I’m a Cell-ebrity... get me out of here! Endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus – mail system of the cell • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of membranes attached to the nucleus. Proteins are folded in the rough ER, and lipids and hormones are manufactured in the smooth ER. • Golgi apparatus is the post office of the cell. It receives cargo proteins from the ER. The Golgi recognises signals in the proteins and adds chemical tags to them. Then it sends them to the right part of the cell.
Membrane-bound vesicle Glycosylation
S S S S
S S S S
S S S S
S S S S S S S S
S S S S Folding
S S S S Folded protein
Lysosome/ S S S S endosome
Plasma S S membrane
O O S O O
Extracellular space
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CELL NUCLEUS the control tower of the cell
The nucleus coordinates all cell’s activities such as growth, protein synthesis and cell division
DNA, the hereditary material, is stored in the cell nucleus encoded on a four letter code (the genetic code)
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PROTEASOME ‘Cleaning system of the cell’
Proteasomes are protein complexes which degrade unneeded or damaged proteins
It is the major mechanism by which cells regulate the concentration of particular proteins and degrade misfolded proteins.
How the proteasome acts?
Proteins are tagged for Used degradation in synthesizing new with a small proteins protein called ubiquitin .
Cylindrical complex containing a "core" of four Proteolysis, a chemical stacked rings forming a central pore. reaction that breaks peptide Each ring is composed of seven individual bonds proteins.
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Mitochondria: The Powerhouse Of The Cell
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RIBOSOMES – Protein Building Factories in Cells What are they? The tiny factories that convert the code from messenger RNA into proteins
essential for cell life. What do they need to make protein? 1.The CODE from 2. Amino acids: the building DNA blocks of protein synthesis are is transferred transferred to the ribosome to messenger RNA RIBOSOME
3. The ribosome decodes the message and links the correct amino acids together in a sequence to build the protein 4. Fully built proteins can then do their job!
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