La Crisi E I Conflitti Dei Paesi Dell'africa Saheliana. La Priorità Per Un'eventuale Azione Nazionale Ed Europea

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La Crisi E I Conflitti Dei Paesi Dell'africa Saheliana. La Priorità Per Un'eventuale Azione Nazionale Ed Europea CENTRO ALTI STUDI CENTRO MILITARE PER LA DIFESA DI STUDI STRATEGICI Marco Massoni La crisi e i conflitti dei Paesi dell’Africa Saheliana. La priorità per un’eventuale azione nazionale ed europea (Codice SMD AL-SA-10 Il Centro Militare di Studi Strategici (Ce.Mi.S.S.) è un organismo istituito nel 1987 che gestisce, nell’ambito e per conto della Difesa, la ricerca su temi di carattere strategico. Tale attività permette di accedere, valorizzandoli, a strumenti di conoscenza ed a metodologie di analisi indispensabili per dominare la complessità degli attuali scenari e necessari per il raggiungimento degli obiettivi che le Forze Armate, e più in generale la collettività nazionale, si pongono in tema di sicurezza e difesa. La mission del Centro, infatti, nasce dalla ineludibile necessità del Ministero della Difesa di svolgere un ruolo di soggetto attivo all’interno del mondo della cultura e della conoscenza scientifica interagendo efficacemente con tale realtà, contribuendo quindi a plasmare un contesto culturale favorevole, agevolando la conoscenza e la comprensione delle problematiche di difesa e sicurezza, sia presso il vasto pubblico che verso opinion leader di riferimento. Più in dettaglio, il Centro: ● effettua studi e ricerche di carattere strategico politico-militare; ● sviluppa la collaborazione tra le Forze Armate e le Università, centri di ricerca italiani, stranieri ed Amministrazioni Pubbliche; ● forma ricercatori scientifici militari; ● promuove la specializzazione dei giovani nel settore della ricerca; ● pubblica e diffonde gli studi di maggiore interesse. Le attività di studio e di ricerca sono prioritariamente orientate al soddisfacimento delle esigenze conoscitive e decisionali dei Vertici istituzionali della Difesa, riferendosi principalmente a situazioni il cui sviluppo può determinare significative conseguenze anche nella sfera della sicurezza e difesa. Il Ce.Mi.S.S. svolge la propria opera avvalendosi di esperti civili e militari, italiani e stranieri, che sono lasciati liberi di esprimere il proprio pensiero sugli argomenti trattati. CENTRO ALTI STUDI CENTRO MILITARE PER LA DIFESA DI STUDI STRATEGICI Marco Massoni La crisi e i conflitti dei Paesi dell’Africa Saheliana. La priorità per un’eventuale azione nazionale ed europea (Codice SMD AL-SA-10 La crisi e i conflitti dei Paesi dell’Africa Saheliana. La priorità per un’eventuale azione nazionale ed europea NOTA DI SALVAGUARDIA Quanto contenuto in questo volume riflette esclusivamente il pensiero dell’autore, e non quello del Ministero della Difesa né delle eventuali Istituzioni militari e/o civili alle quali l’autore stesso appartiene. NOTE Le analisi sono sviluppate utilizzando informazioni disponibili su fonti aperte. Questo volume è stato curato dal Centro Militare di Studi Strategici Direttore Amm. Div. Mario Caruso Vice Direttore - Capo Dipartimento Relazioni Internazionali Col. A.A.r.n.n. Pil. (AM) Marco Francesco D’Asta Progetto grafico Massimo Bilotta - Roberto Bagnato Autore Angelo Socal Stampato dalla tipografia del Centro Alti Studi per la Difesa Centro Militare di Studi Strategici Dipartimento Relazioni Internazionali Palazzo Salviati Piazza della Rovere, 83 - 00165 – Roma tel. 06 4691 3205 - fax 06 6879779 e-mail [email protected] Chiusa a novembre 2016 ISBN 978-88-99468-58-3 INDICE SOMMARIO ........................................................................................................................................ 7 ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................................... 11 CAPITOLO 1 ..................................................................................................................................... 15 L’Africa Occidentale quale hub dei traffici illeciti verso l’Europa ......................................... 17 La polarizzazione della conflittualità lungo il 16°Parallelo Nord .......................................... 20 CAPITOLO 2 ..................................................................................................................................... 25 I principali Movimenti Associati ad Al Qaida (MAAQ) e al Daesh nel Sahel e in Africa Occidentale .................................................................................................................................. 25 o Al Qaida nel Maghreb Islamico (AQMI) .............................................................................. 26 o Al-Mourabitun ......................................................................................................................... 27 o Movimento per l’Unicità e il Jihad in Africa Occidentale (MUJAO) ................................ 27 o Ansardine ................................................................................................................................ 28 o Boko Haram e l’Avanguardia per l’Aiuto dei Musulmani in Africa Nera (ANSARU) .... 28 o Fronte di Liberazione di Macina (FLM) ............................................................................... 29 o Daesh o Al Qaida? ................................................................................................................. 30 CAPITOLO 3 ..................................................................................................................................... 32 Iniziative regionali ....................................................................................................................... 32 o Il Processo di Tamanrasset: ................................................................................................. 32 o Il G5 Sahel .............................................................................................................................. 33 CAPITOLO 4 ..................................................................................................................................... 37 Le Nazioni Unite e il Sahel ........................................................................................................ 37 o L’Inviato Speciale per il Sahel del Segretario Generale delle Nazioni Unite ................ 37 o La Strategia Integrata Regionale dell’ONU per il Sahel .................................................. 38 CAPITOLO 5 ..................................................................................................................................... 41 La crisi del Mali ........................................................................................................................... 41 o Il Colpo di Stato in Mali e l’irredentismo Tamashek dell’Azawad ................................... 42 o L’Azawad e i Tuareg .............................................................................................................. 42 o L’intervento internazionale: AFISMA, Servalo e Barkhane ............................................. 43 o La Missione Multidimensionale Integrata di Stabilizzazione delle Nazioni Unite in Mali (MINUSMA) ............................................................................................................................. 44 o Le conseguenze regionali e continentali della crisi maliana ........................................... 46 CAPITOLO 6 ..................................................................................................................................... 50 Gli orientamenti dell’Italia nella gestione delle crisi in Africa e nel Sahel .......................... 50 Un nuovo concetto strategico dell’Italia per l’Africa e il Sahel ............................................. 50 CAPITOLO 7 ..................................................................................................................................... 54 L’Unione Europea e il Sahel ..................................................................................................... 54 o La Strategia per la Sicurezza e lo Sviluppo nel Sahel dell’Unione Europea ................ 54 o Il Piano d’Azione Regionale dell’Unione Europea per il Sahel (2015-2020) ................ 56 5 o Il Processo di Khartoum ........................................................................................................ 57 o Forme di finanziamento della Strategia e del Piano d’Azione UE ................................. 59 o Le missioni europee nel Sahel nell’ambito della Politica di Sicurezza e di Difesa Comune (PSDC) .................................................................................................................... 61 . EUCAP SAHEL Niger ....................................................................................................... 61 . EUCAP SAHEL MALI ....................................................................................................... 62 . EUTM MALI ........................................................................................................................ 63 o Il Rappresentante Speciale dell’UE per il Sahel (RSUE) ................................................ 63 o Il Gruppo di Contatto per il Sahel (Piattaforma Bamako) ................................................ 64 o L’evoluzione dei rapporti dell’Unione Europea con Burkina Faso, Ciad, Mauritania e Niger ......................................................................................................................................... 65 . Burkina Faso ...................................................................................................................... 65 . Ciad ....................................................................................................................................
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