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Fragility Functions of Manufactured Houses Under Earthquake Loads University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Civil and Environmental Engineering Theses, Dissertations, and Student Research Civil and Environmental Engineering 7-2021 Fragility Functions of Manufactured Houses under Earthquake Loads Shuyah Tani Aurore Ouoba University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/civilengdiss Part of the Civil Engineering Commons, Other Civil and Environmental Engineering Commons, and the Structural Engineering Commons Ouoba, Shuyah Tani Aurore, "Fragility Functions of Manufactured Houses under Earthquake Loads" (2021). Civil and Environmental Engineering Theses, Dissertations, and Student Research. 170. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/civilengdiss/170 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Civil and Environmental Engineering at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Civil and Environmental Engineering Theses, Dissertations, and Student Research by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. FRAGILITY FUNCTIONS OF MANUFACTURED HOUSES UNDER EARTHQUAKE LOADS by Shuyah T. A. Ouoba A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Master of Science Major: Civil Engineering Under the Supervision of Professor Christine E. Wittich Lincoln, Nebraska July, 2021 FRAGILITY FUNCTIONS OF MANUFACTURED HOUSES UNDER EARTHQUAKE LOADS Shuyah T. A. Ouoba, M.S University of Nebraska, 2021 Advisor: Christine E. Wittich Manufactured homes are factory-built homes made of wooden structural members, then transported and installed on a given site. Manufactured housing is used in many countries, such as in Australia, and in New Zealand but remain mostly popular in the United States. In 2020, nearly 22 million people were estimated to live in manufactured homes in the United States, with an increase of more than fifty percent in the shipment over the past seven years. However, performance observations from the last decades have shown the vulnerability of manufactured homes to extreme events, like windstorms and earthquakes. Damage assessments and post-event evaluations have highlighted that the foundations play an important role in the vulnerability of manufactured homes to the lateral forces generated by these events. Manufactured homes are typically installed on stacked concrete masonry unit (CMU) blocks that are not anchored to the ground. Because the CMU blocks are unanchored and squat, they respond in a rigid-body motion under earthquake loads, leading to a permanent displacement or overturning of the home. Given that most manufactured homes in the United States are not required to anchor their foundations to the ground, there is a need to quantify the risk associated with these foundations given future earthquake scenarios. The present thesis aims to develop seismic fragility functions for typical manufactured homes that relate the level of damage sustained by manufactured homes to an earthquake’s intensity. To this end, finite element models of a manufactured home accounting for various typical foundation configurations, installation techniques, and home geometries were modeled using SAP2000. A nonlinear dynamic analysis was then performed for a set of earthquake records to predict the home’s response. Fragility curves were then generated to correlate the level of damage to the Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) of the earthquake. Manufactured homes’ response to earthquake ground motions, is found to be particularly sensitive to their dimensions, the material isolating their foundations from the soil, and the number of blocks making up the foundations. iv DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis to: The Almighty God, our Creator; My dear parents Jean-François Barthelemy D. Ouoba and Kadiatou K. Annabel Koutiebou; My whole family (grandparents, aunts and uncles, cousins); Ms. Haninani Traoré and her family; All my friends. May they find here my gratitude to their multiple encouragement, and multiform support. v AUTHOR’S ACKOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Christine E. Wittich, my advisor and chair of my committee, for the guidance, advice and support she provided during my studies here, and throughout the research. Secondly, I am grateful to Dr. Christopher Tuan for serving on my committee, and for his invaluable time he provided to be part of this committee. I would also like to thank Dr. Richard L. Wood, second committee member for serving on my thesis committee. And for his support during my graduate years. In addition, I would like to thank Khalid Saifullah for the data associated with the data associated to the manufactured home’s modal analysis that he kindly provided, and that was used for this thesis. My upmost gratitude goes to the Fulbright Program, for sponsoring me and allowing me to pursue my Master’s Degree at the University of Nebraska – Lincoln. I would have not been here, if not thanks to them and the opportunity they gave me. This thesis, in part, is being finalized for submission to the Journal of Earthquake Engineering: Shuyah, T.A. O. and Wittich, C. E. (202X). “Fragility Functions for Typical Manufactured Houses in the United States under Earthquake Loads.” Finally, I would like to thank my family, my friends and fellow graduates for encouraging and supporting me during all these years, and for making such a wonderful experience of graduate school. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 1 1.1 Motivation ................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Research Objectives and Scope ................................................................................ 3 CHAPTER 2 - LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................... 6 2.1 Overview ................................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Manufactured Home Construction ............................................................................ 6 2.3 Performance of Manufactured Houses to Earthquakes ........................................... 15 2.4 Numerical modeling of Manufactured Houses ....................................................... 24 2.4.1 Jablin (1995) ............................................................................................... 25 2.4.2 Koerner (2000) ............................................................................................ 25 2.4.3 Bafna (2004) ............................................................................................... 26 2.4.4 Maison and Cobeen (2016) ......................................................................... 27 2.4.5 Davis (2020)................................................................................................ 27 2.5 Foundations of manufactured homes: Behavior and Performance ......................... 28 2.5.1 Foundation behaviors .................................................................................. 28 2.5.2 Numerical Modeling of Pier Sliding ........................................................... 29 2.6 Probabilistic Analysis and Fragility Functions ....................................................... 31 2.6.1 Lopez Garcia and Soong (2003) ................................................................. 32 vii 2.6.2 Hutchinson et al. (2006) .............................................................................. 32 2.6.3 Castaldo et al. (2018) .................................................................................. 33 2.7 Scope of the study and contribution: ...................................................................... 34 CHAPTER 3 – 2-D FINITE ELEMENT MODELING AND ANALYSIS ..................... 36 3.1 Overview ................................................................................................................. 36 3.2 Modeling and analysis assumptions........................................................................ 36 3.3 Modal analysis of manufactured houses ................................................................. 37 3.4 Superstructure Model .............................................................................................. 40 3.4.1 Model Geometry ......................................................................................... 40 3.4.2 Masses ......................................................................................................... 41 3.4.3 Model calibration ........................................................................................ 44 3.5 Numerical modeling of foundation ......................................................................... 46 3.5.1 Sliding-behavior principles and equation of motion ................................... 47 3.5.2 Selected CMU configuration ...................................................................... 49 3.5.3 Force-displacement behavior ...................................................................... 52 3.6 Numerical Analysis ................................................................................................. 58 3.6.1 Overview ..................................................................................................... 58 3.6.2 SAP OAPI ..................................................................................................
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