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NOTES

1 Introduction

I. This term designates first of all the act of 'confessing' or professing a par­ ticular faith; secondly, it indicates the content of that which is confessed or professed, as in the Augsburg Confession; finally then it comes to mean the group that confesses this particular content, the church or 'confession'.

2 The New Religious Orders

I. The terms 'order' and 'congregation' in this period were not always clear. An order usually meant solemn vows, varying degrees of exemption from the local bishop, acceptance of one of the major rules (Benedictine, Augustinian, Franciscan), and for women cloister.A congregation indicated simple vows and usually subordination to local diocesan authority. A con­ fraternity usually designated an association of lay people, sometimes including clerics, organized under a set of rules , to foster their common religious life and usually to undertake some common apostolic work. In some cases evolved into congregations, as was the case with many of the third orders, and congregations evolved into orders. 2. There is no effort here to list all the new orders and congregations that appeared in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. 3. An English translation of Regimini Militantis Ecclesiae, the of 27 September 1540 establishing the Society ofJesus, is found in John Olin, The : Savonarola to Ignatius Loyola: Reform in the Church, /495-1540 (New York: Harper and Row, 1969), pp. 203-8.

3 The and the Papacy

I. The Complete Works of Montaigne: Essays, Travel journal, Letters, trans. Donald M. Frame (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1957), p. 940.

6 Education

I. Ibid., p. 957.

212 Notes 213

7 Evangelization beyond Europe

1. The Latin original, along with an English translation of Sublimis Deus, is found in Francis Augustus MacNutt, Bartholomew de Las Casas: His Life, Apostolate, and Writings (Cleveland, OH : A. H. Clark, 1909), pp . 426-31.

8 The Christian in the World

1. Machiavelli : The Chief Works and Others, trans. Allan Gilbert (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1965), vol. 1, pp . 57-8. 2. , Introduction to the Devout Life, trans . and ed . John K. Ryan (New York: Doubleday Image Books, 1989), pp . 34, 41, 43-4, 193. 3. , The Provincial Letters, Pensees, Scientific Treatises (Chicago, IL: Encyclopedia Britannica, 1952), p. 29. Translator of the Provincial Letters is Thomas M'Crie. 4 . Pensees, no. 253, ibid., p. 220. Translator is W. F. Trotter. 5. Ibid., no. 277, p. 222 . 6. Cited in J. Langford, Galileo, Science, and the Church, 3rd edn (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1992), p. 89. SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

The following summary is not meant to be a comprehensive bibliography, nor does it comprise all the sources consulted in the writing of this book . It does indicate the principal sources and is intended to serve as a guide for further reading. English-language works are featured.

General and 1

Two valuable multi-volume surveys are Jean-Marie Mayeur, Charles and Luce Pietri , Andre Vauchez, and Marc Venard (eds), Histoire du Christianisme des orig­ inesanosjours, vol. 7: Dela riforme ala Reformation (1450-1530); vol. 8: Le temps des confessions (1530-1620); and vol. 9: L'iige de raison (1620/30-1750) (Paris, 1992-7), and Hubert Jedin and John Dolan (eds), The History of the Church, vol. 5: Reformation and Counter-Reformation, and vol. 6: The Church in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment (New York, 1980/1; German original, 1967170). The former incorporates recent scholarship, the latter is traditional in its approach . Helpful bibliographical essays are found in John W O'Malley (ed.), Catholicism in Early Modem Europe (St Louis, 1988), to be complemented for by William V. Hudon, 'Religion and Society in Early Modern Italy - Old Questions, New Insights', American Historical Review, 101 (1996) : 783-804. Hubert Jedin's pathbreaking KatholischeReform oder Gegenreformation ? (Lucerne, 1946) surveys the older literature on the terminology of Counter Reformation and Catholic Reform. H. Outram Evennett, The Spirit of the Counter-Reformation , ed . John Bossy (Cambridge, 1968) has greatly influenced the approach of this book . Two contrasting, stimulating interpretative surveys are Jean Delumeau, Catholicism between Luther and Voltaire: A New View of the Counter-Reformation (London/ Philadelphia, 1977; French original, 1971), and John Bossy, Christianity in the West, 1400-1700 (New York, 1985). John O'Malley 's position is best articulated in his 'Was Ignatius Loyola a Church Reformer? How to Look at Early Modern Catholicism', Catholic Historical Review, 77 (1991) : 177-93. The most complete general treatment of confessionalism and confessionalization in English is R. Po-Chia Hsia, Social Discipline in the Reformation: Central Europe, 1550-1750 (London, 1989), but see also Wolfgang Reinh ard, 'Reformation, Counter­ Reformation, and the Early Modern State : A Reassessment', Catholic Historical Review, 75 (1989) : 383- 404, and the more recent publication by Wolfgang Reinhard and Heinz Schilling (eds), Die katholische Konfessionalisierung,

214 Select Bibliography 215

Reformationsgeschichtliche Studien und Texte, 135 (Munster, 1995), which contains a number of fine contributions. A solid recent sUn'ey is R. Po-Chia Hsia, The World ofCatholic Renewal, 1540-1770 (Cambridge, 1998); significantly, it starts and ends later than th is book, and it adopts a different interpretative framework. Theodore K. Rabb's The Struggle for Stability in Early Modern Europe (New York, 1975) remains an outstanding intrepretative essay that elaborates the changes of the first decades of the sixteent h century and shows how the y were assimilated into a new European synthesis by the late sevent eenth century. Eugene F. Rice, Jr, with Anthony Grafton, The Foundations of Early Modem Europe, 1460-1559, 2nd edn (New York, 1994), is a conci se, well-written sUn'ey. An up-to-date general reference work is Thomas Brady, Jr, Heiko A. Oberman, and James D. Tracy (eds), Handbook ofEuropean History, 1400-1600: Late , Renaissance, and Reformation , 2 vols (Leiden, 1994; reprinted Grand Rapids, 1996), which , despite the title, does occasionally reach into the seven­ teenth century. R. N. Swanson, Religion and Devotion in Europe, c. 1215-(. 1515 (Cambridge, 1995) provides a judicious, sympathetic sUn'ey of its topi c up to the eve of the Reformation. Larissa Taylor, Soldiers of Christ: Preaching in Late Medieval and Reformation (New York, 1992), compares preaching before and after the Reformation. For the Spanish , see Chapter 3.

Chapter 2

A fine series of essays with bibliography on the new religious orde rs of the sixteent h century is Richard L. DeMolen (ed. ), Religious Orders of the Catholic Reformation (New York, 1994). Raymond V. Hostie, Vie et mort des ordres religieux: Approches psychosociologiques (Paris, 1972) locate s the new male ord ers and con­ gregations in the broader context of the history of religiou s life and provides valuable statistics. (A translation is available in a limited editi on : The Lift and Death of Religious Orders [Washington , 1983]). Dom Robert Lemoine, L'epoque moderne (/563-1789): Le monde des religieux (Paris, 1976), looks at the orders more from a canonical perspective; John W. O'Malley, 'Priesthood, Ministry, and Religiou s Life: Some Histori cal and Historiographical Conside rations', Theological Studies, 49 (1988) : 223-57 (reprinted in idem, Tradition and Transition: H istorical Perspectives on I-fltican II (Wilmington, 1989), and Emm anuele Boag a, 'Aspetti e problemi degli ordini e congregazioni religiose nei secoli XVII e XVII', in Problemi di storia della Chiesa nei secoli xvii-xviii (Naples, 1982) emphasize the significance of the apostolic orientation of the new orders. A magnificent treat­ ment of the early Jesuits that locates them firmly in their historical context is John W. O'Malley, The First J esuits (Cambridge, MA, 1993). George E. Ganss (ed.) , The Constitutions ofthe Society ofJ esus (St Louis, 1970) is a richly annotated ver sion of Ignatius's Constitutions. A new Penguin edition of his writings is Joseph A. Munitz and Philip End ean (eds), St. : Personal Writings (New York, 1996). For the Capuchins, Cuthbert of Brighton, The Capuchins: A Contribution to the History of the Counter-Reformation , 2 vols (London, 1929; reprinted Port Washington, 1971) remains the best sUn'ey. 216 The Refashioning of Catholicism

On the new women's congregations two insightful books are Elizabeth Rapl ey, The Devotes: Women and Church in Seventeenth-Century France (Montreal, 1990 ), and Ann e Conrad, Zwischen Kloster und Welt: Ursulinen und [esuitinnen in der katholischen Refonnbewegung des 16./17. [ah rhunderts (Mainz, 1991). Raimondo Creytens, 'La riforma dei monasteri femminili dop o i decreti tridentini', in Jl Conciliodi Trento e La riforma tridentina (, 1965), vol. 1, pp. 45-84, outlines th e varying cano nical status of female orde rs an d congregations. Usefu l also is u s religieuses enseignantes XV1'-XX' siecles (Angers, 1981), a ser ies ofsolid art icles on various women's congregations. For Ange la Merici, see Therese Led ochowska, Angele Merici et La Compagnie de Ste-Ursule a La lumieres des documents, 2 vols (Milan/Rome , 1967). A highly significant article is Craig Harline, 'Actives and Conte mplatives: T he Female Religious of th e Low Countries before and af ter th e Council of Trent', Catholic Historical Review, 81 (1995): 54 1-67, who, by showing the number of active fem ale religious groups in the Low Count ries in the late Middl e Ages and the per sisten ce of the contemplative tradition until the end of the Old Regim e, cautions us about exaggerating either the novelty of active women religious or a decline in the attraction of the contemplative ideal in th e early modern period. See also Cha pter 6.

Chapter 3

T he standard history of the Council of Trent rem ains Hubert J edi n, Geschichte des Konzils von Trient, 4 vols ( , 1958-75). Two volumes have appea red in Eng lish tra nslation, A History of the Council of Trent (Londo n, 1957/61). The of Trent are found, in Latin and in Eng lish, in Norma n P. Tanner (ed.), Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils, vol. 2 (Londo n/Washing ton, 1990). Very usefu l still is Franz Xaver Seppe lt, Geschichte der Pdpste, vol. 5: Das Papsttum im Kampf mit Staatsabsolutismus und Aufkliirnng: lim Paul Ill. bis zur franzoischen Revolution, ed. Geo rg Schwaiger (Munich, 1959). Giuseppe A1berigo, 'L'episcopato nel cattolicesimo post-tridentino', Cristianesimonella storia, 6 (1985): 71- 91, looks at the role of the episcopate in the period following Trent, and John M. Headley and J ohn B. Tomaro (eds), San Carlo Borromeo: Catholic Reform and Ecclesiastical Politics in the Second Half of the Sixteenth Century (Washing ton, 1988) is a fine collection of pap ers on thi s of Milan during th e same period . For the French bishop s see the massive study of J oseph Bergin, The Making ofthe French Episcopate, 1589-1 661 (New Haven , CT, 1996), and for the Spa nish, Helen Rawlings, 'The Secularization of Castilian Episcop al Office under the Habsburgs, 1516-1700', [ournal of Ecclesiastical History, 38 (1987): 53- 79 (and Henry Kamen and Sara Nalle under Chapter 5). Barb ar a Hallm an, Italian Cardinals, Reform, and the Churchas Property (Berkeley, CA, 1985) has little to say about the period after Trent. For the papal cour t after Trent see three articles by Wolfgan g Reinhard , 'Nepo tismus, Der Funktionswandel einer papstgeschichtli chen Konstanten', Zeitschrift fUr Kirchengeschichte, 86 (1975): 145-85; 'Reformpap sttum zwischen Ren aissan ce und Barock' , in Reformatio Ecclesiae, Festgabe E. Iserloh (Pade rborn , 1980): pp . 779-96; and 'Papa l Power and Family Strategy in the Sixtee nth and Seventee nth Centuries', in Ronald G. Asch and Ado lf M. Burke (eds), Princes, Select Bibliography 217

Patronage, and the Nobility: The Court at the Beginning oJthe Modem Age, cl450-1650 (Oxford, 1991), pp . 329-56 (and also Prodi under Chapter 4). Valuable also for Rome and the papal court from 1585 to 1689 is Torgil Magnuson, Rome in the Age oj Bernini, 2 vols (Stockholm/Atlantic Heights, NJ, 1982/6). Peter Partner, 'Papal Financial Policy in the Renaissance and Counter-Reformation', Past and Present, 88 (1980) : 16-62, argues for the basic continuity of papal policy and practice from the mid-fifteenth through the mid-seventeenth century. Both the Spanish and the Roman have been the subject of much recent scholarship. Two fine synthetic studies are Francisco Bethencourt, L'lnquisition a l'epoque modeme : Espagne, 1talie, Portugal, XV'-XIX' siecle (Paris, 1995), which as its title implies is a comparative study, and Henry Kamen, The Spanish Inquisition (New Haven, 1998). See also Gustav Henningsen and John Tedeschi, Inquisition in Early Modem Europe: Studies on Sources and Methods (DeKalb, 1986), and John Tedeschi, The Prosecution ojHeresy: Collected Studies on the Inquisition in Early Modem Italy (Binghamton, 1991), especially the article co-authored with William Monter, 'Toward a Statistical Profile of the Italian Inquisitions, Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries', 89-126, which offers some comparisons between the Roman and Spanish Inquisitions.

Chapter 4

An unusually stimulating volume that emphasizes the basic continuity of papal policy from the Renaissance through the Counter Reformation is Paolo Prodi, The Papal Prince, One Body and Two Souls: the Papal Monarchy in Early Modem Europe (Cambridge, 1987; Italian original, 1982). A summary of much of Jean Delumeau's research on Rome is his 'Political and Administrative Centralization in the Papal State in the Sixteenth Century', in Eric Cochrane (eds), The Late Italian Renaissance, /525-/630 (New York, 1970), pp. 287-304. There is a brief overview of the relationship between the papacy and various governments in H. E. Feine, Kirchliche Rechtsgeschichte: die katholische Kirche, 5th edn (Cologne, 1972). Vitoria and Suarez are discussed in Quentin Skinner, The Foundations oj Modem Political Thought, vol. 2: The ReJormation (Cambridge, 1978), and Pierre Mesnard, L'essorde la philosophic politique au XVI' siecle, 3rd edn (Paris, 1969). For Vitoria see especially Anthony Pagden and Jeremy Lawrance (eds), Francisco de Vitoria: Political Writings (Cambridge, 1991). The best treatment of Bellarmine as a political thinker remains F. X. Arnold, Die Staatslehre des Kardinals Bellarmin: ein Beitrag zur Rechts- und staatphilosophie des konfessionellen Zeitalters (Munich, 1934). For Botero, see Bireley under Chapter 8. There are three solid biographies of Philip II, each written from a different perspective: Peter Pierson, Philip II oj (London, 1975); Geoffrey Parker, Philip II, 3rd edn (Chicago, 1995); and, most recently, Henry Kamen , Philip oj Spain (New Haven, 1997). Carlos Eire, From Madrid to Purgatory: The Art and Craft ojDying in Sixteenth-Century Spain (Cambridge, 1995), provides a fascinat­ ing study of the monarch's death. For Maximilian of Bavaria, see Dieter Albrecht's magisterial Maximilian 1. von Bayem, 1573-1651 (Munich, 1998) and Robert Bireley, Maximilian von Bayem, Adam Conizen S. j. , und die GegenreJormation in Deutschland 1624-1635 (G6ttingen, 1975). Geoffrey Parker, The Thirty lears 218 The Refashioning of Catholicism

War, 2nd edn (London, 1997) is the best standard account.R.J. Knecht, Richelieu (London, 1991), summarizes nicely most recent research on the cardinal, but see also Hermann Weber, ' ''Dne Bonne Paix", Richelieu's Foreign Policy and the Peace of Christendom', in Joseph Bergin and Laurence Brockliss (eds), Richelieu and His Age (Oxford, 1992), pp. 45-69. Carl C. Eckhardt, The Papacy and World Affairs, as Reflected in the Secularization ofPolitics (Chicago, 1937), remains a useful study in English.

Chapter 5

Two perceptive books that have much to say about evangelization and popular piety in Spain are Henry Kamen, The Phoenix and the Flame: Catalonia and the Counter-Reformation (New Haven, 1993) and Sara T. Nalle, God in La Mancha: Religious Reform and the People of Cuenca, 1500-1650 (Baltimore, 1992). The same is true for France of Philip T. Hoffman, Church and Community in the of Lyon, 1500-1789 (New Haven, CT., 1984), and with a broader geo­ graphical sweep, R. Taveneaux, Le catholicismedans la France classique, 1610-1715, 2 vols (Paris, 1980). There are several outstanding articles on the topic for Bavaria in Walter Brandrnuller (ed .), Handbuch der bayerischen Kirchengeschichte, vol. 2: 11m der Glaubensspaltung bis zur Siikularisation (Sankt Ottilien, 1993), among them Hermann Reifenberg, 'Gottesdienstliches Leben', pp. 613-39, which takes up the liturgy, a topic often overlooked in treatments of popular religion. Marc Forster, The Counter-Reformation in the Villages: Religion and Reform in the Bishopric of Speyer, 1560-1720 (Ith aca, NY, 1992), stresses the length of time it took to develop a sense of confessional identity, and R.J. W. Evans in his masterful The Making of the , 1550-1700: An Interpretation (Oxford, 1979) has much to say about piety and religious culture. Louis Chatellier, The Religion ofthe Poor: Rural Missions in Europe and the Formation of Modern Catholicism, c1500-c1800 (Cambridge, 1997; French original, 1993) analyses the development of the popular internal missions and shows their impact on later Catholicism, and John W. O'Malley, ' Charles Borromeo and the Praecipuum Episcoporum Munus: His Place in the History of Preaching', in J. M. Headley and J. B. Tomaro (eds), San Carlo Borromeo (see Chapter 3), introduces several sixteenth-century Catholic writers on preaching. Confraternities are the topic of four volumes: Christopher F. Black, Italian Confraternities in the Sixteenth Century (Cambridge, 1989); Nicholas Terpstra, Lay Confraternities and Civic Religion in Renaissan ce Bologna (Cambridge, 1995); Maureen Flynn, Sacred Charity: Confraternities and Social Welfare in Spain, 1400-1700 (Ithaca, NY, 1989), which concentrates on the diocese of Zamora; and especially Louis Chatellier, The Europe ofthe Devout: The Catholic Reformation and the Formation of a New Society (Cambridge, 1989; French original, 1987), which traces the development and significance of the Jesuit Marian Congre­ gations.A thorough study of the history and significance of processions is Sabine Felbecker, Die Prozession: Historische und systematische Untersuchungen zu einer liturgischen Ausdruckshandlung (Altenberge, 1995), who devotes consider­ able attention to the Corpus Christi procession. The Marian shrine at Altotting is discussed in Ludwig Huttl, Marianische Wallfahrten im siiddeutsch-osterreichischen Select Bibliography 219

Raum (Cologne, 1985). Robert Bireley, Religion and Politics in the Age of the Counter-Reformation: Emperor Ferdinand II, William Lamormaini, S j., and the Formation ofImperial Policy (Chapel Hill, 1981), and 'Confessional Absoluti sm in the Habsburg Lands in the Seventeenth Century', in Charles Ingrao (ed.), State and Society in Early Modern Austria (West Lafayette, IN, 1994), pp. 36-53, looks at the manner and significance of the Counter Reformation programme of the Habsburg empe rors.

Chapter 6

Paul F. Gre ndler, Schooling in Renaissance Italy: Literacy and Learning, 1300-160 0 (Baltimore, 1989), provides a clear survey of the early educational efforts of the Catholic Reform in Italy, and Miriam Turrini, '''Riformare il mondo a vera vita christiana :" Ie scuole di catechismo nell 'It alia del Cinquecento', Annali dell'lstituto storico italico-germanico in Trento, 8 (1982) : 407-89, studies in detail the schools of the ofChristian Doctrine in Italy until 1600. Three books most helpful on education in Fran ce during the Old Regime are: R. Chartier, M.-M. Compere, and D.Julia, L'education en France du XVI' au XVI II' siecle (Paris, 1976); J. de Viguerie, L'institution des enfants. L'education en France, XVI'-XVII I' siecles (Paris, 1978); and Fran cois Lebrun,Marc Venard, and Jean Queniar, Histoire generale de l'enseignement et de la l'education en France, vol. 2: de Gutenberg aux Lumieres (Paris, 1981). For education in Spai n, see Richard Kagan , Students and Society in Early Modern Spain (Baltimore, 1974). O'Malley, The First J esuits (see Chapter 2) analyses their move into education and the reason s for it. Luce Giard (ed.), Les[esuites ala Renaissance: Systene edu­ catifet production du savoir (Paris, 1995) contains a number of stimulating contri­ butions on Jesuit education and intell ectual activity, especially Gian Paolo Brizzi, 'Les j esuites et l'ecole en Italie (XVIe- XVIW siecles)', pp. 35 -53. Miriam Turrini and Annamaria Valenti, 'Leducazione religiosa', in ll catechismo e la grammatica, vol. I: Istruzume e controllo sociale nell'area emiliana e romagnola nel '700 , ed. Gian Paolo Brizzi (Bologna , 1985) devote con siderable attention to the Jesuit college of St Lucy in Bologn a. For seconda ry and higher edu cation in Bavaria, see the overview in Rainer A. Muller, 'Hochschulen und Gymnasie n', in the Handbuch der bayerischen Kirchengeschichte (see Chapter 5), pp . 535 -56. Jean Marie Valent in, Le Theatre des [esuites dans les pays de langue allemande (/554 -1680), Salut des ames et ordres des cites, 3 vols (Bern, 1978) is a thorou gh , insightful study of the J esuit theatre in German-speaking areas; see also his Theatre et spiritualite: III : Le theatre de s colleges de la fin du 15e siecle it la fin du 18e siecle', in Dictionnaire de spiritualite, vol. 15 (Paris, 1990), pp. 353-72. A solid , general treatment of universities is A History ofthe University in Europe, vol. 2: Universities in Early Modern Europe (1500-1800), ed. Hilde de Ridder­ Symoens (Cambridge, 1996 ). Karl Hengst, [esuiten an Universitdten und [esuitenuniuersitdten (Paderborn, 1981) surveys the Jesuits' activity in German un iversities until 1650 from an organizational and political perspective. Philip Caraman, University of the Nations: the Story of the Gregorian University with its Associated Institutes, the Biblical and the Oriental (New York, 1981), provides a brie f overview of the history of the Roman College, and Peter Schmidt, Das Collegium 220 The Refashioning of Catholicism

Germanicum in Rom und die Germaniker. Zur Funktion eines Ausldnderseminars (1552-1914) (Tubingen, 1984), a detailed study of the German College and the influence of its alumni. Useful for education in Italy are two articles by Thomas Deutscher: ' and the Education of Novarese , 1593-1627',Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 32 (1981) : 303-19, and 'The Growth ofthe Secular and the Development of Educational Institutions in the Diocese of Novara', ibid., 40 (1989) : 381-97; Peter Lang, 'Reform im Wandel : Die katholischen Visitationsinterrogatorien des 16. und 17. jahrhunderts', in Peter Lang and E. W. Zeeden (eds), Kirche und VISitation: Beitrtige zur Erforschung desJriihneizeitlichen VlSitationswesen in Europa (, 1984), pp. 131-90, evalu­ ates the progress of the Catholic Reform and especially of the performance of the parish clergy in on the basis of an examination of 65 question­ naires used for visitations in 17 from 1536 through 1700. Lang carries out a similar investigation for the area around Mergentheim in 'Die tridentinis­ che Reform im Landkapitel Mergentheim bis zum Einfall der Schweden 1631', RottenburgerJahrbuch Jilr Kirchengeschichte, I (1982) : 143-67. A solid study of the parish clergy is Alois Hahn, Die Rezeption des tridentinischen Pfarrerideals im west­ trierischen Pfarrklerus des 16. und 17.Jahrhunderts (Luxembourg, 1974). An adequate biography of John Baptist de La Salle is Edward Fitzpatrick, La Salle, Patron of All Teachers (Milwaukee, 1951). Extremely valuable for the Ursuline colleges is Philippe Annaert, Lescolleges au[eminin: les Ursulines aux 17' et 18' siecles (Namur, 1992), which summarizes a lengthy dissertation.

Chapter 7

For this chapter I have drawn heavily on the lengthy contributions by Alain Milhou and Minako Debergh to the Histoire du christianisme (see General and Chapter I). An outstanding treatment of Columbus, his context, and his impact is William D. Phillips, J r and Carla Rahn Phillips, The Worlds of (Cambridge, 1992). Particularly stimulating is Wolfgang Reinhard, 'Gelenkter Kulturwandel im 17. Jahrhundert. Akkulturation in den Jesuitenmission als universalhistorisches Problem', Historische Zeitschrijt, 223 (1976): 529-90. Robert Ricard, The SpiritualConquest of (Berkeley, 1966) remains a classic. Lewis Hanke, The Spanish Struggle for Justice in the Conquest of America (Boston, 1965), and Aristotle and the American Indians (Bloomington, IN, 1959) are still valuable. More recent on many of the same issues is D. A. Brading, The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal state, 1492-1867 (Cambridge, 1991). A magisterial biography is Georg Schurhammer, : His Life, His Times, 4 vols (Rome, 1973/82). Xavier's writings are now available with an exten­ sive commentary in M. Joseph Costelloe (ed .), The Letters and Instructions of Francis Xavier (St Louis, 1992). On Matteo Ricci, see Jonathan Spence, The Memory Palace of Matteo Ricci (New York, 1984), and for Valignano, see Josef Franz Schutte, Valignano 's Mission Principles for Japan, 2 vols (St Louis , 1980/5; Latin original, Rome, 195\18) . A brief, balanced account of the Chinese Rites Controversy is F. A. Rouleau, 'Chinese Rites Controversy', in the New Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 3 (Washington, 1967), pp. 611-17. George Dunne, Generation Select Bibliography 221 oj Giants: The Story ojthe Jesuits in China in the Last Decades ojthe Ming Dynasty (Notre Dame, IN, 1962) reads very well, but may be a little one-sided.A highly valuable collection ofessays on the role of the Propaganda Fide is Josef Metzler (ed. ), Sacrae Congregationis de Propaganda Fide Memoria Rerum, vol. I, part I: 1622-1700 (Rome, 1972) .

Chapter 8

For the Antimachiavellians and the significance of the debate over Machiavelli, see Robert Bireley, The Counter-Reformation Prince: Anti-Machiavellianism or Catholic Statecraft in Early Modern Europe (Chapel Hill, NC, 1990), where Botero, Lipsius , and Saavedra Fajardo are also discussed. Andre Ravier, Francis de Sales, Sage and Saint (San Francisco, 1988) is a good short biography, and John K. Ryan, ed., Introduction to the Devout Life (New York, 1966) is a fine English edition of his classic. Fortunat Strowski, Saint Francoisde Sales, Introduction Ii l'his­ toire du sentiment religieux en France au dix-septieme siecle, new edn (Paris, 1928) is still useful. Some interesting articles on casuistry are found in Edmund Leite s (ed .), Conscience and Casuistry in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, 1988). A good introduction to the issues of Jansenism is Jean Orcibal, J ean Duuergier de Hauranne, Abbe de Saint-Cyran, et son temps (1581-1638) (Paris, 1947). Romano Guardini, Pascal for Our Time (New York, 1966) offers a penetrating interpret­ ation of the man, and Richard Golden, Jesuit Refutations of Pascal's Lettres prooinciales', in Richard Golden (ed .), Church, State, and Society under the Bourbon Kings oj France (Lawrence, KS, 1982), pp. 83-124, sympathetically evaluates his Jesuit adversaries. There is an enormous literature on Galileo and the Galileo Affair. Three books may perhap s serve as the best introduction: Michael Sharratt, Galileo Decisive Inno vator (Cambridge, 1994), a new biography; Mauri ce A. Finocchiaro, The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History (Berkeley, 1989), a series of pertinent documents with a fine introduction; and Jerome Lan gford, Galileo, Science, and the Church, 3rd edn (Ann Arbor, 1992). William B. Ashworth, 'Ca tholicism and Early Modern Scienc e', in David C. Lindberg and Ronald L. Numbers (eds), God and Nature: Historical Essays on the Encounter between Christianity and Science (Berkeley, 1986), pp . 136-66, deals with the impact of the Galileo Affair on the practice of science among Catholics. For the theological conference in Vienna in 1635, see Bireley, Religion and Politics (see Chapter 5). INDEX

Abraham a Santa Clara, 101 Atahualpa, Inca emperor, 154 absenteeism, 17,49-50, 145, 146 Auger, Emond, 103 Acarie, Barbe, 178 Augsburg, Peace of, 7, 51, 76, 89 Acosta, Jose de, 148-9 and the Edict of Restitution, 90 Acquaviva, Claudio, 126 , 151, 159 active life in the world, spirituality Azpilcueta, Martin (Doctor for an, 2,13,19,176,177-8, Navarrus), 135 179-81,187,201,210 seealsoAntimachiavellianism Baius, Michael, 136, 188 Advice Concerning the Reformofthe Banez, Domingo, 188 Church , 46 Barberini, Francesco, cardinal, 198 aggiornamento, 1, 2 , 34-5, 130 Alba, duke of, 85 Baronius, Cesare, cardinal, 64, 195 Albert and Isabella, the 'Archdukes' Barre, Nicholas, 132 of the Spanish Netherlands, 86 Bascio, Matteo, da, 28 Albertinus, Aegidius, 106 Bellarmine, Robert, saint, cardinal, Albornoz, Bartolome de, 163 64, 103, 137 Albuquerque, Afonso de, 161 on church and government, 80-1 Alexander VI, , 15, 16,45, and Galileo, 194-7,208 and claims to the New World, 78, , 22, 27, 136 80, 149 , 16,57 Alexander VII, pope, 94 Benno, saint, 113 see also Chigi, Fabio Bernardine ofSiena, saint, 17 Altotting, 111-13 Bernini, Gian Lorenzo, 66, 204 Ammanati, Bartolomeo, 137 Berulle, Pierre de, 35-6, 142 Angelicum, 139 Bethlehemites, 27 Angelus, 110 Bible, 14, 18, 19, 22, 23 Anthony of Padua, saint, 113 reading, 49, 106 Antimachiavellianism, 181-7, 210 Billom , college, 126 Aquinas, Thomas, saint, 67, 79, 135 bishops, 60, 63, 202-3 on church and state, 78-9 improvement in quality of, 59 seealsoThomism role discussed at Trent, 49-50, archconfraternities, 116 53-4,56,57 Aristotle, 192-3, 208 Bologna, college, 129-30 Arnauld, Angelique, 188 Bologna, of, 16, 74 Arnauld, Antoine, 188-9 Boniface VIII, pope, 78

222 Index 223

Borelli, Giovanni Alfonso, 131, 198 casuistry, 182-3, 185, 189, 202 Borromeo, Charles, saint, cardinal, Lipsius , 186 archbishop, 140, 142, 183 Saavedra Fajardo, 186-7 on bishop's role , 60-2 catechetical instruction, 101-4, 207 and Confraternity of Christian Mexico, 152-3 Doctrine, 123-4 Jesuits, 33, 104 and Ursulines, 39 see also Confraternity of Christian Bossuet, Jacques Benigne, bishop, Doctrine 101 Catherine of Genoa, saint, 20 Bossy,John, 6 Catherine de Medici , 52, 54 Botero, Giovanni, 78, 83, 148, 182 Catholicism, pre-Reformation, 5, 6, reason ofstate, 183-5 15-24 Bourdaloue, Louis, 101 see early modern Catholicism Bourdoise, Adrien, 132 'Catholic Reform', vi, 3, 4, 5-6, 8, Brahe, Tycho, 192, 193 201 Breitenfeld, battle of, 90 'Catholic Reformation', 3,4 Brenner, Martin, bishop, 119 'Catholic Restoration', 5 Breviary, 59 Cattaneo, Lazzaro, 170 Brothers of the Christian Schools, Caus sin, Nicholas, 181 36-7, 132-3,204,207 , 17, 144, 145 Brothers of the Common Life, 21, Charles V, emperor, 9, 10, 26 and Trent, 46, 47-8, 50, 51 Bruno, Giordano, 68 and the New World, 155, 156 Burckhardt, Jacob, 12 Chastel, Louise de, 179 Bus, Cesar de, 35, 40 Chatellier, Louis, 118 Busaeus,J oannes, 181 Chigi, Fabio, 94 seealsoAlexander VII, pope Cajetan da Thiene, saint, 20 China, 11, 165, 169-72, 173, 174 Cajetan, Thomas de Vio, cardinal, see also Chinese Rites Controversy 79, 177 Chinese Rites Controversy, 165, Calderon de la Barca, Pedro, 109 168-9, 170-2, 205 Calvin , John, 24, 188 and Jansenism, 187 Camillus de Lellis, saint, 34 Christian Brothers, see Brothers of Canisius, Peter, saint, 106, Ill, 125 the Christian Schools catechisms, 58-9, 102 church and state, 9-10, 70-1, 73-8, Cano, Melchior, 135 184,205-6 Capuchins, 25, 28-9, 136, 173 Aquinas, 78-9 and papacy, 43 Vitoria, 79-80 preaching, 98 Bellarmine,80-1 Carafa, Gian Pietro, 20,46,47 Suarez, 80-1 see also Paul rv pope Cisneros, Garda Jimenez de, 31 Cardinals, College of, 63-4, 203 Cisneros, Francisco Ximenes de, Caribbean Islands, 149-50 cardinal, 22 , 135 , 27 seealso Claver, Peter, saint, 163 Castelli, Benedetto, 194 Clavius, Christopher, 137, 194 Castellino da Castello, 102, 122-3 Clement VII, pope, 16, 45 224 Index

Clement VIII, pope, 87, 94, 206 Congregation of Our Lady, 41-2, and , 64 134 Clement XI, pope, 171 see Marian Congregation clergy, secular and regular, 28 Contarini, Gasparo, cardinal, 46, 47 exemption, 10 Contzen, Adam, 89, 118-19 on eve of Reformation, 16-17 Conversos , 23-4, 69 education, 17, 137-42 Copernicus, Nicholas, 14, 192, 193, improvement, 143-6 194 conflict between regular and Corpus Christi, 107-9 secular, 43-4, 116, 148, 173, Cortes, Hernando, 80, 150 187-8, 204 Coster, Francis, 106 see also bishops; celibacy; native 'Counter Reformation', vi, 3,4, 5, clergy; pastors 8,201 clerks regular, 29 , Roman, 57, 63-5, 72 Colet, John, 22 Cologne, War of, 62, 89 Daughters of Charity, 42, 134, 204 Colombe, Ludovico delle , 194 Daughters of the Cross, 134 Colonna, Vittoria, 28 Daughters of Our Lady, 42,134 Communion, 105 Daughters ofSt Agnes, 42 under both species, 54-5 death, see purgatory, souls in see also Eucharist; First Defenestration of , 89 Communion de la Salle, John Baptist, saint, Complutensian Polyglot Bible, 23 36-7,41, 131, 132-3 Concepi6n de 1a Vega, diocese, 149 Delumeau, Jean, 6, 7, 18,72 , 15-16,45-6,53,74, Demia , Charles, 132 203 Descartes, Rene, 181, 191, 198 , 206 divots, 90,92,93-4,178 see specific concordats Dietrichstein, Franz von, cardinal, confession (church), 6, 212 199 confession (), 51, 105, 209 diocesan synods, 56, 60 confessional, 105 Discalced Carmelites, 27, 37,173, confessionalism, 7, 24, 202 178 confessionalization, 6-8 Doctrinaires, 35, 36, 130 confirmation, 105- 6 Dominicans, 22, 27,139,171 confraternities, 2, 115-18,202, in the , 149, 151, 152, 203, 209, 212 155, 157 late medieval, 15, 19-20, 27 Drexel, Jeremias, 106-7 in Mexico, 153 Confraternity of Christian early modern Catholicism, vi, 2, 6, Doctrine, 61, 98, 102, 122-4 8, 201-11 Congo, 162 'Early Modern Catholicism', 3, 6, 8 Congregation for the Doctrine of economic development as a value, the Faith, 68 184-5, 187 Congregation for the Propagation Ecumenical Movement, 4-5 of the Faith (Propaganda Fide), Edict of Restitution, 90 63, 148, 172-4, 205 education, 15, 121-2, 135,207-9 Congregation of the Mission, see clerical, 17,55,56,137-43,208 Lazarists colleges , 125-30, 131,207-8 Index 225 education - continued elementary education, 131-3 elementary, 122-5, 130-3, seminaries, 141-2 152-4,201,207-8 see ; Richelieu; and role of religious orders and under individual rulers congregations, 26, 208 Francis I, king of France, 9, 16, 47, see also universities; women, 74 education of; and under , 22, 27, 139, 163-4, individual religious orders and 168,169, 171 congregations in America, 149, 151-4, 159 Elizabeth I, queen of England, 52, Francis de Sales, saint, bishop, 2, 86 178-81,210 excommunication, 81 and Visitandines, 41 Empire, Holy Roman, see Germany Francis Xavier, saint, 32, 113, encomienda system, 155, 157-8 164-5, 169 England, 73 , see Augustinians; see individual rulers Dominicans; Franciscans Enlightenment, 191, 211 Erasmus, 10, 14, 19,21,22,52 , 14, 131, 176, 192-8 Ernest of Bavaria, prince-bishop, 62 significance, 192, 198, 208 Escorial, 82 Gallicanism, 73-4, 206 Estrella, Diego de , 100 Gambara, Laura, 20 Eucharist, 50-I, 54, 116 Game, Pedro de , 153 see also Communion; Corpus German College, 137-9 Christi; Mass German Congregation, 62 Eudists, 36, 100, 141 Germany, 9, 75-6 evangelization, success of, 96-7, clergy, 144-6 120,210-11 seminaries, 141 Evennett,H. Outram, 8 universities, 136 externalism, 19 see individual princes Goa, 161, 164 Fathers of the Church, 14, 22 College of Holy Faith, 164 Ferdinand I, emperor, 5 1, 52, 54 diocese, 161, 165-6 Ferdinand II, emperor, 89, 90, Golden Legend, 18, 30 119-20, 136, 199-200 grace and free will, 188, 191 Ferdinand III, emperor, 120 seejustification Ferdinand, king ofAragon, 9, 22, Granada, Luis de, 100, 106 23 Grassi, Orazio, 197 Ferdinand of Bavaria, prince­ Gregory XIII , pope, 58, 61, 62-3, bishop, 62 137,138 First Communion, 104 Gregory xv pope, 167, 172 force in evangelization, 97, 118-20, Groote, Gerard, 20-1 148-9 Guevara, Antonio de , 106 forced labor in America, 158-9 Guicciardini, Francesco, 177 Foscarini, Paolo Antonio, 194, 196 Fourier, Peter, saint, 41, 132, 134 Habsburg Catholicism, 44, 120, France 145-6 clergy, 144, 146 Henry Iv, king of France, 87 education ofwomen, 134-5 Henry VIII , king of England, 9, 24 226 Index heretics, 66-7 colleges, 33-4, 125-30, 207-8 see reformation commissions; in the Congo, 162 Roman Inquisition; Spanish and Congregation for the Inquisition; toleration Propagation of the Faith, holy war, 86-7, 89-90,199 173 Hospitallers of St John of God, 36 and Galileo, 194, 197 Hostiensis (Henry ofSegusio), and jansenists, 187-8, 189-90 cardinal, 78 in Japan, 164-5, 167-8 Hsia, R. Po-Chia, 7 and the papacy, 33, 43, 203 Huguenots, 92-3 seminaries, 36, 136-8, 139-40, humanism, 13-14,22,207 141, 142 in Jesuit colleges, 127, 128 and slavery, 163 in Spanish America, 159 Ignatius Loyola, saint, 2, 26, 29-33, universities, 127-8, 136-7 51 and women's congregations, 37 and education, 125-6, 136 Jews, 23-4, 52 Index of Prohibited Books, 3, 52, John Capistrano, saint, 17 58,66 , saint, 27 India, 164, 165-7 John of God, saint, 36 individualism, 12 John of Nepomuk, saint, 113 and piety, 18, 31-2, 201, 209 John Paul II, pope, 192 Indochina, 174 Joseph, saint, 18, 113 , 19,57 Joseph Calasanz, saint, 35, 131 Ingoli, Francesco, 173 Juan de Avila, 102 Ingolstadt, university, 136 Julius II, pope, 15, 16,21,65,72, Innocent X, pope, 188 75 Innocent XII, pope, 65 Julius III, pope, 50, 51 Inquisition, 3, 66 justification, on, 49 see Roman Inquisition; Spanish Inquisition Kamen, Henry, 24 Isabella, queen of Castile, 9, 22-3 Kepler, Johannes, 193 Italian Wars, 16 Italy, seminaries and clergy, 140, 143, 144 Ladies ofSt Maur, 42, 135 Lamorrnaini, William , 119, 199 James I, king of England, 80 Las Casas, Bartolome de, 150, 155, Jane Frances de Chantal, saint, 2, 156, 158, 159, 205 41, 179 debate at Valladolid, 156, 157, Jansen, Cornelius, 136, 187, 188 158 Jansenism, 136, 142, 177, 187-91, Lasso, Orlando di, 110 210 Lateran V, council, 21 Janssen, Johannes, 3 Lazarists (Vincentians), 36, 98, 100, Japan, 164-5, 167-8, 204-5 141,173 Jedin, Hubert, 4, 5, 57 Le Clerc, Alex, 41, 134 Jerome Emiliani, saint, 34 Ledesma, Diego de, 103 Jesuits, 5-6, 25, 32-4 Leo X, pope, 16, 21, 22 in Brazil, 161-2 Leopold I, emperor, 120 in China, 168-72 Lepanto, battle, 84, 109 Index 227

Lessius, Leonard, 185 militants Lestonnac, Jeanne de, saint, 42, Munich, 89-90 134 Vienna, 198-200 Leunis,Jean,34, 116 moderates Lipsius, Justus, 182, 186 Munich, 89-90 Loreto, Holy House of, 110-11 Vienna, 198-200 Louis XIII, king of France, 91, 92 'modern devotion', 18 Louis XlV, king of France, 142, modernization, 7 187,191,206 Molanus, Joannes, 67 Louvain, university, 136 Molina, Luis de, 188 Luther, Martin, 14, 76, 128, 188 Montaigne, Michel de , 65, 110, 137,177 Montesino, Antonio de , 149 Machiavelli, Niccolo, 16, 175, 176, Montezuma, Aztec emperor, 150 181-2, 183,210 manti di pieta , 185 magic, 68, 69 Moriscos, 23, 83 Magni, Valeriano, 119, 198 Morone, Giovanni, cardinal, 47, 52, Malabar Christians, 166 137 Malabar Rites Controversy, 166-7 at Trent, 53, 55, 56 Malay Archipelago, 164 Muhlberg, battle, 50 Marcellus II, pope, 48, 51 Munich, Concordat of, 62, 88 Mariana, Juan de, 137 Marian Congregation, 34, 116-18, Nadal,Jerome, 125 130 Nantes, Edict of, 92 Marian devotion, 18, 109-13 , 95, 206 Marie de Medici , 91, 93 national colleges in Rome, 137-8 Marillac, Louise de, saint, 42, 134 native clergy, 173, 174 marriage, 55, 106 Africa, 162 Mary Tudor, queen of England, 51 America, 153-4, 158, 159,205 Mass, 55, 104-5 China, 172, 174 for souls in purgatory, 114-15 India, 164 Maurenbecher, Wilhelm, 3 Japan, 167, 168 Maximilian I, duke/elector of Philippines, 160 Bavaria , 2, 77, 95, 106, Ill, nepotism, 16, 45, 64-5 113 Netherlands, rebellion, 84-7 Counter Reformation prince, Nicholas V, pope, 16,71,78 81-2,87-91 Nicholas of Cusa, cardinal, 21 Mazarin, Jules, cardinal, 187 Nobili, Robert de, 166-7 Melancthon, Philip, 100, 128 Nobrega, Manuel de , 161 mendicants, seeAugustinians; nonbelievers, war against, 79, 80 Dominicans; Franciscans; friars Novara, seminary, 144 Merici, Angela, 2, 26, 38-9 nuncios, papal, 62, 73 Messina , college, 125 Nyel, Adrian, 132 Mexico conquest, 150 Ochino, Bernardino, 28 evangelization, 151-4 O'Malley, John w., 5-6, 25 schools, 152-4 Oratorians, 35-6, 130, 141, 142 Michelangelo, 12, 16, 65 of Divine Love, 20, 34 228 Index order, desire for, 2, 202 see also Carafa, Gian Pietro Osiander, Lucas, 193, 195 Paul V, pope, 38,40, 65,66,188 and Galileo , 194, 196 Padroado, 78,147,173,205 persecution, see force in Paleotti, Gabriele, archbishop, 73 evangelization; reformation , 71-3 commissions; Roman papacy Inquisition; Spanish and bishops, 52-4, 60-3, 73 Inquisition enhanced ecclesiastical position, Peter ofAlcantara, 27, 107 58, 202-3 Philip II, king ofSpain as European court, 64-5 as Counter Reformation prince, implementation of Trent, 57-8, 60 2,81-7 international role, 70-1, 94-5, foreign policy, 83-7 205-6 and papacy, 82, 87 medieval, 10 and Spanish America, 83, 159, and religious orders, 43; of 173 women, 37-8 and Spanish Inquisition, 83 Renaissance, 15-16 and Trent, 52, 54, 60 and Peace ofWestphalia, 94-5 , saint, 35, 64 universalism, 70, 78-9, 148,204 Philippines, 159-60 seealso Papal States ; under P~r~t~ 35,130-1,207 individual Pico del1a Mirandola, Giovanni, 12 Paris Foreign Mission Society, 26, piety, popular, 18-20, 107-9, 173, 174 110-11 parish,56 see also confraternities; popular see also pastors missions Parker, Geoffrey, 83 pilgrimages, 19, 110-13 Parma, Alexander Farnese, duke of, Pius IV, pope, 52, 53, 56, 57, 58 85,86,87 Pius V, saint, pope, 38, 58, 59, 66, Pascal, Blaise, 187, 189-91, 198 123 Provincial Letters, 189, 190, 191 excommunication of Elizabeth I, Pastor, Ludwig von, 3 81 pastors Holy League, 84, 206 appointment, 143 Pizarro, Francisco, 154 catechetical instruction, 102, Plan ofStudies (), 103-4, 123 125, 127-9, 207 improvement in quality, 144-6 pluralism, 17,49, 63, 64 preaching, 100-1 Poissy, Col1oquy of, 54 and schoolmasters, 124 Polanco, Juan, 105 Trenton, 49, 50, 55,56,57, 203 Pole, Reginald, 46, 48, 52 see also clergy popular missions, 98-100 Patronato Real, 74-5, 155 Port Royal, convent, 187, 188, 190, de las Indias, 75, 78, 80, 147-8, 191 158, 173, 205 Portuguese Empire, 11,78, 160-3 Paul III, pope, 28, 32, 39, 45-6, see also Padroado 47,49,50 Possevino, Antonio, 126 and Indians of the Americas, 155 POtOSI, mines , 154, 158 Paul IV, pope, 51-2,64 Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, 73 Index 229

Prague Ritual, Roman , 104 Peace of, 90, 9 1, 94, 199- 200 Roman Catechism, 59, 102, 140 university, 136 Rom an College , 125, 136-7, 194 seealso Defenestration of Roman Inquisition, 46 -7, 5 1-2, 63, preaching, 17, 26, 50, 98- 10 I, 207 66 -8 printing press, 14, 18, 106-7 an d Galileo, 196, 197-8 processions , 19 Roman , cult of, 114 see Corpus Christi Roma n Missal, 59, 104 Propaganda Fide, see Congregatio n , 109-1 0 for the Propagation of the Ruben s, Peter Paul, 86 Faith Ruggieri, Michele, 169 Protestan t churches, parallels with Cat ho licism, 2, 6-8, 7 1, 96, Saavedra Fajardo , Diego , 186- 7 100, 102, 121, 135, 201 sacrame nts, rece ption of, 104-6 Protestant Reform at ion , 3, 5, 7-8, Saint Bartholom ew's Day Massacre, 15, 24 85 Prot estants and Trent, 46, 47, Saint-Cyran, J ean Duvergier de 48-9,50,52 Hauranne, Abbe de, 187, 188, prov incia l councils, 56, 60 189 Puente, Luis de la, 181 Saint Peter' s Basilica, 65 -6, 204 purgatory, 57, 114-15, 209 , veneration of, 57, 113-1 4 Salamanca , un iversity, 135 Quiroga, Diego de , 199 Salzburg, university, 136 Sandoval, Alonso de, 163 Rader, Matt haus, 113 San Francisco, school, 153 Ranke, Leopold von, 3 San J uan, diocese, 149 Ratio Studiorum, see Plan ofStudies Santa Cruz, college , 153 rebellion, right of, 81 Santo Domingo, diocese, 149 Redu ctions, 149, 159, 16 1- 2 Savonarola, Girolamo, 22 reformation com missions, 118-20 Schall von Bell, Johann Ada m, 171 Regensburg, Colloquy of, 47 Scheiner, Christoph, 194 Reichskirche (Imperial Church), 75 Scherer, Georg, 108 Reinh ard, Wolfga ng, 6, 7 Scientific Revolu tion, 14, 192, 208 religious orders an d congregations, Schi lling, Hein z, 6, 7 new, 25-43, 203-4 Schoo ls of Christ ian Doctrine, 122-4 difference between the two, 2 12 Segneri, the Elder, Paul, 98-100 women's, 25-7, 37-43, 44, 203-4 seminaries, 55, 56, 108, 139- 42 see under individual groups at J esuit colleges, 128, 141, 143 Renaissance, 12-1 5 pontifical, 137-8 retreat houses, 100 see also nation al colleges in Rom e Reuchl in, J oh annes, 22 Sepu lveda, Juan Gines de , 156 Rhodes, Alexander de, 174 Seville, Council of, 22 Ricci, Matt eo, 166, 168-71 Sisters of the Common Life, 2 1 Riccioli, Giovanni Bat tista, 198 Sixtus V, pop e, 58, 60, 63-4 Richelieu , Arma nd J ean du Plessis slavery de, cardina l, 90, 9 1-4 Africa, 160 and semi nary education, 141 America 150, 154, 155, 157, 161, and J ansenism, 187 162 230 Index slave trade, 162-3 Thomas a Kempis, 18, 106, 176 societies of common life, 35-6, 204 Thomas More, saint, 10, 22 Somaschi, 34 , 135, 177,210 Soto, Domingo de, 103, 135 Toledo, Francisco de, 158 Spain toleration, 92-3, 95, 198-9,206-7 in America, II, 149-59,205 Toribio de Mogrevejo, archbishop, clergy, 144 159 death and souls in purgatory, Torsellini, Orazio, III 114-15 Trent, council, 4, 5, 45-57, 202 and the papacy, 74-5 Bible and Bible-reading, 49-50 pre-Reformation church in, catechetical instruction, 102, 123 22-4 church reform, 49-50, 55-6 seminaries, 140 clerical education, 55, 139 see also Charles V; Philip II; justification, 49 Spanish Armada; Spanish religious orders, 25, 27, 56, 57; Inquisition women's, 37 Spanish Armada, 86-7, 90 Tridentine Profession of Faith, 58, Spanish Inquisition, 23-4, 66, 74, 124 75, 83 Spiritual Exercises , 31-2, 209, 210 Ulrich, saint, 113 adapted for preaching, 98 universities, 135-9 world-affirming spirituality, 177 Urban VIII, pope, 38, 65, 72, 93, Stapleton, Thomas, 175 94, 113 state and Galileo, 197-8 emergence, 7, 8-10, 53, 70 Ursulines, 25, 26, 37-41, 204 religious claims, 70-1 and education, 26, 133-4, 207 see also church and state usury, 185 Sturm, Jean, 122 Suarez, Francis, 135, 137 on church and state, 80-1 Valier, Agostino, bishop, 100 on heretics, 66-7 Valignano, Alessandro, 166, 167, Sublimis Deus, papal bull, 155 169,170 Sulpicians, 36, 141 Valladolid, debate, 156-7 superstition, 19,57, 114-15 Vatican I, council, 54 Vatican II, council, 1,5, 54 Vatican Printing Press, 63 Talavera, Hernando, bishop, 22 Vera y Figueroa, Juan de, 175 Teresa of Avila, saint, 27, 82 Verbiest, Ferdinand, 172 tertiaries, see third orders Vernazza, Ettore, 20 Texcoco, school , 153 Vervins, Peace of, 87, 94, 206 theatre, 128-9, 152, 177 Vienna, Concordat of, 76 , 20, 29, 34 Vienna, university, 136 third orders, 27, 38, 61 Viera, Antonio, 101, 163 Thirty Years War, 7, 86, 89-90, 93, Villeneuve, Marie I'Huiller de, 134 198-9 Vincent de Paul, saint, 42, 94, 104 and papacy, 206 seminary education, 141-2 see also Prague, Peace of; and Daughters of Charity, 42, Westphalia, Peace of 134 Index 23 1

Vince nt Ferrer, saint, 17 wome n visitations (episcopa l), 56, 60, new relig ious congregations, 144-5 25-6,37-43, 44 ,202,204 Vitoria, Fra ncisco de, 135, 147, 177 education of, 26, 6 1, 123, 124, on international order, 79-80 133-5, 153 Vives, J uan Luis, II Marian Congregations, 118

Ward, Mary, 4 1 Xainctonge, Anne de , 40 - 1 , Great, 10, 15, 2 1 Westp ha lia, Peace of, 7, 8, 93, 94 -5, Zacatecas, min es, 154 206 Zaccaria, Anthony Maria, 34 White Mountain, battl e, 89, 109 Zeeden,E. w., 6 William V, duke of Bavaria, 87, 88 Zurnarraga, J uan de, bishop, 151, Wolsey, T homas, cardina l, 17 152, 154, 155