Geochemistry and Age of Shatsky, Hess, and Ojin Rise Seamounts: Implications for a Connection Between the Shatsky and Hess Rises
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Hikurangi Plateau: Crustal Structure, Rifted Formation, and Gondwana Subduction History
Article Geochemistry 3 Volume 9, Number 7 Geophysics 3 July 2008 Q07004, doi:10.1029/2007GC001855 GeosystemsG G ISSN: 1525-2027 AN ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF THE EARTH SCIENCES Published by AGU and the Geochemical Society Click Here for Full Article Hikurangi Plateau: Crustal structure, rifted formation, and Gondwana subduction history Bryan Davy Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences, P.O. Box 30368, Lower Hutt, New Zealand ([email protected]) Kaj Hoernle IFM-GEOMAR, Wischhofstraße 1-3, D-24148 Kiel, Germany Reinhard Werner Tethys Geoconsulting GmbH, Wischhofstraße 1-3, D-24148 Kiel, Germany [1] Seismic reflection profiles across the Hikurangi Plateau Large Igneous Province and adjacent margins reveal the faulted volcanic basement and overlying Mesozoic-Cenozoic sedimentary units as well as the structure of the paleoconvergent Gondwana margin at the southern plateau limit. The Hikurangi Plateau crust can be traced 50–100 km southward beneath the Chatham Rise where subduction cessation timing and geometry are interpreted to be variable along the margin. A model fit of the Hikurangi Plateau back against the Manihiki Plateau aligns the Manihiki Scarp with the eastern margin of the Rekohu Embayment. Extensional and rotated block faults which formed during the breakup of the combined Manihiki- Hikurangi plateau are interpreted in seismic sections of the Hikurangi Plateau basement. Guyots and ridge- like seamounts which are widely scattered across the Hikurangi Plateau are interpreted to have formed at 99–89 Ma immediately following Hikurangi Plateau jamming of the Gondwana convergent margin at 100 Ma. Volcanism from this period cannot be separately resolved in the seismic reflection data from basement volcanism; hence seamount formation during Manihiki-Hikurangi Plateau emplacement and breakup (125–120 Ma) cannot be ruled out. -
Playing Jigsaw with Large Igneous Provinces a Plate Tectonic
PUBLICATIONS Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems RESEARCH ARTICLE Playing jigsaw with Large Igneous Provinces—A plate tectonic 10.1002/2015GC006036 reconstruction of Ontong Java Nui, West Pacific Key Points: Katharina Hochmuth1, Karsten Gohl1, and Gabriele Uenzelmann-Neben1 New plate kinematic reconstruction of the western Pacific during the 1Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum fur€ Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany Cretaceous Detailed breakup scenario of the ‘‘Super’’-Large Igneous Province Abstract The three largest Large Igneous Provinces (LIP) of the western Pacific—Ontong Java, Manihiki, Ontong Java Nui Ontong Java Nui ‘‘Super’’-Large and Hikurangi Plateaus—were emplaced during the Cretaceous Normal Superchron and show strong simi- Igneous Province as result of larities in their geochemistry and petrology. The plate tectonic relationship between those LIPs, herein plume-ridge interaction referred to as Ontong Java Nui, is uncertain, but a joined emplacement was proposed by Taylor (2006). Since this hypothesis is still highly debated and struggles to explain features such as the strong differences Correspondence to: in crustal thickness between the different plateaus, we revisited the joined emplacement of Ontong Java K. Hochmuth, [email protected] Nui in light of new data from the Manihiki Plateau. By evaluating seismic refraction/wide-angle reflection data along with seismic reflection records of the margins of the proposed ‘‘Super’’-LIP, a detailed scenario Citation: for the emplacement and the initial phase of breakup has been developed. The LIP is a result of an interac- Hochmuth, K., K. Gohl, and tion of the arriving plume head with the Phoenix-Pacific spreading ridge in the Early Cretaceous. The G. -
Massive Basalt Flows on the Southern Flank of Tamu Massif, Shatsky Rise: a Reappraisal of ODP Site 1213 Basement Units1 A.A.P
Sager, W.W., Sano, T., Geldmacher, J., and the Expedition 324 Scientists Proceedings of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, Volume 324 Massive basalt flows on the southern flank of Tamu Massif, Shatsky Rise: a reappraisal of ODP Site 1213 basement units1 A.A.P. Koppers,2 T. Sano, 3 J.H. Natland,3 M. Widdowson,3 R. Almeev,3 A.R. Greene,3 D.T. Murphy,3 A. Delacour,3 M. Miyoshi,3 K. Shimizu,3 S. Li,3 N. Hirano,3 J. Geldmacher,3 and the Expedition 324 Scientists3 Chapter contents Abstract Abstract . 1 Drilling during Ocean Drilling Program Leg 198 at Site 1213 re- covered three massive basalt units (8–15 m thick) from the south- Introduction . 1 ern flank of Tamu Massif at Shatsky Rise. Originally, these igneous Volcanology and igneous petrology of Site 1213. 2 units were interpreted to represent three diabase sills. During In- Interpretation and conclusions. 5 tegrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 324, this core was re- Acknowledgments. 6 described leading to the new conclusion that these diabase units References . 6 represent three submarine massive basalt flows. These massive Figures . 8 submarine flows were probably emplaced as inflated compound Table . 20 sheet flows during eruptions similar to those in large oceanic pla- teaus and continental flood basalts. Introduction The main objective of Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 324 was to test competing mantle plume and plate tectonic models for ocean plateau formation at Shatsky Rise (Fig. F1). In these tests, determining the timing, duration, and source of volcanism at Shatsky Rise is of pivotal importance to under- stand the origin of this oceanic plateau. -
1. Shatsky Rise: Seismic Stratigraphy and Sedimentary Record of Pacific Paleoceanography Since the Early Cretaceous1
Natland, J.H., Storms, M.A., et al., 1993 Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Vol. 132 1. SHATSKY RISE: SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTARY RECORD OF PACIFIC PALEOCEANOGRAPHY SINCE THE EARLY CRETACEOUS1 William V. Sliter2 and Glenn R. Brown3 ABSTRACT Shatsky Rise consists of three highs arranged in a linear trend more than 1300 km long. Shatsky Plateau, the southernmost and largest of three highs is represented by an exposed basement high of presumed Late Jurassic age flanked by a sedimentary sequence of at least Cretaceous and Cenozoic age that reaches a maximum thickness of more than 1100 m. Drilling on Shatsky Rise is restricted to eight DSDP and ODP sites on the southern plateau that partially penetrated the sedimentary sequence. Leg 132 seismic profiles and previous seismic records from Shatsky Plateau reveal a five-part seismic section that is correlated with the drilling record and used to interpret the sedimentary history of the rise. The seismic sequence documents the transit of Shatsky Plateau beneath the equatorial divergence in the Late Cretaceous by horizontal plate motion from an original location in the Southern Hemisphere. Unconformities and lithologic changes bounding several of the seismic units are correlated with pale- oceanographic changes that resulted in erosional events near the Barremian/Aptian, Cenomanian/Turonian, and Paleogene/Neo- gene boundaries. INTRODUCTION Plateau, is the largest with a length of about 700 km and a width of about 300 km. All previous DSDP and ODP drill sites are located on Shatsky Rise, the second largest oceanic plateau in the Pacific the southern plateau (Fig. -
Scientists Confirm Existence of Largest Single Volcano on Earth (Update) 5 September 2013
Scientists confirm existence of largest single volcano on Earth (Update) 5 September 2013 Tamu Massif did indeed erupt from a single source near the center. "Tamu Massif is the biggest single shield volcano ever discovered on Earth," Sager said. "There may be larger volcanoes, because there are bigger igneous features out there such as the Ontong Java Plateau, but we don't know if these features are one volcano or complexes of volcanoes." MCS re?ection Line A–B, across the axis of Tamu Massif. Credit: Nature A University of Houston (UH) professor led a team of scientists to uncover the largest single volcano yet documented on Earth. Covering an area roughly equivalent to the British Isles or the state of New Mexico, this volcano, dubbed the Tamu Massif, is nearly as big as the giant volcanoes of Mars, placing it among the largest in the Solar System. William Sager, a professor in the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at UH, first began studying the volcano about 20 years ago at Texas A&M's College of Geosciences. Sager and his team's findings appear in the Sept. 8 issue of Nature Geoscience, the monthly multi-disciplinary journal reflecting disciplines within the geosciences. Located about 1,000 miles east of Japan, Tamu Massif is the largest feature of Shatsky Rise, an underwater mountain range formed 130 to 145 million years ago by the eruption of several underwater volcanoes. Until now, it was unclear whether Tamu Massif was a single volcano, or a IODP technician Margaret Hastedt labels pieces of core composite of many eruption points. -
Subsidence and Growth of Pacific Cretaceous Plateaus
ELSEVIER Earth and Planetary Science Letters 161 (1998) 85±100 Subsidence and growth of Paci®c Cretaceous plateaus Garrett Ito a,Ł, Peter D. Clift b a School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, POST 713, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA b Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA Received 10 November 1997; revised version received 11 May 1998; accepted 4 June 1998 Abstract The Ontong Java, Manihiki, and Shatsky oceanic plateaus are among the Earth's largest igneous provinces and are commonly believed to have erupted rapidly during the surfacing of giant heads of initiating mantle plumes. We investigate this hypothesis by using sediment descriptions of Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) and Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) drill cores to constrain plateau subsidence histories which re¯ect mantle thermal and crustal accretionary processes. We ®nd that total plateau subsidence is comparable to that expected of normal sea¯oor but less than predictions of thermal models of hotspot-affected lithosphere. If crustal emplacement was rapid, then uncertainties in paleo-water depths allow for the anomalous subsidence predicted for plumes with only moderate temperature anomalies and volumes, comparable to the sources of modern-day hotspots such as Hawaii and Iceland. Rapid emplacement over a plume head of high temperature and volume, however, is dif®cult to reconcile with the subsidence reconstructions. An alternative possibility that reconciles low subsidence over a high-temperature, high-volume plume source is a scenario in which plateau subsidence is the superposition of (1) subsidence due to the cooling of the plume source, and (2) uplift due to prolonged crustal growth in the form of magmatic underplating. -
Marinegeology
_ I\_AGcO--',/_::,5 207247 Reprinted from /,v --,-/S--c/?-. MARINEGEOLOGY INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MARINE GEOLOGY, GEOCHEMISTRY AND GEOPHYSICS Marine Geology 138 (1997) 273 301 Characteristics of seamounts near Hawaii as viewed by GLORIA Nathan T. Bridges Department of Geoscienees, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA Received 8 March 1996; accepted 19 November 1996 ELSEVIER ..... rZ MARINE QEOLOQY Editors-in-Chief For Europe, Africa and the Near East: H. Chamley, Universit(_ des Sciences et Techniques de Lille-Artois, S(_dimentologie et G_ochimie, B.P. 36, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France Tel.: +33-03 20 43 41 30 For the Americas, Pacific and Far East: M.A. Arthur, Department of Geosciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 503 Deike Building, University Park, PA 16802-2714, U.S.A. Tel.: + 1-814-865-6711; Fax: + 1-814-865-3191; E-mail: [email protected] Editorial Board R. Batiza, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA D. Jongsma, O'Connor, A.C.T., D.A. Ross, Woods Hole, Mass., USA W. Berger, La Jolla, Calif., USA Australia W.F. Ruddiman, Charlottesville, Va., USA A.H. Bouma, Baton Rouge, La., USA A.E.S. Kemp, Southampton, UK A.D. Short, Sydney, NSW, Australia A.J. Bowen, Halifax, N.S., Canada N.H. Kenyon, Southampton, UK D.J. Stanley, Washington, D.C., USA L. Carter, Wellington, New Zealand E.M. Klein, Durham, N.C., USA P. Stoffers, Kiel, Germany J.R. Curray, La Jolla, Calif., USA H.J. Knebel, Woods Hole, Mass., USA A.H.B. Stride, Petersfield, UK P.J. Davies, Sydney, N.S.W., Australia S.A. -
SO225 MANIHIKI II Weekly Report No
SO225 MANIHIKI II Weekly Report No. 1 R/V SONNE (19.11. – 25.11.2012) 10°13,6´S / 165°52,0´W The starting point of R/V SONNE expedition SO-225 was the port of Suva on Viti Levu island (Fiji). After 48 hours of travel the first group of scientists, engineers, and technicians from Germany arrived safe but somewhat tiered in Suva in the late evening of Saturday the 19th of November. There, the unloading of nine containers with scientific equipment for SO-225 and the mobilization of the remotely operated vehicle ROV Kiel 6000 kept us busy during the following days. In the evening of November 19th, the remaining scientists arrived in Suva, finally completing the scientific party of the SO-225 expedition. In tropical heat and occasionally heavy rain showers we managed to finish all port related cruise preparations on time thanks to the excellent support from the SONNE crew. Approximately one hour after a test program of the ROV Kiel 6000 was successfully completed, RV SONNE left Suva and headed towards the Manihiki Plateau, located ~1.000 nm to the northeast of Fiji in the area of the northern Cook Islands. Views of Suva/Fiji upon departure of R/V Sonne. RV Sonne cruises SO-224 and SO-225 are part of the cooperative project MANIHIKI II between GEOMAR and the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), funded by the German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). This multidisciplinary project continues previous research at the Manihiki Plateau conducted since 2007 (SO-193) on morphological, volcanological, geochemical, and geochronological studies and is now broadened by geophysical and paleoceanographic research foci. -
32. Radiometric Ages of Basement Lavas Recovered at Loen, Wodejebato, Mit, and Takuyo-Daisan Guyots, Northwestern Pacific Ocean1
Haggerty, J.A., Premoli Silva, I., Rack, F., and McNutt, M.K. (Eds.), 1995 Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Vol. 144 32. RADIOMETRIC AGES OF BASEMENT LAVAS RECOVERED AT LOEN, WODEJEBATO, MIT, AND TAKUYO-DAISAN GUYOTS, NORTHWESTERN PACIFIC OCEAN1 Malcolm S. Pringle2 and Robert A. Duncan3 ABSTRACT The best estimate for the age of the oldest volcanism recovered from the summits of Loen, Wodejebato, MIT, and Takuyo- Daisan guyots, northwestern Pacific Ocean, is 113, 83, 123, and 118 Ma, respectively. All of these sites originated in the central and western regions of the South Pacific Isotopic and Thermal Anomaly (SOPITA). The 113-Ma age for Loen Guyot is signifi- cantly different from the 76-Ma age of volcanism under the carbonate platform of its neighbor, the living Anewetak Atoll, and suggests that drowned guyot/living atoll seamount pairs may have no genetically significant relationship other than geographic proximity. Although all of the basalts recovered from the top of Wodejebato Guyot were erupted during polarity Chron 33R (ca. 79-85 Ma), both the occurrence of reworked Cenomanian calcareous nannofossils in one of the summit cores and the existence of a thick Cenomanian volcaniclastic sequence, including 94-Ma basaltic clasts, in the archipelagic apron indicate that there must have been a Cenomanian or older edifice beneath the drilled summit volcanics. AT MIT Guyot, two late-stage periods of volcanism can be recognized: late Aptian (ca. 115 Ma) phreatomagmatic eruptions through the existing volcanic and carbonate platform, and 120-Ma hawaiites seen both as exotic clasts in the 115-Ma tuffs and as lava flows at the top of the basement sequence. -
Cook Islands Seabed Minerals : a Precautionary Approach to Mining / Gerald Mccormack
Cook Islands Seabed Minerals a precautionary approach to mining Gerald McCormack second edition, with corrections Cook Islands Natural Heritage Trust Rarotonga 2016 1° = primary 2° = secondary dt = dry tonnes M = million Ma = million years (from megaannus) for dates and duration mbsl = metres below sea level Mdt/y = million dry tonnes per year M/y = million per year ppm = parts per million t = tonne = 1,000kg (a.k.a. metric ton with symbol mt) wt = wet tonnes AABW = Antarctic Bottom Water BPA = Biodiversity Preservation Area CBD = Convention on Biological Diversity CISWF = Cook Islands Sovereign Wealth Fund CCD = Carbonate Compensation Depth CCZ = Clarion-Clipperton Zone DSC = Deep Sound Channel EEZ = Exclusive Economic Zone EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment GDP = Gross Domestic Product REY = Rare Earth Elements + Yttrium SBMA = Cook Islands Seabed Minerals Authority SMS = Seabed Massive Sulphides SPB = South Penrhyn Basin ISA = International Seabed Authority, a UN agency WCPFC = Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission Front cover An oblique view of the Cook Islands seafloor with the South Penrhyn Basin and its nodule fields in the foreground and the Manihiki Plateau in the background. Cook Islands Seabed Minerals a precautionary approach to mining Gerald McCormack second edition, with corrections Cook Islands Natural Heritage Trust Rarotonga 2016 Text and illustrations are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. This means they are free for non-commercial use provided the author and illustrator are acknowledged. For other uses please contact the Cook Islands Natural Heritage Trust. The author extends his appreciation to the Minister of Natural Heritage, the Hon. Kiriau Turepu and to the Trust Chair, Ian Karika and his Board for their encouragement and support. -
(2020) Pūhāhonu: Earth's Biggest and Hottest Shield Volcano. Earth And
Earth and Planetary Science Letters 542 (2020) 116296 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Earth and Planetary Science Letters www.elsevier.com/locate/epsl Puh¯ ahonu:¯ Earth’s biggest and hottest shield volcano ∗ Michael O. Garcia a, , Jonathan P. Tree a, Paul Wessel a, John R. Smith b a Department of Earth Sciences, University of Hawai‘i at Manoa,¯ Honolulu, HI 96822, USA b Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai‘i at Manoa,¯ Honolulu, HI 96822, USA a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: New bathymetric and gravity mapping, refined volume calculations and petrologic analyses show that Received 22 November 2019 the Hawaiian volcano Puh¯ ahonu¯ is the largest and hottest shield volcano on Earth. This ∼12.5-14.1 Ma Received in revised form 5 April 2020 volcano in the northwest Hawaiian Ridge (NWHR) is twice the size of Mauna Loa volcano (148 ± 29 vs. Accepted 18 April 2020 3 3 74.0 × 10 km ), which was assumed to be not only the largest Hawaiian volcano but also the largest Available online xxxx known shield volcano. We considered four testable mechanisms to increase magma production, including Editor: R. Dasgupta 1) thinner lithosphere, 2) slower propagation rate, 3) more fertile source, and 4) hotter mantle. The first Keywords: three of these have been ruled out. The lithosphere was old (∼88 Myrs) when Puh¯ ahonu¯ was formed, Hawaii and thus, too thick and cold to allow for greater extents of partial melting. The propagation rate was volume relatively fast when it erupted (87 km/Myr), so this is another unlikely reason. -
Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf in Regard to the Submission Made by the Cook Islands in Respect of the Manihiki Plateau on 16 April 20091
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ____________________________________________________________ Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE COMMISSION ON THE LIMITS OF THE CONTINENTAL SHELF IN REGARD TO THE SUBMISSION MADE BY THE COOK ISLANDS IN RESPECT OF THE MANIHIKI PLATEAU 1 ON 16 APRIL 2009 Recommendations prepared by the Subcommission established for the consideration of the Submission made by the Cook Islands Approved by the Subcommission on 31 July 2015 Approved by the Commission, with amendments, on 19 August 2016 1 The aim of this Summary is to provide information which is not of confidential or proprietary nature in order to facilitate the function of the Secretary-General in accordance with Rule 11.3 of annex III to the Rules of Procedure of the Commission (CLCS/40/Rev.1). This Summary is based on excerpts of the Recommendations and may refer to material not necessarily included either in the full Recommendations or this Summary. TABLE OF CONTENTS GLOSSARY OF TERMS ...................................................................................................................... III I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 1 II. CONTENTS OF THE SUBMISSION .............................................................................................. 4 A. Original Submission .................................................................................................................