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Index Acraman impact ejecta layer 53–4, 117, 123, 126–9, Aspidella 130–2, 425–7 controversy 300, 301–3, 305 acritarchs ecology 303 Amadeus and Officer Basins 119 synonyms 302 biostratigraphy 115–25, 130–2 Australia Australian correlations 130–2 Acraman impact ejecta layer 53–4, 117, 123, 126–9, composite zonation scheme 119, 131, 132 130–2, 425–7 India 318–20 carbon isotope chemostratigraphy 126–9 Ireland 289 correlations of Ediacaran System and Period 18, Spain 232 115–35 sphaeromorphid 324 Marinoan glaciation 53–4, 126 Adelaide, Hallett Cove 68 Australia, Ediacaran System and Period Adelaide Rift Complex 115–22, 425 Bunyeroo–Wonoka Formation transition correlations with Officer Basin 127 137–9, 426 dating (Sr–Rb) 140 Centralian Superbasin 118, 125 generalized time–space diagram, correlations composite zonation scheme 131 between tectonic units 120 correlation methods and results 125–32 location maps 116, 118 time–space diagram 120 SE sector cumulative strata thickness 139 Vendian climatic indicators 17 stratigraphic correlation with Officer Basin 127 See also Adelaide Rift Complex; Flinders Ranges Stuart Shelf drill holes, correlations 117 Avalonian assemblages, Newfoundland 237–57, Sturtian (Umberatana) Group 116, 138 303–7, 427 Umberatana Group 116, 138 Africa backarc spreading, Altenfeld Formation 44–5, 47–8 Vendian climatic indicators 17 Baliana–Krol Group, NW Himalaya 319 see also Namibia Barut Formation, Iran 434 Aldanellidae 418 Bayesian analysis algal metaphyta, White Sea Region 271–4 eumetazoans 357–9 algal microfossils, White Sea Region 271 Porifera 357–9 Altenfeld Formation, backarc spreading 44–5, 47–8 Belarus, Vendian cyclic structure 21 Amadeus Basin Beltanella 324 acritarch zonation 119 Beltanelliformis carbon isotope trends 128 Australia 427 generalized time–space diagram, correlations Russia and Ukraine, comparative between tectonic units 120 taphonomy 259–67 location map 118 Spain 224, 228 succession 124–5 Beltanelloides 4, 8, 271–4 Anabarella 230 Bilateria 369–75 Anabarites tricarinatus 193 first appearance 126, 157, 447–8 Anabarites–Protohertzina Zone, Precambrian–Cambrian gliding symmetry 399 boundary, China 145–7, 423–4 small-bodied crown phyla 371–2 Andean Basin 1–14 biosiliceous sedimentation, China, earliest Andiva 158 Cambrian 146, 423–4 Animalia, origins 447–8 Birmania basin, Rajasthan 439–41 Appendisphaera barbata/Alicesphaeridium Blaini–Krol–Tal Basin, Lesser Himalaya medusoidum/Gyalosphaeridium pulchrum carbon isotope chemostratigraphy 85–91 Assemblage Zone 119, 131, 132 geological map 79 Arabia, Vendian climatic indicators 17 global correlations 96 Archaeobranchia 418–19 trace elements 90 Archaeotrichion lacerum 430–1 Blainiella 318 Archyfasma 271–4 Blumenau Shear Zone 37 Argentina (NW), Puncoviscana Formation 1–14 Bohemian Massif, Saxo-Thuringian Zone location map 2 (Cadomian basement) 35–51 stratigraphy 3 geological map 36–8 Armorica 36 Bonney Sandstone, Flinders Ranges 122, 140, 197, 426 armour, and infaunal shelters, Brachina Formation 426 origins 405–14 Trezona Bore 65–7, 69–70 arthropod-type trace fossils, Spain 226–7 Brachina Gorge, Ediacaran GSSP 196 Arumberia banksi 285, 290 Bradgatia 216 450 INDEX Breakfast Time Creek Member, Rawnsley Quartzite, landmark morphometric analysis 240–8 Flinders Ranges 197–8 stratigraphic setting 238 Bunyeroo Gorge 116 taphonomy 242 Bunyeroo–Wonoka Formation transition 121–2, traditional interpretation of 137–9, 426 morphology 239 Wearing Dolomite 117, 121–2, 137–9 quiltlike 400 Buxa Dolomite, Lesser Himalaya Charniodiscus 158, 199, 211–12, 297–8 carbon isotope chemostratigraphy 91–5 affinities 251 microfossils 97–8 feeding 377 Ranjit Window 81, 94 holdfast 322 stromatolite assemblages 93–5 quilting patterns 388 Chase Quartzite Member, Rawnsley Quartzite 197 Cadomian orogeny, Saxo-Thuringian Zone 35–51 China backarc basin 41–4 Doushantuo Formation 151–6 Cadomian Unconformity 41 earliest Cambrian 423–4 retroarc basin 45, 47–9 Precambrian, ciliated protozoans 151–6 Cadomian unconformity 35–6, 41 Precambrian–Cambrian boundary, radiolarian Cadomian–Avalonian active margin, skeletons 143–9, 424 Peri-Gondwana 46 Vendian climatic indicators 16–17 calcareous tubular fossils 410 Yunnan, Meishucun section 411 calcisponges, paraphyly 355–67 chirodropids, cubozoans, Kimberella 157–79 calcite–dolomite cycles, Namibia 103–13 Chondrophorina 217–18 Cambrian ‘problematica’ 360–2 Chondroplon 214, 217 cap carbonates Chuaria, Iran 435, 436 calcite–dolomite cycles, Namibia 103–13 Chuaria–Tawuia association 324, 328 carbon isotope chemostratigraphy 126–9 Chuos Formation, cap carbonates, Namibia rhythmite sequences 27–34 27–34, 103–13 ‘Snowball Earth’ hypothesis 23 ciliated protozoans, Precambrian, China 151–6 see also carbonates Ciliophora cap dolostone Precambrian, S China 151–6 magnetics 69–72 systematic palaeontology 155–6 Nuccaleena Formation 54, 59–61, 67–72, 120–1 climatic indicators carbon isotope chemostratigraphy palaeoclimatic and biotic changes 88 Australia 126–9 Vendian Period 15–26 Birmania basin, Rajasthan 439–41 Cloudina-bearing sediments, Spain 223–4, 230–2 13 delta Ccarb values, beginning and end of Cnidaria 218, 355 Ediacaran System and Period 427 Cochlichnus anguineus 5, 7 Deoban Group 82, 88 Conomedusites 320–2 Lesser Himalaya Coreospiridae 417 Blaini–Krol–Tal sequence 85–91 Corynetis priapulid 408 Buxa Dolomite 91–5 crown phyla, small-bodied bilateria 371–2 Lameri Limestone, Garhwal 86 ctenophores 355 Nemakit–Daldynian 440 cubozoans 157–79 and Precambrian oxygenation 362–3 see also Kimberella Proterozoic ocean 362 cyanobacterial films/mats 197, 269–71 carbonaceous compressions 228–30 Deoban Chert 78 carbonaceous macrofossils, India 324 Cyclomedusa 300, 301, 302, 321 carbonaceous microfossils, White Sea Region 269–75 demosponges, paraphyly 355–67 carbonates Deoban Group, carbon isotope 13 delta Ccarb values 27 chemostratigraphy 82, 88 Proterozoic ocean 362 Deoban–Gangolihat carbonate belt 78, 88, 95 see also cap carbonates Dickinsonia 158, 198, 199, 292, 323, 443 Centralian Superbasin carpet-like recliners 389 Australia 118, 125 feeding 377 location map 118 quilting patterns 387–8 Ceratosphaeridium mirabile/Distosphaera australica/ resting traces 394 Apodastoides verobturatus Didymaulichnus see Mattaia Assemblage Zone 119, 131, 132 Diplocraterion 409 Charnia fronds discoidal fossils 297–313 affinities 251 Aspidella controversy 301–3 Australia 210–12 history of research 297–8 Avalon peninsula, Newfoundland 237–57 morphology 299–301 ecology/life 248–51 pseudofossils 301 INDEX 451 taphonomy 298–9 Fermeuse-style assemblages 299–307 taxonomy 308–9 Finnmark dolomite correlations, Flinders Ranges 138 calcite–dolomite cycles 103–13 Vendian climatic indicators 16 Gangolihat Dolomite Formation, Flinders Ranges 138, 425–8 chemostratigraphy 83 correlations with Finnmark, N Norway 138 synsedimentary model 110–12 Elatina–Nuccaleena deglaciation 53–76 rip-up clasts 111–12 location map 196 Doushantuo Formation, China 151–6 Pound Subgroup Bonney Sandstone 122, 140, 197 Eastern Europe, Vendian climatic indicators 16 Rawnsley Quartzite 195–9, 426 Ediacara Member and fauna/assemblage 198–200, Flinders-style assemblages 299 195, 425–8 frondose organisms see Charnia; Pambikalbae new approach (Morphospace Analysis) 378–9 hasenohrae gen. et sp. preservation 199–204 Rawnsley Quartzite (Pound Subgroup), Gangolihat Dolomite Formation, Lesser Himalaya, Flinders Ranges 198–200 chemostratigraphy 83 Ediacaran GSSP Garhwal, Lesser Himalaya, Brachina Gorge 196 chemostratigraphy 79, 82, 84 defining 73, 115, 425 gastropod evolution 415–21 Elatina Formation, rock magnetic experiments 71 main groups 415–18 Enorama Creek 54, 55–61, 116 phylogenetic relationships 419–20 Ediacaran System and Period shell forms, radiation 416 acritarch biostratigraphy 115–25, 130–2 Gawler Craton 425 composite zonation scheme 131, 132 genes, regulatory genes in bilateral correlation with Vendian System, Australia metazoans 372–4 18, 115–35 Georgina Basin event stratigraphy 126 carbon isotope trends 129 generalized time–space diagram, correlations location map 118 between tectonic units 120 Germany, Saxo-Thuringian Zone, Cadomian naming 137–41 basement 35–51 etymology 140 Glaessner, Martin 443–4 Waggoner’s associations 139, 427 Glaessnerina 211, 212 Ediacaran–Cambrian boundary see Precambrian– affinities 251 Cambrian boundary gliding symmetry 399 Ediacaran–Ordovician, stratigraphic Glockerichnus 5, 7 correlation 435–6 Gondwana, Cadomian–Avalonian active Ediacaria, morphology 300 margin 46 Ediacaria booleyi Gymnoblastina 217 five interpretations 291–3 removal from genus Ediacaria 277–95 halite, sequestration as ‘saline giants’ 447 Ediacaria flindersi 279, 291 Hallett Cove, Adelaide 68 Elatina Formation Helcionellidae 415–17 correlation with Smalfjord Formation, Helminthoidichnites tenuis 5, 7 N Norway 139 Helminthoraphe 5, 7 dating 140 Hetang Formation, radiolarian palaeomagnetic record 425–8 skeletons 143–9 rock magnetic experiments 71 stratigraphic column 144 Elatina–Nuccaleena deglaciation 53–76 Yangtze Platform 423–4 Elatina Creek 61–2 Hiemalora 299, 300, 331–7 transition, key facies 58 reconstruction 335–6 Trezona Bore 63, 65–7 research history 331 Enorama Creek, Ediacaran GSSP 54, 55–61, stratigraphic section 332 115–16 taxonomy 336 Eoholynia 272, 274 Himalaya, NW and NE Lesser Eotintinnopsis (ciliated protozoan) Himalaya 77–101, 318–21 Precambrian, China 151–6 Garhwal chemostratigraphy 79, 82, 84 systematic palaeontology 155–6 Krol Formation 77–82, 85–91, 318–21 Ernietta lithostratigraphy and palaeobiology 80 ‘colonies’
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    Science Journals — AAAS

    RESEARCH EARLY ANIMALS years. For instance, hopanes are the hydrocarbon remains of bacterial hopanepolyols, whereas sat- urated steranes and aromatic steroids are diage- Ancient steroids establish netic products of eukaryotic sterols. The most common sterols of Eukarya possess a cholester- oid, ergosteroid, or stigmasteroid skeleton with the Ediacaran fossil Dickinsonia 27, 28, or 29 carbon atoms, respectively. These C27 to C29 sterols, distinguished by the alkylation as one of the earliest animals patternatpositionC-24inthesterolsidechain, function as membrane modifiers and are widely 1 1 2 3 distributed across extant Eukarya, but their rela- Ilya Bobrovskiy *, Janet M. Hope , Andrey Ivantsov , Benjamin J. Nettersheim , 3,4 1 tive abundances can give clues about the source Christian Hallmann , Jochen J. Brocks * organisms (24). Apart from Dickinsonia (Fig.1B),whichis The enigmatic Ediacara biota (571 million to 541 million years ago) represents the first one of the most recognizable Ediacaran fossils, macroscopic complex organisms in the geological record and may hold the key to our dickinsoniids include Andiva (Fig. 1C and fig. understanding of the origin of animals. Ediacaran macrofossils are as “strange as life on S1), Vendia, Yorgia, and other flattened Edia- another planet” and have evaded taxonomic classification, with interpretations ranging from caran organisms with segmented metameric marine animals or giant single-celled protists to terrestrial lichens. Here, we show that lipid bodies and a median line along the body axes, biomarkers extracted from organically preserved Ediacaran macrofossils unambiguously separating the “segments.” The specimens for clarify their phylogeny. Dickinsonia and its relatives solely produced cholesteroids, a Downloaded from this study were collected from two surfaces in hallmark of animals.
  • Traces of Locomotion of Ediacaran Macroorganisms

    Traces of Locomotion of Ediacaran Macroorganisms

    geosciences Article Traces of Locomotion of Ediacaran Macroorganisms Andrey Ivantsov 1,* , Aleksey Nagovitsyn 2 and Maria Zakrevskaya 1 1 Laboratory of the Precambrian Organisms, Borissiak Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117997, Russia; [email protected] 2 Arkhangelsk Regional Lore Museum, Arkhangelsk 163000, Russia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 21 August 2019; Accepted: 4 September 2019; Published: 11 September 2019 Abstract: We describe traces of macroorganisms in association with the body imprints of trace-producers from Ediacaran (Vendian) deposits of the southeastern White Sea region. They are interpreted as traces of locomotion and are not directly related to a food gathering. The complex remains belong to three species: Kimberella quadrata, Dickinsonia cf. menneri, and Tribrachidium heraldicum. They were found in three different burials. The traces have the form of narrow ridges or wide bands (grooves and linear depressions on natural imprints). In elongated Kimberella and Dickinsonia, the traces are stretched parallel to the longitudinal axis of the body and extend from its posterior end. In the case of the isometric Tribrachidium, the trace is directed away from the margin of the shield. A short length of the traces indicates that they were left by the organisms that were covered with the sediment just before their death. The traces overlaid the microbial mat with no clear signs of deformation under or around the traces. A trace substance, apparently, differed from the material of the bearing layers (i.e., a fine-grained sandstone or siltstone) and was not preserved on the imprints. This suggests that the traces were made with organic material, probably mucus, which was secreted by animals in a stressful situation.