History of the Christian Church, Volume VI: the Middle Ages. A.D. 1294-1517

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

History of the Christian Church, Volume VI: the Middle Ages. A.D. 1294-1517 History of the Christian Church, Volume VI: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1294-1517. by Philip Schaff About History of the Christian Church, Volume VI: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1294-1517. by Philip Schaff Title: History of the Christian Church, Volume VI: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1294-1517. URL: http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc6.html Author(s): Schaff, Philip (1819-1893) Publisher: Grand Rapids, MI: Christian CLassics Ethereal Library First Published: 1882 Source: Electronic Bible Society Date Created: 2002-11-27 Contributor(s): whp (Transcriber) Wendy Huang (Markup) CCEL Subjects: All; History; LC Call no: BR145.S3 LC Subjects: Christianity History History of the Christian Church, Volume VI: The Middle Ages. Philip Schaff A.D. 1294-1517. Table of Contents About This Book. p. ii History of the Christian Church. p. 1 Preface. p. 2 Introductory Survey. p. 3 The Decline Of The Papacy And The Avignon Exile. p. 4 Sources and Literature. p. 4 Pope Boniface VIII. 1294-1303. p. 8 Boniface VIII. and Philip the Fair of France. p. 11 Literary Attacks against the Papacy. p. 20 The Transfer of the Papacy to Avignon. p. 28 The Pontificate of John XXII 1316-1334. p. 36 The Papal Office Assailed. p. 42 The Financial Policy of the Avignon Popes. p. 47 The Later Avignon Popes. p. 54 The Re-establishment of the Papacy in Rome. 1377. p. 59 The Papal Schism And The Reformatory Councils. 1378-1449. p. 63 Sources and Literature. p. 63 The Schism Begun. 1378. p. 66 Further Progress of the Schism. 1378-1409. p. 70 The Council of Pisa. p. 77 The Council of Constance. 1414-1418. p. 81 The council of Basel. 1431-1449. p. 92 The Council of Ferrara-Florence. 1438-1445. p. 99 Leaders Of Catholic Thought. p. 102 Literature. p. 102 Ockam and the Decay of Scholasticism. p. 104 Catherine of Siena, the Saint. p. 107 Peter d©Ailly, Ecclesiastical Statesman. p. 113 John Gerson, Theologian and Church Leader. p. 115 Nicolas of Clamanges, the Moralist. p. 121 Nicolas of Cusa, Scholar and Churchman. p. 123 Popular Preachers. p. 126 The German Mystics. p. 128 Sources and Literature. p. 128 The New Mysticism. p. 132 iii History of the Christian Church, Volume VI: The Middle Ages. Philip Schaff A.D. 1294-1517. Meister Eckart. p. 135 John Tauler of Strassburg. p. 142 Henry Suso. p. 146 The Friends of God. p. 150 John of Ruysbroeck. p. 152 Gerrit de Groote and the Brothers of the Common Life. p. 154 The Imitation of Christ. Thomas à Kempis. p. 158 The German Theology. p. 164 English Mystics. p. 165 Reformers Before The Reformation. p. 167 Sources and Literature. p. 167 The Church in England in the Fourteenth Century. p. 170 John Wyclif. p. 176 Wyclif©s Teachings. p. 182 Wyclif and the Scriptures. p. 189 The Lollards. p. 196 John Huss of Bohemia. p. 200 Huss at Constance. p. 207 Jerome of Prag. p. 217 The Hussites. p. 219 The Last Popes Of The Middle Ages. 1447-152. p. 224 Literature and General Survey. p. 224 Nicolas V. 1447-1455. p. 228 Aeneas Sylvius de© Piccolomini, Pius II. p. 233 Paul II. 1464-1471. p. 238 Sixtus IV. 1471-1484. p. 241 Innocent VIII. 1484-1492. p. 244 Pope Alexander VI--Borgia. 1492-1503. p. 248 Julius II., the Warrior-Pope. 1503-1513. p. 260 Leo X. 1513-1521. p. 267 Heresy And Witchcraft. p. 276 Literature. p. 277 Heretical and Unchurchly Movements. p. 278 Witchcraft and its Punishment. p. 286 The Spanish Inquisition. p. 296 The Renaissance. p. 308 Literature of the Renaissance. p. 308 The Intellectual Awakening. p. 312 Dante, Petrarca, Boccaccio. p. 316 Progress and Patrons of Classical Studies in the 15th Century. p. 323 iv History of the Christian Church, Volume VI: The Middle Ages. Philip Schaff A.D. 1294-1517. Greek Teachers and Italian Humanists. p. 329 The Artists. p. 334 The Revival of Paganism. p. 338 Humanism in Germany. p. 344 Reuchlin and Erasmus. p. 348 Humanism in France. p. 358 Humanism in England. p. 359 The Pulpit And Popular Piety. p. 366 Literature. p. 366 The Clergy. p. 369 Preaching. p. 373 Doctrinal Reformers. p. 378 Girolamo Savonarola. p. 381 The Study and Circulation of the Bible. p. 398 Popular Piety. p. 405 Works of Charity. p. 415 The Sale of Indulgences. p. 420 The Close Of The Middle Ages. p. 426 Indexes. p. 436 Subject Index. p. 436 Index of Scripture References. p. 436 Index of Citations. p. 437 Index of Names. p. 437 German Words and Phrases. p. 438 French Words and Phrases. p. 443 v History of the Christian Church, Volume VI: The Middle Ages. Philip Schaff A.D. 1294-1517. vi Hist of Christ©n Church 6 Philip Schaff HISTORY of the CHRISTIAN CHURCH1 by PHILIP SCHAFF Christianus sum. Christiani nihil a me alienum puto VOLUME VI..
Recommended publications
  • The Torrone and the Prosecution of Crimes Full Article Language: En Indien Anders: Engelse Articletitle: 0
    _full_alt_author_running_head (neem stramien B2 voor dit chapter en dubbelklik nul hierna en zet 2 auteursnamen neer op die plek met and): 0 _full_articletitle_deel (kopregel rechts, vul hierna in): The Torrone and the Prosecution of Crimes _full_article_language: en indien anders: engelse articletitle: 0 44 Chapter 3 Chapter 3 The Torrone and the Prosecution of Crimes On 6 June 1654 a surgeon from one of Bologna’s hospitals reported Carlo Masi- na’s severe and ‘suspicious’ wounds to the criminal court.1 Upon interrogation, the dying Carlo pointed to three men (Domenico Pino, and Francesco and Alessandro Lambertini) and one woman (Diamante, Domenico’s wife) as the culprits. Earlier, Carlo had seen Domenico talking to ‘certain persons’ in one of the city’s many taverns and had mentioned that his behaviour did not befit a gentiluomo (gentleman), but a becco fotuto (fucking cuckold). Their quarrel es- calated a day later when Domenico was waiting for him with a drawn sword, accompanied by his wife Diamante and the Lambertini brothers. When Carlo tried to duck the stones Diamante and the brothers were throwing at him, Do- menico struck him with his sword, causing wounds which would eventually prove fatal for Carlo. Domenico was able to turn the capital punishment he received into a pardon through a peace accord with Carlo’s kin and the Lam- bertini brothers were exiled. Although her role in the homicide was similar to that of the brothers, no sentence is recorded for Diamante. While the criminal court records do not provide any information as to why Diamante got off so lightly compared to her male co-offenders, perceptions of gender may well have been at play.
    [Show full text]
  • Preamble. His Excellency. Most Reverend Dom. Carlos Duarte
    Preamble. His Excellency. Most Reverend Dom. Carlos Duarte Costa was consecrated as the Roman Catholic Diocesan Bishop of Botucatu in Brazil on December !" #$%&" until certain views he expressed about the treatment of the Brazil’s poor, by both the civil (overnment and the Roman Catholic Church in Brazil caused his removal from the Diocese of Botucatu. His Excellency was subsequently named as punishment as *itular bishop of Maurensi by the late Pope Pius +, of the Roman Catholic Church in #$-.. His Excellency, Most Reverend /ord Carlos Duarte Costa had been a strong advocate in the #$-0s for the reform of the Roman Catholic Church" he challenged many of the 1ey issues such as • Divorce" • challenged mandatory celibacy for the clergy, and publicly stated his contempt re(arding. 2*his is not a theological point" but a disciplinary one 3 Even at this moment in time in an interview with 4ermany's Die 6eit magazine the current Bishop of Rome" Pope Francis is considering allowing married priests as was in the old time including lets not forget married bishops and we could quote many Bishops" Cardinals and Popes over the centurys prior to 8atican ,, who was married. • abuses of papal power, including the concept of Papal ,nfallibility, which the bishop considered a mis(uided and false dogma. His Excellency President 4et9lio Dornelles 8argas as1ed the Holy :ee of Rome for the removal of His Excellency Most Reverend Dom. Carlos Duarte Costa from the Diocese of Botucatu. *he 8atican could not do this directly. 1 | P a g e *herefore the Apostolic Nuncio to Brazil entered into an agreement with the :ecretary of the Diocese of Botucatu to obtain the resi(nation of His Excellency, Most Reverend /ord.
    [Show full text]
  • Church Reporter 5/2021
    CHURCH REPORTER 5/2021 Newsletter for the English speaking members and friends of the Church Law Society Prague – Brno – Olomouc – Stříbro 10th May 2021 | Volume 6 Strasbourg, University of Strasbourg, headquarters of Revue de Droit Canonique, September 2015. Photo by Záboj Horák FortressCHURCH in Prague REPORTER – Chodov, 3/202 birthplace1 of Blessed Dominik Zavřel, OCist. 1 Czech Priest Dominik Zavřel O.Cist., Martyr of the Eucharist, Declared Blessed On Saturday, 17th April 2021, a major event took place in the Cistercian Abbey of Casamari, southeast of Rome. The Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints His Eminence Marcello Semeraro declared six martyrs from the abbey to be blessed. They are Simeon Cardon, Dominik Zavřel and fellows. Their martyrdom, and therefore their birth for heaven, occurred on 13th May 1799. Dominik Zavřel was born in 1725 in the village of Chodov, then in the Hostivař parish, a few kilometres south of Prague. Church of the Beheading of John the Baptist in Hostivař (pictured left), where he was baptized and given the Christian name John, is today an important spiritual centre of the southwestern part of Prague. At the age of twenty, Jan Zavřel joined the Dominican order and received the religious name Chrysostom. Priory of Dominican noviciate was then located in the town of Litoměřice, still the seat of the bishop for northern Bohemia. After a year of novitiate, he made perpetual religious vows in 1746. In 1752 he is remembered as a priest, a member of the Dominican Priory in Prague at St. Giles, where he continued his theological studies.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Introduction 2 the New Religious Orders 3 the Council of Trent And
    NOTES 1 Introduction I. This term designates first of all the act of 'confessing' or professing a par­ ticular faith; secondly, it indicates the content of that which is confessed or professed, as in the Augsburg Confession; finally then it comes to mean the group that confesses this particular content, the church or 'confession'. 2 The New Religious Orders I. The terms 'order' and 'congregation' in this period were not always clear. An order usually meant solemn vows, varying degrees of exemption from the local bishop, acceptance of one of the major rules (Benedictine, Augustinian, Franciscan), and for women cloister.A congregation indicated simple vows and usually subordination to local diocesan authority. A con­ fraternity usually designated an association of lay people, sometimes including clerics, organized under a set of rules , to foster their common religious life and usually to undertake some common apostolic work. In some cases confraternities evolved into congregations, as was the case with many of the third orders, and congregations evolved into orders. 2. There is no effort here to list all the new orders and congregations that appeared in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. 3. An English translation of Regimini Militantis Ecclesiae, the papal bull of 27 September 1540 establishing the Society ofJesus, is found in John Olin, The Catholic Reformation: Savonarola to Ignatius Loyola: Reform in the Church, /495-1540 (New York: Harper and Row, 1969), pp. 203-8. 3 The Council of Trent and the Papacy I. The Complete Works of Montaigne: Essays, Travel journal, Letters, trans. Donald M. Frame (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1957), p.
    [Show full text]
  • July 2018 New Arrivals
    1 New Arrivals July 2018 Windows Booksellers 199 West 8th Ave., Suite 1 Eugene, OR 97401 USA Phone: (800) 779-1701 or (541) 485-0014 * Fax: (541) 465-9694 [email protected] * http://www.windowsbooks.com Monday - Friday: 10:00 AM to 5:00 PM, Pacific time (phone & in-store) Saturday: By Appointment Only, Pacific time (in-store only- phone not answered). Catalog listings are formatted as follows: Item No. Author Title Publisher No. of Pages Condition Binding Year Cost ABBREVIATIONS FOR BINDING: dj= hardcover w/dustjacket hc= hardcover w/out dustjacket L= full or half leather pb = paperback Re-= re-bound, usually in buckram V=vinyl or leatherette ABBREVIATIONS FOR CONDITION: If no condition is noted, you may assume the book is in very good to fine condition. Our abbreviations used to describe defects are as follows: As is= condition is poor; details available upon request br= broken binding ch= chipped or torn (usually refers to dust jacket condition) Fx= foxing highlt= highlighting m= musty mks or ul= underlining, highlighting, or marginalia pncl= pencil marks S or st = stained or grubby sh= shaken or weak hinges sl= slight v= very wr or wrn= worn (usually in reference to exterior) wrp= warped X or XL= ex-library Y or yellow = yellowed pages OUR TERMS: We accept Visa, MasterCard, American Express, Discover, and PayPal. Available books that you have requested will be reserved for 1 business day after our order confirmation, to allow time for payment arrangements. Shipping charge is based on estimated final weight of package, and calculated at the shipper's actual cost, plus $1.00 handling per package.
    [Show full text]
  • Establishing the Tudor Dynasty: the Role of Francesco Piccolomini in Rome As First Cardinal Protector of England
    2017 IV Establishing the Tudor Dynasty: The Role of Francesco Piccolomini in Rome as First Cardinal Protector of England Susan May Article: Establishing the Tudor Dynasty: The Role of Francesco Piccolomini in Rome as First Cardinal Protector of England Establishing the Tudor Dynasty: The Role of Francesco Piccolomini in Rome as First Cardinal Protector of England1 Susan May Abstract: Between 1492 and 1503, Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini (1439–1503) was the first officially appointed Cardinal Protector of England. This paper focuses on a select few of his activities executed in that capacity for Henry Tudor, King Henry VII. Drawing particularly on two unpublished letters, it underscores the importance for King Henry of having his most trusted supporters translated to significant bishoprics throughout the land, particularly in the northern counties, and explores Queen Elizabeth of York’s patronage of the hospital and church of St Katharine-by-the-Tower in London. It further considers the mechanisms through which artists and humanists could be introduced to the Tudor court, namely via the communication and diplomatic infrastructure of Italian merchant-bankers. This study speculates whether, by the end of his long incumbency of forty-three years at the Sacred College, uncomfortably mindful of the extent of a cardinal’s actual and potential influence in temporal affairs, Piccolomini finally became reluctant to wield the power of the purple. Keywords: Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini; Henry VII; early Tudor; cardinal protector; St Katharine’s; Italian merchant-bankers ope for only twenty-six days following his election, taking the name of Pius III (Fig. 1), Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini (1439–1503) has understandably been P overshadowed in reputation by his high-profile uncle, Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini, Pope Pius II (1458–64).
    [Show full text]
  • Liturgy, an "Investigation" Into Cardinal Sarah's Management Gets Underway
    VATICAN Liturgy, an "investigation" into Cardinal Sarah's management gets underway ECCLESIA 16-03-2021 Nico Spuntoni Three weeks after Pope Francis's acceptance of Cardinal Robert Sarah's resignation there could be a turning point in the mystery as to why the Prefect's job has been left disturbingly vacant According to information gathered by The Daily Compass, in fact, the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments has been ordered to undergo an Apostolic Visitation starting Monday, March 15. This is particularly noteworthy because it is not a diocese nor a religious order that is being investigated but rather a department of Roman curia. This is an investigation whose content and motives are presently unknown. Will it concern the former Guinean prefect’s past management or, rather, will it be directed more generally at the future of the Catholic liturgy? What we do know, for now, is that the Apostolic Visitor will likely be an Italian bishop. It will not be, however, Bishop Vittorio Francesco Viola, who many had picked as the likely successor of Sarah as prefect. According to sources gathered by Oltretevere, in fact, Bishop Claudio Maniago would lead the Apostolic Visitation at the Vatican’s Palace of the Congregations. Maniago, currently Bishop of Castellaneta (Southern Italy), is also President of Italian Bishops’ Conference’s Liturgical Commission. He is a choice, therefore, that would be in continuity with what was seen in the last Consistory: confirming the good times that the Italian episcopate - or at least a part of it – now seems to enjoying during Francis’s pontificate.
    [Show full text]
  • Trivium, 16 | 2014, « La Représentation Politique » [En Ligne], Mis En Ligne Le 05 Février 2014, Consulté Le 10 Décembre 2020
    Trivium Revue franco-allemande de sciences humaines et sociales - Deutsch-französische Zeitschrift für Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften 16 | 2014 La représentation politique Die politische Repräsentation Édition électronique URL : http://journals.openedition.org/trivium/4771 DOI : 10.4000/trivium.4771 ISSN : 1963-1820 Éditeur Les éditions de la Maison des sciences de l’Homme Référence électronique Trivium, 16 | 2014, « La représentation politique » [En ligne], mis en ligne le 05 février 2014, consulté le 10 décembre 2020. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/trivium/4771 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/ trivium.4771 Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 10 décembre 2020. Les contenus des la revue Trivium sont mis à disposition selon les termes de la Licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale - Pas de Modification 4.0 International. 1 Un diagnostic du temps présent met en évidence un paradoxe : le mot de démocratie est devenu internationalement un synonyme de « bon régime », et le modèle du gouvernement représentatif fondé sur l’élection libre et la compétition des partis n’a jamais été aussi répandu dans la planète. Cependant, la légitimité des représentants élus tend à décroître dans les « vieilles » démocraties tandis que dans les pays qui instaurent une démocratie libérale après la chute d’un régime autoritaire ou d’une dictature, le désenchantement s’installe le plus souvent très rapidement. Pour être pleinement comprise, une telle situation appelle des enquêtes sur un élément central de la démocratie moderne : la représentation politique. Ce numéro a été réalisé avec le soutien de l'Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR), de la Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) ainsi que de la DGLFLF.
    [Show full text]
  • Military Orders (Helen Nicholson) Alan V. Murray, Ed. the Crusades
    Military Orders (Helen Nicholson) activities such as prayer and attending church services. Members were admitted in a formal religious ceremony. They wore a religious habit, but did not follow a fully enclosed lifestyle. Lay members Alan V. Murray, ed. The Crusades. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2006, pp. 825–829. predominated over priests in the early years, while the orders were still active in military affairs. The military order was a form of religious order first established in the first quarter of the twelfth The military orders were part of a religious trend of the late eleventh and early twelfth century toward century with the function of defending Christians, as well as observing the three monastic vows of wider participation in the religious life and more emphasis on action as against contemplation. The poverty, chastity, and obedience. The first military order was the Order of the Temple, formally Cistercian Order, founded at the end of the eleventh century, allowed laity from nonnoble families to established in the kingdom of Jerusalem in January 1120, while the Order of the Hospital (or Order of enter their order to perform manual tasks; orders of canons, founded in the late eleventh and early St. John of Jerusalem) began in the eleventh century as a hospice for pilgrims in Jerusalem and later twelfth centuries, could play an active role in society as priests working in the community, unlike on developed military responsibilities, perhaps as early as the mid-1120s. The Templars and traditional monks who lived enclosed lives in their monasteries. In the same way, the military orders Hospitallers became supranational religious orders, whose operations on the frontiers of Christendom did not follow a fully enclosed lifestyle, followed an active vocation, and were composed largely of laity: were supported by donations of land, money, and privileges from across Latin Christendom.
    [Show full text]
  • Trajectories of Croatian Jesuit Historiography Brnardic, Teodora Shek
    From Acceptance to Animosity: Trajectories of Croatian Jesuit Historiography Brnardic, Teodora Shek Teodora Shek Brnardić [email protected] Last modified: March 2018 Introduction The emergence of a Croatian historiography of the Society of Jesus took place in the often virulently anti-Jesuit and anti-clerical atmosphere that was prevalent in Croatia in the second half of the nineteenth and first half of the twentieth century. This period represented a historical crisis for the Jesuit order in Croatia, one that provoked controversies that were largely absent in the pre-suppression period, unlike in many other countries where such disputes had existed ever since the sixteenth century. In 1932, Miroslav Vanino, S.J. (1879–1965) launched a scholarly journal entitled Vrela i prinosi: Zbornik za povijest isusovačkog reda u hrvatskim krajevima (Sources and contributions: Collected papers on the history of the Jesuit order in the Croatian lands),1 which marked a turning point in the creation of a Croatian Jesuit historiography. In doing so, Vanino intended to revise the prevailing view of the pre-suppression Jesuits, who were often accused of behaving in an “anti-national” way. This latter view had become widespread among the educated Croatian elite, particularly during the Austro-Hungarian fin-de-siècle. Vanino’s journal accordingly sought to correct this politically biased interpretation of the Jesuits’ role in Croatian history with articles written by both Jesuit and non-Jesuit contributors.2 The journal would provide the foundation for a source-based, critical history of the Society of Jesus in the Croatian lands and of its relations with the Croats.
    [Show full text]
  • Reconstruction Or Reformation the Conciliar Papacy and Jan Hus of Bohemia
    Garcia 1 RECONSTRUCTION OR REFORMATION THE CONCILIAR PAPACY AND JAN HUS OF BOHEMIA Franky Garcia HY 490 Dr. Andy Dunar 15 March 2012 Garcia 2 The declining institution of the Church quashed the Hussite Heresy through a radical self-reconstruction led by the conciliar reformers. The Roman Church of the late Middle Ages was in a state of decline after years of dealing with heresy. While the Papacy had grown in power through the Middle Ages, after it fought the crusades it lost its authority over the temporal leaders in Europe. Once there was no papal banner for troops to march behind to faraway lands, European rulers began fighting among themselves. This led to the Great Schism of 1378, in which different rulers in Europe elected different popes. Before the schism ended in 1417, there were three popes holding support from various European monarchs. Thus, when a new reform movement led by Jan Hus of Bohemia arose at the beginning of the fifteenth century, the declining Church was at odds over how to deal with it. The Church had been able to deal ecumenically (or in a religiously unified way) with reforms in the past, but its weakened state after the crusades made ecumenism too great a risk. Instead, the Church took a repressive approach to the situation. Bohemia was a land stained with a history of heresy, and to let Hus's reform go unchecked might allow for a heretical movement on a scale that surpassed even the Cathars of southern France. Therefore the Church, under guidance of Pope John XXIII and Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund of Luxemburg, convened in the Council of Constance in 1414.
    [Show full text]
  • Rhizome Updates from the Institute for the Study of Global Anabaptism
    Rhizome Updates from the Institute for the Study of Global Anabaptism VOLUME 7, NUMBER 2 OCTOBER 2020 ISGA Publishes History of the Muria Javanese Mennonite Church in Indonesia Sigit Heru Sukoco Lawrence Yoder An upcoming book published translation by Lawrence M. their own cultural frame of by the ISGA, The Way of the Yoder, with extensive editing reference. Over the course of Gospel in the World of Java: A by ISGA director, John D. its long history, the developing History of the Muria Javanese Roth. communities of Christians Mennonite Church (GITJ), tells joined to form a community The Way of the Gospel in the the story of one branch of known as Gereja Injili di World of Java gives an account the Anabaptist-Mennonite Tanah Jawa (GITJ), or the Mu- of how missionaries of the INSIDE THIS churches in Indonesia. Au- ria Javanese Mennonite Dutch Mennonite Mission, ISSUE: thors Sigit Heru Sukoco and Church. along with indigenous Java- Lawrence M. Yoder originally Research Sym- 1 nese evangelists, sought to One of the indigenous found- posium wrote and published this his- evangelize the people of the ers of the Christian move- Project Updates 2 tory of the Muria Javanese Muria region of north Central ment in the Muria area was a Mennonite Church—known Visiting Scholar 2 Java starting in the 1850s. Javanese mystic, who took the in Indonesia as Gereja Injili di GAMEO 3 While European missionaries name Ibrahim Tunggul Tanah Jawa (GITJ)—in 2010 Editorial 4 functioned out of a western Wulung. This portrait, com- with the title Tata Injil di Bumi cultural framework, the Java- missioned by Lawrence Yoder, Muria.
    [Show full text]