DOCSLIB.ORG

Source Investigation and Comparison of the 1939, 1946, 1949 and 1965 Earthquakes, Cascadia Subduction Zone, Western Washington

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Source Investigation and Comparison of the 1939, 1946, 1949 and 1965 Earthquakes, Cascadia Subduction Zone, Western Washington Ó Birkha¨user Verlag, Basel, 2007 Pure appl. geophys. 164 (2007) 1905–1919 0033–4553/07/101905–15 Pure and Applied Geophysics DOI 10.1007/s00024-007-0255-y Source Investigation and Comparison of the 1939, 1946, 1949 and 1965 Earthquakes, Cascadia Subduction Zone, Western Washington 1,3 1 1 2 KATY R. WIEST, DIANE I. DOSER, AARON A. VELASCO, and JAMES ZOLLWEG Abstract—Over the past 65 years intraslab earthquakes have caused the most significant damage in the western Washington region. This study examines regional and teleseismic seismograms for four historic, suspected intraslab events of M > 5.5 occurring within the Cascadia Subduction zone in 1939 (South Seattle), 1946 (Puget Sound), 1949 (Olympia) and 1965 (Sea-Tac) to better determine the source locations, mechanisms and rupture histories of these events. Our study is aided by digital seismograms of post-1990 intraslab events with well-determined focal depths and focal mechanisms that were recorded in the same locations as the historic events. Thus the recent events were used as empirical Greens functions to study the historic events. Our results suggest that the 1946 earthquake is not an intraslab event, that the 1939 event closely resembles the 1965 event, and that the 1949 event is similar to the 2001 Nisqually earthquake, although the 1949 event appears to have ruptured toward the south, causing significantly more damage than the Nisqually event. These results suggest that earthquakes periodically rupture along the same or similarly oriented faults within the subducting slab. Key words: Historic earthquakes, Cascadia, Washington, Greens function analysis. Introduction The Cascadia Subduction Zone (CSZ) (Fig. 1) is a highly complex, geologically diverse, and potentially hazardous region due to the collision of the Juan de Fuca, Gorda, and Explorer plates with North America. The CSZ extends from Cape Mendocino, California north to northern Vancouver Island. The subducting lithosphere of this region is young (<50 Ma), thin, and buoyant (KIRBY and WANG, 2002), creating a tectonically complex environment with the buildup of a thick accretionary prism in the forearc region and active compression in the backarc region. 1 Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968-0555. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Department of Geosciences, Boise State University, Mail Stop 1535, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725-1535, U.S.A. 3 Chevron North America Exploration and Production, 1500 Louisiana, Houston, TX 77002, U.S.A. 1906 K. R. Wiest et al. Pure appl. geophys., Figure 1 Map of the Cascadia subduction zone showing major plate boundaries. Squares denote locations of Seattle and Olympia, Washington. PS is Puget Sound, GS is southern Georgia Strait. The box outlined in gray is the study area shown in Figure 2. Seismicity within the CSZ occurs within the crust of North America, the subducting slab, and along the plate interface. Events along the interface have the potential to be very large, but are believed to occur only every 500 years (ATWATER et al., 2005), with the last known event occurring in 1700 (ATWATER and HEMPHILL- HALEY, 1997). Events within the crust have the capability to cause extensive damage due to their shallow depths beneath sedimentary basins, but appear to occur even less frequently than interface events (e.g., LUDWIN et al., 2005). Historically the greatest damage in the CSZ has been caused by intraslab events that appear to have recurrence intervals of 30 to 50 years. There appear to be two regions within the subducting Juan de Fuca plate where moderate to large (M > 5:0) intraslab events concentrate at depths of 40 to 60 km. One area is located beneath southern Puget Sound, and the other is located beneath the southern Georgia Strait near edges of a bend in the subducted slab (CASSIDY and ELLIS, 1993). There has been a notable lack of moderate to large intraslab Vol. 164, 2007 Historic Earthquakes of the Cascadia Subduction Zone 1907 Figure 2 Location of historic earthquakes and recent events used in this study. earthquakes beneath much of Oregon (e.g., MA et al., 1996); leading WONG (2005) to suggest this region may not be capable of producing large intraslab earthquakes. The occurrence of the 2001 Nisqually earthquake which was well recorded digitally at regional and teleseismic distances, gives us a unique opportunity to compare its seismograms to those of older, suspected intraslab earthquakes. We examine regional and teleseismic seismograms for four historic, suspected intraslab events of M > 5:5 occurring within the Cascadia Subduction zone in 1939 (South Seattle), 1946 (Puget Sound), 1949 (Olympia) and 1965 (Sea-Tac) to better determine the source locations, mechanisms and rupture histories of these events. A better understanding of the depth range and rupture extent of these older events will aid in determining the physical processes that control slab rupture and improve models for hazards expected in future similar type events. Previous Studies The earliest reported M > 5:5 intraslab event is the 1939 (M 53=4; GUTEN- BERG and RICHTER, 1954) South Puget Sound earthquake (Fig. 2, Table 1). Its seismograms have not been previously studied. The Puget Sound earthquake of 1946 (M 53=4; GUTENBERG and RICHTER, 1954) has been reported in some catalogs as an intraslab event, however STOVER and COFFMAN (1993) have proposed it was actually a crustal event (18-km depth) (Fig. 2, Table 1). The 1949 Olympia earthquake appears to have been the largest intraslab event (mb ¼ 6:9; ABE 1981) that has occurred in the region in the past 100 years (Table 1). BAKER and LANGSTON (1987) used long-period teleseismic body-wave seismograms and strong motion records to examine this earthquake. Their results suggest the event occurred at a depth of 54 km with a left-lateral strike-slip focal mechanism 1908 K. R. Wiest et al. Pure appl. geophys., Table 1 Earthquake information Date Time Latitude Longitude Magnitude* Depth*+ 3 11/13/1939 0745 47.5 À122:554 (S, GR) [63] 3 02/15/1946 0317 47.4 À122:754 (S, GR) 18 SC [26] 04/13/1949 1955 47.17 À122:62 6.9 (b, ABE), 6.8 (w, BL, I06) 54 BL [55] 04/29/1965 1528 47.38 À122:31 6.5 (S,U), 6.6 (w, I04) 63 LB [63] 07/03/1999 0143 47.08 À123:46 5.7 (w, I03) 40 I03 02/28/2001 1854 47.14 À122:72 6.7 (w, I04) 56 UW [55] * GR = GUTENBERG and RICHTER (1965), ABE = ABE (1981), BL = BAKER and LANGSTON (1987), I03 = ICHINOSE et al. (2003), I04 = ICHINOSE et al. (2004), I06 = ICHINOSE et al. (2006), LB = LANGSTON and BLUM (1977), SC = STOVER and COFFMAN (1993), UW = University of Washington, S = surface wave magnitude, b = body-wave magnitude, w = moment-magnitude, U = unknown magnitude, +brackets indicate focal depth estimated in this study. and eastward rupture propagation. They determined a rupture duration of 40 km and a moment-magnitude of 6.8. Further studies of seismograms and first motion data by ICHINOSE et al. (2006) suggest the 1949 event occurred on a steeply dipping normal fault with rupture to the south in at least two subevents. LANGSTON and BLUM (1977) modelled the source parameters of the 1965 Sea- Tac earthquake through inversion of teleseismic body waveforms to obtain a focal depth of 63 km, normal fault mechanism, and Mw of 6.7 (Fig. 2, Table 1). ICHINOSE et al. (2004) inverted teleseismic data for this earthquake using a segmented, multi-fault model. The model that best matched the waveforms was composed of two small asperities with dimensions of 12 and 16 km2 and maximum slips of 2 and 2.8 m, respectively. This model gave an Mw of 6.6. ICHINOSE et al. (2004) produced a shake-map for the Sea-Tac earthquake that gave a simulated pattern of shaking that was 2 times greater than that of the Nisqually earthquake, primarily due to the proximity of the Sea-Tac event to the Seattle and Tacoma sedimentary basins. Data and Analysis Techniques Over 150 historic paper copies and original seismograms recorded at regional and teleseismic distances for the four Puget Sound earthquakes were collected during this study. We also scanned 50+ seismograms from several U.S. archives. The scanned seismograms could be readily digitized using SeisDig (BROMIRSKI and CHUANG, 2003), an interactive digitizing tool. Analog paper records were digitized manually, due to a lack of a large bed scanner at the University of Texas at El Paso. Digital Vol. 164, 2007 Historic Earthquakes of the Cascadia Subduction Zone 1909 data for two recent intraslab events, the 1999 (Mw ¼ 5:8) Satsop and 2001 (Mw ¼ 6:7) Nisqually earthquakes (Fig. 2, Table 1), were acquired from the IRIS (Incorporated Research Institutions in Seismology) electronic archives. These events were selected because they occurred in the vicinity of the four historic events of interest and were of large enough magnitude to be well recorded at regional and teleseismic distances. We collected digital seismograms for recent events only at stations that had recorded at least one historic event or were located close (<35 km) to a station that had recorded a historic event. This selection allowed us to assume similar path effects when carrying out the Greens function analysis. All seismograms were converted to Seismic Analysis Code (SAC2000) format (GOLDSTEIN, 2004) for the analysis process. Seismograms in this study were analyzed using the relative source time function technique (RSTF) similar to that described by VELASCO et al. (1994), but using a different deconvolution process. This technique requires the seismograms of two earthquakes occurring at similar locations and depths, with a similar focal mechanism recorded at the same station.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Canada's Earthquakes
    Document generated on 09/26/2021 12:45 p.m. Geoscience Canada Canada’s Earthquakes: ‘The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly’ J. F. Cassidy, G. C. Rogers, M. Lamontagne, S. Halchuk and J. Adams Volume 37, Number 1, January 2010 Article abstract Much of Canada is ‘earthquake country’. Tiny earthquakes (that can only be URI: https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/geocan37_1art01 recorded by seismographs) happen every day. On average, earthquakes large enough to be felt occur every week in Canada, damaging earthquakes are years See table of contents to decades apart, and some of the world’s largest earthquakes are typically separated by intervals of centuries. In this article, we provide details on the most significant earthquakes that have been recorded in, or near, Canada, Publisher(s) including where and when they occurred, how they were felt, and the effects of those earthquakes. We also provide a brief review of how earthquakes are The Geological Association of Canada monitored across Canada and some recent earthquake hazard research. It is the results of this monitoring and research, which provide knowledge on ISSN earthquake hazard, that are incorporated into the National Building Code of Canada. This, in turn, will contribute to reduced property losses from future 0315-0941 (print) earthquakes across Canada. 1911-4850 (digital) Explore this journal Cite this article Cassidy, J. F., Rogers, G. C., Lamontagne, M., Halchuk, S. & Adams, J. (2010). Canada’s Earthquakes:: ‘The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly’. Geoscience Canada, 37(1), 1–16. All rights reserved © The Geological Association of Canada, 2010 This document is protected by copyright law.
    [Show full text]
  • Fragility Functions of Manufactured Houses Under Earthquake Loads
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Civil and Environmental Engineering Theses, Dissertations, and Student Research Civil and Environmental Engineering 7-2021 Fragility Functions of Manufactured Houses under Earthquake Loads Shuyah Tani Aurore Ouoba University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/civilengdiss Part of the Civil Engineering Commons, Other Civil and Environmental Engineering Commons, and the Structural Engineering Commons Ouoba, Shuyah Tani Aurore, "Fragility Functions of Manufactured Houses under Earthquake Loads" (2021). Civil and Environmental Engineering Theses, Dissertations, and Student Research. 170. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/civilengdiss/170 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Civil and Environmental Engineering at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Civil and Environmental Engineering Theses, Dissertations, and Student Research by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. FRAGILITY FUNCTIONS OF MANUFACTURED HOUSES UNDER EARTHQUAKE LOADS by Shuyah T. A. Ouoba A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Master of Science Major: Civil Engineering Under the Supervision of Professor Christine E. Wittich Lincoln, Nebraska July, 2021 FRAGILITY FUNCTIONS OF MANUFACTURED HOUSES UNDER EARTHQUAKE LOADS Shuyah T. A. Ouoba, M.S University of Nebraska, 2021 Advisor: Christine E. Wittich Manufactured homes are factory-built homes made of wooden structural members, then transported and installed on a given site. Manufactured housing is used in many countries, such as in Australia, and in New Zealand but remain mostly popular in the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Engineering Geology in Washington, Volume I Washington Diviaion of Geology and Euth Resources Bulletin 78
    ENGINEERING GEOLOGY IN WASHINGTON Volume I RICHARD W. GALSTER, Chairman Centennial Volume Committee Washington State Section, Association of Engineering Geologists WASHINGTON DIVISION OF GEOLOGY AND EARTH RESOURCES BULLETIN 78 1989 Prepared in cooperation with the Washington State Section of the A~ociation or Engineering Geologists ''WNatural ASHINGTON STATE Resources DEPARTMENT OF Brian Boyle • Commlssloner 01 Public Lands Ari Stearns - Sup,,rvuor Division of Geology and Earth Resources Raymond LcumanJs. Slate Geologist The use of brand or trade names in this publication is for pur­ poses of identification only and does not constitute endorsement by the Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources or the Association of Engineering Geologists. This report is for sale (as the set of two volumes only) by: Publications Washington Department of Natural Resources Division of Geology and Earth Resources Mail Stop PY-12 Olympia, WA 98504 Price $ 27.83 Tax 2.17 Total $ 30.00 Mail orders must be prepaid; please add $1.00 to each order for postage and handling. Make checks or money orders payable to the Department of Natural Resources. This publication is printed on acid-free paper. Printed in the United States of America. ii VOLUME I DEDICATION . ................ .. .. ...... ............ .......................... X FOREWORD ........... .. ............ ................... ..... ................. xii LIST OF AUTHORS ............................................................. xiv INTRODUCTION Engineering Geology in Washington: Introduction Richard W. Galster, Howard A. Coombs, and Howard H. Waldron ................... 3 PART I: ENGINEERING GEOLOGY AND ITS PRACTICE IN WASHINGTON Geologic Factors Affecting Engineered Facilities Richard W. Galster, Chapter Editor Geologic Factors Affecting Engineered Facilities: Introduction Richard W. Galster ................. ... ...................................... 17 Geotechnical Properties of Geologic Materials Jon W. Koloski, Sigmund D. Schwarz, and Donald W.
    [Show full text]
  • The Field Act and Its Effectiveness in Reducing Earthquake Damage
    State of California Alfred E. Alquist Seismic Safety Commission The Field Act and its Relative Effectiveness in Reducing Earthquake Damage in California Public Schools Appendices October 2009 1755 Creekside Oaks Drive, #100 Sacramento, California 95833 (916) 263-5506 www.seismic.ca.gov CSSC 09-02 i Table of Contents Page Appendix A: Synopsis of Research Methodology 1 Appendix B: Major 20th Century California Earthquakes 4 Appendix C: Counties that were Affected by California Earthquakes 5 Appendix D: School Sites that Experienced MMI VII or Greater Ground Shaking 6 Appendix E: Mapping of School Sites on Google Earth and Google Maps 18 Appendix F: History of Significant Building Code Changes 21 Appendix G: Comparison of Administrative Requirements of the Uniform 34 Building Code and the Field Act Appendix H: Performance of Field Act Structures as Compared to Non-Field 35 Act Structures in Significant California Earthquakes Since 1933 Appendix I: Description of the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale 45 Appendix J: ATC-20 Building Rating System 47 Appendix K: Significant U.S. Earthquakes Since 1933 Outside California 48 Appendix L: American Red Cross Designated Shelters in 23 California Counties 53 Appendix M: Bibliography of Literature Related to the Field Act 54 References 55 ii Appendix A: Synopsis of Research Methodology The objective of this study was to determine if the Field Act has been effective in reducing structural damage in public school buildings, including community colleges, as compared to comparable buildings constructed to non-Field Act standards. This effort was based on literature that has already been published; no primary data collection was intended to be part of this study.
    [Show full text]
  • Seismic Intensities of Earthquakes of Conterminous United States Their Prediction and Interpretation
    Seismic Intensities of Earthquakes of Conterminous United States Their Prediction and InterpretationJL Seismic Intensities of Earthquakes of Conterminous United States Their Prediction and Interpretation By J. F. EVERNDEN, W. M. KOHLER, and G. D. CLOW GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1223 Description of a model for computing intensity patterns for earthquakes. Demonstration and explanation of systematic variations of attenuation and earthquake parameters throughout the conterminous United States UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASH INGTON: 1981 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR JAMES G. WATT, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Doyle G. Frederick, Acting Director Library of Congress catalog-card No. 81-600089 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 CONTENTS Page Page Abstract ___________________________ ___ 1 Examples of observed predicted intensities Con. Introduction __ ____________________ 1 Seattle earthquake of April 13, 1949 ____________ 23 Rossi-Forel intensities versus Modified Mercalli intensities __ 2 Lompoc earthquake of November 4, 1927 __________ 27 Presently available models for predicting seismic intensities __ 3 Earthquakes of Eastern United States _ _______ _ 36 California ___________________________ 3 Fault length versus moment, magnitude, and energy release Conterminous United States _______________ 4 versus k region._______________________ 36 Examples of observed versus predicted intensities____ ___ 7 Crustal calibration as function of region __
    [Show full text]
  • Significant Earthquakes Experienced in Washington Since 1872 Note: Top 6 Earthquakes with Greatest Impacts Are Preceded by ** and Underlined
    Significant Earthquakes Experienced in Washington Since 1872 Note: Top 6 earthquakes with greatest impacts are preceded by ** and underlined 1800s **December 14, 1872 Washington State Earthquake The earthquake is the largest historical earthquake in eastern Washington, and the most widely felt earthquake in the state. The magnitude of the shallow earthquake, centered around Lake Chelan, WA, is debated. It was an estimated M 6.5 to M 7.5, with a moment intensity (MI) of 6.8. The maximum modified Mercalli intensity was IX. It was felt over 390,000 mi2. Landslides and groundwater disturbances occurred near the lake and along the Columbia River, and a fissure split in the ground south of Seattle. Damages included chimney cracks and shattered windows. People were knocked off their feet at Snoqualmie Pass, and trees toppled. The failed Spencer Canyon fault was discovered long after the earthquake. Sources: https://assets.pnsn.org/HIST_CAT/SSA01274.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20160101023203/https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle- news/scientists-may-be-cracking-mystery-of-big-1872-earthquake/ http://www.burkemuseum.org/static/earthquakes/cur-history.html December 12, 1880 Earthquake The earthquake originating near Kent, WA has no recorded magnitude, but was felt from Victoria to Portland. It had a maximum modified Mercalli intensity of VII. Shaking caused ringing of bells, chimney damage. Source: https://assets.pnsn.org/CASCAT2006/Index_152_216.html April 30, 1882 Earthquake Originating in the Puget Sound - Salish Sea area, the deep earthquake was estimated to be M 5.75 to M 6.2. Modified Mercalli intensity reported in Olympia was VI.
    [Show full text]
  • Normalized Earthquake Damage and Fatalities in the United States: 1900–2005
    Normalized Earthquake Damage and Fatalities in the United States: 1900–2005 Kevin Vranes1 and Roger Pielke Jr.2 Abstract: Damage estimates from 80 U.S. earthquakes since 1900 are “normalized” to 2005 dollars by adjusting for inflation, increases in wealth, and changes in population. Factors accounting for mitigation at 1 and 2% loss reduction per year are also considered. The earthquake damage record is incomplete, perhaps by up to 25% of total events that cause damage, but all of the most damaging events are accounted for. For events with damage estimates, cumulative normalized losses since 1900 total $453 billion, or $235 billion and $143 billion when 1 and 2% mitigation is factored, respectively. The 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire adjusts to $39–$328 billion depending on assumptions and mitigation factors used, likely the most costly natural disaster in U.S. history in normalized 2005 values. Since 1900, 13 events would have caused $1 billion or more in losses had they occurred in 2005; five events adjust to more than $10 billion in damages. Annual average losses range from $1.3 billion to $5.7 billion with an average across data sets and calculation methods of $2.5 billion, below catastrophe model estimates and estimates of average annual losses from hurricanes. Fatalities are adjusted for population increase and mitigation, with five events causing over 100 fatalities when mitigation is not considered, four ͑three͒ events when 1% ͑2%͒ mitigation is considered. Fatalities in the 1906 San Francisco event adjusts from 3,000 to over 24,000, or 8,900 ͑3,300͒ if 1% ͑2%͒ mitigation is considered.
    [Show full text]
  • Information Circular 85. Washington State Earthquake Hazards
    WASHING1rON STATE EARTHQUAKE:HAZARDS by LINDA LAWRANCE NOS , ANTHONY QAMAR, AND GERALD W. THORSEN WASHING TON DIVISION OF GEOLOGY AND EARTH RESOURCE INFORMATION CIRCULAR 85 1988 WASHINGTON STATE DEPARTMENT OF Natural Resources Brian Boyle - Commissioner of Public Lands Art Stearns - Supervisor Division of Geology and Earth Resources Raymond Lasmanis, State Geologist Cover photo: Damage to an unreinforced masonry building in downtown Centralia in 1949. A man was killed by the falling upper walls of this two-story corner building. Unreinforced masonry walls, gables, cornices, and partitions were the most seriously damaged structures in the 1949 and 1965 earthquakes. Inferior mortar and inadequate ties between walls and floors compounded the damage. (Photo from the A. E. Miller Col­ lection, University of Washington Archives) -- WASHING TON ST ATE EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS by LINDA LAWRANCE NOSON, ANTHONY QAMAR, AND GERALD W. THORSEN WASHINGTON DIVISION OF GEOLOGY AND EARTH RESOURCES INFORMATION CIRCULAR 85 1988 • . ' NaturalWASHING10N STATE Resources DEPARTMENT OF Brtan Boyle • Commasloner 01 P\lbllc Lands Art Steorns • Supervisor Divisfon 0 1 Geology and Earth Resources Raymond Lasmanis. State Geo!ogisl The authors gratefully acknowledge review of the manuscript of this publication by members of the Geophysics Program. University of Washington. This report is available from: Publications Washington Department of N arural Resources Division of Geology and Earth Resources Mail Stop PY-12 Olympia, WA 98504 The printing of this report was supported by U.S. Geological Survey Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program Agreement No. 14-08-0001-A0509. This publication is free, but please add $1.00 to each order for postage and handling. Make checks or money orders payable to the Department of Natural Resources.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Liquefaction Hazards in Washington State
    Final Research Report Agreement T2695, Task 66 Liquefaction Phase III EVALUATION OF LIQUEFACTION HAZARDS IN WASHINGTON STATE WA-RD 668.1 Professor Steven L. Kramer December 2008 University of Washington WSDOT Research Report Office of Research & Library Services Final Research Report Agreement T2695, Task 66 Liquefaction Phase III EVALUATION OF LIQUEFACTION HAZARDS IN WASHINGTON STATE By Steven L. Kramer Professor Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Washington, Box 352700 Seattle, Washington 98195 Washington State Transportation Center (TRAC) University of Washington, Box 354802 1107 NE 45th Street, Suite 535 Seattle, Washington 98105-4631 Washington State Department of Transportation Technical Monitor Tony Allen Chief Geotechnical Engineer, Materials Laboratory Prepared for Washington State Transportation Commission Department of Transportation and in cooperation with U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration December 2008 TECHNICAL REPORT STANDARD TITLE PAGE 1. REPORT NO. 2. GOVERNMENT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NO. WA-RD 668.1 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. REPORT DATE EVALUATION OF LIQUEFACTION HAZARDS IN December 2008 WASHINGTON STATE 6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE 7. AUTHOR(S) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO. Steven L. Kramer 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. WORK UNIT NO. Washington State Transportation Center (TRAC) University of Washington, Box 354802 11. CONTRACT OR GRANT NO. University District Building; 1107 NE 45th Street, Suite 535 Agreement T2695, Task 66 Seattle, Washington 98105-4631 12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS 13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED Research Office Final Research Report Washington State Department of Transportation Transportation Building, MS 47372 Olympia, Washington 98504-7372 14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE Kim Willoughby, Project Manager, 360-705-7978 15.
    [Show full text]
  • An Introduction to Technical Issues in the Evaluation of Seismic Hazards for Earthquake-Resistant Design by WALTER W
    ICSSC TR-6 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY An Introduction to Technical Issues in the Evaluation of Seismic Hazards for Earthquake-resistant Design by WALTER W. HAYS A DRAFT TECHNICAL REPORT OF SUBCOMMITTEE 3, "EVALUATION OF SITE HAZARDS," A PART OF THE INTERAGENCY COMMITTEE ON SEISMIC SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION SUBCOMMITTEE CHAIRMAN - WALTER W. HAYS U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESIGN, VIRGINIA 22092 Prepared for use by: Interagency Committee on Seismic Safety in Construction (ICSSC) Open-File Report 85-371 (ICSSC TR-6) COMPILED BY JOYCE A. COSTELLO This report is preliminary and has not been edited or reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey publication standards and stratigraphic nomenclature. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the United States Government. Any use of trade names and trademarks in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, Virginia 1985 FOREWORD This draft technical report "An Introduction to Issues in the Evaluation of Seismic Hazards in Earthquake-resistant Design" was developed by Subcommittee 3, "Evaluation of Site Hazards," a part of the Interagency Committee on Seismic Safety in Construction (ICSSC). This is the fourth report of the Subcommittee; the other three reports addressed surface faulting, earthquake-induced ground failure, and selection of ground motions for the design of large dams. The membership of the Subcommittee during the preparation of this report was: S. T. Algermissen U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Canada's Earthquakes
    GEOSCIENCE CANADA Volume 37 Number 1 March 2010 1 ARTICLE they occurred, how they were felt, and aging earthquakes have struck Canada the effects of those earthquakes. We because, typically, they occur decades also provide a brief review of how apart, often located in offshore or earthquakes are monitored across remote, unpopulated regions. It is even Canada and some recent earthquake easier to forget that some of the hazard research. It is the results of this world’s very largest earthquakes have monitoring and research, which pro- struck within, or adjacent to, our coun- vide knowledge on earthquake hazard, try. These huge (magnitude (M) 8 or 9) that are incorporated into the National earthquakes are typically centuries Building Code of Canada. This, in apart, and are often located in remote turn, will contribute to reduced proper- areas. In this article, we summarize ty losses from future earthquakes Canada’s ‘good’, ‘bad’, and ‘ugly’ earth- Canada’s Earthquakes: across Canada. quakes. We define ‘good’ earthquakes ‘The Good, the Bad, and as those that either: the Ugly’ SOMMAIRE • have been widely felt, and there- Un bonne partie du Canada est un fore have made people more aware ‘pays de séismes’. De petits séismes of (and perhaps better prepared J.F. Cassidy1, G.C. Rogers1, M. 2 3 (que seuls les séismographes peuvent for) future earthquakes; or Lamontagne , S. Halchuk , and J. enregistrer) s’y produisent quotidien- • those that are large enough to be Adams3 1 nement. En moyenne, un séisme assez ‘scientifically useful’−they teach us Geological Survey of Canada fort pour qu’on le ressente s’y produit about the potential impact of PO Box 6000 à intervalle d’une semaine; assez fort future earthquakes in Canada.
    [Show full text]
  • Hazard Mitigation Plan
    HAZARDS MITIGATION PLAN UPDATE CONTRIBUTORS Department of Urban Design & Planning COLLEGE OF BUILT ENVIRONMENTS UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON Elected Officials Students Faculty Redmond Mayor Christy Alexander Professors John Marchione Jeff Arango Branden Born Weston Brinkley Bob Freitag Redmond City Council Ching Chan Rick Sepler President, Nancy McCormick Sung-Zhi Chen Vice President, John P. (Pat) Vache Amanda Engstfeld Teaching Assistant Kimberly Allen Jennifer Gregerson Jie Gao David Carson Cecelia Gunn Richard Cole Nate Hickey Master Editors Dayle (Hank) Margeson Zachary Howard Wendy Buffett Hank Myers Daniel Kastoryano Christopher Scott Joe Kelly Dana Spindler City Staff Garrett Klifman Project Managers Kristen Link Jason Lynch, Building Official Doug McIntyre Tom Osborn, Emergency Management Cynthia Padilla Sheena Pietzold Mitigation Implementation Committee Noah Roehl Walt Berry, Department of Parks Daniel Rowe Amanda Engstfeld, Emergency Management Christopher Scott Ron Grant, Department of Public Works Emily Slotnick Bert Guenther, Department of Public Works John Vander Sluis Mark Hagreen, Police Department Dana Spindler Stacy Haines, GIS Chilan Ta Linda Hermanson, Finance and Info. Services Courtney Thomson Justin Miniken, Department of Parks Timothy Trujillo Rob Odle, Planning and Development Services Nathan Tseng Jim Roberts, Planning and Development Services Michael Xenakis Robert Schneider, Emergency Management Jon Spangler, Natural Resources Manager Jim Swift, Fire Department Scott Thomasson, Department of Public Works Ken
    [Show full text]