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State of the Science of Taxonomy in Australia: Results of the 2016 Survey of Taxonomic Capacity

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State of the Science of Taxonomy in Australia: Results of the 2016 Survey of Taxonomic Capacity State of the science of taxonomy in Australia: results of the 2016 Survey of Taxonomic Capacity. Prepared by H.J. Weaver Australian Biological Resources Study November 2017 © Copyright Commonwealth of Australia, 2017. State of the science of taxonomy in Australia: results of the 2016 survey of taxonomic capacity is licensed by the Commonwealth of Australia for use under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence with the exception of the Coat of Arms of the Commonwealth of Australia, the logo of the agency responsible for publishing the report, content supplied by third parties, and any images depicting people. For licence conditions see: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This report should be attributed as ‘State of the science of taxonomy in Australia: results of the 2016 survey of taxonomic capacity, Commonwealth of Australia 2017’. The Commonwealth of Australia has made all reasonable efforts to identify content supplied by third parties using the following format ‘© Copyright, [name of third party] ’. Disclaimer The views and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Australian Government or the Minister for the Environment and Energy. While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that the contents of this publication are factually correct, the Commonwealth does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the contents, and shall not be liable for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the contents of this publication. Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Methods .................................................................................................................................................................................. 7 Survey design ............................................................................................................................................................. 7 Data analysis .............................................................................................................................................................. 7 Terminology............................................................................................................................................................... 7 Results ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 Who is Australia’s taxonomic workforce, and what work do they do? .........................................................10 The tasks Australian taxonomists work on.........................................................................................................17 What taxa do Australian taxonomists work on? ................................................................................................20 Contribution by Australian taxonomists .............................................................................................................24 What issues matter to Australian taxonomists? .................................................................................................26 Discussion ........................................................................................................................................................................... 30 The Australian taxonomic research workforce ..................................................................................................30 The work and activities conducted by Australian taxonomists .......................................................................31 The research focus, constraints and concerns of Australian taxonomists.....................................................32 Does Australia have a ‘taxonomic impediment’? ...............................................................................................33 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................................................... 35 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................................................ 36 References .......................................................................................................................................................................... 37 Appendix A ......................................................................................................................................................................... 38 Appendix B ......................................................................................................................................................................... 39 Photo credits Top row (left to right): Red alga (Gibsmithia hawaiiensis) © Copyright, J.M. Huisman (CC BY NC ND); Imperial White butterfly (Delias harpalyce) © B. Kuchlmayr (CC BY); Spiked Andersonia (Andersonia simplex) © Copyright, R. Barrett (CC BY); and nymph of pentatomid bug © P. Anesbury (CC BY NC ND). Bottom row (left to right): Southern Calamari Squid (Sepioteuthis australis) J. Finn © Copyright, Museum Victoria (CC BY); and hornwort (Phaeoceros sp.) C. Cargill © Copyright, CANBR (CC BY). Abstract The Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS) is committed to facilitating and supporting Australian researchers in the field of taxonomy and systematics. The ABRS has conducted surveys of taxonomic research capacity in 1975, 1991, 2003 and 2016. Here, we present the results of the most recent survey. We found that the number of researchers actively working in taxonomy and systematics has fallen over the years, but that proportionally more women are now working in the field. We also found that the field is supported substantially by retired or honorary researchers, with over a quarter of the workforce in unsalaried positions. This does enable a sustained level of productivity in the field, but masks the fact that there are fewer paid positions in the field. A consistent concern of researchers in the field is that of funding and job security/career opportunities, highlighted in surveys in 2016, 2003 and 1991. Newer concerns highlighted in 2016 were the lack of positions for postdoctoral researchers and beyond, and the way taxonomy is perceived — particularly in the context of bibliometrics. Australia has a good representation of researchers in the Arthropoda and Angiospermae, but there are many taxonomic groups for which we lack experts. State of the science of taxonomy in Australia: results of the 2016 Survey of Taxonomic Capacity / 5 Introduction The Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS) is a program of the Australian Department of the Environment and Energy that has been running continuously for over 40 years. The ABRS commenced in 1973 under an Interim Council, before being established in 1978 as an entity (Free and Ride 1978). One of the reasons for establishing a body for the specific task of acquiring and facilitating knowledge on taxonomy of Australian species was recognition that “[the] need for rapid acquisition and organisation of biological data has also become apparent through pressing requirements of new conservation programs and environmental assessments” (Free and Ride 1978). This is still true today it remains one of the most important functions of the work of the ABRS. Other core activities of the ABRS include supporting research via the National Taxonomy Research Grant Programme (NTRGP) and providing travel grants to students, facilitating capacity-building and training in the field, and producing publications and identification tools (e.g. web-accessible databases, online resources, monographs, taxonomic revisions, checklists, dichotomous keys etc.). The ABRS sought to evaluate, using surveys, the workforce of taxonomists and systematists in Australia at several intervals: first in 1975, then 1991, 2003 and 2016. The longitudinal series of data produced from these surveys provides a valuable insight into the state of taxonomy for Australia. The purpose of the original survey was to determine the nature and extent of State and Commonwealth programs for taxonomic and systematics research and collections, in order for the ABRS to effectively support such work (Ride and McCusker 1978). This was the philosophy for commissioning surveys in 1991 and 2003; and the 2016 survey has the added benefit of providing information relevant for the Decadal Plan for Biosystematics and Taxonomy in Australasia. Surveys commissioned by the ABRS can be compared with similar surveys conducted in New Zealand (Nelson, et al. 2015) and Canada (Council of Canadian Academies 2010). The aim of this research was to gauge the current state of the science of taxonomy in Australia, compared over time, to better understand the requirements of and limitations for Australian taxonomists. 6 / State of the science of taxonomy in Australia: results of the 2016 Survey of Taxonomic Capacity Methods Survey design We constructed and disseminated the survey using
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