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1. Shatsky Rise: Seismic Stratigraphy and Sedimentary Record of Pacific Paleoceanography Since the Early Cretaceous1
Natland, J.H., Storms, M.A., et al., 1993 Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Vol. 132 1. SHATSKY RISE: SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTARY RECORD OF PACIFIC PALEOCEANOGRAPHY SINCE THE EARLY CRETACEOUS1 William V. Sliter2 and Glenn R. Brown3 ABSTRACT Shatsky Rise consists of three highs arranged in a linear trend more than 1300 km long. Shatsky Plateau, the southernmost and largest of three highs is represented by an exposed basement high of presumed Late Jurassic age flanked by a sedimentary sequence of at least Cretaceous and Cenozoic age that reaches a maximum thickness of more than 1100 m. Drilling on Shatsky Rise is restricted to eight DSDP and ODP sites on the southern plateau that partially penetrated the sedimentary sequence. Leg 132 seismic profiles and previous seismic records from Shatsky Plateau reveal a five-part seismic section that is correlated with the drilling record and used to interpret the sedimentary history of the rise. The seismic sequence documents the transit of Shatsky Plateau beneath the equatorial divergence in the Late Cretaceous by horizontal plate motion from an original location in the Southern Hemisphere. Unconformities and lithologic changes bounding several of the seismic units are correlated with pale- oceanographic changes that resulted in erosional events near the Barremian/Aptian, Cenomanian/Turonian, and Paleogene/Neo- gene boundaries. INTRODUCTION Plateau, is the largest with a length of about 700 km and a width of about 300 km. All previous DSDP and ODP drill sites are located on Shatsky Rise, the second largest oceanic plateau in the Pacific the southern plateau (Fig. -
The Great Oxidation Event: an Expert Discussion on the Causes, the Processes, and the Still Unknowns
ASTROBIOLOGY Volume 12, Number 12, 2012 The Astrobiology Society Roundtable ª Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2012.1110 The Great Oxidation Event: An Expert Discussion on the Causes, the Processes, and the Still Unknowns Moderator: Frances Westall1 Participants: Ariel Anbar,2 Woody Fischer,3 and Lee Kump4 Dr. Frances Westall (FW): Let’s begin with each of you seeming to get honed in on the Archean-Proterozoic tran- giving an overview as to the importance of biogenic pro- sition, I have always looked for a change in the solid cesses in the rise of oxygen—oxygenic photosynthesis. Lee, Earth dynamics that is linked to that, because the Archean- would you like to begin? Proterozoic boundary was defined based on geological evi- Dr. Lee Kump (LK): What is really interesting about the dence for the stabilization of continental cratons. history of atmospheric oxygenation is that there is this event That is what ultimately led Mark Barley and me to look at or interval of change from an anoxic Archean atmosphere to that issue of changes in style of tectonics at the Archean- an oxygenated post-Archean atmosphere (Holland, 1994). Proterozoic boundary, and ultimately focus on the style of When we think about the causes of the rise of oxygen and we volcanism (Kump and Barley, 2007). This was, again, the think about the Great Oxidation Event, it is really a funda- result of Holland pointing out that in modern volcanic sys- mental change in the way the Earth system functioned. It is a tems, the oxygen demand from the release of fluids, gases of new state; it is the oxygenated state that is distinct from the subaerial volcanoes was significantly less than that from the anoxic state, and it is nonreversible. -
Flood Basalts and Glacier Floods—Roadside Geology
u 0 by Robert J. Carson and Kevin R. Pogue WASHINGTON DIVISION OF GEOLOGY AND EARTH RESOURCES Information Circular 90 January 1996 WASHINGTON STATE DEPARTMENTOF Natural Resources Jennifer M. Belcher - Commissioner of Public Lands Kaleen Cottingham - Supervisor FLOOD BASALTS AND GLACIER FLOODS: Roadside Geology of Parts of Walla Walla, Franklin, and Columbia Counties, Washington by Robert J. Carson and Kevin R. Pogue WASHINGTON DIVISION OF GEOLOGY AND EARTH RESOURCES Information Circular 90 January 1996 Kaleen Cottingham - Supervisor Division of Geology and Earth Resources WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES Jennifer M. Belcher-Commissio11er of Public Lands Kaleeo Cottingham-Supervisor DMSION OF GEOLOGY AND EARTH RESOURCES Raymond Lasmanis-State Geologist J. Eric Schuster-Assistant State Geologist William S. Lingley, Jr.-Assistant State Geologist This report is available from: Publications Washington Department of Natural Resources Division of Geology and Earth Resources P.O. Box 47007 Olympia, WA 98504-7007 Price $ 3.24 Tax (WA residents only) ~ Total $ 3.50 Mail orders must be prepaid: please add $1.00 to each order for postage and handling. Make checks payable to the Department of Natural Resources. Front Cover: Palouse Falls (56 m high) in the canyon of the Palouse River. Printed oo recycled paper Printed io the United States of America Contents 1 General geology of southeastern Washington 1 Magnetic polarity 2 Geologic time 2 Columbia River Basalt Group 2 Tectonic features 5 Quaternary sedimentation 6 Road log 7 Further reading 7 Acknowledgments 8 Part 1 - Walla Walla to Palouse Falls (69.0 miles) 21 Part 2 - Palouse Falls to Lower Monumental Dam (27.0 miles) 26 Part 3 - Lower Monumental Dam to Ice Harbor Dam (38.7 miles) 33 Part 4 - Ice Harbor Dam to Wallula Gap (26.7 mi les) 38 Part 5 - Wallula Gap to Walla Walla (42.0 miles) 44 References cited ILLUSTRATIONS I Figure 1. -
Subsidence and Growth of Pacific Cretaceous Plateaus
ELSEVIER Earth and Planetary Science Letters 161 (1998) 85±100 Subsidence and growth of Paci®c Cretaceous plateaus Garrett Ito a,Ł, Peter D. Clift b a School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, POST 713, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA b Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA Received 10 November 1997; revised version received 11 May 1998; accepted 4 June 1998 Abstract The Ontong Java, Manihiki, and Shatsky oceanic plateaus are among the Earth's largest igneous provinces and are commonly believed to have erupted rapidly during the surfacing of giant heads of initiating mantle plumes. We investigate this hypothesis by using sediment descriptions of Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) and Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) drill cores to constrain plateau subsidence histories which re¯ect mantle thermal and crustal accretionary processes. We ®nd that total plateau subsidence is comparable to that expected of normal sea¯oor but less than predictions of thermal models of hotspot-affected lithosphere. If crustal emplacement was rapid, then uncertainties in paleo-water depths allow for the anomalous subsidence predicted for plumes with only moderate temperature anomalies and volumes, comparable to the sources of modern-day hotspots such as Hawaii and Iceland. Rapid emplacement over a plume head of high temperature and volume, however, is dif®cult to reconcile with the subsidence reconstructions. An alternative possibility that reconciles low subsidence over a high-temperature, high-volume plume source is a scenario in which plateau subsidence is the superposition of (1) subsidence due to the cooling of the plume source, and (2) uplift due to prolonged crustal growth in the form of magmatic underplating. -
GEOG 442 – the Great Extinctions Evolution Has Spawned An
GEOG 442 – The Great Extinctions Evolution has spawned an incredible diversity of lineages from nearly the beginning of the planet itself to the present. Speciation often results from the isolation of a population of organisms, which then evolve along their own trajectories, depending on such factors as founder effect, genetic drift, and natural selection in environments that are different to some extent from the range of environments from which they've been isolated. Speciation can be allopatric or sympatric. Once a new species forms, it is endemic to its source region. It may then be later able to escape its source region, migrating into new regions and even becoming cosmopolitan. Even a cosmopolitan species is subject to environmental change out of its environmental envelope and to competition from other species. This can then set off a process of decline and local extirpations across its range, resulting in disjunct distribution, eventually recreating an endemic distribution in its last redoubt before its final extinction. Extinction, then, is the normal fate of species. If a species is lucky, it may go extinct by dint of having evolved into one or more daughter lineages that are so divergent from the parent that we consider the parent extinct. Many species are not lucky: Their last lineage fades out. Extinction is normal. We can talk about the background extinction rate, the normal loss of species and lineages through time. The average duration of species is somewhere between 1 and 13 million years, depending on the kind of critter we're talking about. Mammal species tend to last about 1-2 million years; unicellular dinoflagellate algae are on the other end at 13 million years. -
Emanuele Serrelli Nathalie Gontier Editors Explanation, Interpretation
Interdisciplinary Evolution Research 2 Emanuele Serrelli Nathalie Gontier Editors Macroevolution Explanation, Interpretation and Evidence Interdisciplinary Evolution Research Volume 2 Series editors Nathalie Gontier, Lisbon, Portugal Olga Pombo, Lisbon, Portugal [email protected] About the Series The time when only biologists studied evolution has long since passed. Accepting evolution requires us to come to terms with the fact that everything that exists must be the outcome of evolutionary processes. Today, a wide variety of academic disciplines are therefore confronted with evolutionary problems, ranging from physics and medicine, to linguistics, anthropology and sociology. Solving evolutionary problems also necessitates an inter- and transdisciplinary approach, which is why the Modern Synthesis is currently extended to include drift theory, symbiogenesis, lateral gene transfer, hybridization, epigenetics and punctuated equilibria theory. The series Interdisciplinary Evolution Research aims to provide a scholarly platform for the growing demand to examine specific evolutionary problems from the perspectives of multiple disciplines. It does not adhere to one specific academic field, one specific school of thought, or one specific evolutionary theory. Rather, books in the series thematically analyze how a variety of evolutionary fields and evolutionary theories provide insights into specific, well-defined evolutionary problems of life and the socio-cultural domain. Editors-in-chief of the series are Nathalie Gontier and Olga Pombo. The -
1783-84 Laki Eruption, Iceland
1783-84 Laki eruption, Iceland Eruption History and Atmospheric Effects Thor Thordarson Faculty of Earth sciences, University of Iceland 12/8/2017 1 Atmospheric Effects of the 1783-84 Laki Eruption in Iceland Outline . Volcano-Climate interactions - background Laki eruption . Eruption history . Sulfur release and aerosol loading . Plume transport and aerosol dispersal . Environmental and climatic effects 12/8/2017. Concluding Remarks 2 Santorini, 1628 BC Tambora, 1815 Etna, 44 BC Lakagígar, 1783 Toba, 71,000 BP Famous Volcanic Eruptions Krakatau, 1883 Pinatubo, 1991 El Chichón, 1982 Agung, 1963 St. Helens, 1980 Major volcanic eruptions of the past 250 years Volcano Year VEI d.v.i/Emax IVI Lakagígar [Laki craters], Iceland 1783 4 2300 0.19 Unknown (El Chichón?) 1809 0.20 Tambora, Sumbawa, Indonesia 1815 7 3000 0.50 Cosiguina, Nicaragua 1835 5 4000 0.11 Askja, Iceland 1875 5 1000 0.01* Krakatau, Indonesia 1883 6 1000 0.12 Okataina [Tarawera], North Island, NZ 1886 5 800 0.04 Santa Maria, Guatemala 1902 6 600 0.05 Ksudach, Kamchatka, Russia 1907 5 500 0.02 Novarupta [Katmai], Alaska, US 1912 6 500 0.15 Agung, Bali, Indonesia 1963 4 800 0.06 Mt. St. Helens, Washington, US 1980 5 500 0.00 El Chichón, Chiapas, Mexico 1982 5 800 0.06 Mt. Pinatubo, Luzon, Philippines 1991 6 1000 — Volcano – Climate Interactions Key to Volcanic Forcing is: SO2 mass loading, eruption duration plume height replenishment aerosol production, residence time 12/8/2017 5 Volcanic Forcing: sulfur dioxide sulfate aerosols SO2 75%H2SO4+ 25%H2O clear sky 1991 Pinatubo aerosols -
Large Igneous Provinces and Mass Extinctions: an Update
Downloaded from specialpapers.gsapubs.org on April 29, 2015 OLD G The Geological Society of America Special Paper 505 2014 OPEN ACCESS Large igneous provinces and mass extinctions: An update David P.G. Bond* Department of Geography, Environment and Earth Science, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK, and Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, 9296 Tromsø, Norway Paul B. Wignall School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK ABSTRACT The temporal link between mass extinctions and large igneous provinces is well known. Here, we examine this link by focusing on the potential climatic effects of large igneous province eruptions during several extinction crises that show the best correlation with mass volcanism: the Frasnian-Famennian (Late Devonian), Capi- tanian (Middle Permian), end-Permian, end-Triassic, and Toarcian (Early Jurassic) extinctions. It is clear that there is no direct correlation between total volume of lava and extinction magnitude because there is always suffi cient recovery time between individual eruptions to negate any cumulative effect of successive fl ood basalt erup- tions. Instead, the environmental and climatic damage must be attributed to single- pulse gas effusions. It is notable that the best-constrained examples of death-by- volcanism record the main extinction pulse at the onset of (often explosive) volcanism (e.g., the Capitanian, end-Permian, and end-Triassic examples), suggesting that the rapid injection of vast quantities of volcanic gas (CO2 and SO2) is the trigger for a truly major biotic catastrophe. Warming and marine anoxia feature in many extinc- tion scenarios, indicating that the ability of a large igneous province to induce these proximal killers (from CO2 emissions and thermogenic greenhouse gases) is the single most important factor governing its lethality. -
Methanogenic Burst in the End-Permian Carbon Cycle
Methanogenic burst in the end-Permian carbon cycle Daniel H. Rothmana,b,1, Gregory P. Fournierc, Katherine L. Frenchb, Eric J. Almc, Edward A. Boyleb, Changqun Caod, and Roger E. Summonsb aLorenz Center, bDepartment of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, and cDepartment of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139; and dState Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China Edited by John M. Hayes, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, and approved February 4, 2014 (received for review September 27, 2013) The end-Permian extinction is associated with a mysterious disrup- and its perturbation to the carbon cycle but also to amplify the tion to Earth’s carbon cycle. Here we identify causal mechanisms via development of marine anoxia. Taken as a whole, these results three observations. First, we show that geochemical signals indicate reconcile an array of apparently disparate observations about the superexponential growth of the marine inorganic carbon reservoir, end-Permian event. coincident with the extinction and consistent with the expansion of a new microbial metabolic pathway. Second, we show that the effi- Growth of the Marine Carbon Reservoir cient acetoclastic pathway in Methanosarcina emerged at a time sta- Fig. 1A displays the carbon-isotopic record in Meishan, China tistically indistinguishable from the extinction. Finally, we show that (5). Immediately preceding the extinction event, the isotopic com- nickel concentrations in South China sediments increased sharply at position δ1 of carbonate carbon declines by about 7‰ during the extinction, probably as a consequence of massive Siberian volca- a period of about 100 thousand years (Kyr), first slowly, and sub- nism, enabling a methanogenic expansion by removal of nickel lim- sequently rapidly. -
Geochemistry and Age of Shatsky, Hess, and Ojin Rise Seamounts: Implications for a Connection Between the Shatsky and Hess Rises
Accepted Manuscript Geochemistry and Age of Shatsky, Hess, and Ojin Rise seamounts: Implications for a connection between the Shatsky and Hess Rises Maria Luisa G. Tejada, Jörg Geldmacher, Folkmar Hauff, Daniel Heaton, Anthony A.P. Koppers, Dieter Garbe-Schönberg, Kaj Hoernle, Ken Heydolph, William W. Sager PII: S0016-7037(16)30165-X DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2016.04.006 Reference: GCA 9701 To appear in: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta Received Date: 4 September 2015 Accepted Date: 1 April 2016 Please cite this article as: Tejada, M.L.G., Geldmacher, J., Hauff, F., Heaton, D., Koppers, A.A.P., Garbe- Schönberg, D., Hoernle, K., Heydolph, K., Sager, W.W., Geochemistry and Age of Shatsky, Hess, and Ojin Rise seamounts: Implications for a connection between the Shatsky and Hess Rises, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (2016), doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2016.04.006 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. 1 Geochemistry and Age of Shatsky, Hess, and Ojin Rise seamounts: Implications 2 for a connection between the Shatsky and Hess Rises 3 Maria Luisa G. Tejada a,b*, Jörg Geldmacher c, Folkmar Hauff c, Daniel Heaton d, Anthony A. -
Flood Basalt Hosted Palaeosols: Potential Palaeoclimatic Indicators of Global Climate Change
Geoscience Frontiers xxx (2013) 1e9 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect China University of Geosciences (Beijing) Geoscience Frontiers journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/gsf Review Flood basalt hosted palaeosols: Potential palaeoclimatic indicators of global climate change M.R.G. Sayyed* Department of Geology, Poona College (University of Pune), Camp, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India article info abstract Article history: Since continental sediments (in addition to the marine geological record) offer important means of Received 29 December 2012 deciphering environmental changes, the sediments hosted by the successive flows of the continental Received in revised form flood basalt provinces of the world should be treasure houses in gathering the palaeoclimatic data. 27 July 2013 Palaeosols developed on top of basalt flows are potentially ideal for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions Accepted 16 August 2013 because it is easy to determine their protolith geochemistry and also they define a definite time interval. Available online xxx The present paper summarizes the nature of the basalt-hosted palaeosols formed on the flood basalts provinces from different parts of the globe having different ages. Keywords: Ó Continental flood basalts 2013, China University of Geosciences (Beijing) and Peking University. Production and hosting by Palaeosols Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Weathering Palaeoclimates Global change 1. Introduction across multiple time and space scales. Such palaeoclimatic records further reveal the changes in the atmospheric chemistry and the Globally distributed climate change events affect oceanic, at- response of natural systems to the climate change as these events mospheric and terrestrial environments and Earth’s history reveals are affecting the global oceanic, atmospheric and terrestrial envi- that there were periods when the climate was significantly cooler ronments. -
Persistent Global Marine Euxinia in the Early Silurian ✉ Richard G
ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15400-y OPEN Persistent global marine euxinia in the early Silurian ✉ Richard G. Stockey 1 , Devon B. Cole 2, Noah J. Planavsky3, David K. Loydell 4,Jiří Frýda5 & Erik A. Sperling1 The second pulse of the Late Ordovician mass extinction occurred around the Hirnantian- Rhuddanian boundary (~444 Ma) and has been correlated with expanded marine anoxia lasting into the earliest Silurian. Characterization of the Hirnantian ocean anoxic event has focused on the onset of anoxia, with global reconstructions based on carbonate δ238U 1234567890():,; modeling. However, there have been limited attempts to quantify uncertainty in metal isotope mass balance approaches. Here, we probabilistically evaluate coupled metal isotopes and sedimentary archives to increase constraint. We present iron speciation, metal concentration, δ98Mo and δ238U measurements of Rhuddanian black shales from the Murzuq Basin, Libya. We evaluate these data (and published carbonate δ238U data) with a coupled stochastic mass balance model. Combined statistical analysis of metal isotopes and sedimentary sinks provides uncertainty-bounded constraints on the intensity of Hirnantian-Rhuddanian euxinia. This work extends the duration of anoxia to >3 Myrs – notably longer than well-studied Mesozoic ocean anoxic events. 1 Stanford University, Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. 2 School of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA. 3 Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA. 4 School of the Environment, Geography and Geosciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3QL, UK. 5 Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences ✉ Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.