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Les Droits Culturels Au Maghreb Et En Egypte; 2010

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Les Droits Culturels Au Maghreb Et En Egypte; 2010 Droits culturels Les droits culturels sont une composante essentielle de tout projet de société démocratique, mais bien qu’ils soient consacrés dans la Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme de 1948 et dans le Pacte international relatif aux droits économiques, sociaux et culturels de 1966, ils souffrent encore d’une certaine marginalisation. Droits culturels Le Réseau arabe UNESCO-ISESCO de recherche-action sur les droits économiques, sociaux et culturels (ARADESC), qui réunit des ONG de droits humains, des institutions nationales, des universités, des chaires UNESCO et des départements gouvernementaux de l’Algérie, de l’Égypte, de la Libye, du Maroc, de la Mauritanie et de la Tunisie, a pris l’initiative d’organiser une première série d’observations sur la situation des droits culturels dans la région. Droits culturels Cet ouvrage regroupe les six études qui ont été menées dans les pays du Maghreb et en Égypte, et propose un premier état des lieux de la situation des droits culturels, avec des regards croisés qui offrent des perspectives différentes. Cet étonnant partage d’expériences a permis d’élaborer une grille régionale d’observations contrastées des droits culturels qui constitue en conséquence un outil unique. Droits culturels Édité par Souria Saad-Zoy (Bureau de l’UNESCO pour le Maghreb) et Johanne Bouchard (Observatoire de la diversité et des droits culturels, Université de Fribourg), l’ouvrage rassemble les recherches et les analyses auxquelles ont contribué : Droits culturels Algérie : Abdelhafid Hamdi-Chérif (co-auteur) ; Mourad Kahloula (co-auteur) ; Dalila Zennaki. Égypte : Sameh Fawzy Henien (auteur). Libye : Omelez Ali Saad El-Farsi (auteur) ; Azza Kamel Maghur (regard croisé) ; Faïza Younis Al Bacha. Droits culturels Maroc : Ali Karimi (auteur) ; Fouzia Rhissassi ; Mohammed Zerouali. Mauritanie : Abdoulaye Sow (auteur). Tunisie : Moncef Ouannes (auteur) ; Khadija Ben Mahmoud Chérif (regard croisé). Droits culturels au Maghreb et en Égypte au Maghreb et en Égypte 1re série d’observations Secteur des sciences sociales et humaines Organisation des Nations Unies Bureau multipays de pour l’éducation, la science et la culture l’UNESCO à Rabat 9 789232 041777 LES DROITS CULTURELS AU MAGHREB ET EN ÉGYPTE Publié sous la direction de Souria Saad-Zoy et Johanne Bouchard Algérie : Abdelhafid Hamdi-Chérif et Mourad Kahloula, avec la contribution de Dalila Zennaki Égypte : Sameh Fawzy Henien Libye : Omelez Ali Saad El-Farsi Azza Kamel Maghur (Regard croisé) Maroc : Ali Karimi Mauritanie : Abdoulaye Sow Tunisie : Moncef Ouannes Khadija Ben Mahmoud Chérif (Regard croisé) Avec les contributions de Patrice Meyer-Bisch, El Habib Belkouch, Faïza Younis Al Bacha, Fouzia Rhissassi et Mohammed Zerouali Publié en 2010 par l’Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’éducation, la science et la culture Bureau multipays de l’UNESCO à Rabat Secteur Sciences sociales et humaines 35, Avenue du 16 novembre (B.P. 1777) Agdal, Rabat Maroc Site Internet : http://rabat.unesco.org/shs Sous la direction de Souria Saad-Zoy, Spécialiste de programme Sciences sociales et humaines de l’UNESCO à Rabat Johanne Bouchard, Observatoire de la diversité et des droits culturels de l’Université de Fribourg Avec la collaboration de Nora Etxaniz, Inés Echave-Sustaeta, Hajer Chehbi Habchi, Driss Najim © UNESCO 2010 Tous droits réservés ISBN 978-92-3-204177-7 Les désignations employées dans cette publication et la présentation des données qui y figurent n’impliquent de la part de l’UNESCO aucune prise de position quant au statut juridique des pays, territoires, villes ou zones, ou leurs autorités, ni quant au tracé de leurs frontières ou limites. Les idées et les opinions exprimées dans cette publication sont celles des auteurs ; elles ne reflètent pas nécessairement les points de vue de l’UNESCO et n’engagent en aucune façon l’Organisation. Révision : Isabelle Hannebicque Mise en page : Ouafae Kharbouch Impression : Imprimerie Lawne (Rabat) Imprimé au Maroc Table des matières Préface .......................................................................................................... 5 Introduction ................................................................................................. 7 Évolution des droits culturels au niveau international .................................. 9 Observation des contrastes. Méthodologie d’une recherche ................... 21 Études : Algérie : Abdelhafid Hamdi-Chérif et Mourad Kahloula avec la contribution de Dalila Zennaki..................... 37 Égypte : Sameh Fawzy Henien............................................... 61 Libye : Omelez Ali Saad El-Farsi...................................... 129 Azza Kamel Maghur (Regard croisé)..................... 169 Maroc : Ali Karimi............................................................. 185 Mauritanie : Abdoulaye Sow....................................................... 229 Tunisie : Moncef Ouannes.................................................... 271 Khadija Ben Mahmoud Chérif (Regard croisé)...... 297 Grille régionale d’observations contrastées des droits culturels ...................... 313 Annexes : Déclaration de Fribourg sur les droits culturels (7 mai 2007) .......... 377 Déclaration de Rabat sur les droits culturels (19 décembre 2008) ..... 385 Préface Le Réseau arabe UNESCO/ISESCO de recherche-action sur les droits économiques, sociaux et culturels (ARADESC) a été lancé en mars 2006, à Rabat, Maroc. Depuis sa création, le Réseau ARADESC offre un cadre propice pour une coopération étroite entre les différents acteurs dans la recherche, l’élaboration des politiques, ainsi que dans leurs mises en œuvre. Il permet, dans les faits, que les instances gouvernementales et la société civile soient impliquées et travaillent ensemble dans toutes les étapes de la recherche-action, comblant ainsi le fossé entre la recherche et l’élaboration des politiques. Les droits culturels ont été identifiés comme la première priorité de recherche par ses vingt-six membres fondateurs, qui représentent les institutions nationales de droits humains, les universités et les centres de recherche, ainsi que les chaires UNESCO, les associations non gouvernementales de l’Algérie, de l’Égypte, de la Libye, du Maroc, de la Mauritanie et de la Tunisie. S’inspirant des résultats recueillis, les membres du réseau ont été mobilisés pour mener des actions de plaidoyer en faveur de politiques et de mesures visant à améliorer la situation des droits culturels. Par ailleurs, le réseau a favorisé des actions nationales et sous-régionales dans le domaine des droits culturels, qui sont en conformité avec les principes de l’universalité, de l’indivisibilité, de l’interdépendance et de l’interaction de tous les droits humains. Tout en présentant l’évolution des droits culturels en droit international, cet ouvrage reprend les études et les regards croisés qui ont été menés depuis deux ans en Algérie, en Égypte, en Libye, au Maroc, en Mauritanie et en Tunisie. Une grille régionale d’observations contrastées des droits culturels a également été élaborée sur la base des informations et analyses issues de la recherche. Cet outil, développé par l’Observatoire de la diversité et des droits culturels de Fribourg sur la base des normes internationales se référant aux droits culturels, offre un aperçu précis et réel de la situation des droits culturels dans ces pays. D’autre part, la Déclaration de Rabat, adoptée par le Réseau ARADESC en décembre 2008, est incluse dans cette publication. La plus-value du Réseau ARADESC réside à la fois dans la diversité et la complémentarité de ses membres, et dans la force de son champ d’action, à savoir les droits culturels. En effet, grâce à leur caractère transversal, ceux-ci ont l’avantage de nourrir la mise en œuvre aussi bien des droits économiques et sociaux que des droits civils et politiques. - - Nous tenons à remercier et à féliciter l’ensemble des partenaires ayant été impliqués directement ou indirectement dans cet important projet, ainsi que tous les auteurs pour leurs contributions et apports techniques et scientifiques. Pierre Sané Pilar Alvarez-Laso Ancien Sous-Directeur général Sous-Directrice générale pour les sciences sociales pour les sciences sociales et humaines et humaines UNESCO (2001-2010) UNESCO - - - - Introduction Les droits culturels sont une composante essentielle de tout projet de société démocratique. Ils ont été consacrés par la communauté internationale en tant que partie intégrante de l’ensemble des droits humains. Plusieurs instruments internationaux garantissent ces droits, notamment le Pacte international relatif aux droits économiques, sociaux et culturels. Il est vrai que les droits stipulés dans ce Pacte ont connu jusqu’à récemment une certaine marginalisation, aussi bien par rapport aux droits civils et politiques qu’aux droits économiques et sociaux, mais il n’en demeure pas moins qu’ils commencent à s’imposer au cœur des préoccupations majeures, et ce, grâce à l’intérêt croissant accordé au respect de la diversité culturelle. En témoigne notamment la récente création par le Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’ONU du mandat d’Expert indépendant dans le domaine des droits culturels. Cette importance se renforce face au malaise identitaire mondial qui se traduit par des actes, des comportements et des valeurs allant à l’encontre du respect de l’autre, de la mémoire des peuples, des valeurs de tolérance et de la paix. Ce malaise favorise les replis identitaires avec des pratiques ne pouvant que conforter ceux qui s’acharnent à
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