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Biosphere Origin and Evolutionî Institute of Geology and Mineralogy of the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia Boreskov Institute of Catalysis of the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia Paleontological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia II International Conference ìBiosphere Origin and Evolutionî Loutraki, Greece October 28 - November 2, 2007 ABSTRACTS Novosibirsk, 2007 Financial support: PRESIDIUM OF RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES © Институт катализа им. Г.К. Борескова INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE Nikolay Dobretsov, Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS, Co-Chairman Novosibirsk, Russia Georgii Zavarzin, Institute of Microbiology RAS, Moscow, Russia Co-Chairman Centre De Biophysique Moleculaire, UPR CNRS, André Brack Orleans, France Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Valerii Chereshnev Ural Branch of RAS, Russia Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering, David Deamer Santa Cruz, USA Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Anatolii Derevyanko Novosibirsk, Russia Patric Forterre Institut Pasteur, Paris, France Richard Hoover NASA Marshall Space Flight Ctr., Huntsville, USA North-Western Scientific Center RAS, Sergey Inge-Vechtomov St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia V.I. Vernadskii Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Eric Galimov Chemistry RAS, Moscow, Russia Astrospace Centre of Physical Institute RAS, Nikolay Kardashev Moscow, Russia Józef Kaźmierczak Institute of Paleobiology PAN, Warsaw, Poland Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Nikolai Kolchanov Russia Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics Alexei Kontorovich SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia National Center for Biotechnology Information, Eugene V. Koonin National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Koen Martens Brussels, Belgium Koichiro Matsuno Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Japan Victor Melezhik Geological Survey of Norway, Trondheim, Norway Valentin Parmon Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia Lab. Interuniversitaire Des Systemes Atmopsheriques, François Raulin UMR CNRS, Paris, France Alexei Rozanov Paleontological Institute RAS, Moscow, Russia Michael Russell California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics RAS, Sergey Shestakov Lomonosov Moscow University, Moscow, Russia Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Vladimir Shumnyi Novosibirsk, Russia Institute of Protein Research RAS, Alexander Spirin Puschino, Moscow region, Russia Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine Valentin Vlasov SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia Nikolay Yushkin Institute of Geology, Ural Branch of RAS, Syktyvkar, Russia Soil-Biology Institute, Far East Branch RAS, Yurii Zhuravlev Vladivostok, Russia ORGANIZING COMMITTEE Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, Valentin Parmon, Co-Chairman Novosibirsk, Russia Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Nikolay Kolchanov, Co-Chairman Novosibirsk, Russia Valerii Snytnikov, Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, Scientific Secretary Novosibirsk, Russia Ludmila Melnikova Paleontological Institute RAS, Moscow, Russia Sergey Rozhnov Paleontological Institute RAS, Moscow, Russia Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Nataliya Surnina Novosibirsk, Russia Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, Olga Stoyanovskaya Novosibirsk, Russia Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, Tamara Markelova Novosibirsk, Russia Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, Tatiana Zamulina, Secretary Novosibirsk, Russia PLENARY LECTURES PLR-I THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF THE BIOSPHERE: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY VIEW N.L. Dobretsov1, G.A. Zavarzin2, A.Yu. Rozanov3, N.A. Kolchanov 4 1United Institute of Geology, Geophysics and Mineralogy SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia 2Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology RAS, Moscow, Russia 3Paleontological Institute RAS, Moscow, Russia 4Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia The results obtained during the execution of Subprogram II Biosphere Origin and Evolution (2004-2006) of the Scientific Program of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences that put together geologists, paleontologists, chemists, molecular geneticists, ecologists and archeologists in 20 institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences are presented. The project included a comprehensive study of pre-biological chemical evolution, the RNA world, biomineral formation, a comparative study of fossil Precambrian ecosystems and their modern counterparts, a study of biosphere-geosphere co-evolution, evolution at the ecosystem, genome and molecular biological level and a study of issues in anthropogenesis. Gravitational instability in accretional stellar discs can have triggered the emergence of gas- and-dust cocoons, with pressures and temperatures quite suitable for the synthesis of primitive organic matter to start. Darwinian selection was on the scene as early as when the abiogenic synthesis of the most primitive “bricks of life”, sugars, was underway. The RNA world endows recombination-based variability: template-based RNA complementarity enables restriction/ligation reactions and the self-assembly of primitive ribozymes and enzymes riboproteins. Cells may have originated from RNA molecules that were associated with lipid microspheres, could change conformation and therefore membrane permeability. The bioinitiating role of montmorillonite in the emergence of self-reproducing RNA colonies and the evolution of the siliceous skeleton in the biosphere have been investigated. The initiation process, the condensation of silicic acid on polyamines, accounts for the observed similarity in the respective biochemical machineries of cyanobacteria, algae and sponges. An unexpectedly high level of biodiversity was revealed in Late Archaean microfossils. A fairly high level of biodiversity is revealed in shallow-water hydrotherms and soda lakes. A comparative study of the modern and fossil bacterial mats reveals a striking similarity between them. This similarity suggests that their function in the ecosystems (part of which they form) is identical and that the evolution of the prokaryotic biota is additive in nature. A comparison of how the time intervals change between mantle convection cycles and how biodiversity change suggests that mantle convection and associated volcanism promoted Permian-Triassic extinction. A comprehensive study of terrestrial tetrapods at 6 PLR-I Vyazniki, which is associated with the terminal Permian, suggests that at the end of the Permian their communities were destroyed and at the beginning of the Triassic they were on the scene only as pioneer communities again. A reconstruction of Pleistocene ecosystems in Altai suggests that, of what the accessible biocoenoses had to give in as early as the Late Pleistocene, man took away much more than massive predators like cave lion or cave hyena. Thus, humankind has been an important factor of biotic evolution ever since humans set up large communities. Studies of the genes for embryogenesis in Metazoa revealed that the primary target for molecular evolution are the genes that encode regulatory proteins (morphogens, their receptors and modulators), the adaptive evolution whereof shows a good correlation with the most important aromorphoses on the phylogenetic tree (the Vendian- Cambrian boundary, the Cambrian explosion). The mathematical modeling of gene networks for empryogenesis demonstrated that their functioning is very sensitive to mutation in such genes. Comparative studies of the evolution of various taxa using molecular phylogeny, computer genomic and cytogenetic approaches and classic evolutionary morphological and paleontological approaches revealed that evolution neither always runs at identical rates nor is it always the same at different levels of biological organization (gene, chromosome, genome, morphological). Thus, evolution is a many-parameter process, with a complex interplay of those parameters, and there more complex the associations among them, the larger the number of levels in the evolving system. It is possible that the variation in evolutionary rates is due to that interplay. The evolution of taxa cannot rely upon any of molecular, chromosomal or morphological phylogeny alone. To reliably reconstruct evolution, the all the available data that reciprocally add to one another should be recruited. In particular, archeological excavations in Altai and western Tian Shan suggest that there is a continuity in Paleolithic culture traditions and that crosses between the aboriginal (neanderthaloid?) dwellers and later comer-ins were possible there. To be sure, molecular phylogenetic data are required. 7 PLR-II THE CONCEPT OF ORDERING AND ORIGIN OF LIFE (RAS PROGRAM "BOE-I") E.M. Galimov V.I. Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry RAS 119991, Moscow, Kosygin str., 19, GEOKHI, Russia Phone: +7(495)1374127, Fax: +7(495)9382054, E-mail: [email protected] The concept of ordering is suggested. It is shown that a system of conjugated irreversible reactions, dwelling near a steady state, is charged to produce ordering. In chemistry conjugation occurs when product of one reaction is an immediate reagent of another reaction. Then order may emerge next to the disorder. The events of ordering conjugated with disordering are ubiquitous in nature, both in organic
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