmentation due to transportation infrastructure. 17. EA report of Balochistan Integrated Water Recourses Management and Development Project “Irrigation Department Government of Balochistan” January 2016. 18. Ecological Zones of Pakistan: Biodiversity-From Evolutionary Origins to Ecosystems Functions.http://www.wildlife.pk/index.php?cmd=eco_zone&action=pakistan retrieval Dec. 08, 2018. 19. Whittaker R.H. 1978: Classification of Plant Communities. Dr. W. Junk by Publishers. The Hauge, Boston.

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