Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-06803-2 — How India Became Democratic Ornit Shani Index More Information 271

Index

Abidi, A. A., 61n. 40, 131n. 38, 172n. 51, 135n. 50, 135n. 51 , 144n. 93 , 144n. 94 , 193n. 142, 197 , 206 – 7 146n. 103 , 147n. 107 , 152n. 127 , Abors (Minyong and Padam), 217 , 156n. 140 , 182 – 83 , 182n. 96 , 183n. 99 , 220n. 57 249n. 6 abuses (in voter registration), 56n. 20 , administration, 50 , 65n. 61, 67 , 144 , 157 , 76 – 78 , 106 , 106n. 93 192 , 212 – 13 , 212n. 12, 216, 219 , of the democratic system; 221n. 61 democratic, 106 central, 124 in the registration of the refugees, 78 regular, 215 Acceding States, 166 adult franchise, 4 , 4n. 13 , 13n. 35, 22 –23 , Acts and Regulations, 25 – 32 , 46 – 47 , 50 – 51 , 86 – 89 , 97 – 102, Assam Land and Revenue 102n. 73, 103n. 79, 104n. 82, 106 – 9 , (Amendment) Act, 1947, 175 – 76 113 – 15 , 133 – 34 , 134n. 45, 134n. 47, Assam Legislative Assembly Electoral see also universal adult franchise, and Rules 1936, 39 universal franchise Baroda Domicile Act, 102 adult suffrage, 2 – 4 , 2n. 3 , 3n. 10 , 23 , 91 , Bihar Legislative Assembly Electoral 97n. 39 – 98, 106n. 93, 150 , 159 , 161n. (Preparation Revision and Publication 5 , 167 , 167n. 33, 171 , 177 of Electoral Rolls) Rules, 1936, 240 assuming, 21 Central Provinces and Berar implementing, 31 Act (Refugee Registration and universal, 42 Movement), 62 adult voters, 27 , 101 , 130 , 156 Cochin Nationality and Naturalisation adults, 29 – 31 , 41 , 43 , 50 , 103 , 109 , 152 , Act, 172 209 , 243 , 252 , 254 The Government of India Act eligible, 22 1919, 212 preparing a list of all, 28 The Government of India Act 1935, Advisory Committee, 2n. 3 , 58n. 28, 161n. 2n. 5 , 3 – 4, 12 , 22 , 22n. 6 , 32n. 56, 5 , 189 , 192n. 139, 213 , 213n. 17, 42 , 55 , 127 – 28 , 137 , 146 , 182 , 212 , 219n. 52, 238 , 238n. 134 212n. 13, 212n. 18, 214 , 246 age limits, 26n. 25, 91 , 108 – 9 Indian Independence Act, 122 prescribed, 108 – 9 Negotiable Instruments Act, 27n. 29 , age of voters, 113 , 113n. 117 left to the discretion of each province Refugee Registration and Movement Act and state, 39 (of the provincial governments), 62 proof of, 25 , 39 Representation of the People Act, 1950, qualii cations used, 39 , 49n. 123 221n. 60, 233 , 245n. 156, 252n. 25 and the use of age certii cates, 39 – 41 Travancore Interim Constitution Act, 173 using an “intelligently frame” in Travancore Naturalization Act Assam, 39 1945, 173 using ‘school certii cate or a municipal Additional Secretary to the Government of certii cate of birth or horoscope as Madras, 78n. 122 , 135n. 48 , 135n. 49 , proof, 39

271

272 Index

All India Radio, 250 article 150, 178, 180 , 180n. 88 all-India, 22 , 50 , 56 , 60 , 83 , 129 , article 151, 178 , 180 142 , 157 article 167, 177 , 183 and citizenship, 73 , 125 article 172, 179n. 81 and Election Commission, 188 – 89 article 215, 181n. 93 , 222n. 63 electoral roll, 250 article 235, 144 , 146 , 146n. 102 and the integration of the princely states, article 242, 238n. 131 22 , 34 , 125 , 129 article 289, 168n. 33 , 174 , 182 – 185 , and producing an electoral roll on a 185n. 107, 185n. 108 – 186 , 188 – 190 , scale for, 22 , 34 190n. 130 – 191 , 195n. 146 project, 50 , 157 article 290, 183 , 185 , 190 and the refugee problem, 56 , 60, 83 article 291, 178 , 183 , 185 , 190 Amado, Gilberto, 196 , 197n. 151 article 306, 223 Ambedkar, B. R., 181 , 193 , 195 – 96 , article 392, 238n. 131 225– 26, 233, 235n. 117 Arunachal Pradesh, 221 , 222n. 61 and federation 124n. 12 , 127n. 22, Assam, 38n. 77 , 39 , 44 – 46 , 56n. 20, 128n. 29 67 – 72 , 72n. 94, 72n. 98, 118 – 19 , and the citizenship provisions, 129n. 31 , 212 , 215 227 Chief Electoral Ofi cer of, 220 and the constitutional provisions for citizens’ organisations in, 56n. 20 elections, 184 – 85 , 191 – 92 65n. 61, 67 , 69 , 76 , 81 and the motion on the preparation of procedure for the registration of electoral roll, 170 – 71 refugees, 68 amendments, 126n. 20, 169 – 170 , 174 – 78 , Reforms Commissioner of, 35 –36 , 176n. 67, 179 – 82 , 179n. 83, 180n. 57 , 58n. 27, 67 – 68 , 67n. 69, 69n. 84, 88 , 184n. 103 – 185 , 219 , 219n. 52, 71n. 91 , 76 – 78 , 76n. 112, 76n. 113, 225n. 76 76n. 114, 78n. 124, 80n. 130, 80n. consolidated, 225 131 , 140 , 146n. 103, 147n. 107, suggested, 191 , 194 228 – 230 , 229n. 95 American Constitution, 179, 179n. 83 Assam Bengalee Association, 56n. 20, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, 141, 181n. 68 – 69 , 68n. 79, 69n. 81, 69n. 82, 69n. 93 , 222 – 23 , 222n. 63, 222n. 64, 83 , 73n. 103 224n. 70 Assam Citizens Association Dhubri, 56n. “anna franchise”, 43 20 , 64 , 64n. 58, 65n. 62, 67n. 73, archives, 7 – 9 69n. 81, 69n. 83, 70n. 85, 76n. 110, Article (Draft Constitution), 175 – 77 , 175n. 61 , 176n. 69 article 5, 32, 40 – 54 , 55n. 12 , 57 , 59n. Assam Citizens Association Gauhati, 56n. 32 , 63 , 66 – 67 , 67n. 72, 75 – 77 , 79 , 20 , 68n. 78, 69n. 81, 71n. 91, 175, 96 , 118 , 154 , 177 , 225 – 27 , 225n. 74, 175n. 62, 176n. 69 226n. 78, 228, 231 , 245 – 48 Assam Citizens Association Mangaldai, 64, article 6, 54, 227 , 227n. 82 – 229, 229n. 64n. 59 , 64n. 61, 72 , 72n. 96, 73n. 94 – 232 , 246 – 247 102 , 76n. 110, 81n. 132, 81n. 134 article 7, 227 , 227n. 82, 229 , 229n. 94 Assam Citizens Association Nowgong, article 8, 227 , 247 71 – 72 , 71n. 91 , 71n. 92, 72n. 94, article 9, 174 , 227 81n. 132 article 10, 227 Assam Government, 36n. 66 , 44 – 45 , article 11, 227 , 233n. 109 44n. 100, 58 , 68 , 81n. 132, 96 , 96n. article 13, 175 – 76 , 176n. 66 36 , 118 – 19 , 146n. 103, 147n. 107, article 15, 179 151n. 124, 154n. 133, 228n. 88 , article 23, 176 – 77 228n. 90 article 60, 222n. 63 Assam Land and Revenue (Amendment) article 67, 154n. 135 , 167n. 33 , 168n. 40 , Act, 1947, 175 – 76 179 , 181n. 93 , 182 , 182n. 98 , 183 , Assam Refugees’ Association, 63 –64 , 184n. 102 , 222n. 63 , 223n. 65 75n. 110 article 81, 223 article 149, 167 , 167n. 33, 168n. 33, Bahawalpur State, 70 171, 182 , 182n. 98 – 183 Bakhtin, Mikhail, 87

Index 273

Balipara Frontier Tract, 212 , 212n. 12 , 213n. caste, 28n. 35, 110 – 12 , 112n. 112, 211 , 18 , 215 – 217 , 217n. 38 , 217n. 39 , 218n. 234 , 235n. 117, 238n. 131 – 240 , 45 , 220n. 52 240n. 140 , 243n. 152 Banaras District, 138 appeals, 111 Baroda Domicile Act, 102 column of (on the electoral roll), 111 , Baroda State, 93 , 101 , 102n. 68, 122n. 2, 234 , 235n. 117 141 , 149n. 115 and the electoral roll, 211 , Baster State, 131 233 – 35 , 239 – 41 Basu, M. M., 178 – 81 and identity politics, 244 Bengal, 45 , 58n. 27 – 59, 69n. 80, 70n. 88 , politics, 211 100 , 151n. 122, see also West Bengal reservation system, 235 Bengali Association Dibrugarh, 56n. 20, census, 23 , 25n. 21, 27 , 31n. 47, 36n. 67, 69n. 81 135n. 52, 182 , 182n. 98, 235n. 117, Bengali Association, Margherita, 56n. 20 237n. 129, 238n. 133, 240n. 140, Bengali refugees, 233 243n. 152 Bengali speaking Hindus from East decennial, 24 – 25 Pakistan, 72 and divorcing the preparation of the Bhadur, Maharao Sahib (of Kutch), electoral rolls from the, 25 29n. 37 and the electoral roll, 24 – 25 , 33 , 51 , 64 , Bhargava, Thakur Das, 167 , 177 204, 235 Bhopal State, 102 , 102n. 71, 133n. 44, house- to- house, 138 134n. 45, 142 , 149n. 115, 249n. 14 inaccuracies in, 24 Consititution of, 133 operation, 26 Bhuj (Kutch) state, 28 rejection of the proposal to combine Bhushan, Brij, 31n. 49 , 188 , 188n. 121, with the electoral roll, 24 – 29 193n. 142, 197 , 206 – 7 Central and Provincial legislatures, 32 , 91 , Bihar, 61 , 66 99 , 133 , 161n. 5 i rst elections, 241 Central and State legislatures, 99 , 140 Government of, Central Election Commission, 185 , 190 see Government of Bihar, Central Government, 55n. 13, 64 , 117 , house numbering in, 93 155n. 137, 169n. 40, 191 , 214 , 219 preparation of electoral rolls, 141 , 240 Central Legislature, 144 , 144n. 93, Bihar Legislative Assembly Electoral 146 , 184 (Preparation, Revision and Central Provinces and Berar Act Publication of Electoral Rolls) Rules, (Refugee Registration and 1936, 240 Movement), 62 Bombay, 92 , 101 , 101n. 63 , 103 , 103n. 79 , Central Provinces and Berar Government, 110 – 12 , 153n. 130 , 154n. 133 , 208 – 10 , 38 , 238 , 249 208n. 1 , 210n. 10 , 229n. 95 , 230n. Chief Commissioner, 134n. 47, 136 , 99 , 234 – 35 222n. 63, 229n. 95, 249n. 14 Bombay Government, 208 – 209 of Delhi, 104 , 236 , 237n. 126 Brautigan, Richard, 258 of Himachal Pradesh, 136 bureaucracy, 34 – 35 , 34n. 61 , 53 Chief Commissioner’s Provinces (8), bureaucrats, 1 , 16 , 21 – 23 , 28 , 34 – 35 , 41 , 127 , 140 – 141 , 152n. 125, 158 , 50 , 151 – 152 , 180, 252 , 255 236n. 25 Chief Draftsman, 193 , 197 , 201 Cachar District, 38n. 77 , 213n. 18 – 214 Chief Electoral Ofi cer of Assam, 220 , CAD, see Constituent Assembly 220n. 55, 221n. 58 Debates (CAD) Chief Justice of India, 144 Canada, 188 – 89 , 204 Chief Minister of Cooch Behar State, candidates, 33n. 60 , 42 , 49 , 92 , 109 – 10 , 30n. 45 , 148 155n. 137, 221 , 234 , 239 Christian Constituency, 22 contesting reserved seats for SCs and citizens, STs, 242 adult, 122 , 129 , 185n. 107 – 186 , 210n. 11 making caste appeals, 111 democratic, 210 CAS, see Constituent Assembly prospective, 74 Secretariat (CAS) registering, 63

274 Index

citizens’ associations, 56n. 20, 68 , 231 , colonial rule, 1 – 2 , 5 , 139n. 68 253 , see also citizens’ organisations colonialism, 3 , 43n. 95 citizens’ organisations, 66 , 71 , 81 – 83 , 231 , Committee for Acquiring Indian see also citizens’ associations Citizenship Jamshedpur, Bihar, 66 , 79 citizenship, 5 – 7, 52 – 60 , 56n. 20 – 58n. 27, committees and sub-committees (of the 63 – 68 , 73 –77 , 79 – 83 , 118 , 167 – 69 , Constituent Assembly of India), 173 – 75 , 183 – 85 , 224 – 33 , 225n. 74, Advisory Committee on Fundamental 225n. 75, 225n. 76, 226n. 77, 226n. Rights, Minorities and Tribal and 79 , 227n. 83, 231n. 99, 233n. 103, Excluded Areas, 161n. 5, 189 , 213 , 233n. 107, 233n. 108, 233n. 109, 213n. 17, 219n. 52, 238 , 238n. 134 224 – 32 , 244 – 47 , 251 – 53 Fundamental Rights Sub-Committee, 189 acquired, 231 Minorities Sub-Committee, 161n. 5, anticipatory, 162 184n. 103 , 189 articles on, 54n. 5 , 73 , 166 North-East Frontier (Assam) clause, 54n. 5 , 161 , 161n. 6 , 168 Tribal and Excluded Area common, 128 , 224 Sub- Committee, 213 contests in roll making, 63 – 72 Union Constitution Committee, 180, declarations for, 64 – 66, 66n. 66, 74 , 180n. 89, 180n. 90, 181n. 93, 184, 76n. 111 184n. 103, 189 , 222 demanded by citizens’ Constituent Assembly, 4n. 15 , 7 – 8 associations, 231 Constituent Assembly Debates (CAD), democratic, 53 , 73 , 80 , 89 , 98 , 105 , 254 41n. 89, 54n. 5 , 123n. 6 , 161n. 5, democratising, 73 161n. 6, 165n. 20, 165n. 21, 168n. dual (union and state), 128 34 , 169n. 40, 171n. 46, 171n. 47, securing, 64 , 82 176n. 66, 176n. 67, 181n. 94, 182n. special law conferring, 233 98 , 184n. 103, 184n. 104, 185n. 108, struggles for, 53, 68 , 80 , 82 – 85 190n. 130, 193n. 143, 195n. 147, temporal, 82 196n. 149 , 219n. 52, 221n. 57, 225n. citizenship articles, 16 , 19 , 32n. 56, 75 , 225n. 76, 226n. 80, 248 , 248n. 1, 82 , 154 , 167, 169 , 194 , 211 , 250n. 21, 255n. 29 225 – 27 , 230 – 32 Constituent Assembly of India, 7, 106 – 7 , detailed draft, 161 113 – 15 , 126 – 28 , 128n. 27, 133n. 43, i nal, 227 , 232 137 , 139 , 146n. 102, 148n. 111 – 149 , citizenship provisions, 54 , 151n. 121, 162 – 65 , 171 – 72 , 175 – 78 , 180 , 227 , 230 – 32 181n. 90, 182 – 85 , 197 – 201 , 197n. adopted, 228 154 , 203n. 172, 205n. 183, 209n. 6, anticipatory, 6 , 53 212n. 12, 212n. 13 enacting of draft, 231 committees of, 7 i nal, 225 , 227, 227n. 82 , 231 debates on the electoral rolls, 161n. 5 , citizenship rights, 53 – 54 , 63 – 66 , 70 , 73, 161n. 6 , 165n. 20 , 165n. 21 , 168n. 34 , 75 , 82 , 164 , 246 – 47 169n. 40 , 171n. 46 , 171n. 47 , 176n. 66 , civic organisations, 8, see also citizens’ 176n. 67 , 181n. 94 , 182n. 98 , 184n. organisations 103 , 184n. 104 , 185n. 108 , 190n. 130 , Cochin Nationality and Naturalisation 193n. 143 , 195n. 147 , 196n. 149 , 219n. Act, 172 52 , 221n. 57 , 225n. 75 , 225n. 76 , 226n. Cochin State, 30 , 93 , 100n. 52, 102 , 80 , 248 , 248n. 1 , 250n. 21 , 255n. 29 141 , 172 , 172n. 51, 174 , 174n. 59, decision to adopt universal 175n. 60 franchise, 129 colonial administrators, 2 – 4, 6 , 12 , Secretariat, 1 , 4 21 , 41 – 48 Constituent Assembly Secretariat (CAS), colonial practices, 25, 46 , 50 – 51 23 , 91 , 93 , 162 , 165 , 184 – 94 , 196 – 97 , administration and administrators, 21, 201, 203 – 4 , 242 , 244 41 – 44 , 47 – 48 , 212 administrative deliberations within, 53 and the concept of universal franchise direction of instructions for draft and colonial attitudes, 23 electoral roll, 23 – 24, 162 , 243

Index 275

instructions for compilation of the repeated, 80 i rst draft electoral roll (universal costs (of preparation of rolls), 130, 137 , franchise), 24 , 93 142 – 50 , 148n. 111, 155 – 56 , 157, requests of the provinces and states, 93, 170n. 45 , 186n. 110 , 187n. 116 , 189n. 162 , 203 , 241 125 , 191n. 133 Secretary, 162 , 203 estimated, 103 , 137 and shaping of the Constitution, negligible, 147 184 – 94 , 236 , 241 recovery of, 144 , 144n. 93 Constitution Drafting Committee, covenants (of Union of States), 124, 126 , 82 , 170 , 175 – 177, 180 – 181 , 189 , 126n. 18, 127n. 21, 134n. 47 191 – 193 , 225 Cover, Robert, 86 , 115 Constitution for India, 3n. 10 Cutch, 141 Constitution of India, 116 , 122 , 125 , 197n. Cuttack, 134 , 134n. 47 152 , 202n. 168, 203n. 171, 241 , 245 draft, 32 – 33 , 54 , 63, 67 , 75 – 77 , 143 – 44 , Dabeka, 72 173 – 74 , 175 – 78 , 180 – 85 , 194 – 95 Dacca, 22 making of, 196 , 203 , 205 , 244 dangers (of adult franchise), 106 –7 new, 32 – 34 , 36n. 66, 36n. 67 , 36n. 68, of introducing election ferment, 49 40n. 85 , 40n. 86, 90 – 92 , 94n. 25, 95n. of unrestricted political power, 107 29 , 97n. 39, 99 –100 , 140n. 77, 142n. decennial census, 24 – 25 89 , 148 , 159 – 62 , 165 – 67 , 181n. 93, declarations, 55 , 60– 79 , 66n. 66, 74n. 107, 183n. 99 , 240 – 41 76n. 111, 78n. 124, 81 , 96 , 117 – 19 , theories of, 171 – 72 166 – 67 , 169, 225n. 74, 227 – 28 , 230 Constitutional Adviser, 4 , 8 , 31 , 59n. for citizenship, 57 , 66 , 74 30 – 60 , 62 , 64n. 59 – 66, 161n. 6, 181n. i ling of, 71 , 81 90 , 187n. 114, 187n. 115, 193n. 142, husband’s, 118 197 – 200 , 203 – 4 , see also Rau, B. N. oral, 171 constitutional citizenship (provisions), 66 , receiving of, 57 75 , 129n. 31 , 177 for refugees’ registration as voters, 68 constitutional conversations, 178 , 180 required, 168 constitutional debates, 2, 161, 164 , requisite, 64 , 76n. 113 181 , 193 Delhi, 73n. 99 , 75 , 76n. 112, 104 , 104n. constitutional discrepancies, 137, 143 , 82 , 137 , 235 – 36 148 , 173n. 52 , 190 Delhi Municipality, 104 constitutional framework, 53 , 202 , 226 deliberations, 61 , 149 , 163 , 183 constitutional gaps, 126 , 157 administrative, 31 constitutional interpretations, 65 , 146 constitutional, 194 constitutional morality, 195 , 196n. 149 i nal constitutional, 194 constitutional position, 76 , 233, 241 – 242 informed, 23 constitutional principles, 87 , 253 Delimitation Committee, 242 constitutional promises, 16 – 17 , 254 of constituencies, 152 , 167 , 170 , 188 , constitutional provisions, 161, 164 , 194 , 242 , 256 170 – 72 , 175 , 177 – 78 , 188n. 121, democracy, 1 – 6 , 9 – 12, 14 – 15 , 89 , 107 – 8 , 194 – 95 , 210 – 11 , 225 , 238 , 253 – 54 127n. 22, 127n. 23, 191 – 92 , 244 , Cooch Behar State, 93 , 141 , 148 251 – 55 , 251n. 23, 254n. 28, 256n. 32 Coorg, 93, 141 , 181n. 93 establishment of, 5 correspondences, 29 , 83 , 113 – 16 , 130 , institutionalisation of, 251 , 254 – 255 131n. 34, 133 , 146 – 48 , 155 , 157 , 164 , largest, 1, 245 , 254 – 55 186n. 111, 187n. 117, 213 – 32 , see also meaning of the term, 5 letters parliamentary, 122 of administrators of provinces and states problems besetting Indian, 254 regarding universal franchise, 202 “pucca”, 130 , 150 conducted, 194 democratic cartography for India, 130 , 153 prolonged, 44 , 130 democratic citizenship, 5 – 7, 11 , 15 – 17 , 53 , regular, 140 73 , 80 , 89 , 98 , 105 , 164 , 254

276 Index

democratic constitution, 6 , 17 – 18 , draft articles, 32n. 56, 55 , 82n. 136, 53 , 164 154n. 135, 169 , 181 , 184, 225n. 74, democratic dialogues, 84 – 85 227 , 230 democratic dispositions, 18 , 35 , 50 , 85 i nal, 161 democratic federal order, 130 new, 190n. 130 , 192 democratic institution building, 50 original, 191 democratic nationhood, 2 draft citizenship, 52 , 54 , 66 , 160 , 227n. democratic politics, 5 83 – 228 , 231 democratic republic, 94 , 202 clauses, 161 democratic state-building processes, 6 provisions, 164 , 169 democratisation, 34 , 54 , 85 , 89 , 127n. 22, draft Constitution of India, 6, 32 – 33 , 133 , 191 , 255 53 – 54 , 62 – 63 , 66 – 67 , 75 –77 , 125n. of citizenship, 251 16 , 126n. 17, 128n. 30, 129n. 31, processes, 253 143 – 44 , 173 – 74 , 175 – 78 , 180 – 85 , spatial, 130 194 – 95 , 212 depressed classes, 112 , 238 draft electoral rolls, 36 – 40 , 46 – 47 , 57 , Devicolam Taluq Travancore, 74n. 106 , 75 – 77 , 92 – 93 , 99 , 101 , 148n. 172 , 173n. 53 111 , 152 , 153n. 130 , 156 , 162 , 193 , 206 devolution, principles of, 23n. 10 , 33 , preparation of, 36n. 66, 36n. 67 , 38n. 42n. 92 77 , 46n. 113, 89n. 16 Dhebar, U. N., 156 dual citizenship (union and state), 128 difi culties (in preparation of electoral rolls), 26 – 30 , 39 , 44 – 46 , 70n. 89 , East Bengal, 58n. 27, 65n. 61 – 66 93 – 94 , 136 , 155 , 220 , 237 East Bengal Minority Welfare Central administrative, 42 , 216 Committee, Calcutta, 57 , 65 , 177 imagined, 29 East Khandesh District Congress raised by local authorities, 72 Committee, 110 , 160 registration of woman, 42 East Pakistan, 72 , 232 , 233n. 108 directives (for enrolment), 32, 38 , 76 , East Punjab, 37, 39 – 41 , 59n. 33, 70 –71 , 80 – 82 , 90 , 158 70n. 88, 99 , 101 , 137 – 39 , 141 , detailed, 32 237 – 238 issued, 100 East Punjab Government, 40 – 41, 59n. 33, new, 62 , 140 , 142 100 , 137 – 38 , 154, 249 disciplining the new federation, 122, 130 , ECI, see Election Commission of 140 , 143 , 254 India (ECI) disenfranchisement, 31 , 47 , 70 , 104 , 185 , education (and universal franchise), 52n. 190 , 220 2 , 83n. 137, 106 , 110 , 177 , 216 – 18 displaced persons, 55 , 80 , 93 , 154 , institutions, 176 , 239 228 – 31 , 249n. 14 rights, 176 disputes, 100 , 126 – 27 , 184n. 103, 185n. Election Commission, 182 – 84, 184n. 103, 105 , 194 , 232 188 , 192n. 141, 205n. 183, 220, 223n. disqualii cations, 32 , 32n. 56, 91 – 92 , 149 , 69 , 231 – 232n. 105 , 250n. 16, 250n. 161n. 5 , 182 – 83 17 , 250n. 19, 253n. 26 , 256 District Magistrates, 22 , 55 , 62 , 66 , autonomous, 253 74 , 75n. 107, 118 , 167, 169 , 171 centralised, 190 District Ofi cers, 27 , 27n. 28, 28n. 33, interim, 190 35 , 37n. 69 , 39 , 45 – 48 , 45n. 107, and the note from the Drafting 45n. 110, 47n. 115, 58n. 25, 58n. Committee, 189 , 189n. 125 27 , 77 – 78 , 91 , 138 – 40 , 140n. 75, single central, 185 140n. 76 Election Commission of India (ECI), 4 , disturbances, 62, 97 , 118 , 166 , 230n. 99 7 – 9 , 47n. 116 , 48n. 120 , 191n. 133 , Dominion of India, 66 , 126n. 18, 127n. 205 – 6 , 210n. 10 , 220n. 53 , 220n. 54 , 21 , 142n. 89 , 246 – 47 221n. 58 , 223n. 67 , 231 – 32 , 242n. Dominion Parliament, 144 , 149 , see also 149 – 243n. 151 , 245n. 156 , 248n. 4 , Parliament 250n. 18 , 250n. 20 , 256n. 31 , 258n. 37

Index 277

First Chief Election Commissioner, 4, electoral politics, 58n. 27, 211 , 47n. 116, 206 , 242 240 , 243 – 44 Election Commissioners, 70n. 89 , 103 , 137n. electoral rolls, 1 – 7, 9 , 13 – 14 , 21 – 28 , 59 , 138n. 65 , 139n. 73 , 155n. 137 , 237 , 30 – 38 , 54 , 85 – 92 , 87n. 10, 90n. 19, 237n. 127 , 249n. 12 , 250n. 19 90n. 22, 94n. 25, 95n. 29 , 97n. 39, of East Punjab, 28n. 33 , 29 , 29n. 40, 100n. 58, 103n. 75, 103n. 76, 103n. 39n. 77, 39n. 78, 40n. 82 , 40n. 86 – 79 , 132 – 43 , 134n. 45, 134n. 47, 136n. 41n. 88, 46n. 113, 70n. 89, 76n. 112, 53 , 136n. 55, 138n. 65, 138n. 66, 137 – 39 , 235n. 115 138n. 67, 142n. 89, 144 – 49 , 144n. 93, for Hyderabad, 102 – 3 145n. 99, 147n. 106, 149n. 115, election laws, 34 , 92 , 162 , 210n. 10 230 – 37 , 238 – 43 , 248 – 54 election management bodies, 128, 143 , and citizenship, 63 – 73 150 , 188 , 191 , 207 colonial, 22 Election Ofi cers, 29 , 93 , 137n. 58 costs, 103 , 130 , 137 , 144 , 144n. 93, election provisions, 195 147 , 148n. 111, 150 , 156 – 157 , 170n. future constitutional, 12 , 172 , 177 , 185 45 , 186n. 110, 187n. 116, 189n. 125, election tribunals, 182, 184n. 103, 191n. 133 185n. 105 and domestic servant, 208 – 210 electioneering, 107 and hotel servant, 208 elections, 2 – 4 , 10 , 13 , 35n. 65 , 37n. 70 , 37n. and house numbering, 33 , 36 – 38 , 41 , 71 , 37n. 72 , 40n. 84 , 40n. 85 , 40n. 87 , 92 , 95 , 135 , 137 – 38 101 , 103n. 76 , 103n. 78 , 103n. 79 , information concerning, 239 106 – 7 , 106n. 91 , 134n. 45 , 139n. 68 , new, 22 , 99n. 44, 101n. 62, 101n. 64, 155n. 137 , 156n. 140 , 159n. 149 , 161n. 104n. 82 5 , 172 – 74 , 182n. 96 – 184 , 184n. 103 , original, 175 185n. 106 , 188 – 91 , 192 – 93 , 241 – 44 provisional, 96n. 36 , 118 conduct of, 188 , 207 and the relations between the centre and i rst, 4 – 6 , 8 – 9, 14 , 30 , 47n. 116, 53 , the states, 129 , 256 103n. 79, 138 , 148, 157 , 185 , 191n. and the “religion column”, 73, 111 – 12 , 133 , 206 , 220n. 52, 233 , 233n. 108, 111n. 110, 176 , 211 , 232 – 36 , 239 – 42 , 234 , 240n. 140 – 242 , 244, 245n. 156, 239n. 135, 241n. 144 256n. 31, 257 reprinting of, 147 , 152 free, 98 , 102 and residency, 55 , 169 , 174 , 231n. 99 fresh, 209 , 245 set a precedent for universal franchise municipal, 106 and democracy, 256 new, 187 electoral system, 31n. 51, 109, 110n. 106, in Pakistan, 29 252n. 25 planned, 102 electoral units, 32 – 33, 54 , 70 , 91 – 92 , preparation for, 99 , 143 94 , 129 provincial, 149 electorate, 3 , 3n. 9 , 4n. 13 , 12 – 13 , 30 , 33 , and P. S. Subramanian, 206 42 – 43 , 47 , 48n. 120, 155 – 56 , 234 , in the UK, 188 241 , 248n. 4 , 248n. 5 – 250 , 250n. 15, in the USA, 188 250n. 16, 250n. 18, 250n. 19, 257 , electoral colleges, 107 257n. 36 electoral democracy, 4 – 6 , 8 – 18 , 53 , 73 – 74 , enlightened, 122 80 , 83 –84 , 94 , 101, 159 , 164 – 65 , 194 , female, 43 202 , 251 – 55 , 256 joint, 102 , 111 , 161n. 5, 185n. 107, edii ce of, 244 , 251 241 , 243 form of, 257 large, 42 , 50 institutions of, 21 , 86 mass, 243 , 245 electoral institutions, 2 restricted, 22 electoral law, 13, 48 , 60 – 62 , 117 , 143, 151 , enactment of the constitution, 5, 83 , 87 , 157 , 159 , 162 , 170, 225 , 230 , 241 125 , 163 new, 91 – 93 , 117 , 156 , 162 , 241 enfranchisement, 24 , 43n. 95, 48 – 49 , pending, 138 210n. 10, 214 , 217 – 19 , 224

278 Index

enfranchising, 50 , 233 Franchise Section, 142n. 89 , 191n. 133, enlistment process, 29 , 41 , 101 193n. 142 , 197 enrolment, 4, 6 , 27 , 50 , 53 – 54 , 59 , 62 , Frankfurter, Justice Felix, 196 , 200 67 – 70 , 73 –74 , 78 , 96n. 36, 100n. 57, freedom, 29 , 175 – 76 , 214 117 – 19 , 148 – 49 movement, 39 instructions for, 54 Frontier Tracts (Sadiya, Balipara and procedures, 186 Tirap), 77n. 115, 81n. 131, 140n. 75, process, 80 212 , 214 – 16 , 218 – 21 enumeration, 26 , 28n. 36, 32 – 33 , 50 , 77n. Fundamental Rights Committee of the 118 , 81 , 82n. 134, 101 , 101n. 64, Constituent Assembly, 23 104n. 82, 112 – 13 , 156 Fundamental Rights Sub-Committee, complete, 24 161n. 5, 184n. 103 , 189 forms, 156 house to house, 30 , 33 , 38 – 39 , 92 , 97n. Gandhi, M. K., 111n. 108, 112 , 153 39 , 99 , 104n. 82 , 138 , 155 general elections, 48n. 120, 91 –94 , 99 , enumerators, 28n. 36, 37 , 40 , 69 , 77 , 101 – 3 , 108 , 145 , 221 – 23 , 221n. 61, 81n. 134, 101 , 104n. 82, 112 , 129 , 223n. 67, 240n. 140 , 256 168 , 234 – 36 Government of Bihar, 79 , 97n. 39, equality, 26 , 29 , 74 , 163n. 17 , 179 147 , 147n. 105 , 240 , 248 economic, 254 Government of Bihar and procedural, 31 , 34 , 41 , 51 , 85 , Orissa, 43 – 44 210 , 243 Government of India, 46 – 49 , 57 , ethno nationalist attitudes, 72, 73n. 99, 59n. 33 , 102n. 73, 103 , 125 , 125n. 79 , 226 13 , 125n. 16, 139 , 142 , 144 – 50 , 156 , evacuee, 55n. 13 , 59 , 65 , 80 188 , 198 , 200 – 1 , 219 expenditure (electoral rolls), 129, The Government of India Act 1919, 3n. 9, 144 – 47 , 150 , 156 , 156n. 140, 170 , 44n. 100, 212 – 13 186 , 190 The Government of India Act 1935, 2n. 5 , incurring heavy, 156 12 , 22 , 42 , 55 , 55n. 11, 127 – 28 , 198 , large, 145 212 , 246 Ezrahi, Yaron, 142n. 88, 248 , 248n. 3 Government of India Bill 1935, 43 Government of Orissa, 134 – 35, 144 , federal scheme, 122 , 127n. 22, 129 , 200 155 , 249 federal state, 142 , 252 , 254 Government of the Central Provinces federal structure, 122 , 254 , 268 and Berar, 35 , 38 , 77 , 237 – 38 , 249 democratic, 19 , 129 Government of Travancore, 30 – 31, 67n. emerging, 129 68 , 72n. 98 , 172 – 74 , 185 forming, 132 Government of West Bengal, 37 – 38, 40 , new, 7 , 19 , 117 , 153 62 – 63 , 66 – 67 , 74– 75 , 77 , 96 , 118 , federalism, 122 146 , 151 , 178 federation, 19 , 116 , 122 – 23 , 125 , Governor of Assam, 212 127 – 30 , 133 , 136 , 140 , 142 – 143 , Governor’s Provinces (9), 140 148 , 156 – 57 , 159 , 191 , 198 Federation of India, see Indian federation Harijans, 111n. 109 , 139 , 237 , 240 female voters, 39 , 45n. 110, 46n. 113, health (access to), 216 – 17 245n. 156 Himachal Pradesh, 136, 141 , 150 Fifth Schedule (of the draft Hindus, 22 , 58n. 27, 72 , 73n. 99, constitution), 181 – 82 226 , 227n. 81, 232 , 234 – 37 , 240 First World War, 3 , 60 Hirschkop, Ken, 87 , 116 l oods, 39 , 138, 139n. 72 , 141 Hkamtis, 218 , 218n. 45 footpaths (dwellers), 209 – 10 Hojai, 71 – 72 Foucault, Michel, 26n. 23 home, 31 , 39 , 55n. 14, 69 , 100 , 113, framework, legal, 3 , 12 – 14 , 21 , 190 172 , 228, 231 franchise, see also universal franchise, 1 – 7 , “house census”, 138 9 , 13 , 22 , 26 , 28 , 42 , 42n. 93, 44 , house numbering, 31n. 47 , 33 , 46 , 51 , 53 , 59 , 64 , 66 – 68 , 73 , 82 , 89 , 36 – 38 , 36n. 67 , 41 , 92 , 94 – 95 , 100 – 101 , 105 , 113 , 115 – 16 135 , 137 – 38

Index 279

House of the People, 220 – 21 , 221n. 61 , 256 integration (of states), 101 , 116 – 17 , husband(s), 43 – 44 , 48 , 72 , 76 , 96 , 109, 123 – 24 , 126 – 27 , 128 – 30 , 134 , 136 , 113 , 118 , 169 142 – 43 , 156 – 57 , 224 , 254 – 55 huts, 208 , 210 , 245 Hyderabad, 16 , 53n. 4 , 78 , 102 – 3 , 102n. Jaipur Government, 26 , 29 – 30 73 , 158 – 59 , 250 Jammu and Kashmir, 158 – 59 , 223 Jat-Pat Torak Mandal (society), 234 – 35 identity, 16 , 134n. 44, 134n. 47, 137 , 157 , Jodhpur, 93 , 141 243 – 44 , 251 joint electoral roll, 7 , 22 , 26 , 31 , Iengar, H. V. R., 5n. 15, 160 , 180n. 89, 122 , 185 186 , 197 , 199, 203 – 4 Jullundur, 104 illiteracy, 42 , 42n. 92, 88 , 111n. 108 illiterate, 49, 108 , 111 , 135 Kachins tribe, 216 – 17 167, 171, 254 , 257 Kerr, Sir John, 43 illustrative form, 33 , 45 Khaund, R. R. (Reforms Commissioner of imagination, 1 – 2, 6, 11 , 15 , Assam), 57 – 58 , 67 – 68 , 76 – 78 , 18 – 20 , 23 , 26 –27 , 31 , 34 , 80n. 130, 81n. 131, 140 , 228 – 29 41 – 42 , 49 – 50 , 81n. 131, Kolhapur government, 136 , 144 84 – 85 , 87 , 89 , 94 , 115 , 142 , Krishnamachari, T. T., 193 245 , 251 , 254 Kurukhshetra, 70 immigrants, 53 , 57 , 58n. 27 , 65 – 67 income tax, 27, 43 , 126n. 20 labour unions, 113 independence, 2, 5 – 6, 11 – 12 , 15 – 18 , 23 , Lahore, 29 116 , 122 – 24 , 211 , 213 , 224 , 224n. 71, Lakhimpur, 71 252 , 255 language, 33 , 38 , 53 , 66 , 73 , 92 , 95 , 164 Indian citizens, 159 , 221, 228 , 231 common, 195 Indian citizenship, 14 , 52 , 54 , 66 , 73 , 79 , political, 79 160 , 225, 228 , 231 vernacular, 88 , 88n. 16 Indian Civil Service, 181n. 90 , 198 law, 85 – 86, 91 – 93 , 105 , 117 , 125 – 27 , Indian Constitution, 5 – 6, 114 , 149n. 127n. 21, 143 , 178 – 79 , 186 – 87 , 191n. 115 , 160 , 163 – 164 , 193n. 141, 199 , 133 , 193 , 223 , 225 – 26 , 230, 233 , 235 , 202 , 205 241 , 246 – 47 Indian Delimitation Committee, 49 common, 173 , 202 Indian federation, 127 , 142 , 156 – 57 constitutional, 122 Indian Franchise Committee, 43, evacuee property, 79 47 – 48n. 120 legacy of colonial rule, 1 Indian Independence Act, 122 Legal Remembrancer, 198 Indian States (Princely), 22 , 28 , 53n. 4 , legislation, 29 – 30 , 61 , 126 , 175 , 177 , 98 , 116 , 122 – 25 , 126 – 27 , 127n. 22, 225n. 74, 227 , 233 , 233n. 109 143 , 145 , 189 , 254 auxiliary, 79 Indian Supreme Court, 117 , 117n. legislative assemblies, 146 – 47 , 134 , 127 182 , 256 Indian Union, 7 , 59 , 73 , 75 , 111 , 118 , 124 , Legislative Councils, 44 , 149 , 178 , 256 125n. 16, 172 , 177 , 231 legislatures, 21 , 23 – 24 , 32 , 33n. 60, 56 , Indian unity, 116 , 130 , 150 , 153 , 148 – 50 , 153 , 161 – 62 , 165 – 66 , 224 , 254 170 , 172 – 74 , 177 – 78 , 182 , 184 , individual states (14), 140 , 141 , 158 184n. 103 , 185 , 185n. 105, instructions, 18, 22 – 23 , 25 , 32 , 190 , 211 – 13 41 , 50 , 54 –55 , 57 – 58 , 61 – 63 , bi- cameral, 178 66 – 68 , 73 – 77 , 77n. 115, 82 , 85 , sovereign, 24 87 , 98 , 100 , 131 , 135 – 37 , 139 – 41 , letters, 9 , 23, 32 – 34 , 45n. 83 , 87 , 91 , 110 , 143, 148 , 162 , 165 , 168 – 69 , 88n. 16, 130 – 131 , 133 , 136 , 138 , 145, 158 , 90 – 91 , 93 –95 , 139 – 40 , 171 – 72 , 162 , 207 , 229 , 235 , 239 185 , 190 – 91 , 194 , 206 – 7 , 219 , lists (of voters), 29 , 37 , 50 , 70 , 93 , 234 – 35 , 242 111 , 114 , 116 , 130 – 31 , 151 – 53 , Instrument of Accession, 117 , 123 , 156 , 237 – 38 125 , 133 literacy, 22n. 6, 28n. 35 , 43 , 45

280 Index

local governments, 40 – 41 , 63 , 76 , 81 – 83 , municipal land, 208 , 210 140 , 164 , 191 municipalities, 92 , 155n. 137 , 250 Lord Wavell, 122 , 200 Muslims, 33n. 60 , 58n. 27, 92 , 111 – 12 , Lothian Committee, 4n. 13 , 21n. 5 , 137 , 226 , 227n. 81, 232 – 35 , 236n. 42n. 92 , 48 125 , 240 Lower House(s), 91 , 99 , 107 , 144 , 146 , 148 Mysore, 28n. 34, 93 , 102 , 141 , 158 , 159n. 149 , 229n. 95 , 249 machinery (for election), 23 , 111 , 125 , 153 , 168n. 40 , 184n. 103 , 185 , 187 – 89 , Naga Hills District, 214 189n. 123 , 192 , 214 , 221 , 257 Naga Tribal Areas, 212 , 219 MacMahon Line, 215 names, 99 , 103 – 4 , 106 , 112 – 14 , 115 – 16 , Madhava, K. B., 24 – 25 , 24n. 14 , 24n. 15 137 , 151 – 52 , 153n. 130, 153n. 131, Madhya Bharat (also Madhyabharat), 141, 170 , 238, 245n. 156 149 – 150 , 249 woman’s, 41 – 49 Madras, 45 , 61 , 92 , 100 , 107 , 112 – 13 , 141 , narratives, 19, 85 – 87 , 89 , 87n. 10 , 97 , 155 , 173 , 182 – 83 , 234 – 35 , 248 , 257 113 , 115 – 16 Madras Government, 27 , 28n. 35, 29 , National Planning Committee, 24 78 , 241 National Register of Citizens, 232 Maharaja of Cochin, 102 nationalism, 3, 12 , 251 – 52 , 254 Maharaja of Mayurbhanj, 134 naturalization, 25 , 60 Maharani of Scindia, 105 Negotiable Instruments Act, 113 , 113n. 117 Mandi State, 136 Nehru Report, 3 , 3n. 10 , 6 Manipur State, 30 , 93 , 141 , 173n. 52 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 110 , 145, 166 , 166n. March instruction letter, 32, 34 – 35 , 36n. 22 , 168 , 171n. 47, 186 – 87 , 189 , 66 , 55 , 87 , 91 , 131 – 32 , 143 , 136 , 140 , 232 , 255 162 , 239 , 252 North East Frontier, 213 – 14 , 221 , 224 matriarchal system, 44 Menon, V. P., 116 , 123n. 8, 124 ofi cers, 27, 28 , 35 , 39 , 42 , 44 – 46 , 48 , mentoring administrators, 73, 83 , 202 , 253 57 , 58 , 68 , 75 , 77 – 78 , 81 , 81n. 131, merger(s) (of states), 117 , 123n. 8 – 124 , 90 , 92 – 93 , 138 – 40 , 143 – 44 , 197 , 126, 126n. 18, 128 – 29 , 134 , 134n. 44, 206 , 216 136 , 143 , 157 – 59 ofi cials, 35 , 38 – 40 , 45 , 50 , 56 , 63 , 71 , 76 , Mewar, 30 78 – 79 , 104 , 138 , 162, 189 , 236 , 253 migrants, 227 , 231 , 233 , 233n. 108 , 246 omissions, 135, 152 – 53 , 156, 211 , 242 refugees, 231 orders, 59 , 61 , 63 , 66 , 79 – 80 , 96 , 99 , 118 , migration, 62, 68 , 97 , 227n. 81, 228 , 232 , 135 – 36 , 145 , 187n. 113 , 208 246 ordinances, 79 – 80 , 227 Ministry of Defence, 139 Orissa, 61 , 131 , 134 – 35 , 141 , 144 , 241 , 249 Ministry of Home Affairs, 186 , 229 , 231 , 237 Orissa Government, 135 , 144 , 155 Ministry of Law, 186 – 88 , 191n. 133, Orissa States, 134 , 134n. 47 232 , 256 Ottoman Empire, 60 Ministry of Relief and Rehabilitation, 118 Ministry of States, 123n. 6 , 130 – 31 , Padmanabhan, K. V., 21, 197 , 203 – 6 158 – 59 , 237 Pakistan, 1, 12 – 13 , 29 , 52 , 55 , 57 , 66 , 72 , Ministry of Works, Mines and Power, 148 118 , 226 – 33 , 246 minorities, 109 , 176 , 211, 213 , 218n. Panth Piploda, 95 , 141, 181n. 93 45 , 234– 35 , 238 , 241 – 44 paper, 29 – 30 , 30n. 38 , 103 , 129 , 148 , Minorities Sub-Committee, 161n. 5 , 184n. 154 – 155 103 , 189 Parliament, 48 , 107 , 110 , 144 , 148 – 49 , Mishmis, 218 162 , 179, 185 , 223 , 232 – 33 , 240 , 247 , Mohammadan, 22 , 43 256 , see also Union Parliament motion preparation of electoral rolls, 41, Parliamentary Elections, 221, see also 87 , 142 , 165 , 169 – 170 elections Mukherjee, S. N., 164 , 178 , 180 – 81 , 182n. Part B Tribal Areas (Assam), 221 , 223 , 95 , 193 , 193n. 142 , 201 224n. 70

Index 281

partition, 1 – 2 , 6 , 16 , 18 – 20 , 51 , 53 , 112 , printing (of the electoral rolls), 129 – 30, 225 – 27 , 231 – 32 , 251 , 255 137 , 141 – 53 , 147n. 106, 155 – 56 , 165 , passage and staircase dwellers (and 169 – 71 , 228 , 240 – 41 , 249 – 50 enrolment), 209 – 10 , 254 problem (with preparation of electoral Patiala and East Punjab States Union rolls), 45 – 46 , 56 , 59 , 93 , 95 , 97 , 104 , (PEPSU), 102, 141 , 242 , 250 106, 146 , 156 – 57 , 169, 171 , 185 , 190 , Patna State, 27 , 131 198 , 200 , 237 – 38 Peermade Taluqs Travancore, 172 – 74 administrative, 26 – 29 , 130 , 157 personalisation of the universal anticipated, 177 franchise, 85 – 86 envisaged, 30 political imagination, 23 , 26 – 27 , 31 , 34 , general, 21 84 , 87 , 142 , 248 , 255 insuperable, 25 political ofi cers (on the Frontier practical, 252 Tracts), 216 redressing, 76 , 83 political organisations, 56n. 20 , 87 , 89 solving, 29 , 83 political parties, 42n. 92, 155n. 137 , 244 procedural equality, 5 , 31 , 34 , 41 , 51 , 85 , political power, 107 , 110 , 251 210 , 243 political representation, 216, 219 , 243 – 44 progress (in the preparation of electoral polling day, 257 rolls), 27 , 34 , 38 , 93 – 95 , 99 –101 , 111, polling stations, 151 , 154n. 135 117 , 135, 138 , 140 – 41 population, 26 , 29 , 35 , 42 , 48n. 120, continual, 142 49 – 50 , 53 , 58n. 27, 106 , 123, 129 , fortnightly reports, 134 , 137 , 245 136 – 37 , 157 , 185 , 191 , 219 – 20 , 222 , reports, 141 227 , 224n. 70, 227 , 240 of work, 133 , 135 – 36 , 158 post ofi ce, 70 , 85 , 92 , 94 , 97n. 39 , propaganda, 27 , 47 , 112 , 135 99 , 114 property, 44, 79 , 175 – 76 Prasad, Rajendra, 23 – 25 , 61 – 62 , immovable, 59 65 – 66 , 106 – 9 , 186 – 89 , provinces, 26 – 29 , 31 – 32 , 35 , 37 – 38 , 199 – 200 , 250 42 – 46 , 48 – 49 , 56 , 61 – 62 , 90 , precedents, 22 , 56 , 83 , 127n. 21 , 256 93 – 95 , 98 – 99 , 101, 119 , 124 – 25 , bureaucratic colonial, 48 127 – 31 , 133 , 137 , 139 – 43 , 145– 46 , explored international, 60 148 – 51 , 153 , 156 , 157 – 58 , 169 , 181 , foundational, 50 187 – 90 , 248 – 50 new bureaucratic, 34 , 199 governments of, 239 preliminary electoral rolls, 6 , 54 , 64 , 68 , provinces and states, 26 , 29 , 62 , 90 , 93 , 95 , 78 – 79 , 102 , 118 , 129 , 141 , 152, 155 – 99 , 119, 145 , 168 56 , 158 , 162 , 164 – 65 , 227 , 238 , 240 correspondence of administrators, 204 preparation of electoral rolls, 24 – 25 , 35 , Provincial Election Commission, 182 162 , see also instructions provincial governments, 35 – 37 , 39 , 43 , 46 , under colonial framework, 49 – 50 49 , 55 – 57 , 59 , 62 , 68 , 79 – 80 , 82 , 90 , 93 , press, 57, 82 , 90 , 98 , 155 99 , 127 , 144 , 162 , 166 , 168 , 171 , 175 , announcements, 108 177 , 185 – 86 , 188 , 190 – 92 , 204 , 219 communiqués, 40 , 47 , 47n. 116, and consultation about preparing 102 , 104 electoral registers, 25 comprehensive coverage, 96 reformed, 212 Press Information Bureau, 90 publicity (preparation of electoral rolls), press notes, 79n. 125 , 80 – 82 , 87 – 91 , 95 , 27 , 40 , 47 – 48 , 69 , 76 , 88 , 90 , 93 , 100 97 , 107 , 113 , 117 – 18 , 119n. 136, Punjab, 44 , 70 , 232 , 250 , see also 234n. 110, 234n. 111 East Punjab detailed explanatory, 62 , 79 “purdahnashin” women, 39 , 69 draft, 90 , 95 – 96 key, 89 qualii cations (for franchise), 24 , 43 , 49 , Princely States, 19 , 22 , 28 , 98 , 116 , 92 , 128 , 148 – 50 , 157 , 162 , 166 , 122 – 125, 128 , 143, 157 , 254 – 255 , see 173 – 74 , 225 also Indian States (princely) detailed, 170

282 Index

qualii cations (for franchise) (cont.) reservations (for minorities), 33n. 60, 211 , electoral, 33, 38 , 91 233 , 235 , 238 , 240n. 140, 241 prescribed residency, 56 , 60 , 83 , residence (for enrolment), 40 , 57 –59 , 67 , 169 , 171 77 – 78 , 174 , 208 – 9 , 230 uniform, 22 period of, 61 , 117 place of, 32, 32n. 56, 40 , 54 , 54n. 7 , 62 , Radhakrishnan, S., 52 , 83 99 , 118 , 129 , 166 , 230n. 99 Rajasthan, 47n. 116, 141 , 238 , 238n. 133, residential qualii cation, 55 – 57 , 60 – 61 , 65 , 245n. 156 82– 83 , 93 , 117 , 148, 167 , 170 – 71 , Rao, B. Shiva, 205 , 257 225 , 230 Rau, B. N. (Rau, Sir Benegal) Rewa State, 28n. 36 (Constitutional Adviser), 31 , rights, 72 , 82 , 110 , 116 , 164 , 172 , 174 – 77 , 34 – 35 , 49n. 123 , 60 – 61 , 66 , 90 , 183 , 194 , 210 , 213 , 223 , 226 , 228 , 186 , 196 – 97 231 , 233 , 246 – 47 Reforms Commissioner of Assam, 36 , 39 , democratic, 253 – 55 57 , 68 , 76 , 78 , 80n. 131, 140 , 191 , legal, 149 228 – 29 see also Khaund, R. R. special minority group, 243 refugee camp, 59 , 70 , 77 struggles for franchise and citizenship, refugee declaration, 62 , 67 – 68 , 76 – 77 , 54 , 64 – 66 , 68 , 70 , 73, 75 81 , 96 , 96n. 36 , 169 , 171 , 225n. rolls, 152 – 55 , 155n. 137, 196, see also 74 , 230 electoral rolls Refugee Registration and Movement dominion, 149 – 50 Act (of the provincial province’s, 249 governments), 62 provisional, 48 refugees, 12 , 18 – 19 , 53 , 57 , 59 – 63 , 65 , 85 , unitary, 92 , 94 , 100 89 – 90 , 93 –97 , 115 , 117 – 19 , 167 – 71 , Rosanvallon, Pierre, 85 , 105 176, 185 , 200 , 205 , 211 , 225 , 227 , rupee franchise, 43 230 – 33 , 245 , 252n. 25, 254 registration of voters, 25 , 30 , 35 , 39 – 41 , Sadiya Frontier Tract, 212n. 12, 215 – 18 , 45n. 109, 47n. 116, 63 – 65 , 69 – 71 , 216n. 33 76 – 80 , 83 –85 , 93 – 95 , 138n. 66, 139n. safeguard (for minorities), 11, 64 , 65n. 61, 73 , 169 – 70 , 185 – 86 , 229 – 30 100 , 105 , 125n. 16, 176 , 185 , 202 , and the CAS guidelines, 41 218n. 45 , 241 and the confusion with the political, 238 explanation to article 5 of the draft reservation for caste and religious constitution on citizenship, 62 – 63, 75 , minorities, 211 96 , 230 Saurashtra, 102 , 106 , 127n. 21, 131 , 141, and forms, 28 , 28n. 33, 33 , 35 , 41 , 43 154 , 156 – 57 , 249 and the link to citizenship, 60 scheduled castes, 33n. 60 , 49 , 92 , 135 , and the partition refugees, 53 – 56 , 60 – 62 137, 234 , 237 – 39 , 242 , 242n. 147 practice for homeless persons, 210n. 10 scheduled tribes, 33n. 60 , 92 , 135 , 234 – 35 , and the proposal for relaxing the 237 – 39 , 242 prescribed period of residential Scott, James C., 25 qualii cation for refugee, 61n. SCs, see scheduled castes 43 , 61 – 62 seats (in legislatures), 2, 22 , 33 , 49 , 92 , and the qualii cations for being a 110 , 211 , 212 , 218 – 23 , 234 – 35 , voter, 32 – 33 239 – 40 , 244 , 258n. 37 Report on the Principles of the Union allocation of, 240 , 240n. 141 , 256 Constitution, 54n. 5 , 161 extra, 220 representation, 212 – 13 , 215 – 20 , parliamentary, 257 222 – 23 , 242 – 43 reservation of, 33n. 60, 92 , 234 , 236 , and colonial 2 – 3, 33 , 212 236n. 125, 238 , 242 , 244 structure of claims for, 244 “seats for women”, 22 Representation of the People Act 1950, Secretariat, 1, 4 , 4n. 15 , 7 – 9, 19 , 23 – 25 , 230n. 99 , 233 31 , 34 , 53 , 56 , 62 , 73 – 74 , 79, 83 ,

Index 283

87 – 89 , 91 , 93 , 95 – 98 , 100 , 96n. 36 , Travancore Interim Constitution Act, 173 108 , 114 – 15 , 117 – 19 , 129 , 131 , 154 , Travancore Naturalization Act 1945, 173 162 , 165 , 171 , 179 , 185, 187 , 189 , Travancore State, 31 , 172 194 , 196 – 98 , 201 – 4 , 222, 242 , 244 , Travancore subjects, 67n. 68 , 72n. 98, 252 – 53 , 255 – 56 , see also Constituent 173 , 186 Assembly Secretariat (CAS) Travancore-Cochin Government, 250 serialised epic, 9 , 253 tribal areas, 212, 214 – 15 , 218n. 47, Servants of Bengal Society, 66 219 – 20 , 219n. 52, 220n. 53 Seshadri, M., 102 – 3 tribes, 49 , 176 , 176n. 66, 214 – 18 , 214n. Shah, K. T., 23 – 24 , 24n. 14 23 , 218n. 43, 218n. 45, 218n. 47, 220 , Shulman, David, 1 , 20 221 , 238n. 131, 238n. 133, 238 – 39 , Sikhs, 240n. 140 problems in registration, 73n. 99, Tripura, 141 , 173 139 , 234 – 38 Sixth Schedule (draft constitution), 212 , US Supreme Court, 179 216 , 219 – 21 , 224 Union Constitution Committee, 180, sovereignty, 50 , 117 , 123 , 125 – 26 , 128 , 180n. 89, 180n. 90, 181n. 93, 184 , 142, 251 184n. 103, 189 , 222 dominion’s, 128 Union of India, 147 , 173 , 212n. 12 , 223 enjoyed internal, 126 Union of Matsya, 131 new, 142 Union Parliament, 162 , 223 State Legislature, 32 , 93 – 94 , 99 , 133 – 34 , Unions of States, 106 , 124 , 126 , 140 – 141, 149n. 115, 150 , 153 , 161 , 140 – 41 , 143 172 – 74 , 178 United Provinces (UP), 27 , 45 – 46 , 49 , 93 , States (Princely), 1, 154 – 59 , 168 – 69 , 172 , 138 – 39 , 141 , 250 178 – 79 , 181 – 82 , 184, 186 , 189 , 194 , United States of Vindhya Pradesh, 126n. 197 , 207 18 , 131 independent, 126 universal adult franchise, 1 , 21 , 161 , 161n. integrated, 237 – 38 5 , 198 , 215, 243 , 252 , see also adult member, 26 franchise , and universal franchise merging, 143 , 148 – 51 , 190 , 223 anticipated, 105 minor, 131 , see also Indian States implementing, 31 (Princely) universal franchise, 1 – 9 , 11 – 23 , 25 – 27 , 29 , STs, see scheduled tribes 33 – 35 , 41 , 50 – 52 , 56 , 73 – 74 , 83 – 87 , Subramanian, P. S., 180n. 90 , 191n. 133, 89 , 94 , 97 , 106 , 108 , 115 – 16 , 129 – 30 , 193n. 142, 197 , 205 – 6 133 , 142 , 152 , 155 , 157 , 160 , 162 , Sukumar Sen, 206 164 , 172 , 185 , 190 , 194 , 197 , 199 – 200 , supplementary list (of voters), 151 –53 202 – 3 , 210 – 11 , 219 , 223 , 227 , 241 , Surguja State, 28 , 131 243 – 45 , 251 and the practical implications within the Tahsildars, 28n. 36 , 93 –94 bureaucracy, 34 territories, 1, 54 , 57 , 116 , 122 , 126 , universal suffrage, 18 , 42 , 107, see also 126n. 18, 129 , 153 , 157 , 159, 211 , universal franchise 222 – 26 , 228 untouchables, 257 – 58 dei ning India’s, 224 forming, 130 vagrants, 208 , 210 , 245 , 254 integrated, 125 voter(s), 1 – 2, 5 – 6, 8 , 17 – 19 , 22 – 23 , 25 – 27 , new, 73 29 – 33 , 35 , 37 – 39 , 41 – 43 , 46 – 47 , present Indian, 67 49 – 57 , 59 – 60 , 62 – 65 , 67 – 68 , 70 , subcontinent’s, 122 74 – 75 , 77 , 79 , 85 , 89 , 91 – 95 , 99 –102 , unii ed, 98 , 103 , 116 105 – 14 , 116 , 128 – 30 , 135 – 37 , 148 , Tinsukia Bengali Association, 56n. 20 , 71 153 – 56 , 159 , 167 , 169 – 74 , 232 – 36 , Tirap Frontier Tract, 212 , 216 240 – 43 , 245 , 248 – 52 , 257 Travancore Government, 30 – 31 , 67n. 68, voting, 34 , 65 , 109 , 137 , 172 – 74 , 233 , 72n. 98, 172 – 74 , 185 245n. 156 , 251

284 Index

voting (cont.) 141 , 146 , 151 , 153n. 131, areas, 110 154 , 178 , 228 , 238 – 39 , direct, 102 248 , 256 electoral, 85 Western democracies, 251 papers, 49 women, rights, 5 , 57 , 66 , 175 – 77 , 210 , 233 , disenfranchising of, 43, 47 , 104 233n. 108 , 253 electors, 46 , 135 voting day, 257 enrolment of, 41 , 45 , 48 , 104 “purdahnashin”, 39 Walker, G. E. D., 216 refugees, 169 West Bengal, 37 – 38 , 40 , 53 , 57 , 59 , 62 – 63 , seats for, 22 66 – 67 , 69 , 73 – 75 , 77 , 79 , 96 , 99 , 118 , voters, 44 , 47n. 116, 245n. 156, 257