THE GREEN ALGAE
Chlorophyta A rare infection worldwide producing skin ulcers, apple jelly-look, particularly in poor regions It is becoming common Even found in US with most cases are from the SE including Alabama! No particular race, or sex, or age, even cows, cats, dogs are victims Usually found in individuals with compromised immunological system, i.e., AIDS Can be fatal Most disinfectants? No effect Antibacterials? No effects Antivirals? No effects Antifungals? No effects Causative organism? A green alga!!!
An achlorophillic green algae Genus Prototheca related to the common Chlorella Ubiquitous alga Protothecosis Common treatment: surgical excision CHLOROPHYTA The Green Algae Eukaryotic algae @ 17,000 species Progenitors of the higher plants or seed plants Predominantly freshwater forms, common in marine and subaerial habitats. Rare pathogens are also known Cell walls: Cellulose. (Scales, calcified or naked)
Fibers of Cellulose A matrix of several polymers: pectin, hemicellulose, etc. Pigments of Chlorophyta Pigments are located in chloroplasts within thylakoids occurring singly or in stacks of variable number:
A. Chlorophylls a & b B. Carotenes: α and β-carotenes C. Xanthophylls: luteine, zeaxanthine, neoxanthine, violaxanthine
Storage Products: 1. True starch (IKI positive) (α-1,4 linked polyglucans) inside the chloroplast 2. Lipids The pyrenoid
1. Where is it found? Inside chloroplasts 2. Of what is it made? RuBisCo 3. Of what is it reminiscent? Carboxysomes (polyhedral bodies) 4. What does it do? primary site of starch production in those algae which have them Chloroplast types
Chloroplast shapes
• Parietal spiral Spirogyra • Parietal ring Ulothrix • Parietal perforated Acrosiphonia • Reticulated w/pyrenoids Cladophora • Axile stellate w/ pyrenoids Zygnema • Discoid Bryopsis Flagellar apparatus in Chlorophyta a) 1, 2, 4, 8, or more (multiples of two) stephanokont (e.g. Oedogonium) b) generally isokont (with exceptions) iso=equal kont=oar simple or whiplash (acronematic) acro=tip nema=thread heterokont (unequal flagella) some pleuronematic (e.g. Haematococcus) pleuro=multiple nema=thread c) generally anteriorily inserted (acrokont) d) Lateraly inserted (pleurokont) e) 9+2 axonemes!!! Flagellar apparatus in Chlorophyta Consisting of: 1. Flagella 2. 2-4 basal bodies 3. Microtubular roots (s, d) 4. Connecting fibers (DF, PF)
Four Types according to the BB position: • CW Clockwise • CCW Counterclockwise • DO Directly opposite • Parallel with MLS Parallel with Multilayer structures
Lateral view Top view Cell Division in Chlorophyta Karyokinesis (mitosis, nuclear division) Cytokinesis (cell division)
Karyokinesis (mitosis, nuclear division)
•Closed mitosis: the nuclear envelope persists during nuclear division, with centrioles located at the spindle poles (in Ulvophyceans and Chlorophyceans) •Metacentric spindle: Centrioles located near the metaphase plate (in Trebouxiophyceans) •Open mitosis: The nuclear envelope disappears during nuclear division (in Charophyceans and vascular plants) Cytokinesis in green algae
• By simple infurrowing (A) • Phycoplast (B): daughter nuclei remain close together and microtubules are oriented parallel to the plane of cell division (in Chlorophyceans)
(A) (B) (C) Furrow • Cell Plate
• Phragmoplast (C): daughter nuclei move to opposite ends of the parent cell, microtubules are oriented perpendicular to the plane of cell division (in Charophyceans and vascular plants) Reproduction and Life-History in Chlorophyta
Several types, depending on where the meiosis take place! 1. If the life cycle is spent in the haploid state, with meiosis during zygote germination: ZYGOTIC MEIOSIS Several types, depending on where the meiosis take place! 1. ZYGOTIC MEIOSIS
2. The vegetative phase is diploid, meiosis during gametogenesis: GAMETIC MEIOSIS
Male
Female Several types, depending on where the meiosis take place! 1. ZYGOTIC MEIOSIS 2. GAMETIC MEIOSIS
3. Two or three phases occur (gametophyte usually haploid; sporophyte typically diploid); meiosis during sporogenesis: SPORIC MEIOSIS.
With alternation of generations, either isomorphic or heteromorphic. SPORIC MEIOSIS, ISOMORPHIC: Ulva SPORIC MEIOSIS, HETEROMORPHIC: Derbesia
Meiosis
Male
Halicystis phase
Female Derbesia phase Phylogeny of Chlorophyta: Major Classes
VIRIDIPLANTAE (CHLOROBIONTA, GREEN PLANTS) CHLOROPHYTA STREPTOPHYTA Chlorophycean lineage Charophycean lineage
CHLOROPHYCEAE TREBOUXIOPHYCEAE LAND PLANTS
CHAROPHYCEAE Chlorokybales Klebsormidiales ULVOPHYCEAE Coleochaetales Zygnematales Charales
Chaetosphaeridium / PRASINOPHYTES Mesostigma PRASINOPHYTES (PRASINOPHYTES) PRASINOPHYTES PRASINOPHYTES
ANCESTRAL GREEN FLAGELLATE PRASINOPHYTES
VIRIDIPLANTAE (CHLOROBIONTA, GREEN PLANTS) CHLOROPHYTA STREPTOPHYTA Chlorophycean lineage Charophycean lineage
CHLOROPHYCEAE TREBOUXIOPHYCEAE LAND PLANTS
CHAROPHYCEAE Chlorokybales Klebsormidiales ULVOPHYCEAE Coleochaetales Zygnematales Charales
Chaetosphaeridium / PRASINOPHYTES Mesostigma PRASINOPHYTES (PRASINOPHYTES) PRASINOPHYTES PRASINOPHYTES The early divergents ANCESTRAL GREEN FLAGELLATE chlorophytes!!! The Prasinophytes - Essential Information
1. Also known as Micromonadophycean 2. Unicellular motile cells (few palmelloid) 3. Marine, brackish, freshwater; abundant in oceans 4. Prasinoxanthine and siphonoxanthine 5. Surface organic scales: Golgi-derived Fuse to form a theca Flagella scales different from scales on cell surface 6. Open or close mitosis with a furrowing cytokinesis 7. Flagellar apparatus diverse with parallel basal bodies
8. In the fossil record (phycoma = asexual cyst)
Examples of Prasinophytes
Tetraselmis (Prasinocladus) Convoluta roscoffensis a green flatworm
Tetraselmis convolutae Endosymbiont prasinophyte!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TItU3rT1Pls Prasinophytes are widely cultured in aquaculture facilities for finfish and shellfish because their high lipid content yummy!
Instant Algae!!! New prasinophytes group discovered last year by us! PALMOPHYLLOPHYCEAE
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) VIRIDIPLANTAE (CHLOROBIONTA, GREEN PLANTS) CHLOROPHYTA STREPTOPHYTA Chlorophycean lineage Charophycean lineage
CHLOROPHYCEAE TREBOUXIOPHYCEAE LAND PLANTS
CHAROPHYCEAE Chlorokybales Klebsormidiales ULVOPHYCEAE Coleochaetales Zygnematales Charales
Chaetosphaeridium / PRASINOPHYTES Mesostigma (PRASINOPHYTES) PALMOPHYLLOPHYCEAE
ANCESTRAL GREEN FLAGELLATE Activity: Concept Mapping
Terms: Processes: Male Gamete (sperm) Sporogenesis Spores Fertilization Female Gamete (egg) Meiosis Male Gametophyte Germination Zygote Gametogenesis Female Gametophyte Germination
Sporophyte Condition: Haploid 1N Diploid 2N