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I Cousin Marriage, Agnatic Rivalry and Modernity Among Pakhtuns a Case Cousin marriage, Agnatic Rivalry and Modernity among Pakhtuns A case study of District Mardan, KPK. Pakistan By Ikram Badshah Department of Anthropology Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad Pakistan 2017 i Cousin marriage, Agnatic Rivalry and Modernity among Pakhtuns A case study of District Mardan, KPK. Pakistan This thesis is written in partial fulfillment for the award of Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Anthropology. _______________________ __________________________ Supervisor In-charge Prof. Dr. Hafeez-ur-Rehman Dr. Saadia Abid Department of Anthropology Department of Anthropology Quaid-i-Azam University, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad Islamabad Pakistan Pakistan ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS In the first place I would like to acknowledge the continuous intellectual guidance of my supervisor Prof. Dr Hafeez-ur-Rehman, throughout the course of this research. He always encouraged me in the understanding and transformation of my initial ideas into the rigor of anthropological theoretical paradigms in collecting the latest possible relevant anthropological material to keep the discourse in line with my topic. He always remained positively critical, during the exercise of thesis writing, and always emphasized addition of something innovative, novel and interesting to the existing literature through my research data. I am greatly thankful to him for providing me relevant literature in the shape of articles and books, followed by long discussions with him on conceptual clarity and pertinent questions related to my research topic. He guided me at every step of this research that enabled me to observe every minute detail which would have otherwise gone unnoticed. I am whole heartedly indebted to his support beginning from the selection of topic to the execution of field research, and his insightful guidance during thesis write up. It was his vehement support which broadened my horizon on understanding of the research topic. Indeed his ingenuity proved a source of encouragement for the completion of the thesis. My special thanks are due to the people and participants of my research and locale. It was an extraordinary stay in the field and I enjoyed the precious company of people lend unflinching support whether in Hujra, Mosque or any place of gathering. I highly appreciate their patience during question and answer session and various interviews. I am highly grateful to my Key Informants, Iqbal Khan Toru, and Ghyais Khan Toru, who facilitated my interaction with the local people for data collection. Special thanks are owed to Maaiz Khan Toru (M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Anthropology) for his support and help to convince the respondents for interview taking. I am also thankful to Safdar Khan and all his family members for their cooperation and exemplary hospitality. I also appreciate the cooperation of my colleagues and faculty members of department of Anthropology, Dr Saadia Abid (In-charge, Department of Anthropology, QAU), Dr Waheed Iqbal Chaudhry, Dr Ilyas Bhatti, Dr Anwar, Dr Inam Laghari, Dr Rao iii Nadeem, Ms. Aneela Sultana, Mr. Farhan Ahmed Faiz and Mr. Waqas Saleem, for providing me the much required friendly environment for thesis writing. I am highly obliged to my friend Dr. Sarfraz Khan, Lecturer in Sociology, Quaid- i-Azam University for his guidance and encouragement at every stage of my thesis write up. Without his help the completion of this thesis would not be possible in time. I am indebted to Jawad Ali and Aftab Alam for their technical support during thesis formatting. Kamran Afridi‘s sincere and valuable help at every crucial time of my life is worth mentioning here. He is indeed a true friend in the sense of ―A friend in need is a friend indeed‖. In the end I am indebted to some of my students specially Kashif Rustamani, Sheikh Nakeeb, Jawaid, and Khan Zaman Kakar, for their help in downloading articles and relevant materials for my research topic. I am thankful to the staff of department of anthropology, Sajjad Ahmed Librarian (DL), Mohammad Rafiq, Khalid Tanveer, Tabassum Rehmani, Sajjad Haider and Aftab Ahmed for their help and cooperation. Mr Sohail Ahmed, the great man, who edited and proof read the final draft of my thesis, deserves my special thanks and appreciation. He is a true professional and a great human being. Ikram Badshah iv ABSTRACT This thesis examines the prevalence, trends and determinants of cousin marriages in Pakhtun society. The field data indicates a very high prevalence of cousins marriages in the locale as 72.5 % of marriages were cousin marriages out of 92.5% of all endogamous marriages. Patrilineal parallel cousin and matrilineal parallel cousin marriages were the most common type of cousin marriages both 14 % respectively of all endogamous union. This thesis is an attempt to understand the social and cultural structure of Pakhtun society with a special emphasis on cousin marriage and agnatic rivalry both apparently paradoxical to each other, yet co-exist in Pakhtun society for centuries. The study describes the changing dynamics of cousin marriage and Tarboorwali. In the literature Pakhtun ideal behaviour and society is presented as static one. Changes are inevitable and due to modernization, globalization, mass media, education and technological advancement, Pakhtun culture in area has undergone various changes that have impacted the lifestyle of inhabitants. It has helped to understand more fully the existence of cousin marriage phenomenon from the perspective of local community. The main reason of more prevalence of paternal parallel cousin marriage was that they were considered real relative and own blood (khpala weena) and there was a general belief that one‘s own blood has embedded sympathy for each other as compared to other relatives. Interestingly the maternal side is never considered as one‘s own blood but they do come in the line of priority after paternal side. People are of the view ―just like a paralyzed part of the body is carried by remaining body, it implies that handicapped or disable will not be abandoned by relatives‖. In Pakhtun society khpalwali or Khpalvi (close circle of relatives who participate in each other‘s event of their social lives and who extend help and come forward for the protection of any member as a one unit, this special type of relationship is called Khpalwali or Khpalvi) and Tarboorwali (agnatic rivalry) subsist side by side. If you give importance to enmity with your agnates than you are following Tarboorwali and if you subside your differences with your agnates and blood relatives than you are doing v khpalwali or khpalvi. Cousin marriage also transforms feeling of enmity of rivalry among agnates and blood relatives into azizwali (treating and feeling of all blood relatives as one unit) and khpalwali. This thesis is divided into nine chapters. The first chapter introduces the topic in a general perspective, states problem in a historical perspective, and then locate it in a theoretical framework. This chapter also includes objectives, significance, and model of the study and also elaborates the overall research methodology including various anthropological techniques. The second chapter is devoted to various theoretical perspectives that describe nature and extent of cousin marriage, agnatic rivalry and modernity in various societies with special emphasis on consanguinity and cousin marriages. Chapter three relates details of the area in general and the socio economic profile of target population in particular. Fourth chapter is about the historical perspective of cousin marriage in Islam and Muslim societies and religious regulation of Cousin Marriages in various religions and various historical periods. The causes and consequences of such marriages in Middle East societies are discussed from socio- political perspectives. Fifth and sixth chapters discuss the various rituals of marriage in Pakhtun society and the historical background of cousin marriages in the Pakhtun history respectively. The causes and consequences of cousin marriages are discussed in detail in the light of field data. The seventh chapter provides details related to Tarboorwali as a social institution and its functionality in Pakhtun society. The eighth chapter deals with the understanding of Pakhtun society through Pashto proverbs with special emphasis on Tarboorwali and cousin marriage, and ninth chapter is devoted to the understanding of the concept and phenomenon of modernity in Pakhtun society with special emphasis on Tarboorwali and cousin marriages. Last chapter sums-up and conclude the research study. vi LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1 LANDHOLDING IN ACRES BY EACH CASTE OF UNION COUNCIL ......................................................................... 82 TABLE 2 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AT UNION COUNCIL LEVEL ................................................................................ 86 TABLE 3 RESPONDENT’S EDUCATION LEVEL ............................................................................................................. 87 TABLE 4 HOUSEHOLD INCOME OF RESPONDENTS PER MONTH..................................................................................... 89 TABLE 5 RESPONDENTS OCCUPATION STATUS ........................................................................................................ 91 TABLE 6 RESPONDENTS EXISTING FAMILY STRUCTURE ............................................................................................... 93 TABLE 7 COUSIN MARRIAGE AMONG WORLD RELIGIONS .......................................................................................
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