L-5 NEWS A PUBLICATION OF THE L-5 SOCIETY VOL. 3 NUMBER 6 JUNE 1978 Carolyn Henson, Editor

Membership Services: Janet Tarney In this issue: Administrative Services William Weigle

1 Boland's Committee Cuts NASA Appropriation Carolyn Board of Directors: Henson reports on action in Congress. Isaac Asimov Barry Goldwater, Sr. 2 Secret White House Studies Completed Robert A. Heinlein Gordon R. Woodcock More reports by Henson Barbara Marx Hubbard DOE, NASA's Plans for SPS Konrad K. Dannenberg Hon. Edward R. Finch, Jr. 3 Space Industrialization Study Indicates Space Investments James E. Oberg Yield High Returns Leonard David J. Peter Vajk 4 Shuttle Pollution Jack D. Salmon Phillip Parker David M. Fradin Battelle Microwave Study Romualdas Sviedrys Keith Henson Skylab Update Carolyn Henson William Weigle 5 Intrinsically Valuable Materials in Space Stewart Nozette, a Mark Hopkins student at the Lunar and Planetary Lab of the University of Arizona, Norie Huddle explores asteroid mining. Magoroh Maruyama Harlan Smith Carol Molts 7 Some Rudiments of Economics for Non-Economists Boeing solar power study manager Gordon Woodcock gives us some background on how to evaluate SPS economics.

" " 10 Responses to Space Mines Michael A.G. Michaud, Jack Salmon and Brian Maxwell respond to and enlarge upon issues brought up by K. Publication office: the L-5 Society, Eric Drexler's "Space Mines, Space Law and the Third World". 1060 E. Elm, Tucson, Arizona 85719. Published monthly. Subscription: $12.00 per year, 12 Precis of "Domicile and Industry in Outer Space, and its included in dues ($20.00 per year, epilogue, Some Reflections Beyond the City in Space students $15.00 per year). Second International law expert J. Henry Glazer warns us ". . . contemporary class postage paid at Tucson, Arizona and additional offices. treaty-making could hobble . . . the future of space settlement". Copyright ©1978 by the L-5 Society. No part of this periodical 15 Inside the L-5 Society may be reproduced without written consent of the L-5 Society. The opinions expressed by the authors do not necessarily reflect the policy of the L-5 Society. Membership Services: L-5 Society, 1620 N. Park Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85719. Telephone: 602/622-6351. Cover: Lower left, a mass driver reaction engine is propelling an asteroid into Change of address notices, undeliverable Earth orbit. Lower right, a mining and processing operation has been set in copies, orders for subscriptions, and other mail items are to be sent to: operation on a second asteroid. Upper left, a solar power satellite is under L-5 Society construction, utilizing resources from the nearby asteroid. Upper right, a Bernal Membership Services sphere space colony houses 10,000 people, many of whom are working as 1620 N. Park asteroid miners and SPS construction workers. (Artwork courtesy Johnson Tucson, AZ 85719 Space Center.) Boland's Committee Cuts NASA Appropriation by Carolyn Henson

The NASA FY '79 Appropriations Bill have quite an impact on our society, Boland's NASA cuts are by no means final. suffered several cuts before being passed by perhaps comparable to the Copernican If Proxmire's Appropriations revolution the House Appropriations Subcommittee . Subcommittee chooses to reinstate funds, on HUD-Independent Agencies (chaired The funds, reinstated by the House the Conference Committee can work out a by Rep. Howard Boland (D-MA) ). Science and Technology Committee and compromise between the House and Perhaps the most serious cut was the Senate Commerce Committee, to outfit the Senate versions. deletion of funds for the Teleoperator Enterprise for space (which would raise the L-5 ' s Legislative Information Service Retrieval System (TRS), which must be shuttle fleet to five) were cut to $4 members are reminded of the surprise funded this year in order to prevent Skylab million—barely enough to keep the House floor vote called by Boland last from plunging to Earth. Besides the loss of Enterprise from being cannibalized for summer when he was unable to get the a possibly still usable space station, Skylab parts in 1980 (as OMB has planned). Conference Committee to accept his could cause damage or injury when it crash- The $3 million reinstated for microwave demands to delete JOP. NASA lands. The TRS will be available for other testing and large space structures was also Appropriations could be at least as space projects after the re-boost of Skylab. deleted. However, the $3 million for SPS exciting an issue this year. We'll keep you The Solar-Polar Mission was also cut. It research and the $7 million added to the informed. would give us our first view of the polar Advanced Programs' $5 million allowed If you can't wait for information to come regions of the Sun. It was planned as a by OMB were left in the budget. out in the L-5 News; if you need first class joint US/German mission. If we drop our The NASA Appropriation next goes to mailings to inform you of fast-breaking share of the project, the Germans may be the Senate Subcommittee on news in the U.S. Capitol, you can sign up unwilling to continue alone. A short delay HUD-Independent Agencies. We are told that with the L-5 Society Legislative. in the funding could result in a long delay they will not vote on the NASA bill until Information Service. in the mission, because launch windows sometime in June. If the Senate The L-5 Society Legislative Information only occur at widely separated intervals. appropriation differs from the House Service is available to all L-5 members free Funds for the search for extraterrestrial appropriation, the conflicts will probably of charge. If you wish to receive first class intelligence (which, despite the interest be ironed out in a House/Senate mailings covering fast-breaking news in aroused by "Close Encounters", received Conference Committee next July or the U.S. Capitol, send your name and Proxmire's Golden Fleece award) were also August. It should be noted that, due to the address to LIS, c/o L-5 Society, 1620 N. deleted. Finding another civilization could Conference Committee process, that Park, Tucson, AZ 85719. Secret White House Studies Completed

by Carolyn Henson

Two secret White House studies were sources say Frank Press was responsible The full impact of Carter's adoption of given to Carter in mid-May. The national for this), White House sources say that SPS the PRM23 policy will not be felt until security-oriented one, PRM23, has been doesn't fit within the NASA budget OMB releases the NASA FY '80 budget signed by Carter and is now policy. constraints proposed by the study. This allowance next January. We hear it may Because it is totally classified, we must rely study is also classified, so we must rely on call for the closing of Marshall Space on "leaks" for knowledge of its content. rumor for details. Center and the disbanding of Advanced The basic problem with PRM23 is that it However, on the principle that "if you Programs. But a great deal could happen provides no goals and only gives a can't say something good about NASA, it's in the next eight months. superficial view of civilian space options. better to say nothing at all", White House In the meantime, would it be possible to Some insiders view it as a blatant attempt advisors have urged Carter to avoid persuade Carter to reveal the contents of by Defense Secretary Harold Brown, who making a public statement on NASA. If he his NASA policy? He ran for office on an headed the study, to take over NASA. keeps quiet on the topic for now, he will "open government" platform; perhaps it's The civilian-oriented study is reported later be able to change his NASA policy not too late for him to return to his to be little better. While the solar power without loss of face. publicly stated ideals. satellite option has been included (our DOE, NASA'S Plans for SPS

by Carolyn Henson

DOE and NASA are opposing the $25 However, the most serious differences As the NASA/DOE budget for SPS million Solar Power Satellite Research, between the "Plan" and HR12505 are in shows, space related technology research Development and Demonstration Act what the money will be used for. The was terminated last year. Since then, the (now numbered HR12505). Their line is "Plan" calls for definition of a final solar thrust of the NASA/DOE plan has been that their "SPS Concept Development and power satellite system this October. (DOE evaluation of what research has already Evaluation Plan" is adequate for SPS evaluators have already rejected several been done. work. SPS design approaches, including Under the proposed Solar Power What is the "Plan" and how does it O'Neill's "High Frontier" concept.) Then Satellite Research, Development and differ from HR12505? The most a comparison of SPS with terrestrial Demonstration Act, the heads of NASA immediately obvious difference is in energy alternatives will begin in February and DOE would be directed to reinstate funding. While HR12505 would kick off 1979. A final decision to either reject or go space related technology work and reopen FY '79 with $25 million, the NASA/DOE ahead with an SPS construction program consideration of SPS concepts to include plan has been running according to the will be made in Nov. 1979. (i.e., early in photovoltaic, solar thermal and even table below: FY '80). orbiting nuclear power plant concepts. TOTAL FUNDING IN SPS researchers assert that the THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS DOE/NASA "plan" is a thinly disguised Fiscal Year program to kill the SPS concept. They say 1977 1978 1979 1980 TOTAL they need time and money in order to have Systems Definition 1,800 1,700 1,300 800 5,600 a fair chance to prove or disprove the viability of SPS. The NASA/DOE "Plan" Space Related Technology 700 700 tells them they've already had their Environmental Factors 220 1,940 2,050 1,740 5,950 chance—now it's time to evaluate. HR12505 will put the R&D show back on Socioeconomic Issues 164 537 537 322 1,560 the road, leading—if no "show stoppers" Comparative Assessment 95 376 754 565 1,790 are found—to a demonstration SPS in the TOTAL 2,979 4,553 4,641 3,427 15,600 mid-eighties which should finally prove or RESOURCES disprove the environmental and economic The following table gives a brief summary of the resources allocated to NASA viability of SPS. managed studies by the "plan". Will the show get back on the road? 1977 1978 1979 1980 TOTAL Watch Congress this summer for exciting Systems Definition developments. JSC 900 850 650 400 2,800 MSFC 900 850 650 400 2,800 Space Related Technology 700 700 TOTAL 2,500 1,700 1,300 800 6,300

2 L-5 News, June 1978 SPACE INDUSTRIALIZATION STUDY INDICATES SPACE INVESTMENTS YIELD HIGH RETURNS 100,000 New Jobs by 1985?

A study just completed for NASA One of the more interesting services that power system. indicates that a world of pocket telephones could be provided from space is the In the second 10-year interval (1990s) the and solar-powered homes and factories wireless pocket telephone, operating via capabilities of the space factory, the may only be a few years in the future. It also satellite and offering almost instant geosynchronous platform and the global concluded that while sales of services communications with any part of the weather and resource base could be in use originating from space are already world. For instance, a paramedic in a and initial operation of a satellite power producing world-wide gross revenues of remote African village would be able to get system could begin. Beyond the year 2000, more than $1 billion a year, by the year the best possible emergency medical advice oxygen and materials for massive energy- 2000 the figure will have grown to $10 or by calling a medical specialist in New related projects at geosynchronous orbit $20 billion with only minor advances in York, London or any other city of the would he obtained from the Moon. present technology. world. A businessperson would have Benefits in education, health and These facts were reported in the instant contact with associates and access conservation of resources and productivity summary of a space industrialization study to job and marketing information on a could be available to the entire world from recently completed for NASA's Marshall world-wide basis. information and observation services in Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala., by In the United States, satellite-linked the 1980s. The energy scarcity problem two companies, Rockwell International portable telephones could be used by could be dealt with in the 1990s and, by the and Science Applications, Inc. police, paramedics and other professional turn of the century, energy from space The report stated that, with or semi-professionals, as well as the installations could become a worldwide technological advancements in power general public. The study predicted a long energy source. production, structures, transportation and distance toll rate of about 20 cents. What will space industrialization cost in materials processing, earnings from space The same space platform that provides terms of taxpayer dollars? The Rockwell could well reach the $40 billion a year telephone service may also provide direct report states that the government cost of mark or beyond. broadcast educational television to homes, providing the opportunity to use the Space industrialization is already an with five channels broadcasting programs pocket telephone is about 33 cents per international and multinational endeavor, 24 hours a day. A home adaptor for these person per year. Annual per capita costs for with approximately 111 nations actively broadcasts would cost less than $150, other services the space industrialization participating. At least five nations are now according to the report. program could make available include: sponsoring materials space processing In addition to vastly improved direct broadcast education (five channels), research with at least three organizations communications, space industrialization 33 cents; world medical advice center, 20 or nations actively conducting launches. can provide energy and products. A cents; national information service Of the four general categories of space satellite power system could produce ( Library of Congress), 39 cents. None of the industrialization, it is Information energy from sunlight that would provide costs cited include user charges. Services that is nearest to maturity. power for processing materials and Throughout the entire program, Commercially owned satellites that operating systems in space, or as an services would continue to be expanded, provide communications and information alternative to coal and gas on Earth. new products would appear, and research on earth resources and weather are already Properly commercialized and managed, would move toward full understanding, producing revenues. The remaining this power source could also be exported to prediction and localized control of Earth's categories—products, energy and people other countries. weather and climate. in space—will require new technologies Energy availability appears to be the key The study predicts that in the future the before markets can be opened up. to space industrialization and the report public will become increasingly involved The Science Applications study recommends that its growth be divided with space, first by directly receiving predicted that, by 1985, 100,000 new jobs into three 10-year intervals. immediate and tangible benefits and later could be created in the United States alone The space shuttle would be used to its by directly participating in the space as a direct result of a space fullest extent in the interval of the 1980s. activity itself—even in space travel. industrialization program that includes The center of activities during this time development of technology for a satellite would be in low Earth orbit with power power system. Such a program would provided by an orbiting power module like generate $800 million in tax revenues, but the 25kw power module now being the total impact to the nation's economy considered by NASA for early would be much greater because of the development. many indirect jobs and services that would Activities during this interval would be made possible by these space industries. include establishing a geosynchronous By the year 2010, according to the study, (stationary) platform and a global weather new space industrialization jobs would and resources base to provide world-wide increase to 1,900,000 and tax revenues to benefits. Later, a construction base, a space $20 billion. The contribution of the factory and a space operations center could program to the gross national product (in be established as one facility in low Earth 1976 dollars) would be from 200 to 800 orbit. Here, the capability to construct billion dollars and the balance of trade large space structures would be perfected as impact could be as much as $50 billion. a step toward construction of the satellite

3 effects. Shuttle "The electromagnetic interference and Skylab biohazard studies will begin with surveys Pollution of known microwave effects," explains Phillips. "Battelle researchers will then Update A shuttle propellant system could be identify unknowns or uncertainties in developed which would yield only non- current knowledge and propose specific polluting water and carbon dioxide and studies to fill in that knowledge." Battelle If NASA decides to reboost the orbiting cut the cost per launch by $1 million. The expects to complete the investigation by Skylab space station to a higher altitude— "miracle" booster? It's a liquid September, 1978. a possibility on the basis of recent findings oxygen/kerosene burning engine similar In addition, the lab will sponsor a by NASA crews who were able to recharge to the Saturn 5 first stage. symposium on biological effects of Skylab batteries and receive data from its However, several years ago extremely low-frequency electromagnetic computers—the move could provide an Congressional budget cutters nixed the fields in October, 1978. The symposium opportunity to reactivate and use the on- system, citing its $1.5 billion development will concentrate on bioeffects associated board systems and instruments in a variety cost. They settled on the cheaper to develop with electrical power production and of useful projects. (but more expensive per launch) solid transmission. The large living quarters and crew rocket boosters (SRB's) currently under accommodations aboard Skylab would be development. The SRB's supplement the a welcome addition to Space Shuttle and thrust of the three Orbiter engines, which Spacelab missions involving extensive emit water and hydrogen. The SRB's burn mission equipment and long mission an ammonium perchlorate-based durations. In addition, useful experiments propellant which emits chlorine Rockwell Receives might be conducted with Skylab compounds in the ozone layer. Solar Cell Contract instruments, some of them in conjunction NASA's environmental impact with complementary instruments planned statement calculates that 60 shuttle flights for flight aboard Spacelab. per year, using the SRB's, will decrease the DOE has awarded a one-year contract for Another possibility concerns new atmospheric ozone concentration by 0.2%, $999,870 to Rockwell International, experiments, missions and demonstrations which would correspond to a 0.4% increase Thousand Oaks, California, to direct a made possible with the orbiter that might in ultraviolet light reaching Earth's program aimed at developing new be feasible if Spacelab were docked with surface. The environmental impact techniques of growing gallium-arsenide Skylab. Assembly and support of large statement indicates consequences to thin films and using the films to make space structures for communications, solar agriculture, ecology and the climate "are photovoltaic solar cells. energy or other public service operations considered insignificant " , and that there is The overall goal of the program, which might be accomplished by this means, for "no conclusive evidence" that it would will be carried out by Rockwell's Science instance. cause a detectable change in the rate of Center and four university subcontractors, NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center melanoma skin cancer. will be to develop thin film solar cells that has awarded parallel study contracts, each In the lower atmosphere, while have a conversion efficiency greater than in the amount of $125,000, to Martin pollution is not expected to "exceed the 10% and that can be produced at a cost of Marietta Corp, at Denver, Colo., and allowable limits for human beings, $100-$300 per peak kilowatt. Current McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co. at wildlife or plants," the SRBs' exhaust will laboratory thin film gallium arsenide cells Huntington Beach, Calif. The two firms create hydrogen chloride, which can have a conversion efficiency of approxi- will conduct simultaneous but combine with rain to form dilute mately 6%. independent studies of the possibilities hydrochloric acid. This could The four schools and Rockwell will and benefits to be realized from reuse of temporarily damage vegetation. develop new crystal growth techniques, Skylab. However, the environmental impact perform materials research, and develop The spacecraft is the largest payload in statement pointed out that the shuttle will processing techniques. The universities Earth orbit. It weighs 86 metric tons and is produce less pollution than the are: Brown University, Cornell University, about 29 meters long. The main portion is expendable launch vehicles currently in Howard University, and North Carolina cylindrical, 9 m in diameter. In orbit, use: Scout, Delta and Titan III boosters. A&T State. Skylab is passing above the areas of Earth And if environmentalists complain loudly This project permits significant between 50 degrees north and 50 degrees enough, the alternate non-polluting involvement of minority universities in south latitude. shuttle boosters may get funded yet. DOE's photovoltaic research program. Skylab was launched in May 1973 and Besides directing the laboratory work at manned during three missions by three Howard and North Carolina A&T , different astronaut crews. The last crew left Battelle Rockwell personnel, with the aid of faculty Skylab Feb. 8, 1974 at an altitude of 440 km. Microwave Study from Cornell and Brown, will also provide Skylab now is 408 km above Earth. lectures and specialized instruction in At the time the final crew departed, Long term biological effects of solar cell technology at both schools. The NASA estimated that the orbiting microwave exposure that may be program is expected to stimulate expanded workshop would remain in space until associated with solar power satellite energy photovoltaics research capabilities at the 1983. Since then, the orbit has decreased transmission are being studied by Dr. two universities and will help faculty and and NASA has been adjusting its Richard Phillips, a research physiologist students gain additional expertise in predictions. Contributing to the more at Battelle's Pacific Northwest photovoltaic technology. rapid rate-of-descent is an increase in Laboratories. He is also considering The project is funded through DOE's atmospheric drag which in turn is caused electromagnetic and radio interference Solar Technology program. by sunspot activity.

4 L-5 News, June 1978 When it became evident, last February, that Skylab could begin reentry into the Earth's atmosphere as early as late summer of 1979 and as late as the second quarter of 1980, NASA project managers began attempts to reactivate the spacecraft. Engineers from the Marshall center, controllers from the Johnson center and tracking crews from the Goddard center spent a week at a ground station in Bermuda, checking out systems that have been dormant aboard the spacecraft for the past four years. The purpose of their activities was to check out the capability of Skylab to respond to commands as a prelude to activating the thruster attitude control system. The results were most encouraging, and plans are presently Skylab looked like this four years ago in its final fly-around, made by astronauts Jerry Carr, Ed underway to reactivate Skylab once again Gibson and Bill Pogue just before they returned home. At the time (February 1974) Skylab's orbital this month when the system may be used to lifetime was calculated at 10 years. Atmospheric drag caused orbital decay from its original 237 reduce atmospheric drag and prolong the nautical miles down to 220 in 1978. Photo was taken from the Skylab-4 command and service Skylab's orbital lifetime, perhaps for modules. several months. Intrinsically Valuable Materials in Space

by Stewart Nozette At present, cost seems to be the overriding factor in any plan to expand our space program. Does an expanded space program mean that only money will be spent, and that there will be no substantial economic payoff? Supporters of space industrialization and space colonization have argued that there can be substantial economic payback from these types of ventures. Satellite solar power stations have been suggested as one way to derive economic payback from space industrialization. In this article I will explore the possibility of other faster methods to pay back the initial investment required to set up space manufacturing facilities. Supporters of such large scale- projects would see their efforts gain large amounts of support if, within a few years of initiation, a large quantity of intrinsically valuable A prospecting probe approaching an asteroid. (Artwork courtesy Robert Lovell.) substances could be delivered from space factories. Space utilization could proceed in steps with each step providing the source of energy in the future. However, we Many of our key minerals also must be economic return to pay for itself. Energy is must seek other methods of economic imported from other countries. The energy one attractive justification, but power payback so as not to suffer from unforeseen crisis has dramatically illustrated the satellites would require a large initial developments in one specific area. There fragile relationship between resources and investment before full payback could be are subsidiary space manufacturing and the industrial society they helped create. realized. During that time new energy processing schemes that could support the Materials such as helium, chromium, technology developed for terrestrial use cost of these activities. Specifically what platinum, nickel, cobalt, copper and could reduce the payback from space are prospects for finding intrinsically petroleum are discovered, turned into systems, and make their expense difficult valuable materials in space? resources, used in many productive ways, to justify. Examples might be fusion The oil embargo of 1973 dramatically become indispensable, and then become technology or a practical method of showed our country's dependence on scarce. Even at present use rates known harnessing tidal and thermal ocean effects. imported oil for energy. Yet oil is not the reserves of several important minerals will This is not to say that satellite solar only thing that we must import to be exhausted in 200 years.' Such estimates power stations could not be an important maintain our highly industrialized society. are difficult to make due to the change in

5 supply and demand. The point is that we 5analysis is shown below previously, Eros would contain about will run out of these things sooner or later. Compound Wt. % 2.6x10(14)kg of nickel and 2.43x10(15)kg of Also, some parts of Earth are relatively Iron—Fe Metal 16.30 iron. These elements would he in metallic high in mineral reserves, and other parts Iron FeO 10.24 form. Concentrated in these metallic low. North America, for example, is rich in Nickel—Ni 1.74 phases would be about 2x10(10)kg of molybdenum, poor in manganese, tin Silicon—SiO2 36.74 platinum. Dispersed through the entire and chromium. Asia is poor in Magnesium—MgO 23.44 body would be about 5.6x10(13)kg of molybdenum , but rich in manganese, tin, Calcium—CaO 1.60 chromium in the form of Cr203. We can Aluminum—Al2O3 and tungsten. Most of the world's 2.04 see that a direct value calculation would chromium comes from South Africa and Platinum—Pt5-9x10(6) gm/gm metal have little meaning, because at present Rhodesia. Cuba and new Caledonia Sulphur + Iron 5.48 prices for some of these materials the value supply about half the world's nickel. Chromium—Cr203 .55 would exceed the gross national product of How long a reserve of a mineral lasts In meteorites, iron, nickel and trace the United States. depends not only on its supply but how metals tend to occur together in metallic In conclusion, asteroid utilization fast it is used, and this rate of consumption inclusions similar to the one shown here. appears to hold a promise of payback on is increasing. The metal consumed world- The oxides occur in the silicate minerals, the same scale as satellite solar power. A wide since the start of World War II exceeds and sulphur occurs with iron. Thus the typical near-Earth asteroid might contain the total metal production of all previous important metals are already reduced and large amounts of vital metals now years. The United States has long been the can be extracted, possibly by a magnetic imported from other countries. The largest consumer. It now imports most of method. materials gained could supply a large its aluminum ore, chromium, manganese, What would 433 Eros be worth on program of space industrialization. Some nickel, and platinum.' Except for bulk today's market? We can assume that to get of the more precious metals could be non-metallic materials such as gravel and the body back to near-Earth space, the exported for profit. The cost of such an cement, the U.S. is self-sufficient in only silicate portion may be used as reaction asteroid mining scheme is not well known iron, magnesium, molybdenum and a few mass for a solar powered mass driver. Eros at present. But the potential gains surely minor metals. This puts our country in a is a good target because the velocity warrant some funding for closer fragile position. Our wealth is primarily interval for return of its material is on the investigation. We are running out of time. derived from ready access to materials and order of 9-13 km/sec. This situation grows more critical as time mineral resources. What would happen if A rough back of the envelope sort of goes on. By the end of the century we will instead of an oil embargo, we faced a calculation is adequate for this level. look with great interest at the vast wealth nickel/chromium embargo? The results Observations of Eros indicate a size of present above the atmosphere. could be disastrous. about 35x26x7 km. This is a bit too large Can we look to space to help gain for exploitation, but it serves as a good References independence from foreign mineral example, because its reflective spectra and I. U.S.G.S. Professional paper. #820 sources? In considering likely places for orbit are well known. Using this size we get 2. Ibid mineral deposits, both major and minor a volume of about 3.92x10(18)cc . 3. B. Zellner Icarus 28, 117 (1976) planets may be considered. Major planets Approximate whole rock densities for H- 4. O'Leary, Brian. Science (197) p. 364 are gravitationally disadvantaged and too group chondrites are about 3.8 grams/cc. (1976) far away. The moon is lacking in many of So a total mass would be on the order of 5. Mason. Handbook of Elemental the minerals with high intrinsic value. 1.5x10(16)kg . Assuming a whole rock Abundances in Meteorites Most reduced metal found in lunar soil is analysis similar to the one given probably derived from meteorites impacting the surface. The moon lacks many of the processes that concentrate ores on Earth such as hydrothermal solutions and active tectonic processes. To be a likely candidate the source in question must be close in terms of the velocity interval required to reach it. It must be high in intrinsically valuable metals which can be obtained with a minimum of processing. The earth crossing asteroids may provide this source. The basic reflective spectra of an asteroid can give us some idea of its surface composition. We can compare the spectrum obtained from an asteroid with the spectra of meteorite samples we have here on Earth. In this way a basic idea of asteroidal composition may be obtained. Other workers3 have obtained these types of data from several earth crossing asteroids. One likely candidate is 433 Eros. It has a spectrum in reflected light Iron/nickel, iron sulphide in a H4 chondrite. (Photo courtesy Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, resembling a group of meteorites known as University of Arizona.) Scale: 1.25 inches = 0.5 mm. H group chondrites. A typical whole-rock

6 L-5 News, June 1978 Some Rudiments of Economics for Non-Economists

by Gordon Woodcock

Historical background Questions about energy supplies and use predominant economics of the world. The energy needs, however, only the rudiments have their roots in economics issues. The pre-industrial situation was one of scarcity of economics are necessary. And one might history of the industrial revolution in which nearly everyone eked out a bare even argue that these rudiments are based provides a background to the relationships subsistence; a life that has been described on common sense. between economics and energy. Until aptly as "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and Basic concepts of economics quite recently in human history, of course, short." Only a few were powerful and Economics is the science of wealth. Lest energy was not an important problem. therefore rich, and their pleasant existence we turn someone off with the use of that Early and historical people needed little of was at the expense of the poor. Now, in the word, we do not use it in the sense of riches, it and what little they needed was supplied industrialized countries, most of the but rather in the generic sense of the goods, by muscle power and firewood. The early population enjoys a material existence services, and knowledge produced by developed civilizations such as the Greeks that would have been the envy of the rich a human societies. We do not mean money. and Romans did not perceive a need for few centuries ago. One often reads of phil- Let us consider for a moment what money anything like industrialization because osophical views to the effect that the high is. It is often called a medium of exchange. their economic system was built on the material standard of living of industrial Although historically moneys have often widespread use of slavery. The scientific societies has somehow "degraded" us. It is had intrinsic value as exemplified by gold, principles involved in building machines my view that those who express such modern moneys have little actual value to do work were known to the Greeks. opinions have not tried the primitive way except as societies agree on the universal Their ideas regarding proper occupations of life they espouse, and have little exchangeability of money for things of real for educated men, however, discouraged appreciation for the hardships of life as value. This is becoming increasingly true the idea of putting scientific knowledge to experienced by the average citizen of, say, as our monetary systems evolve in "base" (i.e. practical) use. the middle ages. The contemporary view of abstraction from coinage to paper bits of The first energy crisis actually occurred "roughing it" - - mine, at least - - is a data. Money is essential to the functioning before the industrial revolution. In few days spent camping in the wilderness of a complex and diverse economic system. England in the 16th century, demands for with elegant high-technology equipment Without it, we would be reduced to barter. wood included heating, building of made of aluminum, stainless steel, and Now that we have discussed money shelters, and shipbuilding. Wood was various synthetics! briefly, let us see if we can structure a actually imported from the continent and Today our primary source of energy is concept of economics without discussing the colonies, and a price inflation much oil, but the reason for oil's displacement of money further. To begin with, how is like the current one in oil occurred. The coal was primarily economic rather than wealth created? Clearly, by the products of result was a turn to coal for heating and due to a shortage. Oil is cheaper to get out effort. And how is it destroyed? By the ironworking. (See the March 1977 L-5 of the ground and more convenient and ravages of time, the "corruption of moth News for a more complete discussion by cleaner to use. Oil, however, is becoming a and rust," by consumption as in the case of Romualdas Sviedrys.) critical resource and some changes must food, or by becoming irrelevent as in the Also in England, but later, in the 18th occur. The industrialized societies have case of superseded knowledge. One could century, initial steps toward prospered and grown at the expense of think of a "half-life" for wealth — if now industrialization were taken. At the profligate consumption of resources: Even more were created, how long would it be beginning of that century, primitive steam at today's use rates, however, the before half of what we had was gone? Some engines were developed. These machines availability of most resources is not critical human creations last a long time, as the were originally used to pump water out of if one is willing to think of using lower- great cathedrals and castles of Europe, not coal mines. By the middle 1700's, sources of grade sources, such as production of to mention the pyramids (are the pyramids capital were becoming available from aluminum from clays rather than bauxite. irrelevant?). But most are gone quickly. trading the raw materials and products of As raw materials become more precious, Perhaps the half-life would be ten years, the English colonies. Machines had been recycling becomes economically more perhaps fifty. But our total wealth is invented that vastly improved the attractive. clearly a balance of creative and destructive productivity of manual work in spinning One resource that cannot be recycled and forces. and weaving. The Enclosure Acts had is not so plentiful is the set of hydrocarbons The ability to create wealth is produc- displaced many poor farmers and rural that we call fossil fuels. It will be necessary tivity. As productivity is increased, the dwellers to the cities where they sought in the next few decades to find some balance of creative and destructive forces employment. alternative to our present dependence of shifts in the direction of the creative effort Industrialization was inevitable! The this set of resources. This necessity for in human work, most commonly measured earliest factories were built even before the alternatives is our "energy crisis". To in manhours. The amount of wealth advent of mechanical power. Its use began evaluate the potential alternatives we must produced by a manhour is determined by with water power, but with the invention take an excursion into the mysterious productivity. A person aided by a machine of the improved steam engine, steam began realm of economics. It is made the more can ordinarily produce more than an to see widespread use. mysterious by frequent discussions of such unaided person. This is the advantage of Thus began a process that still esoteric matters as monetary theory and the industrialization. (As has often been continues. It has profoundly changed the like. To understand something about observed, however, the machine operator

7 may receive less job satisfaction.) price for a given item will vary until the seems to be a case of ideology displacing The increased productivity of supply equals the demand. A rising price common sense. One who elects to invest industrialization is not all pure gain. In tends to increase supply — more producers rather than consume deserves a fair return. the case of an artisan or laborer working and sellers trying to get in on a good thing There are, of course, other means to with simple tools, the total effort involved — and tends to shrink demand — fewer capital formation. In the early clays of to produce a personhour of production buyers willing to pay the higher price. industrialization, the workers were grossly labor is only slightly more than one Even in a partially controlled market, this underpaid: their wages were small personhour: some labor is invested in the law may function. During the oil embargo compared to the actual wealth they tools and some goes to supplying raw of 1973-74, the dollar price of gasoline was produced. Some factories made what today materials and perhaps to packaging and regulated. But the manhours (real) price would be called "obscene profits." marketing the product. Several person- escalated dramatically when one included Ploughed back into the business, these hours, however, are generally required to the hours spent waiting in lines at service profits represented intense capital effect a personhour of production labor in stations. formation and produced rapid growth. a large machine-equipped factory. Much The change of demand with price is ( This early exploitation of workers led to " " labor is invested in the factory and tools sometimes quantified. The elasticity of the philosophies of public rather than and equipment. Support labor includes demand measures how much the demand private ownership of the means of factory and equipment maintenance, raw changes for a given change in price. production. When put into practice, these and in-process materials logistics, The division of labor is the economist's philosophies have resulted in ownership production planning, and so forth. There name for the idea of specialization. A of the means of production by the probably is, as argued by [I], an optimal worker who only lays bricks is likely to be a government.) Regardless of ownership, level of capitalization (investment in in- more efficient bricklayer than one who capital formation is absolutely necessary to dustrial production) for any product or also does plumbing, TV repair, carpentry, an industrialized economy. If the means of process. The optimal level will change computer programming, and any other production are government-owned, as the availability and costs of technology odd job that comes along. (As do-it- "investment" tends to be compulsory and labor change, but it is not valid to yourselfer I ignore this premise in my rather than voluntary; pay scales are set think that more capitalization is necessar- personal life.) Many skills in a such that capital formation comes directly ily better. (Schumacher seems to believe technological society are so highly or indirectly from operating profits. that productivity in the highly industrial- sophisticated that one simply must ( Never mind what they may be called, they ized economies could be increased by re- specialize and devote most of one's are profits.) ducing the present levels of technology and working time to the specialty in order to be I am spending quite a few words on capitalization. I do not agree, and suspect proficient. Our economy requires many investment because it is important to our that this view may have been ideologically hundreds, if not thousands, of specialty subject in two ways: first in evaluating motivated. I will discuss my reasons in the skills. The division of labor has a hearing growth versus no-growth policies, and next article.) on the establishment of self-sufficient second, in the questions of economic feasi- Several basic economic concepts are settlements in space since they will require bility of solar power satellites and of space pertinent to energy issues and to the some number of technological as well as settlements. possibility of large-scale human other skills. The population must be large An economic unit, be it a corporation, a settlements in space. enough to encompass all the required family, or a government, may also acquire ' The market is the economic construct skills. I don t know how large this is and wealth by borrowing. Borrowing is the act for the exchange of goods and services have never seen a report of an analysis of of acquiring real wealth now in return for among individuals and organizations. A minimum population size for a space a promise to repay with a greater quantity great deal of economic theory is based on settlement performed with division of of wealth later. And where does the real the idea of the free market. In an idealized labor in mind. Such an analysis might, wealth now come from? From the same free market, sellers offer goods and services among other things, help to dispel the place that capital formation comes from: in open price and quality competition and notion that space residents will all be investment. And what are these sources of buyers have complete freedom to buy from astronauts and computer scientists. investment? Some comes directly from the seller of their choice. The antithesis of In order to have a highly industrialized individuals, but most comes from the free market is the totally planned economy, one must pay for the institutions: banks, savings and loan economy: no competition, no choices. The construction of factories and equipment. associations, insurance companies, virtues of the free market are demonstrated This is the problem of capital formation: retirement funds, investment institutions self-regulating characteristics and in the where does all this wealth come from? It (e.g. mutual funds) and the like. All these i mprovements in products, services, and must, of course, come from the products of sources have something in common: they prices that occur through competition. human labor. It is wealth diverted from are investing your money: your savings, Self-regulation here refers to the adaption immediate consumption. Think of it this your insurance premiums, your retirement of types and quantities of goods and way: if you had $5000, you could buy a new fund, your mutual fund shares. The future services to buyer wants. An electronic car (consumption) or purchase some income you are counting on from these analogy for the free market is distributed capital stock in a corporation (capital kinds of sources is undoubtedly processing with negative feedback; the formation). Those who invest some of the substantially tied up in someone's promise planned economy is like centralized fruits of their labors expect a return, that is, to pay. (The rest is probably tied up in the processing with far less feedback. The they expect some reward for having chose continued economic success of some group idealized free market also affords great investment rather than consumption. This of institutions and companies.) opportunity for mischief and in some may take the form of an increase in the Remember, all real wealth comes from the situations is not workable; practical value of their investment, e.g. in the price working population, not from a printing economies have varying degrees of legal of the stock, or in the form of periodic press. The ability of these institutions to regulation, planning and control. payments, e.g. dividends, or both. I have make good on your investments is The law of supply and demand simply seen capital gains and dividends called predicated on financial factors that assume states that in a free market the prevailing "unearned income" by ultra-liberals. This continued economic growth.

8 L-5 News, June 1978 The issue of economic growth versus schemes for modeling the interrelation- calculated. The result is sensitive to limits-to-growth or no-growth thus has ships in a complex economy. They productivity assumptions. If the profound implications for everyone's amount to linear systems of equations. productivity is increased by a factor of tell, future, both economic and political. Can Let's use a simple example for a hypo- i.e. to 0.1 tons of raw material per hour of you imagine voluntary investment in a no- thetical space settlement. The actual export labor, the settlement size is reduced growth or permanently declining values used in this example are assump- to about 5600 people. This example input- economy, wherein the investor could tional, not supported by an analysis, and output model illustrates a type of analysis count on his investment declining in real therefore no conclusions should be drawn badly needed in the continuing study of value? Or a lender voluntarily lending at from the results. space settlements. The studies of which I negative interest rates? Yet the economic In a space settlement, suppose that: am aware have used the frivolous functions of investment and lending Seventy-two working hours are assumption that all (or at least most) of the would still be required, although perhaps available per person-week, not counting settlement people are available for export to a lesser degree. If not voluntary, then purely personal time. labor. And no careful estimates of what? The answer is obvious. Four hours per person-week are lost due productivity have been made, to my Economic growth could be defined as an to illness and other lost time factors. knowledge. In fairness to the studies I am increase in aggregate perceived wealth. I Five hours per person-week are required referring to, they simply did not have the have used the term perceived wealth to for habitat maintenance. ti me or resources to get into these matters. I avoid the erroneous implication that Ten hours per person-week are required think they should, however, be given high economic growth equates to ever more for agriculture. priority for future work. profligate consumption of dwindling Twenty hours per person-week are The World Dynamics models developed resources. Is endless economic growth requited for domestics, trade, and so by Meadows and others are a form of possible on a finite planet? I don't know. I forth. dynamic economics models. Whether these am not convinced the answer is negative, Settlement administration requires two models are more than illustrative of a but I suspect the question is at any rate hours per person-week plus 1/2 hour potential problem is debatable. They irrelevant. of export labor and 1/2 hour per hour of predict the collapse of civilization in the One additional factor is extremely logistics operations labor. not so distant future due to exhaustion of important to increasing productivity and Raw material throughput is 0.01 tons resources, or massive pollution, or failure to economic growth. This is the per manhour of export labor. of food production, et cetera. The models accumulation of knowledge and its Finished product is 0.25 tons per ton of are aggregates of differential equations associated technology. It is easy to raw material. numerically integrated by a computer. As understand that improvement of Logistics operations require five hours discussed above regarding the problems of productivity depends in some way on of labor per ton of raw material economic modeling, the key question is development of knowledge and The problem is to determine the whether the equations have any technology, i.e. better machines lead to productivity of the settlement. The above relationship to the real world. greater productivity. It is extremely assumptions can be arranged into a set of One can construct a very simple difficult to quantify this in any way. equations represented by the following dynamics model that illustrates the crisis Improvements in productivity come from matrix: behavior exhibited by the World Dynamics capital formation, from technology, and models. One needs only to simulate perhaps from other sources. The effects of exponential growth and a finiteness the sources cannot be separated to allow li miter to growth. Take the case of finite measurement of each. I have seen some energy resources: Assume that (I) the learned judgements that allocate pricing of the finite resource is inversely productivity increases roughly equally proportional to the amount remaining between capitalization and technology. raised to some exponent, But no one knows if this is right. A common problem in analytical economics and the construction of economics models is that one cannot separate variables and effects and measure them in the laboratory. This is especially true of dynamics models (see below). It is as if we were trying to understand atomic and nuclear physics solely from observation of stars and other cosmic phenomena. It is not surprising This matrix can readily be solved with the that various economic models differ in following results: their predictions. .049225 tons of finished product are Some simple examples of economic produced per person-week modeling . 1969 tons of raw material are processed Two techniques are of particular per person-week interest to this subject - one because it has 19.68 hours of export labor are available application in the analysis of space per person-week settlements and the second because it serves .9845 hours of logistics labor are to illuminate some of the doomsday required per person-week predictions of the World Dynamics 12.33 hours per person-week are These can be combined into a studies. required for administration. differential equation; The first example is input-output To construct one 100,000 ton SPS per modeling. Input-output models are year, a settlement size of 39,000 people is

9 It is interesting to note that the consumption closely follows an exponential behavior until relatively close to the end. Real changes in price tend to be irregular and to take place in jumps. This kind of model would predict that in between price jumps, the consumption would tend to follow exponential behavior, but on a new (and lower) curve after each price jump . Interestingly, that seems to be what Is happening in this country with energy consumption. up In the next article we will take alternative views of energy supplies and futures. 1. Schumacher, E.F., Small is Beautiful , Harper & Row, 1973 2. If the rate of inflation is greater over the term of a loan than the rate of interest established for the loan, the borrower is in the fortunate position of being required to repay less real wealth than that which he or she acquired through the loan.

Responses to "Space Mines"

Eric Drexler's article on the legal status all countries, irrespective of their degree of international regime to govern the of space mining was interesting, but economic or scientific development. States exploitation of the natural resources of the perhaps a little too optimistic. While one are to inform the U.N. and the public of Moon as such exploitation becomes might interpret the Outer Space Treaty as their activities concerning the exploration feasible. The main purposes of this regime flexibly as he suggests, that may not be the and use of the Moon, and the results of would include (1) the orderly and safe only treaty that will affect the mining of their missions. development of the Moon's natural extraterrestrial resources. There is now Article VI requires states to take resources; (2) the rational management of before the U.N. Outer Space Committee a measures to prevent the disruption of the these resources; (3) the expansion of complete draft of an "Agreement lunar environment or the contamination opportunities in the use of these resources: Governing the Activities of States on the of it, and to inform the U.N. in advance of (4) an equitable sharing by all states in the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies." This radioactive materials placed on the Moon. benefits derived from these resources, draft was put together by the Austrian This article also provides for the creation whereby the interests and needs of the Delegation, and has the tentative of protected international scientific developing countries would be given agreement of the other delegations to the preserves of the Moon. special consideration. Outer Space Committee. Article VII allows states to engage in the Under Article XIII, states will bear This agreement draws heavily on the. exploration and use of the Moon anywhere international responsibility for national language of the Outer Space Treaty, on or below its surface, as long as they do activities on the Moon, whether such including clauses referred to by Mr. not interfere with the activities of other activities are carried on by governmental Drexler. But it appears to go farther in states. Article VIII allows states to establish agencies or by non-governmental entities, some respects, and it has articles which manned and unmanned stations on the and are to ensure that non-governmental bear directly on the utilization of lunar and Moon, provided that they use only the area entities under their jurisdiction engage in asteroidal resources. required for the needs of the station. activities on the Moon only under the The treaty's preamble notes the The most important part of the treaty for authority and continuing supervision of (unstated) benefits which may be derived prospective moon-miners is Article X, the appropriate state. Article XIV makes from the exploitation of the natural under which the Moon and its natural most of the articles of the treaty apply to resources of the Moon. Article I states that resources would be considered the any international inter-governmental references to the Moon in the treaty include common heritage of mankind. The Moon organization which conducts space orbits around or other trajectories to or would not be subject to national activities (e.g. the European Space around it, and that the provisions of the appropriation by any claim of sovereignty, Agency). treaty will also apply to all other celestial or by use or occupation. Neither the Article XV provides that all space bodies within the solar system, other than surface nor subsurface of the Moon, nor vehicles, equipment, facilities, stations, the Earth, until such time as specific legal any part thereof or natural resources in and installations on the Moon will be open norms may enter into force with respect to place, could become the property of any to other states. those bodies. state, international organization, national The draft treaty contains a number of Article IV provides that the exploration organization, non-governmental entity, or other provisions concerning the banning and use of the Moon will be the province of any natural person. States signing the of nuclear weapons and other weapons of all mankind and will be for the benefit of treaty would undertake to establish an mass destruction from the Moon or orbits

10 L-5 News, June 1978 and trajectories to or around it; the judge and jury in deciding whether they ' ll banning of military bases, military U.S. Delegation to the accept some other nation's legal maneuvers, and the testing of weapons; the Outer Space Committee interpretation, I ' m doubtful that well will prohibition of the threat or use of force on many cases with such self-serving arguments the Moon or from the Moon; scientific Who will represent the United States at . cooperation, and shelter for personnel in the Outer Space Committee June 26-July 7 Developing nations claim that as fellow danger; consultations and disputes; and where the Agreement Governing the human beings on our mother planet, they other matters. Activities of States on the Moon and Other have a right to share in the benefits flowing The key to Moon mining will be the Celestial Bodies " will be negotiated? from exploitation of a common property— international regime mentioned in Article The tentative list (as of May 15) shows the seabed or space. Drexler urges us to X. But even the present draft treaty implies Gerald B. HeIman , Deputy Assistant show that space exploitation actually that private enterprise will not have free Secretary of State for International increases access to resources and will be of run of the Moon—or the asteroids. The Organizational Affairs as delegation head; great value for all nations. This is an draft treaty, and the yet-to-be-agreed the first alternate will be Neil Hosenbal , excellent point, but the developing nations international regime, also would apply to general counsel for NASA; second want a share of the benefits—be they asteroids. It would appear that, in addition alternate, Steven Bond of the Stale resources, energy, or hard cash profits— to mining, planetary terraforming might Department: senior advisor, Herbert Reis, and they want them guaranteed up front. be restricted. head of the U.S. mission to the United Who can blame them? Many developing The full Outer Space Committee will Nations; advisory board members Irwin M. nations see exploitation of the meet in New York June 26 through July 7. Pikus (StateScheafer Dept .), Kalman Scheafer seabed space as a dandy way for the rich to Well before that time, the U.S. (Federal Communications Commission), get relatively richer and the poor to stay Government will have to take a position Commander Edward Melanson (Dept. of poor. While Americans may not for a on the draft treaty. Defense), Helen Cupperman (NASA) and minute believe that the US is an Michael A.G. Michaud Edward Iift (NASA). imperialist colonialist exploiter, in many Bethesda, MD count r ies that merely proves that naive, whether a nation stays bound even when self-serving, egotistical nature of the Americans Eric Drexler ' s article on "Space Mines, doing so will cost it becomes a matter of the . Space Law and the Third World" makes politics of law rather than of the wording. The point then is that the US some good points about the need to expand From this perspective, Drexler's points interpretation of international law is not the world's understanding of the potential are mostly either trivial or solid gold, and cannot be the only one, nor can it be of space, but I think there are some basic depending less on the wording of the enforced on other nations. We cannot problems with his i mage of what treaties than on political goals. Does one avoid challenges if we act in ways which international law is and how it works. want to push a treaty phrase flat against invite them, and it is reasonable to think Its very important to remember that the last possible wall, or are we interested that well get further and faster if we can international law is not like the domestic in working within what is virtually certain mobilize a cooperative effort rather than law of the US or any other country. In the to be seen by other nations as the "spirit" of trying to go it alone. For instance, Drexler US a sovereign—i.e., legally supreme— the law? makes an excellent political point when he power makes laws which are binding For example, contrary to Drexler, the proposes that the US accept some self- upon itself and its citizens, and which it fact that astronauts bring back a few kilos limiting resolution: a guarantee not to has the right and authority to enforce with of moon rocks for scientific study does not "appropriate" more than some very its police and courts. But there is no one create a precedent which requires all limited share of the resources of space for sovereign power in international law. nations to cheerfully accept establishment our exclusive use. If the potential of space International law is made by the mutual of a moon-mining facility using millions is as large as we think, such self-limitation agreement of a number of sovereigns, each of kilos for industrial purposes. There is is relatively costless in any practical sense, of whom is bound only to the extent that it much more involved here than a mere immensely useful in a symbolic sense. feels and acts bound. There is no central matter of scale, as Drexler suggests. The That's the kind of appreciation of the court system with the right and the power 1967 Outer Space Treaty clearly political realities of international law to settle issues of law whether the parties encourages scientific exploration in space. which will help; an attempt to insist upon concerned like it or not. Nations take It also clearly, explicitly and repeatedly a rather transparently self-serving reading international law fairly seriously for a lot forbids " national appropriation " of space of the law will hurt. There's a "second " of reasons, including the important one resources and insists upon use of space law in politics too: if we want something, that is usually easier and cheaper to act resources in ways which do not we'll have to pay for it one way or another. legally than illegally. It saves an awful lot discriminate, so that all nations may Jack Salmon of hassle with everybody, including one's benefit "irrespective of their degree of Williamsburg, VA own citizens and officials, if a law exists on economic or scientific development." Nor the matter at hand. Of course there are is it likely that one could get other nations Eric Drexler's article in the April issue is disagreements between sovereign nations to accept the argument that a US (Govt. or an interesting interpretation of on just what the law means, and other private, or joint) strip mine on the moon to international law, but he fails to recognize sovereigns are at liberty to try to enforce provide materials for a U S space industry the need for security of investment. Before their particular view by means of does not constitute "national a company invests in commercial diplomatic nasty notes, economic appropriation." One need not plant flags exploitation of the moon, it must be pressures, even war if it's important and file claims to "appropriate" a assured that the developing countries will enough. But this means that international resource. Consider: if you were an official not invoke the principles expressed in the law is a sub-division of international or citizen of a rival or even doubtful nation, 1967 Space Treaty in an attempt to share in politics, not a replacement for it: what would you be willing to buy an argument profits or even take over the facilities. laws are established, who they bind, and like that? Since other nations are both Though no precedent exists for

11 interpretations of the treaty which would require international agreements, only such agreements will assure the security of Response to investments (short of war). International conflict will undoubtedly Responses to 'Space Mines' arise if a US company begins mining the Moon. Perhaps this was an influential by K. Eric Drexler factor in NASA's decision to exclude the lunar resource idea. The fact that US and I share Jack Salmon's perceptions on the recognize the need for security of USSR missions returned lunar samples nature of international law (hence my investment. Again, the topic is vast, and cannot justify unilateral exploitation of statement that "... more than just signed my article was short. Multi-national the Moon to the exclusion of developing treaties affects international relations," corporations may well represent a viable nations in the face of such agreements as and my subsequent discussion of third approach, and should receive further Articles I and II of the treaty. And world interests and positions), and thank attention. withdrawal from the treaty is certainly no him for his clear discussion of the basic Michael Michaud discusses a draft answer, for we then would be unable to concepts . As he points out, the issue is agreement deserving great attention fr om demand compliance with other articles international politics, which flows from those interested in our future in space. It is such as IV, which prohibits placement of precedent, treaty, power, and perceived explicit where the 1967 treaty is not. By weapons of mass destruction into space. interests. Our greatest leverage at present is denying property rights in extra-terrest rial The developing nations are not asking on the latter—which just happens to materials, this agreement would us to save some for them, but they want to motivate the whole show. My point in discourage space colonization. Further, it participate. If we agree that they have good discussing the 1967 Outer Space Treaty would apply the undefined concept reason to favor exploitation of space, why was not to show that it (or anything else!) "common heritage of mankind" to space challenge them by doing it unilaterally? can "require all nations to cheerfully resources in the very midst of a battle over We should set up a private transnational accept establishment of a moon-mining the same concept as applied to the seabed— corporation, or maybe a public multi- facility", but to show that, contrary to the and, as I have argued, the seabed makes a national company, to begin space i mpression many have gained from past very poor analogy to space. industrialization. Because this venture is discussions of space law, the U.S. has not An agreement intended to divide in the interest of all countries, I believe yet signed away its right of access to a share supposedly scarce resources among the international cooperation will be of space resources. Salmon seems to agree nations of Earth will be bad law if the real forthcoming—unlike the law of the sea that the treaty has many possible problem is speedy exploitation of convention. In fact, the establishment of a interpretations (I will refrain from a unlimited resources and eventual division legal regime in outer space may set a second round of nit-picking on possible of the solar system among the people of precedent to finally settle the seabed meanings of "national appropriation"), space. An agreement made today would conflict. and that nations will follow their interests. necessarily be the work of blind people; an The proponents of a national approach We must recognize, however, that other agreement made in the future could be a appear to favor creating international nations do not yet understand their true working constitution for humanity in conflict, in derogation of international interest in space, any more than does our space. Those interested in a decent future principles and our own national policies, own. This was the thrust of the latter part in space should work to delay sweeping rather than cooperation. of my article, with which Salmon appears agreements of this sort until such time as Brian Maxwell to agree. the world better understands the Tempe, AZ Brian Maxwell fails to recognize that I significance—for everyone's sake.

Precis of the Article in 17 Col. J. Transnational Law 67 (1978) on "DOMICILE AND INDUSTRY IN OUTER SPACE" by J. Henry Glazer

The flight of the space shuttle These near-term legal events present state-centric orientation of constitutes the first step for introducing in must be addressed immediately international law is not only flexible space a far-flung, yet totally enough to accommodate people as space interdependent, "system of artifacts" by the proponents of space domiciliaries but also furnishes an leading ultimately to space industrializa- settlement, or contemporary optimum format for space settlement. tion and human settlement. To achieve treaty-making could hobble, if As supported by precedents in these ends people will be obliged to use not pre-empt, the future of international law and by the other sources space as a permanent place of abode which have been cited in the footnote (domicile) and not merely as a medium for space settlement itself. material, the following conclusions have transient voyages. emerged from this study. All are of novel The article explores whether the study by NASA's Marshall Space Flight impression in the research literature. existing state-centric system of Center—would be a necessary 1. World Government is not the international law is flexible enough to concomitant. The research points out that sine qua non of space settlement. In accommodate people as domiciliaries in the four existing Space Treaties are not fact, the opposite is true. The present outer space or whether drastic departure geared to the regulation of interdependent state-centric system of international from the present system—such as "World "systems of artifacts" in space. law, if it endures for the next Government" as suggested in an early Nonetheless, the paper suggests that the hundred years, should ensure that a

12 L-5 News, June 1978 healthy variety of entities, both space settlement—ranging from question of human rights and public and private including profit- habitats at the Lagrangian points, to fundamental freedoms in the context making, will have a hand in the a Moon-based mass driver, to of space settlement. Treaty-criteria venture. Their involvement PowerSats in geostationary or bit, for emigrant selection are also portends that political power during and to the various spacecraft derived proposed as well as it common early or beginning states of space from shuttle geomet ries which are to working language for space. settlement will not be monolith- service all these. Future space t r eaties Adverting to legal precedents in ically centralized. which elaborate the status of objects tr eaty law and in the law of 2. The imminent negotiation of a in space and permanent facilities diplomatic relations the paper Moon Treaty, and increasing constructed on celestial bodies, proposes that French be adopted for international regulation of the should be oriented toward a this purpose. geostationary orbit, are near-term "systems approach" in the 6. On the matter of space legal events which will affect regulation of all such artifacts, and settlement, presentations to the substantially the future of space not deal with each category in an Congress of the United States and to settlement. However, international isolated context. others have tended to focus upon conferences and draft treaty texts .4. Both the technical and legal engineering and "hard sciences" concerning the Moon and the regimes of re-usable Earth-to-Space aspects, together with the enormous geostationary orbit are oriented to Transport systems (the Shuttle) are costs involved. It might be wise, resource allocation for States on moored, and will remain moored, to however, to investigate in greater Earth, and do not take into account aeronautical experience. In marked depth and to furnish the Congress in any degree space settlement and contrast, the technical and legal and others with reports focusing the future priority needs of space regimes of intraspace transport upon the inexpensive "soft science " settlers for such natural resources. (carriage of goods and persons in problems bound up in space These near-term legal events must be space alone) will tend to follow settlement research such as those addressed immediately by the maritime experience. With respect to concerned with the rational proponents of space settlement, or intraspace transport, this study has extension into outer space of human contemporary treaty-making could furnished to the research community rights and fundamental freedoms; hobble, if not pre-empt, the future of the legal concept of "Space operational roles for private space settlement itself. One Cabotage" (a concept derived from enterprise in the system of artifacts approach might be for private Maritime Law) which is defined as essential for future space settlement; proponents to seek collectively so- follows: juridical modeling for solar power called "Non-governmental Space Cabotage: "Means naviga- delivery; the tree City approach to Organization" status under the tion between points in space space settlement in lieu of sovereign United Nations Charter, in order to including those on or above entities: the dangers of negotiating a ensure that a proper flow of expert celestial bodies other than Earth Moon treaty, at this time, without information takes place on by spacecraft neither designed nor taking into account the priority international as well as domestic intended for flight or passage in or needs of space settlement and levels. through terrestrial airspace." Spacekind. The "Million Dollar 3. Space law in its present posture Of all of the legal and technical Research Grant " is clearly not deals with "space objects" and regimes in space the future one of essential to explore, and to resolve, lunar-emplaced facilities in an "Space Cabotage" is most these important questions, all of isolated or limited context. It is not susceptible to exploitation by which are as central to space responsive in identifying a usable private enterprise with minima.] settlement as the engineering and legal regime applicable to a far- public regulation or interference. "hard sciences" necessary to bring it flung, yet totally interdependent, 5. The study is one of only a few in about. "system of artifacts" essential for the legal literature dealing with the

Epilogue to "Domicile and Industry in Outer Space": SOME REFLECTIONS BEYOND THE CITY IN SPACE

by J. Henry Glazer space descendants they will spawn that The narrow object of this investigation each will be obliged to treat the other as an focused initially on whether a person as a For some, the sine qua non of space alien life form. domiciliary, and not just a transient settlement is world government, an ideal The purpose of this investigation was voyager, could be accommodated in space which ignores completely the pluralistic not to assail these positions. The results, without frontal assault on the state-centric quality of the international community however, tend to support the conclusion system of international law. In concluding with its almost universal consensus that the impact of such positions upon that this was possible, a funny thing against any drift toward a monolithic space treaty-making at the key happened, however, on the way through planetary Earth State. For others, neither international conferences remaining in the the Free City of Danzig' to the Free City of the existing nor future political alignment Twentieth Century is destined to be Lagrangia, precipitated by one of the of the planet will be of any importance imperceptible. Thus, it will continue to strangest paradoxes of the Twentieth' when tested against the scientific postulate fall to the orthodox space jurists with their Century. The paradox is that good can that space settlement must inevitably positivist doctrine to shoulder the essential come out of evil and evil out of good, and produce a sense of cosmic "apartheid" so burden of formulating defensible models that: total in separating humankind and the for space settlement. "The 'goodness' in 20th-century

13 thought was the burgeoning idea of save by hopeful speculation which focuses places. unity of peoples as exemplified first upon the conceptual differences between 4. In his book Living in Outer Space, the in the League of Nations and then in sets of treaty obligations in space as commentator, Robinson, suggests that the the United Nations. The 'badness' opposed to those on Earth. physical and psychological characteristics was seen in the residual 'tribalism' of Of the four conventions which exist for of space settlement are bound to produce in people that separated one group space, one is dedicated in its entirety to the future generations a being in space, from another out of pride, or fear, or rescue and return of persons and space "Homo alterios", whose value-forming envy, or contempt. In the modern objects. On Earth, SALT talks continue to processes differ in kind, rather than degree, world such tribalism takes national generate proposed texts for terrestrial from those of his Earthbound ancestor, form. "2 disarmament treaties, but in space the Homo sapiens. By some strange dint of irony it seems to prevention of armament treaty has 5. This description of Columbus' departure have been the backward-looking person managed to make its debut and with it from the New World homeward bound for 3 with his primitive sense of homeland another chance for all of us. Spain is reported in Morison, The rather than the forward-looking If these distinctions are lost upon European Discovery of America, 81 cosmopolite with loyalty to none who has statespeople, they may still be of some (Oxford Univ. Press 1974). managed to impede and even check the currency to the writer of science fiction march of murderous despots from weaving a plot around a powerful cultural Space Habitat Austerlitz to Auschwitz—thereby proving taboo in space against force of arms—its anew, and for all the wrong reasons, that in primeval source, in Twentieth Century Class Offered history "goodness" and badness are treaty-making, lost forever in aeons of time It is interesting to note island societies inextricably intertwined. which in their passage witnessed the are considered as peaceful and contained, In the milieu of space settlement, settlement of the entire solar system by a while frontier societies are considered "goodness" for space jurist and Star-Trek kind and congenitally nostalgic Homo lawless and aggressive. Will space aficionado alike seems to be 4 alterios. settlements be the frontier? Will they be institutionalized in the personage of the So it was that in a demonstration islands? How might they perceive the future space inhabitant as agent and of Spain's imperial power to the Earth, and each other? cosmic envoy for a collective humankind innocent natives of the New World, These and other questions will be taken while "badness" remains lodged in the the cannon from NINA, with up in a new University of Massachusetts/ virulent tribalism which remains rife and PINTA standing by, poured Amherst course titled "Environmental abroad on the planet. To a limited extent, roundshot into the shipwrecked Concerns, Earth Habitat/Space and doubtless unwittingly, the scientific SANTA MARIA the day after New Settlement," to be offered this fall at the literature on space settlement contributes Year's 1493, 5 while separated from Orchard Hill Residential College. to this fund of "goodness" by sheltering that event, through a millenium of The course, listed as Orchard Hill 290E, humankind's envoys in a "space colony", a time and space, not one among the examines the concepts of space term which, for the juridical purist at least, sixteen-thousand member expedi- settlements, addresses the issues implicit in conjures up the image in space of a tionary force of officers and crew sent the design and building of systems which dependent political community tied to in the star ships ATHENS, support large numbers of humans, and some future single Earth-State, yet to be DANZIG, and LAGRANGIA to then looks at the actions we may take in established, whose benevolent (or terraform the lifeless planets of managing or mismanaging our earthly oppressive) writ extends to every area of Barnard's Star had ever fired, had habitats. our planet and to all people both on and ever seen, or had ever known of, a Based upon two books; Colonies in off of it. The "bad" derived from all of this military weapon. Space by T.A. Heppenheimer, and Earth "good" is that such a colony would not References Habitat/Space Settlement , by merely become a clone-colony of the Earth- 1. The Free City of Danzig, unique in the J. W. Stryker, the course is taught at two State, but perhaps a clod-colony reflecting annals of international law, was levels; a popular or overview suitable for in its peoples all of the leveling of national established after World War I under the freshmen and sophomores in any diversity and elimination of differences provisions of the Treaty of Versailles as a discipline, and at a rigorous level suitable digested in the giant maw of some less-than-fully sovereign community. for juniors and seniors in environmental cylindrical or Torus-like Orwellian Human rights and fundamental freedoms science, physics, engineering and the nightmare. were secured to the Free City's inhabitants biological sciences. For the Western-style democracy in by an unusual melding of treaty law and Topics covered are: the mathematics and retreat before contingents of gun-toting local municipal law with disputes resolved physics of space settlements and the earth rulers, dictators, and presidents for life, from time to time through the advisory habitat; energy and resource management; each with the latest U.N. anti-Zionist opinion process of the Permanent Court of human factors and human values; resolution in hand, a certain allure must International Justice at The Hague. The pollution and health; ecosystems, classical persist for the preservation of the state- author concludes that the treaty model for terrestrial and hypothetical ecosystems centric system of international law and the the Free City of Danzig can serve as a suitable for space settlements; and rational perpetuation in outer space of the precedent for the establishment by treaty of applications of high technology to solve wide diversity which it is bound to Free Cities in Space. environmental problems. engender. In the paradox of "goodness" 2. "The Intertwining of Good and Bad", Thoreau said 125 years ago, "What use is and "badness," however, the counter Chicago Daily News, October 29, 1976. a house if you haven't got a tolerable argument seems irresistible that it is Reprinted by permission of Sydney J. planet to put it on?" This course addresses precisely this diversity, precisely this Harris and Field Newspaper Syndicate. the problems of making both Earth "tribalism", which has caused for millenia 3. Significantly the Antarctic Treaty, the habitats and space settlements liveable, all the war and misery afflicting planet Seabed Demilitarization Treaty, and the hospitable, and humane. Earth and human condition. The potency Space Treaties contain the common theme For more information, contact Orchard of that counter argument cannot be met of "prevention of armament" in those Hill Residential College, 413/545-2882.

14 L-5 News, June 1978 ( Note: this material would replace the Inside the L-5 Society current Art. VIII-1, thereby deleting most references to Coordinators. Since the original assumption about the role L-5 SOCIETY, INC. The annual meeting will be held July of Coordinators has not been fulfilled, 15th at 2 PM in the L-5 office at 1060 E. this seems appropriate. Art VIII-4 still REVENUE Elm, Tucson, Arizona. At the meeting allows appointment of Coordinators AND EXPENSE STATEMENT ballots will be validated and counted. (We for special projects. The provision for July 1, 1977 - April 30, 1978 are waiting that long because experience an Executive Director is new.) tells us some of you will once again receive Section 2. The Secretary shall maintain the L-5 News late. If it hasn't arrived by records of the proceedings of all meetings REVENUE June 26th, please complain to your local and shall discharge such other functions as Membership Fees post office and also to us and we will file the President or the Board shall direct. The & Donations $47,318.83 another complaint.) Sales 18,450.96 Secretary shall carry out official Misc. 14.61 Bylaws Changes correspondence, preserve written records (except financial records), TOTAL REVENUE $65,784.40 keep the I do do not approve all the membership roll, provide notice of proposed changes. meetings of the Board or the Society, and EXPENSE (If you do not approve all the proposed shall receive, verify and record all votes of L-5 News, Mailing, changes, please check which of those the Board or Annual meeting. The & Purchases $32,716.41 below you approve. Please remember, Secretary shall have charge of maintaining Operating Expense 29,704.71 failure to vote for bylaws changes is and supplying copies of the Charter, these TOTAL EXPENSE $62,421.12 equivalent to voting against them.) Bylaws, and other official papers of the The L-5 Society Board of Directors has Society. NET OPERATING proposed the following changes and Article X SURPLUS $ 3,363.28 additions to the Society bylaws: Section 4. Voting shall be by mail or Article VII: Officers secret ballot. Each ballot shall be returned Section 1. Officers of the organization to the Secretary, who shall certify the Annual Elections shall be a President, Secretary and election of each person who shall obtain a Treasurer, and Coordinators as needed and majority of votes from among those The annual election of the L-5 Society authorized by the Board of Directors. As voting. Board of Directors has arrived. Please soon as practical after the Annual Meeting Section 5. The President shall cause to be detach this ballot and mail it back in the and election of the Board, The Board shall announced in the next available issue of attached envelope. We request that nominate and by majority secret ballot the Society Newsletter the names of such you sign the ballot envelope. elect from the members of the Board the persons as are elected to the Board. The ballot lists all candidates for the Officers. Each Officer's term of office shall Article IV. Dues and Assessments. Board which received approval from the be coterminous with and dependent upon Section 1. Delete Section I and replace Nominating Committee. Its members were each Officer's tenure as a member of the with "The annual dues for each member of Carol Motts, Conrad Schneiker, John W. Board, except that a retiring Officer shall the L-5 Society shall be determined by the Braue III, H. Keith Henson and Barbara continue to serve until replaced by the new Board of Directors." Marx Hubbard. Board. Under our present bylaws, a small group You can vote for as many Directors as Section 2. Officers who resign or can pack the Annual or a special meeting you wish, including write-in votes. Not otherwise vacate their position may be and take action damaging to the Society. voting for a candidate is equivalent to replaced by the Board, using the procedure We propose renumbering Article V, voting against him or her as each candidate in Article VI, Section 2 above. Section 5 to Section 6 and inserting: must receive votes in excess of half the total Article VIII: Duties of the Officers __"Section 5. The authority to approve number of ballots cast in order to be Section 1. President. The President shall policy positions, statements on behalf of elected. preside at membership meetings. The the L-5 Society, and institution of new The Nominating Committee President shall have charge of the business programs shall be reserved to the Board of recommends that you vote for all of the organization and shall administer Directors." candidates listed. They are recommended all affairs of the organization in .It may be wise to require Board approval on the basis of their work towards the goal accordance with the Charter and these of bylaw changes, in -addition to the of having tens of thousands of people Bylaws, and shall act as official presently required 2/3 of members' votes. living and working in space by the end of spokesperson of the Society, but in all cases Hence, we propose that Article XI, Part A this century. They have all taken an active the President shall be bound by the policy be amended to read "Approval by majority interest in the work of the L-5 Society. established by the Annual Meetings and vote of a quorum of Directors at any What is the job of the Directors? They the Board of Directors. The President shall meeting of the Board of Directors." are responsible for setting policy and sign all contracts, appoint the Chair of all We propose amending Article X, Section controlling expenditures of the Society. committees responsible to the President, 3 to delete "The number of Directors to be They are the guardians of the interests of and may sit as an ex officio member of all elected will be determined by majority vote the members. committees. of the Board of Directors." Also, we Also on the ballot are some bylaws The President may, with approval of the propose adding: "Section 7. A special changes. They have been drawn up in Board of Directors, hire and appoint an election to elect additional members to the response to recommendations the US Executive Director, to whom may be Board of Directors may be called at any Chamber of Commerce has provided for delegated operational responsibility for time by majority vote of a quorum of the associations. such duties as may be appropriate. Board of Directors."

15 Article XII - IndemnificationXII—Indemnification relation to matters as to which such Article XIII—Dissolution "The L-5 Society, by resolution of the director or officer or former director or The L-5 Society shall use its funds only Board of Directors, provides for officer shall be adjudged in such action, to accomplish the objectives and purposes indemnification by the association of any suit, or proceeding to be liable for specified in these bylaws, and no part of and all of its Directors or officers or former negligence or misconduct in the said funds shall inure, or be distributed, to Directors or officers against expenses performance of duty and to such matters as the members of the L-5 Society. On actually and necessarily incurred by them shall be settled by agreement predicated on dissolution of the L-5 Society any funds in connection with the defense of any the existence of such liability for remaining shall be distributed to one or action, suit, or proceeding, in which they negligence or misconduct." more regularly organized and qualified or any of them are made parties, or a party, If we are sincere about our goal of "to charitable, educational, scientific, or by reason of having been Directors or disband, in a mass meeting, at L-5" (Sept. philanthropic organizations to be selected officers of the L-5 Society except in 1975 L-5 News) we should include: by the Board of Directors."

(Please check the candidates you wish to elect to the L-5 Board of Directors.)

Isaac Asimov—He is a science writer whose articles on space settlements have appeared in publications ranging from National Geographic to the Saturday Review to Fantasy & Science Fiction. Senator Barry Goldwater, Sr.—He was one of the first members of Congress to support both solar power satellites and space settlements. Robert A. Heinlein—He is a science fiction writer; his books such as The Man Who Sold the Moon and The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress foresaw many of the issues which are now a matter of serious international debate. Gordon R. Woodcock—He is Boeing's solar power satellite study manager. Barbara Marx Hubbard—She chairs the International Committee for the Future. She was one of the earliest financial supporters of space settlements research, and was responsible for framing House Concurrent Resolution 451. Hon. Edward R. Finch, Jr.—He is Chairman of the American Bar Association Aerospace Law Committee. Arthur Kantrowitz—He is Director of Research at Avco-Everett Labs and one of the world's foremost experts on lasers. Philip K. Chapman—A scientist/astronaut, he was responsible for crew training and coordination for the Apollo 14 mission in 1970. He is an advisor to the Earthport project and currently works for Arthur D. Little, Inc. on solar power satellites. Norie Huddle—She is an environmentalist and author of Island of Dreams, a chronicle of the environmental crisis in Japan. Harlan Smith—He is head of the Astronomy Department at the University of Texas in Austin and Director of McDonald Observatory. Konrad K. Dannenberg—He is a veteran of Peenemunde, former project director of the Jupiter missile system and deputy manager of the Saturn Program. J. Peter Vajk—He is a space industrialization researcher for Science Applications, Inc. Jack D. Salmon—He is a professor in the Department of Political Science at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. H. Keith Henson—He is president of Analog Precision, Inc. and a space industrialization researcher. He was the first president of the L-5 Society. Carolyn Meinel Henson—She is the editor of the L-5 News and current president of the L-5 Society. William Weigle—He has been the treasurer of the L-5 Society since it was founded in 1975. Phillip Parker—He has been the President of the West European Branch of the L-5 Society since 1975. Mark Hopkins—He is a researcher with Rand Corporation. Write-in votes:

ote early and often! v

16 L-5 News, June 1978 BY LAWS

Article I Article V The name of this organization shall be the L-5 Society. Meetings of Members Section 1. There shall be at least one (1) regular business meeting of the Article II membership each year, which will be the Annual Election meeting. Special The purposes for which the Corporation is formed are to operate meetings of the membership may be called at any time by concurrence of at exclusively for charitable and educational purposes, namely to promote space least three members of the Board of Directors. The Secretary shall notify colonization. In furtherance of these goals the corporation may: members by mail of the time and place of each meeting, at least two weeks in A. advance. Such meetings may be conducted by mail or by phone. 1. Educate the public with technical and general information. Section 2. Business of the organization may be transacted at any meeting 2. Conduct research. attended by not less than three members, hereinafter called a quorum, of the 3. Fund research by others on solar energy, space colonization and related Board of Directors. This meeting may be held over the telephone or by mail, areas. with all decisions mailed to the three or more Board Members at that meeting 4. Prepare models for use in space and participate in their use. for majority vote in order to be valid. 5. Carry out other activities in furtherance of these goals. Section 3. A simple majority vote of a quorum shall decide all issues calling B. In order to carry out and achieve the foregoing purposes the Corporation for a vote, unless a greater number shall be required by law or these by-laws. may: Only paid-up members shall be entitled to vote at these meetings, and each 1. Receive, hold, administer, lend and expend funds and property. member shall have only one (1) vote on each issue. Votes for amendment of 2. Make contracts. the By-laws or Annual Elections, and upon demand by any member, the vote 3. Solicit, collect, receive, acquire, expend, invest and lend money and on any other question before the meeting, shall be by written secret ballot. property, both real and personal, received by gift, contribution, Members may vote by U.S. Mail and members shall not be required to be bequest or otherwise. present at any meeting to vote thereon provided notice is given to each 4. Sell and convert property, both real and personal into cash. member and such notice included full particulars of the nature and extent of 5. Use the funds of the Corporation for any of the purposes for which this the issue to be voted on. corporation is formed. Section 4. The rules contained in Roberts Rules of Order, Revised shall 6. Purchase or acquire, hold, use, sell, exchange, assign, convey, lease or govern all meetings of the organization in all cases where applicable and not otherwise dispose of and mortgage, or encumber real and personal inconsistent with these By-laws. property. Section 5. The decisions reached by duly constituted meetings of the 7. Borrow money with or without security and to incur indebtedness and membership shall be binding upon the Board of Directors and shall be secure the repayment of the same by mortgage, pledge, or deed of trust executed by the officers to the best of their ability. No member or group of on real property or personal property of the Corporation. members other than said Directors or Officers shall approach any outside C. The foregoing statement of purpose shall be construed as a statement of organization or act as representative of the organization without the prior purposes and powers and the purposes and powers in each clause shall be approval and authorization of the Board of Directors granted at a regular or regarded as independent purposes and powers. special meeting of said Board. Notwithstanding any of the above statements of purposes and powers, this Corporation shall not engage in activities which in themselves are not in Article VI furtherance of the charitable and educational purposes set forth in paragraph A of this article. Board of Directors Section 1. The Board of Directors shall consist of at least five qualified Article III members of the organization who are duly nominated and elected to Directorship by the members at large at an annual election as hereinafter Membership provided. The term of office shall be one (1) year, beginning with the Annual Section 1. Regular membership in the organization shall consist of all who Meeting. are willing to serve, attend meetings of the membership, vote, and who have Section 2. Any vacancy on the Board occurring through death, resignation, contributed dues for the current year. disqualification, or any other cause, may be filled for the unexpired term by Section 2. Student membership in the organization shall be limited to an affirmative vote of the majority of a quorum of the remaining directors. those who are enrolled in a recognized academic institution and shall be Section 3. A board member may be removed for just cause by a majority entitled to all the privileges and prerogatives of regular members. of the Board. Section 3. Institutional membership in this organization is open to all Section 4. The Directors shall meet whenever required, at the time and organizations and corporations. Institutional members shall be entitled to all place or by telephone or mail upon written or telephoned request of three or of the privileges and prerogatives of regular members, except that they may more of the elected officers. Verbal notification to all Board members may be not vote at elections, hold elective office in the organization or act as given in any manner necessary to assemble a quorum. chairman of a standing committee. Section 5. Any three (3) members of the Board of Directors shall Section 4: Non-members may attend and participate in all open meetings, constitute a quorum for the transaction of the business of the Board. social gatherings, and any regular activities of the organization, except that Section 6. The business of the Board of Directors shall be conducted in they shall not have a vote in any decisions, and may be required to contribute such order as the Board may from time to time determine by resolution. their fair share toward any expense incurred through such participation. Section 7. The Board of Directors shall have the management and control Section 5. The powers of the members of this organization shall be limited of the operation of the organization. The Board may exercise all of the powers to those usually held by stockholders of a commercial corporation, as such of the organization, and do all such lawful acts as it deems necessary of the powers may be further limited by the Laws of Arizona and the U.S.A. for membership as prescribed by these By-laws and the laws of the State of members of a non-profit corporation. Arizona and the U.S.A.

Article IV Article VII Dues and Assessments Officers Section 1. Each regular member shall pay dues of $20.00 per individual or Section 1. The Officers of the organization shall be Coordinators as needed per family per year, $10.00 per student. Institutional members shall pay dues and authorized by the, Board of Directors, Secretary, and Treasurer. At the of $100.00 per organization per year. (Minor children of all members may Annual Meeting, and immediately following the election of directors, the participate in all educational and social activities of the organization.) Dues newly elected Board of Directors shall nominate and by majority secret ballot, shall be payable to the Treasurer on the first month that they begin to receive elect from the members of that Board the Officers. The term of office of each the newsletter and become delinquent on the 30th day of the month in the officer shall be coexistent with and dependent upon each officers tenure as a following year. Suspension of membership shall be automatic if dues are not member of that Board of Directors. The newly elected officers shall be paid within thirty days. A member may be re-instated upon payment of installed at the end of the Annual Meeting. current dues. Section 2. There shall be no general or special assessment levied against the Article VIII membership, unless approved by a two-thirds (2/3) vote of all members after Duties of Officers discussion at a duly constituted meeting. This provision, however, shall not Section 1. Coordinators. The Coordinators shall choose one of their prevent any member or group of members from making voluntary donations numbers to preside at any given meeting of the membership and the Board of to the organization for the support of specific projects. Directors, that person not necessarily being the same for all meetings. That person shall have general charge of the business of the organization discussed

17 in that meeting and shall administer all affairs of the organization in reference Article IX to business done at that meeting subject to the direction of the Board. That Expenditures person shall be responsible for implementing Board action to carry out all Section 1. All proposed expenditures up to and including $500 may be general policies and projects established by vote of the membership at that approved by the Coordinators responsible. All proposed expenditures meeting. That person shall sign all contracts duly entered into by the exceeding $500.00 shall be approved by the Board of Directors prior to actual organization after approval by the Board of Directors at that meeting. That disbursement. person shall appoint the chairpeople of standing committees related to these Section 2. All expenditures are subject to review by the Board of Directors activities and special committees and sit as an ex-officio member of such at any meeting. committees when expedient. These Coordinators shall call regular and special Section 3. The Board of Directors is responsible for maintaining meetings of the membership of the Board of Directors as required, and appropriate records to account for all property purchases for or owned by the instruct the Secretary to notify members thereof. In the absence of the organization. Secretary, the Coordinators will appoint a Secretary Protem. In this manner different Board members will be able to take responsibility for different projects or duties. Section 2. Secretary. The Secretary shall be present at and record the Article X proceedings of all meetings of the organization and of the Board of Directors. Annual Elections That person shall be responsible under the Coordinators for all official Section 1. At least one month prior to the Annual Meeting, the Board shall correspondence for the organization and shall preserve all written records, appoint a nominating committee, at least three of whom are not current except financial records, of the organization. The Secretary shall keep a roll of members of the Board of Directors. members, and shall receive, verify, and record all absentee ballots or proxy all Section 2. Not less than one week prior to the Annual Meeting, the votes. That person shall give reasonable written notice of all meetings to the Chairperson of the nominating committee will provide the Secretary with the members thereof, and prior to each meeting shall inform the Presiding Officer names of the selected nominees, and the Secretary will notify the membership of any correspondence or unfinished business to be transacted, and verify that of the time and place for the meeting, and the names of all current Directors a quorum is present. The Secretary shall keep available to all members of the and nominees. organization copies of the Constitution and these By-Laws, including all Section 3. At the Annual Meeting, the Chairman of the nominating amendments thereto. committee shall place in nomination the slate of candidates selected. Section 3. Treasurer. The Treasurer shall receive, record, and safeguard all Thereafter, the membership at large may make additional nominations from monies paid into the organization, including collection of dues. That person the floor, and the Secretary shall place in nomination any names proposed by shall keep full and accurate books of account for all financial transactions of absentee ballot. All such nominees who do not personally decline shall the organization, and shall render a financial report when called upon by the comprise the slate of candidates for election to the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors or the membership. That person shall open the books for number of Directors to be elected will be determined by majority vote of inspection at any time deemed necessary or desirable by the Board of the members. membership. The Treasurer shall pay all bills duly approved by the Board of Section 4. Voting shall be by written secret ballot. Each ballot shall be Directors. The Treasurer shall prepare and present to the Board of Directors an filled in with as many names of the voters choice as desired up to the Annual Financial Report, covering all transactions for the calendar year, July previously voted upon limit. The nominating committee shall tabulate the 1 through June 30. The Treasurer shall inform the Secretary of all new ballots, including absentee ballots, in the presence of the membership. All memberships and dues paid, as needed. candidates receiving the vote of a majority of members voting in the election Section 4. Coordinators. They shall be chosen by majority vote of the shall be elected Directors. Board of Directors to head up specific projects as needed. Section 5. The election results shall be confirmed and announced by the Section 5. All correspondence, conveyances, encumbrances, releases, presiding officer at the Annual Meeting. That person will preside as discharges, contracts, or obligations of the organization, of every nature and chairperson protem while the newly elected Board of Directors shall description, shall be executed or countersigned by the President, unless the i mmediately elect from among themselves the new officers of the Board of Directors otherwise directs. organization. The new Officers shall be announced and installed before the Section 6. Local Chapters. The Board of Directors of the L-5 Society shall end of the Annual Meeting, and serve from that date. recognize any local chapter that has at least one member of the L-5 Society in Section 6. The Annual Meeting will be held in June, or earlier if decided by it and whose activities are in agreement with the Articles of Incorporation and a majority vote of the Board. the By-Laws of the Society. Local chapters may include members who are not members of the L-5 Society. Each local chapter shall elect a President, Secretary, and Treasurer. The Secretary of the local chapter shall be responsible for keeping the L-5 Society informed of the local chapters activities. The Treasurer shall provide the parent organization with the Article XI financial records of the local organization when requested by the Board of Amendment of By-Laws Directors. Local chapters shall have the right to establish additional by-laws The By-Laws of this organization may be adopted, amended, or rescinded in regarding their chapter, providing that the by-laws do not conflict with the whole or in part by a three-stage procedure as follows: By-Laws or Articles of Incorporation of the L-5 Society. The local chapters A. Approval by majority vote of a quorum of members at any duly shall have the right to determine how locally raised money is to be used, constituted regular or special meeting of the membership, or by majority providing that its use does not conflict with the By-Laws or Articles of vote of a quorum of Directors at any meeting of the Board of Directors. Incorporation of the L-5 Society. The L-5 Society shall, upon request of any B. Publication by U.S. Mail to all current members, of the intention to make, of its members, provide the names and addresses of the nearest local chapters. amend, or rescind the By-Laws, with a brief outline of the proposed The tax status of the L-5 Society shall also cover the local chapters which are changes, and notice of time and place for a regular or special meeting of recognized by the Board of Directors. If the Board finds that a local chapter the membership to vote on the proposed changes. has engaged in activities in violation of the By-Laws or Articles of C. Final approval by a two-thirds (2/3) majority vote of a quorum of Incorporation of the L-5 Society, it shall revoke its recognition of the local members present at a duly constituted meeting of the membership, to be chapter. Any local chapter which is not recognized by the L-5 Society shall held not less than one month following notification as required above or not fall under the tax status of the Society, nor shall the Society be held by two-thirds (2/3) vote of those responding by mail if the vote is held by responsible for its actions. mail.

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