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Impacts of Climate-Related Geo-Engineering on Biological Diversity Annotated Bibliography and Other Relevant Citations

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Impacts of Climate-Related Geo-Engineering on Biological Diversity Annotated Bibliography and Other Relevant Citations Impacts of climate-related geo-engineering on biological diversity Annotated Bibliography and other Relevant Citations *Note: For information purposes only. Articles described as Open Access Article* are available online through some form of open access - This does not imply any guarantee or determination on the part of the Secretariat that these articles are or will be available to download for every reader. Some journals may request free registration before access is granted. Abate, R. S. and A. B. Greenlee (2010). "Sowing Seeds Uncertain: Ocean Iron Fertilization, Climate Change , and the International Environmental Law Framework." Pace Environmental Law Review 27 (2) Open Access Article* Available at: http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pelr/vol27/iss2/5 Agrawal, A. (1995). "Indigenous and Scientific Knowledge: Some Critical Comments." Indigenous Knowledge and Development Monitor 3: 3-6 Open Access Article* Available at: http://www.fisip.ui.ac.id/antropologi/httpdocs/jurnal/1998/55/diskusi%20arun.pdf Allenby, B. (2010). "Climate change negotiations and geoengineering: Is this really the best we can do?" Environmental Quality Management 20 : 1-16 DOI: 10.1002/tqem.20276 Available at : http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tqem.20276 Alley, R. B., J. Marotzke, et al. (2003). "Abrupt climate change." Science 299 : 2005-2010 DOI: 10.1126/science.1081056 Available at : http://www.sciencemag.org/content/299/5615/2005.abstract Large, abrupt, and widespread climate changes with major impacts have occurred repeatedly in the past, when the Earth system was forced across thresholds. Although abrupt climate changes can occur for many reasons, it is conceivable that human forcing of climate change is increasing the probability of large, abrupt events. Were such an event to recur, the economic and ecological impacts could be large and potentially serious. Unpredictability exhibited near climate thresholds in simple models shows that some uncertainty will always be associated with projections. In light of these uncertainties, policy-makers should consider expanding research into abrupt climate change, improving monitoring systems, and taking actions designed to enhance the adaptability and resilience of ecosystems and economies. Álvaro-Fuentes, J. and K. Paustian (2010). "Potential soil carbon sequestration in a semiarid Mediterranean agroecosystem under climate change: Quantifying management and climate effects." Plant and Soil 338 : 261-272 DOI: 10.1007/s11104-010-0304-7 Open Access Article* Available at: http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/s11104-010-0304-7 Climate change is projected to significantly impact vegetation and soils of managed ecosystems. In this study we used the ecosystem Century model together with climatic outputs from different atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (AOGCM) to study the effects of climate change and management on soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics in semiarid Mediterranean conditions and to identify which management practices have the greatest potential to increase SOC in these areas. Five climate scenarios and seven management scenarios were modeled from 2010 to 2100. Differences in SOC sequestration were greater among management systems than among climate change scenarios. Management scenarios under continuous cropping yielded greater C inputs and SOC gain than scenarios under cereal-fallow rotation. The shift from rain-fed conditions to irrigation also resulted in an increase of C inputs but a decrease in the SOC sequestered during the 2010-2100 period. The effects of precipitation and temperature change on SOC dynamics were different depending on the management system applied. Consequently, the relative response to climate and management depended on the net result of the influences on C inputs and decomposition. Under climate change, the adoption of certain management practices in semiarid Mediterranean agroecosystems could be critical in maximizing SOC sequestration and thus reducing CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. America's Climate Choices: Panel on Advancing the Science of Climate Change; National Research Council. (2010) Advancing the Science of Climate Change. Washington, DC, National Academies Press. Open Access Article* Available at: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12782.html Climate change is occurring, is caused largely by human activities, and poses significant risks for-and in many cases is already affecting-a broad range of human and natural systems. The compelling case for these conclusions is provided in Advancing the Science of Climate Change, part of a congressionally requested suite of studies known as America's Climate Choices. While noting that there is always more to learn and that the scientific process is never closed, the book shows that hypotheses about climate change are supported by multiple lines of evidence and have stood firm in the face of serious debate and careful evaluation of alternative explanations. As decision makers respond to these risks, the nation's scientific enterprise can contribute through research that improves understanding of the causes and consequences of climate change and also is useful to decision makers at the local, regional, national, and international levels. The book identifies decisions being made in 12 sectors, ranging from agriculture to transportation, to identify decisions being made in response to climate change. Advancing the Science of Climate Change calls for a single federal entity or program to coordinate a national, multidisciplinary research effort aimed at improving both understanding and responses to climate change. Seven cross-cutting research themes are identified to support this scientific enterprise. In addition, leaders of federal climate research should redouble efforts to deploy a comprehensive climate observing system, improve climate models and other analytical tools, invest in human capital, and improve linkages between research and decisions by forming partnerships with action-oriented programs. Ammann, C. M., W. M. Washington, et al. (2010). "Climate engineering through artificial enhancement of natural forcings: Magnitudes and implied consequences." Journal of Geophysical Research 115 : 1-17 DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012878 Open Access Article* Available at: http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2010/2009JD012878.shtml Explosive volcanism and solar activity changes have modulated the Earth’s temperature over short and century time scales. Associated with these external forcings were systematic changes in circulation. Here, we explore the effect of similar but artificially induced forcings that mimic natural radiative perturbations in order to stabilize surface climate. Injection of sulfate aerosols into the stratosphere, not unlike the effects from large volcanic eruptions, and a direct reduction of insolation, similar to total solar irradiance changes, are tested in their effectiveness to offset global mean temperature rise resulting from a business ‐as ‐usual scenario, thereby reducing surface temperatures to conditions associated with committed warming of a year 2000 stabilization scenario. This study uses a coupled Atmosphere ‐Ocean General Circulation Model to illustrate the character of resulting climate and circulation anomalies when both enhanced greenhouse (A2 scenario) and opposing geoengineering perturbations are considered. First we quantify the magnitude of the required perturbation and compare these artificial perturbations to the natural range of the respective forcing. Then, we test the effectiveness of the “correction” by looking at the regional climate response to the combined forcing. It is shown that widespread warming could be reduced, but overcompensation in the tropics is necessary because sea ice loss in high latitudes cannot be reversed effectively to overcome higher ocean heat content and enhanced zonal winter circulation as well as the continuous IR forcing. The magnitude of new, greenhouse gas ‐countering anthropogenic forcing would have to be much larger than what natural forcing from volcanoes and solar irradiance variability commonly provide. Amonette, J. E. and S. Joseph (2009). “Characteristics of biochar: microchemical properties” in Biochar for environmental management: science and technology. J. Lehmann and S. Joseph. London, United Kingdom, Earthscan: 33-52. Anderson, K. and A. Bows (2011). "Beyond 'dangerous' climate change: emission scenarios for a new world." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 369 : 20-44 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2010.0290 Open Access Article* Available at: http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/369/1934/20.short The Copenhagen Accord reiterates the international community's commitment to 'hold the increase in global temperature below 2 degrees Celsius'. Yet its preferred focus on global emission peak dates and longer-term reduction targets, without recourse to cumulative emission budgets, belies seriously the scale and scope of mitigation necessary to meet such a commitment. Moreover, the pivotal importance of emissions from non-Annex 1 nations in shaping available space for Annex 1 emission pathways received, and continues to receive, little attention. Building on previous studies, this paper uses a cumulative emissions framing, broken down to Annex 1 and non-Annex 1 nations, to understand the implications of rapid emission growth in nations such as China and India, for mitigation rates elsewhere. The analysis suggests that despite high-level statements to the contrary, there is now little to no chance of maintaining the global mean surface temperature
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