La Nazione Sahrawi: Un Popolo Errante

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

La Nazione Sahrawi: Un Popolo Errante Università degli studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia Facoltà di Scienze della Formazione Corso di laurea in Scienze dell’educazione La nazione sahrawi: un popolo errante Relatore: Prof. Gianni La Bella Tesi di Laurea di: Cinzia Terzi Anno Accademico 2012_2013 Ai miei genitori a mio fratello Giorgio al Popolo Sahrawi 2 Indice Prologo ...................................................................................................................................... 7 Introduzione ........................................................................................................................... 12 Capitolo 1. Il periodo pre-coloniale ......................................................................................... 18 1.1. Le origini ................................................................................................................................................................................. 18 1.2. Gli Almoravidi ....................................................................................................................................................................... 21 1.3. L’invasione hilaliana ........................................................................................................................................................... 25 1.4. La società tribale del Sahara occidentale ...................................................................................................................... 27 1.5. Il codice di Stato-nazione e la sua applicazione al problema del Sahara ............................................................ 34 1.6. Lo stato tradizionale marocchino ..................................................................................................................................... 39 1.7. Rapporto tra centro e periferica: la contrapposizione makhzen-siba .................................................................... 39 1.8. Le prime esplorazioni del Sahara occidentale (XII-XVII secolo) ......................................................................... 46 1.9. Viaggiatori del Sahara occidentale dal XVI al XVII secolo ................................................................................... 50 Capitolo 2. Il periodo coloniale ............................................................................................... 56 2.1. Le origini del Sahara spagnolo ......................................................................................................................................... 56 2.2. La pressione francese .......................................................................................................................................................... 57 2.3. La delimitazione delle frontiere ....................................................................................................................................... 59 2.4. L’occupazione definitiva .................................................................................................................................................... 61 2.5. La situazione del Marocco dopo l’indipendenza ........................................................................................................ 65 2.7. La trasformazione della società sahrawi in epoca coloniale ................................................................................... 70 2.8. L’affermarsi del diritto all’autodeterminazione .......................................................................................................... 75 2.9. Il progetto del “grande Marocco” .................................................................................................................................... 77 2.10. Le rivendicazioni marocchine sulla Mauritania e sull’Algeria ............................................................................ 78 2.11. Le rivendicazioni del Marocco sul Sahara occidentale .......................................................................................... 82 Capitolo 3. Genesi del nazionalismo sahrawi: nascita di una nazione ..................................... 83 3.1. Il cammino verso l’indipendenza ..................................................................................................................................... 83 3.2. Mohammed Bassiri e l’Harakat tahrir .......................................................................................................................... 85 3.3. La nascita del Fronte Polisario ......................................................................................................................................... 87 3.4. Le ambiguità algerine .......................................................................................................................................................... 91 3.5. Il progetto di autonomia interna in Sahara .................................................................................................................... 92 3.6. L’offensiva diplomatica ...................................................................................................................................................... 97 3.7. La missione dell’Onu in Sahara occidentale ................................................................................................................ 98 3.8. Le reazioni alla politica spagnola: l’opposizione marocchina ..............................................................................100 3.9. Il parere consultivo della Corte Internazionale di Giustizia dell’Aia .................................................................103 3.10. L’occupazione del Sahara: la marcia verde .............................................................................................................108 3.11. L’accordo di Madrid ........................................................................................................................................................113 3.12. L’occupazione militare del territorio..........................................................................................................................116 3.13. L’esodo dei rifugiati ........................................................................................................................................................118 3.14. La fine della presenza spagnola in Sahara occidentale .........................................................................................121 3.15. La nascita della Repubblica Araba Sahrawi Democratica...................................................................................125 3.16. Le ingerenze della Francia e la prudenza degli Stati Uniti e dell’U.R.S.S. ...................................................127 3.17. La sensibilizzazione dell’opinione pubblica internazionale ...............................................................................132 3 Capitolo 4. Dalla guerra alla pace ......................................................................................... 134 4.1. La guerra contro la Mauritania .......................................................................................................................................134 4.2. L’operazione Lamantin .....................................................................................................................................................137 4.3. Il colpo di stato in Mauritania .........................................................................................................................................138 4.4. L’accordo di Algeri ............................................................................................................................................................140 4.5. La guerra tra Fronte Polisario e Marocco ...................................................................................................................143 4.6. La strategia dei muri ..........................................................................................................................................................145 4.7. Il costo della guerra, l’economia e la politica marocchina ....................................................................................151 4.8. L’Organizzazione dell’Unità Africana .........................................................................................................................154 4.9. L’ammissione della RASD all’OUA ............................................................................................................................159 4.10. L’ONU e il movimento dei paesi non allineati .......................................................................................................161 4.11. La Lega araba e il rapporto del Marocco con Israele...........................................................................................164 4.12. L’Algeria e il Marocco tra conflitto e pacificazione .............................................................................................166 4.13. Il pragmatismo spagnolo ................................................................................................................................................174 4.14. L’Europa e il Parlamento europeo ..............................................................................................................................178 4.15. Verso il piano di pace .....................................................................................................................................................180
Recommended publications
  • War and Insurgency in the Western Sahara
    Visit our website for other free publication downloads http://www.StrategicStudiesInstitute.army.mil/ To rate this publication click here. STRATEGIC STUDIES INSTITUTE The Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) is part of the U.S. Army War College and is the strategic-level study agent for issues relat- ed to national security and military strategy with emphasis on geostrategic analysis. The mission of SSI is to use independent analysis to conduct strategic studies that develop policy recommendations on: • Strategy, planning, and policy for joint and combined employment of military forces; • Regional strategic appraisals; • The nature of land warfare; • Matters affecting the Army’s future; • The concepts, philosophy, and theory of strategy; and, • Other issues of importance to the leadership of the Army. Studies produced by civilian and military analysts concern topics having strategic implications for the Army, the Department of Defense, and the larger national security community. In addition to its studies, SSI publishes special reports on topics of special or immediate interest. These include edited proceedings of conferences and topically-oriented roundtables, expanded trip reports, and quick-reaction responses to senior Army leaders. The Institute provides a valuable analytical capability within the Army to address strategic and other issues in support of Army participation in national security policy formulation. Strategic Studies Institute and U.S. Army War College Press WAR AND INSURGENCY IN THE WESTERN SAHARA Geoffrey Jensen May 2013 The views expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, the Department of Defense, or the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Marruecos Y Su Proyección... Hacia América Latina. / Juan José Vagni
    TÍTULO MARRUECOS Y SU PROYECCIÓN HACIA AMÉRICA LATINA A PARTIR DE MOHAMED VI LA GENERACIÓN DE UN ESPACIO ALTERNATIVO DE INTERLOCUCIÓN CON ARGENTINA Y BRASIL AUTOR Juan José Vagni Esta edición electrónica ha sido realizada en 2010 Directora Ana Planet Contreras Curso Máster Universitario en Relaciones Internacionales: Mediterráneo y Mundo Árabe, Iberoamérica y Europa (2007) ISBN 978-84-693-3764-6 © Juan José Vagni © Para esta edición, la Universidad Internacional de Andalucía Universidad Internacional de Andalucía 2010 Reconocimiento-No comercial-Sin obras derivadas 2.5 España. Usted es libre de: • Copiar, distribuir y comunicar públicamente la obra. Bajo las condiciones siguientes: • Reconocimiento. Debe reconocer los créditos de la obra de la manera. especificada por el autor o el licenciador (pero no de una manera que sugiera que tiene su apoyo o apoyan el uso que hace de su obra). • No comercial. No puede utilizar esta obra para fines comerciales. • Sin obras derivadas. No se puede alterar, transformar o generar una obra derivada a partir de esta obra. • Al reutilizar o distribuir la obra, tiene que dejar bien claro los términos de la licencia de esta obra. • Alguna de estas condiciones puede no aplicarse si se obtiene el permiso del titular de los derechos de autor. • Nada en esta licencia menoscaba o restringe los derechos morales del autor. Universidad Internacional de Andalucía 2010 Universidad Internacional de Andalucía Sede Iberoamericana Santa María de La Rábida Master Universitario en Relaciones Internacionales: Mediterráneo y Mundo Árabe, Iberoamérica y Europa TESINA MARRUECOS Y SU PROYECCIÓN HACIA AMÉRICA LATINA A PARTIR DE MOHAMED VI: la generación de un espacio alternativo de interlocución con Argentina y Brasil Autor: Juan José Vagni Director: Dra.
    [Show full text]
  • Gender Mainstreaming in State-Building: a Case Study of Saharawi Refugees and Their Foreign Representatives Sonia Rossetti University of Wollongong
    University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2011 Gender mainstreaming in state-building: a case study of Saharawi refugees and their foreign representatives Sonia Rossetti University of Wollongong Recommended Citation Rossetti, Sonia, Gender mainstreaming in state-building: a case study of Saharawi refugees and their foreign representatives, Master of Arts (Research) thesis, School of History and Politics, University of Wollongong, 2011. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/3295 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact Manager Repository Services: [email protected]. Erratum by author Page 61 Senia Bachir Abderahman is not the former president of the Saharawi Women Union, but a Saharawi student at the Mount Holyoke College in Norway. Gender mainstreaming in state-building: a case study of Saharawi refugees and their foreign representatives A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Arts (Research) from UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG by Sonia Rossetti (Dott.ssa Giurisprudenza, University of Bologna Graduate Certificate in Australian Migration Law and Practice, ANU) Faculty of Arts School of History and Politics 2011 Table of Contents Table of Contents iii List of Figures vi List of Tables vi Acronyms vii Glossary vii Abstract ix Acknowledgements xiii Chapter One: Introduction to the case study and methodology 1 1.1 Outlining the approach
    [Show full text]
  • Strategic Panorama 2018
    Strategic Panorama Spanish Institute for 2018 Strategic Studies MINISTRY OF DEFENSE Strategic Panorama Spanish Institute for 2018 Strategic Studies March 2018 MINISTRY OF DEFENSE SPANISH OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS CATALOGUE http://publicacionesoficiales.boe.es/ Publishes: SECRETARÍA GENERAL TÉCNICA https://publicaciones.defensa.gob.es/ © Authors and Publisher, 2018 NIPO: 083-17-128-X (print on demand) NIPO: 083-17-127-4 (e-book edition) Publication date: october 2018 The ideas expressed in this book are the resonsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the IEEE, which sponsors its publication. The exploitation righits of this work are protected by the Spanish Intellectual Property Act. No parts of this publication may be produced, stored or transmitted in any way nor by any means, electronic, mechanical or print, including photocopies or any other means without prior, express, written consent of the © copyright holders. INDEX Page Foreword ................................................................................................................................. 9 The international Strategic Panorama 2018 ........................................................................ 9 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 13 Trump’s first year .................................................................................................................... 13 More questions than answers ..............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • November 2012 Trends December 2012 Watchlist
    112 1 December 2012 Board of Trustees Chair November 2012 Trends Thomas Pickering President and CEO Deteriorated Situations Improved Situations Louise Arbour Democratic Republic Vice-Chairs of Congo (p.2) Ayo Obe Egypt (p.11) Ghassan Salamé Executive Committee Morton Abramowitz Cheryl Carolus Maria Livanos Cattaui Unchanged Situations Yoichi Funabashi Afghanistan (p.5), Algeria (p.11), Azerbaijan (p.7), Bahrain (p.10), Bangladesh (p.5), Bosnia (p.7), Frank Giustra Burundi (p.2), Cameroon (p.2), Central African Republic (p.2), Chad (p.2), China/Japan (p.5), Mark Malloch-Brown Moisés Naím Colombia (p.9), Côte d’Ivoire (p.4), Cyprus (p.8), Ecuador (p.9), Eritrea (p.2), Ethiopia (p.2), George Soros Georgia (p.8), Guatemala (p.9), Guinea (p.4), Guinea-Bissau (p.4), Haiti (p.9), India (non- Pär Stenbäck Kashmir) (p.5), Indonesia (p.6), Iran (p.10), Iraq (p.10), Israel/Occupied Palestinian Territories (p.9), Jordan (p.11), Kashmir (p.5), Kazakhstan (p.5), Kenya (p.2), Kosovo (p.7), Kuwait (p.11), Kofi Annan Kyrgyzstan (p.5), Lebanon (p.10), Liberia (p.4), Libya (p.11), Madagascar (p.3), Mali (p.4), Nahum Barnea Samuel Berger Mauritania (p.11), Mexico (p.9), Moldova (p.8), Morocco (p.12), Myanmar (p.6), Nagorno-Karabakh Emma Bonino (Azerbaijan) (p.8), Nepal (p.6), Niger (p.4), Nigeria (p.), North Caucasus (Russia) (p.8), Northern Micheline Calmy-Rey Ireland (p.8), North Korea (p.5), Pakistan (p.6), Philippines (p.7), Rwanda (p.2), Saudi Arabia (p.11), Wesley Clark Senegal (p.4), Somalia (p.3), Somaliland (p.3), South Sudan (p.3), Sri Lanka (p.6), Sudan (p.3), Sheila Coronel Syria (p.10), Thailand (p.7), Timor-Leste (p.7), Tunisia (p.12), Turkey (p.8), Turkmenistan (p.5), Mark Eyskens Nabil Fahmy Uganda (p.3), Ukraine (p.
    [Show full text]
  • 287 Apuntes Sobre El Origen Y La Actualidad De Las Agencias De
    Perspectivas Revista de Ciencias Sociales ISSN 2525-1112 | Año 4 No. 8 Julio-Diciembre 2019, pp. 287-300 Apuntes sobre el origen y la actualidad de las agencias de noticias Commentaries about origin and present of news agencies Erick Daniel Cruz-Mendoza1 Resumen Las constantes transformaciones en la noción de agencias de noticias son el punto de partida para reflexionar acerca de su evolución y adaptabilidad de estas organizaciones ante las demandas del mercado informativo actual. Los usuarios buscan cada vez más noticias de una agenda temática particular que responda a sus necesidades y gustos. En este contexto, interesa conocer el origen de las agencias de noticias, su definición y clasificación para contrastar estos ítems con las particularidades de las agencias en la actualidad, con el propósito de reconocer a estos organismos en los sistemas informativos actuales. Palabras clave: sistema de medios, especialización informativa, periodismo 287 especializado, productores de información, corresponsales Abstract The constant transformations in the notion of news agencies are the starting point to reflect on their evolution and adaptability of these organizations to the demands of the current information market, in which users increasingly searching news from a particular thematic agenda that responds to your needs and tastes. In this context, it is interesting to know the origin of the news agencies, their definition and classification to contrast these items with the particularities of the “agencies” at present, with the purpose of recognizing these agencies in the current information systems. Recibido: 18 de julio de 2019 ~ Aceptado: 14 de noviembre de 2019 ~ Publicado: 20 de diciembre de 2019 1 Estudiante de la Maestría en Comunicación y Cultura Digital de la Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales en la Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro (México).
    [Show full text]
  • Observations and Topics to Be Included in the List of Issues
    Observations and Topics to be Included in the List of Issues On the Occasion of the Human Rights Committee’s 2016 Review of the Kingdom of Morocco’s Implementation of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Submitted on December 18, 2015 by: Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Collective of Sahrawi Human Rights Defenders Sahrawi Association of Victims of Grave Violations of Human Rights Committed by Morocco Action by Christians for the Abolition of Torture-France Bureau des Droits de l’Homme au Sahara Occidental Fondation Danielle Mitterrand/France Libertés French Association of Friendship and Solidarity with African Peoples AdalaUK AdalaUK Signatories of this Report Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights is a non-governmental organization based in Washington, D.C. Founded in 1968 as a living memorial, it strives to achieve Robert F. Kennedy’s vision of a more just and peaceful world. Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights’ core programs focus on the power of the individual, providing sustained advocacy, litigation, and capacity-building support to grassroots leaders to advance social justice movements around the globe. The Collective of Sahrawi Human Rights Defenders (CODESA) is a grassroots, non- governmental organization based in El-Aaiun/Western Sahara, whose registration has been denied by the Moroccan authorities. It’s members are former disappeared persons and political prisoners. CODESA’s objectives are: documenting the violations and attacks to human rights in the Western Sahara territories occupied by Morocco; disseminate and promote the culture of human rights principles and values; contribute to the construction of a modern civil society that believes in peace and peaceful non-violent resistance; and defending the legal and inalienable right of the Sahrawi people to self-determination, as recognized by international law.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.El Sahara Y Las Relaciones Hispano-Marroquíes
    RIPS. Revista de Investigaciones Políticas y Sociológicas ISSN: 1577-239X [email protected] Universidade de Santiago de Compostela España López García, Bernabé El Sahara y las relaciones hispano-marroquíes RIPS. Revista de Investigaciones Políticas y Sociológicas, vol. 12, núm. 2, 2013, pp. 65-85 Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, España Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=38029545008 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto RIPS, ISSN 1577-239X. ❚❙❘ Vol. 12, núm. 2, 2013, 65-85 El Sahara y las relaciones hispano-marroquíes Bernabé López García ([email protected]) UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID, ESPAÑA Resumen: Esta investigación parte de una constatación, El Sahara es un obstáculo en las rela- ciones hispano-marroquíes. Así es al menos desde 1975. El objetivo por tanto, del artículo es abordar dos cuestiones fundamentales. La primera es que aunque España y Marruecos diverjan en la visión del problema, nada impide que puedan llegar a coincidir en la misma solución: un Sahara ligado a Marruecos con un estatuto especial que asegure su autonomía. España como antiguo responsable de la región, puede ayudar a acercar a las partes. Marruecos por su responsabilidad actual sobre el territorio, puede hacerlo facilitando encontrar una solución consensuada. La segunda cuestión es que este análisis se hace desde una posición que su autor ha mantenido durante más de tres déca- das y es la creencia en que la buena solución para el problema del Sahara Occidental puede estar con Marruecos, pero en un Marruecos democrático y descentralizado, que reconozca plenamente su identidad plural.
    [Show full text]
  • Yearbook Peace Processes.Pdf
    School for a Culture of Peace 2010 Yearbook of Peace Processes Vicenç Fisas Icaria editorial 1 Publication: Icaria editorial / Escola de Cultura de Pau, UAB Printing: Romanyà Valls, SA Design: Lucas J. Wainer ISBN: Legal registry: This yearbook was written by Vicenç Fisas, Director of the UAB’s School for a Culture of Peace, in conjunction with several members of the School’s research team, including Patricia García, Josep María Royo, Núria Tomás, Jordi Urgell, Ana Villellas and María Villellas. Vicenç Fisas also holds the UNESCO Chair in Peace and Human Rights at the UAB. He holds a doctorate in Peace Studies from the University of Bradford, won the National Human Rights Award in 1988, and is the author of over thirty books on conflicts, disarmament and research into peace. Some of the works published are "Procesos de paz y negociación en conflictos armados” (“Peace Processes and Negotiation in Armed Conflicts”), “La paz es posible” (“Peace is Possible”) and “Cultura de paz y gestión de conflictos” (“Peace Culture and Conflict Management”). 2 CONTENTS Introduction: Definitions and typologies 5 Main Conclusions of the year 7 Peace processes in 2009 9 Main reasons for crises in the year’s negotiations 11 The peace temperature in 2009 12 Conflicts and peace processes in recent years 13 Common phases in negotiation processes 15 Special topic: Peace processes and the Human Development Index 16 Analyses by countries 21 Africa a) South and West Africa Mali (Tuaregs) 23 Niger (MNJ) 27 Nigeria (Niger Delta) 32 b) Horn of Africa Ethiopia-Eritrea 37 Ethiopia (Ogaden and Oromiya) 42 Somalia 46 Sudan (Darfur) 54 c) Great Lakes and Central Africa Burundi (FNL) 62 Chad 67 R.
    [Show full text]
  • IU No. FAMILY NAME First Names Country Gen Exam 04801 DEDAJ
    IU No. FAMILY NAME First Names Country Gen Exam 04801 DEDAJ Andrea Albania M 2004 12801 GJATA Klodian Albania M 2012 96401 HAXHI Artan Albania M 1996 10101 ABILA Redouane Algeria M 2010 96701 AGGUINI Tahar Algeria M 1996 08301 AISSOU Malha Algeria F 2008 10102 ALICHE Rachid Algeria M 2010 94402 AMMAR Tayeb Algeria M 1994 06701 ATBA BENATBA Ahmed Algeria M 2006 94621 AYAD Ramdane Algeria M 1994 10501 BABOU Safia Algeria F 2010 14901 BENASLA Miloud Algeria M 2014 10502 BENBOUABDELLAH Safia Algeria F 2010 10001 BENDJABALLAH Miloud Algeria M 2010 94602 BENFKHADOU Bouzid Algeria M 1994 98702 BERCHI Mourad Algeria 1998 96702 BETTINE Benamar Algeria M 1996 10103 BEZZIR Mourad Algeria M 2010 96618 BOUCHELOUCHE Samir Algeria M 1996 98802 BOUDJEHEM Abdellah Algeria 1998 08801 BOUHADDA Abderrezak Algeria M 2008 08302 CHERBAL Salah Algeria M 2008 06702 DJEBBAR Rachid Mounir Algeria M 2006 94512 DRICHE Hakim Algeria M 1994 14501 DRID Leila Algeria F 2014 10301 FARES Fouad Algeria M 2010 06901 FEHIS Mohamed Algeria M 2006 10701 GHEDOUCHI Naima Algeria F 2010 08201 HAROUN Mourad Algeria M 2008 92601 ILTACHE Abderrahmane Algeria M 1992 98801 KERKAR Omar Algeria 1998 08001 KHALEM Fella Algeria F 2008 94601 KHERCHI Toufik Algeria M 1994 96722 KIOUL Allel Algeria 1996 04701 LANASRI Said Algeria M 2004 10201 MAALEM IDRISS Mostafa Algeria M 2010 06801 NEDIF Samir Algeria M 2006 10901 NIAR Mourad Algeria M 2010 10801 OMARI Hatem Algeria M 2010 10104 OMARI Redouane Algeria M 2010 94401 OUKACHBI Abdelaziz Algeria 1994 96801 SADOUKI Mokhtar Algeria 1996 06802
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Los Angeles the Contested Legend Of
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles The Contested Legend of al-Kâhina: Prophetess or Propaganda? A thesis submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Master of Art in African Studies by Jessica Leigh Keuter 2019 © Copyright by Jessica Leigh Keuter 2019 ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS The Contested Legend of al-Kâhina: Prophetess or Propaganda? by Jessica Leigh Keuter Master of Arts in African Studies University of California, Los Angeles, 2019 Professor Ghislaine Lydon, Chair With depictions ranging from anti-Muslim resistance warrior of the seventh century to mythical priestess, al-Kâhina looms large in the historical narratives of North African Amazigh, Jewish, and Arab peoples. Despite her legendary status, al-Kâhina’s existence as a historical female figure who reigned over the Amazigh is disputed. In this paper, I highlight the long history of colonial occupation and continual resistance organizing by the Amazigh prior to al-Kâhina’s battles with the Arab invaders at the end of the seventh century. Through analysis of secondary sources, I examine how both Arab and French occupations appropriated the legend to promote their agendas. I argue that al-Kâhina’s story has been used to enforce or combat different political agendas, both historically and today. Presently in the region , al-Kâhina has been iconized and used as the “face” of Amazigh nationalist and cultural movements. ii The thesis of Jessica Leigh Keuter is approved. Katherine M. Marino William H. Worger Ghislaine E. Lydon, Committee Chair University of California, Los Angeles 2019 iii “Someday we’ll all be gone But lullabies go on and on They never die…” ~ Billy Joel iv Contents List of Figures vi List of Maps vii Introduction 1 Historical Context 7 Early Imazighen 7 Greeks/Phoenicians 9 Early Romans 9 Roman Christianization 12 Vandals/Byzantine Control 15 Arab Invasion & Islamization 16 Ottoman Conquest 17 French Colonial Rule 17 Independence 21 Discussion of the Literature 23 Norman Roth 23 "The Kâhina: Legendary Material in the Accounts of the Jewish Berber Queen” H.T.
    [Show full text]
  • New Covid Vaccination Centre Opens in Industrial Area Today Hamad Port
    1996 - 2021 SILVER JUBILEE YEAR Qatar, Al Sadd, Al Uzbekistan Duhail depart vow to for Saudi Arabia bolster trade as Al Rayyan relations head to India Business | 01 Sport | 12 MONDAY 12 APRIL 2021 30 SHA'ABAN - 1442 VOLUME 26 NUMBER 8590 www.thepeninsula.qa 2 RIYALS Amir receives message from Uzbek President New Covid vaccination centre opens in Industrial Area today THE PENINSULA — DOHA Industrial Area facility becomes the 4th specialist COVID- Qatar will open the fourth 19 vaccination centre in the country. specialist vaccination facility today as part of an expansion With more than 120 vaccination stations, the centre will of the COVID-19 vaccination campaign in the country. cater to people living and working in Industrial Area and Minister of Public Health, H surroundings. E Dr. Hanan Mohamed Al Kuwari visited the new It will work from 7am to 7pm six days a week, and will COVID-19 vaccination centre operate on a strict invite-only basis. in the Doha Industrial Area yes- terday, prior to its opening to Vaccination also continues at 27 health centres, QNCC, and the public. drive-through points at Lusail and Al Wakra. “The opening of this centre further strengthens the National COVID-19 Vacci- Commission facility and is the Emergency Medicine at HMC nation Program, adding to result of a collaboration and lead for the Vaccination more than 35 vaccination between the Ministry of Public Center Industrial Area, Dr. centres across Qatar, and will Health, Hamad Medical Cor- Khalid Abdulnoor said, “I significantly boost access to poration and Qatar Charity, would like to thank all the COVID-19 vaccines for people with support from the Ministry partners involved in the prep- living and working in the Doha of Interior, Ministry of Com- arations over the past few Amir H H Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani received a written message from President of the Republic Industrial Area and sur- merce and Industry, and weeks for their support.
    [Show full text]