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Journal of Threatened Taxa Building evidence for conservaton globally www.threatenedtaxa.org ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Communication Colour aberration in Indian mammals: a review from 1886 to 2017

Anil Mahabal, Radheshyam Murlidhar Sharma, Rajgopal Narsinha Patl & Shrikant Jadhav

26 April 2019 | Vol. 11 | No. 6 | Pages: 13690–13719 DOI: 10.11609/jot.3843.11.6.13690-13719

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Threatened Taxa Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2019 | 11(6): 13690–13719

Colour aberration in Indian mammals:

Communication a review from 1886 to 2017

ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) Anil Mahabal 1 , Radheshyam Murlidhar Sharma 2 , Rajgopal Narsinha Patl 3 & ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Shrikant Jadhav 4 PLATINUM OPEN ACCESS 1 1935, Sadashiv Peth, Pune, 411030, . 2 E-7 Srusht, New DP Road, Kothrud, Pune, Maharashtra 411038, India. 3 B-55, Woodland Apt, Gandhi Bhavan Road, Kothrud, Pune, Maharashtra 411038, India. 4 Zoological Survey of India, Western Regional Centre, 29 Vidya Nagar, Sector No. 29, PCNT Post, Rawet Road, Akurdi, Pune, Maharashtra 411044, India. 1 [email protected] (corresponding author), 2 [email protected], 3 [email protected], 4 [email protected]

Abstract: The phenomena of colour aberraton (albinism, leucism, piebaldism, melanism, hypomelanism, and blue-eyed colour morph) is reported in various mammalian species throughout the world including India. A total of 239 such instances in Indian mammals was tabulated in this study along with maps showing locatons of the records. The records from 1886 to 2017 (tll July) were gathered from published scientfc literature, magazines, and images uploaded on various websites. The records were reviewed along with their order- wise and family-wise representaton and were analyzed. Appropriate identfcaton of colour aberraton was atempted on the basis of any presented evidence. Altogether, 56 (out of 421) mammalian species belonging to eight orders and 19 families were reported to exhibit various types of colour aberratons, amountng to 13.3% of the total mammalian species found in India. Of these, albinos consttuted 21.8%, leucistc 14.2%, piebald 5.4%, melanistc 25.5%, hypomelanistc 18.4%, and blue-eyed white morph 1.3%; the remaining 13.4% was undetermined. The study highlights 1) the absence of records of colour aberratons in the largest mammal family Vespertlionidae, which contrasts with studies elsewhere, 2) the persistent occurrence of albinos in Spoted and Blackbucks in , 3) the high number of melanistc in India over the years and recent instances of melanistc Asian Golden Cats in , 4) regular records of hypomelanism in of the southern except in the last few years. Overall, a need for further studies in colour aberraton in mammals is urged.

Keywords: Albinism, blue-eyed colour morph, chromatc disorders, hypomelanism, leucism, mammals, melanism, piebaldism.

DOI: htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.3843.11.6.13690-13719

Editor: L.A.K. Singh, Bhubaneswar, , India. Date of publicaton: 26 April 2019 (online & print)

Manuscript details: #3843 | Received 03 October 2017 | Final received 06 April 2019 | Finally accepted 08 April 2019

Citaton: Mahabal, A., R.M. Sharma, R.N. Patl & S. Jadhav (2019). Colour aberraton in Indian mammals: a review from 1886 to 2017. Journal of Threatened Taxa 11(6): 13690–13719. htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.3843.11.6.13690-13719

Copyright: © Mahabal et al. 2019. Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of this artcle in any medium by adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton.

Funding: None.

Competng interests: The authors declare no competng interests.

For Author details and Marathi abstract, see end of this artcle.

Author contributon: AM conceptualised the review. AM, RS, SJ and RP collected the literature, data, compiled and wrote the paper. RP created the fgures and maps.

Acknowledgements: The authors are thankful to Dr. Kailash Chandra, Director, and Dr. S. S. Talmale, Scientst, Zoological Survey of India, for their support of this study. We would also like to express our grattude to Dr. Hein van Grouw, Dr. Amit Sayyed, Sanjay Thakur, Ajit Joshi, Sudhir Kulkarni and Dr. S. Sathyakumar for their help in procuring some references and for photos for this study. We duly acknowledge the sources used for generatng maps - Google, Gisrael, ORION-ME and ZENRIN.

13690 Colour aberraton In Indian mammals Mahabal et al.

INTRODUCTION identfcaton key to name the colour aberratons in birds. Although identfying colour mutatons in the feld The characteristc skin in mammals is clothed with can be extremely difcult, this key makes it possible to fur or hair and its concealment may be efected by name many mutatons correctly. The mammals await the colour and patern of the coat. The colouraton such imminently usable identfcaton key. in animals is a functon of selectve pressures that Abreu et al. (2013) and Lucat & Lopez-Baucells (2016) can be divided into three categories: concealment, atempted to classify the aberratons for their study of communicaton, and regulaton of physiologic processes bats. We mostly contnued the use of terminology based (Caro 2005). Generally, the coat colour change depends on these literature. The terms used in this study are on the surrounding seasonal climate conditons and also summarised in Table 1 and further details are provided the geographic regions where they are found (Menon below. 2003). Besides this, the age, sex, health, and nutriton Albinism is a hypo-pigmentary disorder with a total play important roles in the looks of an animal. Mammals lack of both melanins in hairs, eyes, and skin due to also show individual coat or pelage diferences even the heritable absence of functonal tyrosinase enzyme within the same race and this is partcularly so in the in pigment cells afectng all skin and hairs, resultng in case of genetc mutatons such as albinism, melanism a total white plumage/fur with red eyes. Albinism is (Menon 2003), and other types of colour aberratons controlled via inheritance by an autosomal recessive such as leucism, piebaldism, hypomelanism, and blue- gene in all animal species (Hale et al. 2005; van Grouw eyed white morph. 2006, 2013). The colour aberratons are variously termed as Leucism is a total lack of pigmentaton in the whole colour variaton (Hofreiter & Schöneberg 2010), body due to an inherited defect in the pigment transfer anomalous colouraton (Abreu et al. 2013), atypical process efectng white or whitsh hair, pale skin, but colouraton (Zalapa et al. 2016), and chromatc disorder normal coloured eyes (van Grouw 2006; Abreu et al. (Lucat & Lopez-Baucells 2016). The phenomenon of 2013; Lucat & Lopez-Baucells 2016). colour aberraton is not uncommon in vertebrate groups Piebaldism is a type of hypopigmentaton in which including birds and mammals. The most common the absence of pigment is localized and is due to an pigment in both birds and mammals is melanin (Fox & absence of melanocytes in the afected skin and hair Vevers 1960) and the pigmentaton process in mammal follicles as a result of genetc mutaton. This is similar to hair is identcal to that in bird feathers (Lubnow 1963; van leucism but difers in that the melanocyte development Grouw 2013). There are two forms of melanin: eumelanin is only locally disrupted. Piebald animals have a variable and phaeomelanin (Lubnow 1963). Depending upon distributon of white spots on the body but have normal the concentraton and distributon within skin and fur, coloured eyes (Lucat & Lopez-Baucells 2016). Although eumelanin is responsible for black, grey, and/or dark not used widely, it seems to be the least confusing term brown colours whereas phaeomelanin is responsible to denote those cases where the colour aberraton for warm, reddish-brown to pale buf colours. Both afects only part of the body. melanins together can give a wide range of greyish- Hypomelanism is another type of hypo-pigmentaton brown colours (Lubnow 1963; van Grouw 2013). The wherein an inherited colour aberraton results in a fawn, development of melanin is the result of a biochemical cream, grey, grey-brown, ashy, whitsh-yellowish, light process called melanin synthesis in melanin-producing golden-brown, or orange to light red individual with cells (melanocytes); the amino acid tyrosine and enzyme insufciently pigmented skin. This is mainly due to tyrosinase are necessary to start this synthesis. Further, mutatons afectng melanin biosynthesis resultng in every disturbance or the heritable cause, i.e., genetc pigment reducton in one or both of the two melanin mutaton, at every stage of melanin synthesis afects the forms leading to various colour morphs (van Grouw concentraton and distributon of melanin resultng in an 2006, 2013; Lucat & Lopez-Baucells 2016; Mahabal et aberrant colour (van Grouw 2013). al. 2016). The colour aberratons in mammals were described Melanism is the opposite conditon of albinism using various terms such as albinism (pure/complete), wherein there is an excessive synthesis of melanin partal albinism, melanism, and erythrism. There is no pigment in the skin resultng in a melanistc (black to consensus on standard terminology to describe the dark reddish-brown morph) animal (van Grouw 2006, aberratons accurately. Recently, van Grouw (2006, 2013; Lucat & Lopez-Baucells 2016; Mahabal et al. 2013) and Mahabal et al. (2016) produced an excellent 2016).

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2019 | 11(6): 13690–13719 13691 Colour aberraton In Indian mammals Mahabal et al.

Blue-eyed white morph: Blue-eyed white morph in and its analysis. The geographic distributon patern of some instances of tgers and leopards is a morph with these aberratons was also provided. dominant genes seen efectng a light ivory-coloured to white or creamy white fur with typical black-brown stripes, pink nose and pads, and pale blue eyes (Pant & METHODS Dhariyal 1979). In tgers, this mutaton primarily afects the red/yellow pheomelanin pathway (Xu et al. 2013). In this study, the scatered records on colour A number of instances of colour aberratons aberratons (albinism, leucism, piebaldism, melanism, occurred and were recorded in various vertebrate and others) in Indian mammals were gathered from species throughout the world including India. In this published scientfc literature available in print as well as context, instances of colour aberratons were reviewed in digital databases such as JStor, EBSCOHost, and open in herpetofauna (Mahabal & Thakur 2014) and birds access journals. We also searched for photographic (Mahabal et al. 2016) in India from 1886 to 2013 and records available in various print resources such as 2015, respectvely. Indian mammals needed detailed newspapers and magazines and in electronic media atenton in this regard. In other parts of the world, including platorms and websites (such as India Nature some researchers tackled this topic sporadically in Watch, Flickr, and Facebook). The reviewed records various species (Macnaghten 1918; Allen 1939; Setzer range from 1886 to 2017 (tll July) including some historic 1950; Pirlot 1958; Jones 1973; McBride 1977; Howell records datng back to the years 1561, 1608, and 1820. 1980; Smith 1982; Morris & Tut 1996; Uieda 2000; Hsu For tabular presentaton of the data on records 2003; Acevedo & Aguayo 2008; McCardle 2012; Abreu of instances of colour aberratons of the species, et al. 2013). we followed taxonomic sequence and scientfc and The current communicaton intended to review the common names as per Pradhan & Talmale (2012); we also instances of all types of colour aberratons recorded in provided the type and descripton of aberraton as per Indian mammals since 1886, including the 54 records the original author, our interpretaton of the aberraton, (marked * in Table 2) assessed by Singh (2014). The locality with geographic coordinates (if available), date, study by Singh (2014) made a scientometric analysis sex, remarks (if any), and the source of informaton. In of the availability and disseminaton of informaton some instances, we notced possible misidentfcaton of on ‘true albino’ and ‘white’ mammals accessed for the the type of colour aberraton and tried to deduce the period 1886–2014 in Indian sources usually consulted by more appropriate type based on any evidence present wildlife and natural history workers. Our focus of study, in the text or any accompanying images. Wherever the however, was a comprehensive compilaton of all types evidence was insufcient to accurately determine the of colour aberratons recorded in various mammalian aberraton, for example, missing details of the colour species, its order-wise and family-wise representaton, of eyes which is essental to separate albinism from

Table 1. Terminology used to describe colour aberratons adopted from van Grouw (2006, 2013), Abreu et al. (2013), Lucat & Lopez-Baucells (2016), and Mahabal et al. (2016) except for the blue-eyed white morph.

Aberraton Efect on melanin Resultng phenotype Other names Total lack of both melanins in skin, hair follicles, and Total/pure/complete/perfect Albinism eyes due to the heritable absence of the enzyme All-white hair, pale skin, and red eyes. albinism; total amelanism tyrosinase in pigment cells. Total lack of both melanins in all of the hair follicles All-white or whitsh hair, pale skin; and skin due to the heritable absence of pigment Leucism eyes and/or body extremites cells caused by the failure of melanocytes to migrate normally coloured. to the skin and hair follicles. Total lack of melanin in part of the skin and/ All-white fur/skin patches; eyes Piebaldism or hair follicles due to the heritable absence of Part albino always normally coloured. melanocytes in the afected part. Abnormal depositon of melanin (not necessarily an Increase of black and/or reddish- Melanism Nigrism increase of pigment) in the skin and/or hair follicles. brown or altered patern. Beige, brown, golden, yellowish or Mutatons afectng melanin biosynthesis, pigment Erythrism; favism; rufsm; Hypomelanism reddish fur; skin and eyes always granule trafcking, or membrane sortng. silvering; tawny; diluton normally coloured. Pheomelanin is largely absent, eumelanin is present Blue eyes, pale/white fur, stripes/ Blue-eyed white morph in the eyes and in the hairs of stripes. Mostly seen spots brown/sepia/dull orange. in tgers and leopards.

13692 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2019 | 11(6): 13690–13719 Colour aberraton In Indian mammals Mahabal et al. leucism, we marked them as undetermined. aberratons in mammals were reported from this region. Records of albinism and leucism are widespread across Geographic informaton and mapping the country. Blue-eyed white morph, however, seems to For each occurrence, we tried to ascertain the precise be mostly from the eastern and central parts. Records of geographic locaton based on the informaton provided. melanistc animals were mostly from the forested areas Some of the records, especially the recent ones, give of the Western Ghats, the foothills of the Himalaya, the exact geographic coordinates. In many records, and . The instances of hypomelanism are however, the coordinates associated with the locality peculiarly concentrated in the southern Western Ghats have the limitaton of not being the exact locaton of the straddling the states of and . The bulk observaton due to lack of precise informaton. In such of these records is those of the . Both melanistc cases, a central point within the locality/area was taken. and hypomelanistc instances were almost negligible in The data was ploted and georeferenced onto the map the northwestern states of Punjab, , , of India using QGIS v. 2.12.2 (Open Source Geospatal and Gujarat. In fact, there is no record of any colour Foundaton, Lyon). aberraton in mammals from the states of Haryana, , , and (Table 4). While states like Maharashtra, , and RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Tamil Nadu have many records of colour aberraton compared to other states, states like Chhatsgarh, Altogether, 239 instances of various colour Jammu & Kashmir, , , , aberratons recorded in Indian mammals over a period and Telagana have only one record each of any colour of 130 years were compiled in Table 2. The Indian aberraton. The gaps mentoned above indicate a need mammalian fauna is represented by 420 species for more observatons. belonging to 48 families and 14 orders (Pradhan & The instances of colour aberratons were more Talmale 2012). This communicaton has one additonal pronounced in the families Felidae (76), followed by species (Indian Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus), which Bovidae (42) and Cervidae (36). Felidae also exhibited has since become extnct and hence is excluded from the maximum number of instances of melanistc Pradhan & Talmale (2012). The family-wise distributon animals (46), partcularly in leopards (32), tgers (8), of the known species, number of aberrant colour and jungle cats (3). The highest number of instances species, and occurrence of the number of instances in of hypomelanism (11) was notced in Gaur (Bovidae), various types of colour aberratons were summarized in followed by Sloth (8; Ursidae) and macaques (7; Table 3. Cercopithecidae). Cervids showed the highest number The analysis of Tables 2 and 3 reveals that only of albinistc animals (16), followed by squirrels (10; 56 species (out of 421 known mammalian species, Sciuridae). Blackbucks (Bovidae) showed the highest including 420 extant and one extnct species from the number of instances of leucism (6). Piebaldism was region) belonging to eight orders and 19 families were quite uncommon with most instances in Muridae (5). reported to exhibit various types of colour aberratons Similarly uncommon, almost all instances of blue-eyed amountng to 13.3%. Of these, albinos consttuted white morph animals were recorded in leopards and 21.8%, leucistc 14.2%, piebald 5.4%, melanistc 25.5%, tgers (Tables 2 & 3). hypomelanistc 18.45%, and blue-eyed white morph The earliest record of colour aberraton in India is of 1.3%; the remaining 13.4% was undetermined. Most of a tgress with her cubs in 1561 in the Mughal period from the records under ‘undetermined’ were either albinos Gwalior-Malwa area of central India (Divyabhanusinh or leucistc animals; however, the eye colour, which is 1987a; Xu et al. 2013). Thereafer, from 1820 to 1978, red/pink in albinos and normal in leucistc animals, was a number of wild ‘white’ tgers were reported from the not noted by the original authors. central and eastern states of India. It is unclear whether Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the spread of the these were albinos, leucistc, or blue-eyed white morphs occurrences of colour aberratons on the map of India. as the colour of eyes of the species were not recorded. The reports of colour aberratons were recorded from In May 1951, a wild ‘white’ tger was caught and various regions of India with a notceable gap in the reared in the ’s palace of Govindgarh in region of Maharashtra, , Rewa State (Madhya Pradesh), which was later named , and states, possibly due to ‘Mohan’ (Oswald 1960; Divyabhanusinh 1987a). Singh lack of published records. Very few instances of colour (1999) described the 12 known types of body colours in

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2019 | 11(6): 13690–13719 13693 Colour aberraton In Indian mammals Mahabal et al.

Figure 1. Occurrence of mammals with colour aberratons such as albinism, leucism, blue-eyed morph, and those that are undetermined in India.

Figure 2. Occurrence of mammals with colour aberratons such as melanism, hypomelanism, and piebaldism in India.

13694 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2019 | 11(6): 13690–13719 Colour aberraton In Indian mammals Mahabal et al. tgers over a normal distributon curve and mentoned reported. Albinism, however, is regularly reported in that there was an inclinaton to stretch the ancestry of Spoted across various regions of the country. most captve white tgers to Mohan of Rewa. Mohan Also, we see persistent records of albino Blackbucks was a blue-eyed white morph. A programme of captve in the region around Ahmedabad in Gujarat, including breeding of this tger was undertaken and its descendant the Velavadar Blackbuck Natonal Park (Table 2). The stock is now in various zoos all over the world including albinos in these populatons, therefore, can make good India. Its genealogy was described by various authors candidates for studies about the efect of albinism on (namely, Oswald 1960; Gee 1964; Sankhala 1969; Pant & prey-predator relatonship as well as on social behaviour Dahariyal 1979; Mishra et al. 1982; Singh 1996). within the herd. Additonally, the phenomenon of These captve instances of blue-eyed white morph persistng albinism in Blackbucks of Velavadar Blackbuck tgers were not considered in this communicaton. NP is worth investgatng. Further, it is remarkable to note that afer 1958 tll date Instances of black or melanistc leopards were there are no published records of the occurrence of wild recorded in various states from 1889 onwards almost white tgers from any forested tracts of India. Singh regularly, indicatng that the populaton of melanistc (2010), during his stay from 2009 to 2010 in the white morph is well established in the country (Table 2). This tger country of Rewa forest in Madhya Pradesh, did not was substantated by the camera trapping studies since see any wild white tgers (Table 2). Therefore, it can be 2008 by Karanth (2014) in several wildlife sanctuaries, safely said that the wild strain of blue-eyed white morph namely, Anshi, Dandeli, Bhadra, and Bandipur in tger has diminished from India; however, it needs a Karnataka and Waynad in Kerala. About 10% of captured scrupulous search from tme to tme. images of leopards belong to black leopards, appearing The order Chiroptera with 117 species stands rich less rare than originally thought. Bashir et al. (2011) among the class Mammalia; however, looking at the hypothesized that a number of melanistc forms of instances of colour aberraton occurrences, it is negligible Asiatc Golden Cat captured in camera traps in diferent (Table 3). Only one type, i.e., albinism, was reported in parts of Prek Chu catchment area of Khongchendzohga seven species of bats belonging to four diferent families Biosphere Reserve, Sikkim, were either all melanistc covering nine instances. This shows that albinism is rare or of a diferent subspecies. It is apparent from the in bats as also opined by Khajuria (1973) and Hsu (2003). above informaton that molecular study needs to be Hsu (2003), however, stated that the highest number undertaken on priority to establish the genetc identty of known albino cases was recorded in evening bats of in diferent populatons of melanistc leopards spread the family Vespertlionidae at the global level (42.2%), over the country and the Asiatc Golden Cats from as reviewed by Uieda (2000). In India, this family Sikkim. contains 58 known species of evening bats; however, it Singh (1999) is of the opinion that except for black is intriguing to note that there is not a single instance of panthers (), all other leopards and tgers with any type of colour aberraton recorded from this largest colour aberraton were discarded by natural processes; family of Indian mammals. One of the reasons for this in the case of leopards, the black forms, although could be that “bats have not received adequate atenton regularly seen, have not succeeded yet in replacing the in biodiversity research in India” (Debata & Palita 2018) normally spoted forms as the former are comparatvely and the other could be that the occurrence of albinism less fecund and viable. is indeed rare in the group. Calderon-Alvarez & Marin- Many hypomelanistc Gaurs Bos gaurus were Vasquez (2018) studied colour aberraton in the Short- regularly recorded by observers (Morris 1933, 1934, tailed Fruit Bat Carollia perspicillata and support the 1935, 1936b; Williams 1936, 1969; Davidar 1970; view that the cause of variaton in instances of albinism Gouldbury 1971; Ajith et al. 1998) between 1932 and in families is unknown, but it appears to occur in species 2000 in the mountains of Tamil Nadu and Kerala (Table that are both social in their breeding habits and also 2). Since then, however, there are no published records fairly sedentary. of abnormal colouraton in this species from that region. Albino individuals are more conspicuous as Naturalists visitng these mountains should carefully compared to normal individuals. In prey species, make notes of any colour aberratons in Gaur. they are at a defnite disadvantage in the struggle for existence and very few albinos manage to escape their natural enemies and survive to atain sexual maturity. For this reason, albino individuals are only sporadically

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Table 2. Records of colour aberraton in Indian mammals between 1886 and 2016 (taxonomy and sequence follow Pradhan & Talmale 2012).

Taxa and common name Descripton of aberraton as Most likely Aberraton Locality (with decimal Source given by the original author aberraton (sex, as named by coordinates) and date (if (with remarks, if any) if any) the original any) author Order: Proboscidea Family: Elephantdae Light pink skin with white hairs prominent on head, except at tp Karippanthode, 13 miles of tail giving pinkish-grey colour. Elephas maximus Linnaeus, Albino either from Koni Central Forest Pearl eyes; mouth and palate Leucism (one 1* 1758 partal or Division, Travancore (9.0960N Simon (1946) light pink, toe and nails white. female) Asian or Indian complete & 77.0850E) Usual black colour not visible. April 1945 No change in colour even afer a year. Order: Primates Family: Cercopithecidae Rongli (27.1750N & 88.7470E), Dorsal fur colouraton Macaca assamensis Sikkim exceptonally bright burnt orange Hypomelanism 2 (McClelland, 1840) Assamese Erythrism (in collecton of BNHS, Fooden (1982) (as per author, no albino cases (one female) Macaque Mumbai, Specimen No. 5119) reported in this species). Between 1916 and 1938 Manshitang (27.5960N & Dorsal fur colouraton 88.2400E), Sikkim Hypomelanism 3 Macaca assamensis exceptonally bright burnt Erythrism (in collecton of Z.M.B. Berlin, Fooden (1982) (one male) orange. Specimen No. 91098) Between 1916 and 1938 Mokokchung (26.3190N & Dorsal fur colouraton 94.5120E), Nagaland Hypomelanism 4 Macaca assamensis exceptonally bright burnt Erythrism (in collecton of BNHS, Fooden (1982) (one male) orange. Mumbai, Specimen No. 5115) Between 1916 and 1938 Sookia Pokhari (26.9980N & Dorsal fur colouraton 88.1670E), W.B. Hypomelanism 5 Macaca assamensis exceptonally bright burnt Erythrism (in collecton of BNHS, Fooden (1982) (one male) orange. Mumbai, Specimen No. 5121) Between 1916 and 1938 Gopaldharan (26.6070N & Dorsal fur colouraton tends to Hypomelanism 88.2200E), W.B. Hill (1974) as bright burnt orange; bright patch 6 Macaca assamensis (one adult Erythrism (in Britsh Museum, London. cited by Fooden of deep chestnut on ventral female) Specimen No. 25.1.11) (1982) surface of tail. Between 1923 and 1932 Zoo of H.H. Maharawat of Macaca mulata (Zimmermann, Completely white-bodied pair Albinism (one Pratapgarh (24.0330N & Bahadur 7 1780) having red face, pink eyes and male and one Albino 74.7810E), Rajasthan (1942b) Rhesus Macaque nails. female) In 1942 An individual with very pale, Pench N.P. (21.7620N & Hypomelanism Anonymous 8* Macaca mulata golden fur with normal coloured Albino 79.3380E), M.P. (young) (2014) eyes. Image by Kedar Tambe. May 2014 Desert town of Bikaner, Singh & Mohnot 9* Macaca mulata - Albinism Albino Rajasthan (2009) Macaca radiata (E. Geofroy, White/ India, but exact locality not Ogilby (1838) as A captve male with white fur Leucism (one 10 1812) pigment given (kept in London Zoo) cited by Fooden and skin but brown irises male) Bonnet Macaque or Monkey absence In 1836 (1981) India, but exact locality not given Pale golden brown in colour Hypomelanism Pigment (kept in US Natonal Museum 11 Macaca radiata with abnormally reduced (one female Fooden (1981) reducton of Natural History (Species pigmentaton. sub-adult) No. 1221717), Washington, D.C., U.S.A. Trivandrum Zoo ( 8.5100N Hill (1937) as A captve albino male with pink Albinism (one 12 Macaca radiata Albino & 76.9550E), southern India cited by Fooden irises. male) In 1936 (1981) A medium-sized macaque with Valpoi Village (15.5270N & absolute white fur all over body Albinism (one 74.1360E), Satari, North Mahabal et al. 13* Macaca radiata including crown. Limbs and Total albino female) District, Goa (2012) snout pinkish. Eyes reddish November 2002 (image).

13696 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2019 | 11(6): 13690–13719 Colour aberraton In Indian mammals Mahabal et al.

Taxa and common name Descripton of aberraton as Most likely Aberraton Locality (with decimal Source given by the original author aberraton (sex, as named by coordinates) and date (if (with remarks, if any) if any) the original any) author Order: Rodenta Family: Sciuridae A more reddish-brown body with Five miles north of varying shades of colour on face, Gungavadori Evergreen between the ears and both the Ratufa indica (Erxleben, 1777) Forest (3,000f; 10.2000N feet. Tail not completely black Hypomelanism Colour Abdulali & 14 or Malabar & 77.4990E) in Hills, but dark reddish-brown patchily (one male) variaton Daniel (1953) Squirrel T.N. (in collecton of BNHS, distributed between base and Mumbai) the tp, forehead and ear-tps Before 1952 darker. (4,000f; 17.9220N & 73.6560E), A pure white albino squirrel with Albinism (one Western Ghats, Satara Abdulali & 15* Ratufa indica pink eyes in the company of Albino adult) District, Maharashtra (in Daniel (1953) other normal-coloured squirrels. collecton of BNHS, Mumbai) 29 December 1952 Evergreen forest, Totally white squirrel including Mahabaleshwar (4,000f; tail, pink mouth and ears, pinkish 17.9220N & 73.6560E), Sayyed et al. 16 Ratufa indica limbs and blood red eyes. Albinism Albino Western Ghats, Satara (2014) Moving in company of normal District, Maharashtra squirrels (image). 22 February and 23 April 2013 Total white body with pinkish Satara (17.6660N & 73.9830E), snout and reddish eyes visible Anonymous 17 Ratufa indica Albinism Leucism Maharashtra, in image (image by Vishwatej (2016a) 01 April 2015 Pawar). A jet black above and Kashmir (34.07400N & Eupetaurus cinereus Thomas, brownish-grey on forelimbs and 75.8100E) (kept in Leyden Melanism (one Melanism Chakraborty & 18 1888 membrane. Cheeks, chin, throat, Museum as reported by J. adult) partal Agrawal (1977) Woolly Flying Squirrel chest, belly brownish with grey Anderson) line along the middle of belly. Before 1879 Callosciurus pygerythrus (I. Complete white, tail faded Albinism (12 From fve diferent villages in Jeofroy Saint Hilaire, 1833) 19* white, eyes red and ear untufed individuals with Albino Sibsagar District, Kalita (2009) Hoary-bellied or Irrawaddy (image). a baby) Between 1992 and 2005 Squirrel Callosciurus pygerythrus In a pair male normal-coloured, Samsing (27.1640N & Bhatacharyya lokroides (Hodgson, 1836) female total white with no line of Albinism 20* Albino 88.2910E), Darjeeling District, & Murmu Hoary-bellied Himalayan demarcaton between dorsal and (female) W.B. (2004) Squirrel ventral. Eyes red (image). Fragmented forested habitat Funambulus palmarum Totally white with pinkish snout, of Gudalur Forest Division, Leucism (one Samson et al. 21 (Linnaeus, 1766) ears and limbs, but normal- Leucism Tamil Nadu (11.4930N & adult) (2017) Three-striped Palm Squirrel coloured eyes. 76.3360E) 22 September 2016 Total white, bushy-tailed with snout, ears, and forelimbs Funambulus tristriatus Miramar Residency (15.4960N Sayyed et al. pinkish. Eyes blood red. This Albinism (two 22 (Waterhouse, 1837) Albino & 73.8080E), Panjim, Goa (2015a) individual was mingling with adults) Jungle Palm Squirrel 24 April, 06 & 07 July 2015 four normal-coloured squirrels (image). Squirrel with white patches on hindlimb on lateral side. Leucistc- Identcal on other side. White Miramar Residency (15.4960N Sayyed et al. Leucism (one partal with 23 Funambulus tristriatus hairs mixed with normal- & 73.8080E), Panjim, Goa (2015a) adult) bilateral coloured hair in tail region. Eyes, 24 April, 6 & 7 July 2015 symmetry ears, snout, and limbs normal (image). Entre dorsum cream-buf Funambulus pennanti without any visible stripe. Oudh (27.7570N & 80.7290E), Agrawal & Wroughton, 1905 Dorsum and ventrum do not Leucism (one Albinistc 24 U.P. (in collecton of Z.S.I. Chakraborty Five-striped or Northern Palm show any diference. Naked skin adult male) partally Kolkata, Regd. No. 3798) (1979) Squirrel area, anal opening with pinkish tnge, nails pale. The whole body covered with Chandigarh (30.7320N & spotless white fur, dorsum does Albinism (one Chaturvedi & 25 Funambulus pennanti Albinism 76.7790E) not show any sign of striped female) Ghose (1984) April 1981 patern. Eyes pink.

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Taxa and common name Descripton of aberraton as Most likely Aberraton Locality (with decimal Source given by the original author aberraton (sex, as named by coordinates) and date (if (with remarks, if any) if any) the original any) author A milky white albino sub-adult Udaipur City (24.6030N Funambulus pennanti without dark-coloured stripes on Albinism (one & 73.7010E), southern 26* Albino Sharma (2004) back. Eyes bright red, ear pinnae sub-adult) Rajasthan also reddish. 06 September 2001 Deogad Fort (16.3740N Total white adult with faint red & 73.3780E), Sindhudurg spots and narrow stripes on the Albinism (one District, Maharashtra Funambulus pennanti fanks. Forehead yellowish. Eyes Mahabal et al. 27* adult and one Total albinism 22 November 2001, pink. A young one total white (2005) young) November 2002, and with pink eyes near nestng site December 2008 at the same (image with editors). place by frst author A white squirrel with a small In residental area, northern brownish patch in the middle of Albinism (two Udaipur (24.6190N & Mehra et al. 28 Funambulus pennanti dorsal side of the body. Eyes red Albino adults) 73.6860E), Rajasthan (2007, 2010) (image with editors). Its father Mid-July 2005 too was albino. Total white with pinkish snout, Andori (18.0860N & ears, and limbs. Two white 74.1500E), near Lonand, Sayyed & 29 Funambulus pennanti median dorsal with whitsh Leucism Leucism Khandala Taluk, Satara Mahabal (2016) supplementary stripes. Eyes District, Maharashtra normal-coloured (image). 04 September 2015 Near bungalow in Cutch Funambulus sp. Total white squirrel. No other Undetermined Albinism (23.7390N & 69.8530E), Newnham 30 Striped Palm Squirrel details provided. (one adult) Gujarat (1886) In 1886 Family: Muridae Pure white hairs all over the body including tail and Tatera indica (indica) eyelashes but iris black (unlike Jodhpur (26.2390N & Leucism (one Prakash et al. 31 (Hardwicke, 1807) in albinos). Exposed skin devoid White 73.0250E), Rajasthan young female) (1973) Indian Gerbil or Antelope of pigmentaton and translucent In 1972 white, other three young ones normal-coloured. Ajinkyadurg (17.6660N Bandicota bengalensis (Gray, A totally white with pinkish Leucism & 73.9830E), Satara, Sayyed et al. 32 1835) tnge, pink mouth and ears, red (roadkill of Total albinism Maharashtra (2014) Lesser Bandicoot Rat eyes (image). adult) 17 January 2013 A totally white with pinkish Ajinkyadurg (17.6660N tnge, pink mouth and ears, Total albinism & 73.9830E), Satara, Sayyed et al. 33 Bandicota bengalensis Albinism red eyes (adult captured live, Maharashtra (2014) photographed, and released). 22 August 2013 Out of 1213 rats trapped, one albino female captured, fur Four miles from Sagar in Madromy blanfordi (Thomas, uniformly dull white along forested area (14.1670N & Albinism (one Rajagopalan 34 1881) with tail, pink eyes. Matng Albinism 75.02700E), Shimoga District, female) (1967) Blanford’s Rat experiment with normal male Karnataka resulted all young ones normal- 17 November 1966 coloured in two liters. A partal albino, white on posterior side while blackish- Dense, evergreen forest of brown on anterior side of dorsal Niviventer niviventer (Hodgson, Khasi Hills, Shillong Peak view, on both lateral side mixed Piebaldism (one Partal Rajagopalan & 35 1836) (25.5470N & 91.8750E), with black and white. No mixing male) albinism Mandal (1965) Himalayan White-bellied Rat Meghalaya with Domestc Rat hence a pure In 1965 wild partal albino collected out of eight specimens (image). A piebald (partal albino) rat Library Road, Dadar, Bombay having two-third body white (19.0280N & 72.8390E), Ratus norvegicus (Berkenhont, on posterior side whereas rest Piebaldism (one Maharashtra Joshee & Kamat 36 1769) of body black on dorsal side, Piebald albino female) (skin preserved in Hafine (1963) Brown Rat or Norway Rat ventral side white. Tail brown Insttute Bombay) on upper side, terminal porton 06 February 1960 white (image). Part albinos, individuals with Calcuta (22.5800N & Ratus ratus (Linnaeus, 1758) Piebaldism Part albino 37 white belly, rest of the body 88.3630E), W.B. Hossack (1907) Common House Rat (several) normal, several in populaton. In 1907 Part albinos with white belly Bombay (19.0790N & (recorded by The Plague Piebaldism Joshee & Kamat 38 Ratus ratus Part albino 72.8790E), Maharashtra Investgaton Commission in (many) (1963) In 1912 India).

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Taxa and common name Descripton of aberraton as Most likely Aberraton Locality (with decimal Source given by the original author aberraton (sex, as named by coordinates) and date (if (with remarks, if any) if any) the original any) author 16 part albinos (white belly) Bhandup, Bombay (19.1500N Joshee & Kamat 39 Ratus ratus out of 682 (examined in rat-fea Piebaldism (16) Part albino & 72.9310E), Maharashtra (1963) survey). August to November 1959 The colour of body and tail Calcuta (22.5800N & completely black with no line of Melanism (two 88.3630E), W.B. (in collecton Bhatacharyya 40 Ratus ratus demarcaton between dorsal and males and three Melanism of ZSI, Kolkata) (1973) ventral aspects. Pinna lighter in females) In 1906 colour. Suburban areas of Bombay Melanism (19.1560N & 72.8740E), 41 Ratus ratus One black rat Melanism (one) Joshee (1961) Maharashtra Before 1961 Family: Hystricidae 28km north of Imphal on Hystrix brachyura Linnaeus, An albino without any Dimapur Road (25.3670N Undetermined 1758 pigmentaton. Absence of & 93.9830E), Imphal Dist, Mandal & 42 (one sub-adult Albino Himalayan Crestless or Malayan crest bristles on crown. Tail not (in collecton of ZSI, Ghosh (2000) female) Porcupine brush-like. Kolkata. Reg. No. 11349) 29 November 1945 Hystrix sp. Nandankanan Biological Park, Anonymous 43* White Undetermined Albino Porcupine Odisha (2013 a) Order: Erinaceomorpha Family: Erinaceidae

Amali Village (21.6280N Paraechinus micropus (Blyth, Total white together with spines, & 74.0030E), Akkalkuwa Mahabal et al. 44 1846) eyes reddish. Seen with a Albinism (adult) Albino Taluk, Nandurbar District, (2015) Indian Hedgehog normal individual (image). Maharashtra 08 August 2015 Order: Soricomorpha Family: Soricidae City (23.1660N & An albino having general colour Suncus murinus (Linnaeus, 79.9510E), M.P. from pure white to dirty white, Albinism (one 45 1766) Albinism (in collecton of ZSI, Khajuria (1983) naked parts and colour of iris female) House Shrew Jabalpur) pinkish. 16 October 1975 Order: Chiroptera Family: Pteropodidae Rousetus leschenaulti Karim (1983) (Desmarest, 1820) Albino but colour details not Undetermined 46 Albino - cited by Bhat Fulvous Fruit Bat or given. (one) (1988) Leschenault’s Rousete Family: Hipposideridae Hipposideros diadema In a colony of 500 normal- Forest cave at Katchal Island Aul & (nicobarensis) (E. Geofroy, coloured bats, one single albino Albinism (one (7.9700N & 93.3540E), 47 Albino Marimuthu 1813) with pelage of entre body white, male) Nicobar Archipelago, A.N. (2006) Diadem Leaf-nosed Bat eyes red (image). In November 2002–2003 Forest cave at Katchal Island Aul & Hipposideros diadema The albino bat was disgorged by Albinism (one (7.970 0N & 93.3540E), 48* Albino Marimuthu (nicobarensis) a Pit Viper. dead) Nicobar Archipelago, A.N. (2006) In November 2002–2003 Hipposideros lankadiva Kelaart, Albino specimen collected along Hoshangabad Dist. (22.6660N 49 1850 with normal individuals but no Undetermined Albino Khajuria (1984) & 77.5000E), M.P. Indian Leaf-nosed Bat other details provided. Albino from a large colony of Hipposideros sp. Undetermined A district in M.P. 50 bat in a cave, no colour details Albino Khajuria (1973) Leaf-nosed Bat (one) In 1972 provided. Family: Rhinopomatdae General pelage, wing membranes, metacarpels, Cave near Jabalpur City Rhinopoma hardwickei phalanges, and ears white to (23.1520N & 79.9370E), (hardwickei) Gray, 1831 Leucistsm (one 51 dirty white. Legs, arms, tail, Albinism M.P. (in collecton of ZSI, Khajuria (1973) Lesser Rat-tailed or Lesser female) face, chin, throat pinkish. Colour Jabalpur) Mouse-tailed Bat of eyes not mentoned. In a bat 26 April 1972 colony of 100 individuals.

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Taxa and common name Descripton of aberraton as Most likely Aberraton Locality (with decimal Source given by the original author aberraton (sex, as named by coordinates) and date (if (with remarks, if any) if any) the original any) author Piebaldism Rhinopoma hardwickei Partal Senacha & 52 - (three Building (hardwickei) albinism Purohit (2005) individuals) Rhinopoma microphyllum University of Jodhpur (=kinneari Wroughton) Albino in a bat colony in the Albinism (one (26.2910N & 73.0310E), 53* (Brunnich, 1782) university campus. No other Albino Bhat (1988) male) Jodhpur, Rajasthan Rat-tailed or Greater Mouse- details provided (image). During 1987–1988 tailed Bat A large colony of about 50,000 Sipa Mines (22.4060N individuals in a cave mine, a & 73.6180E), border of Devkar et al. 54 Rhinopoma microphyllum Albinism (one) Albino single white-coloured pink-eyed Jambughoda WS, Gujarat (2011) albino sighted (image). 10 June 2009 Family: Emballonuridae A roostng bat colony in fort groove /crevices of wall, a Red Fort (28.6560N & Taphozous sp. single white-bodied individual Dhanya et al. 55 Albinism (one) Albino 77.2410E), Delhi Tomb Bat or Sheath-tailed Bat having reddish eyes with tnge (2015) 20 October 2010 of orange; mouth, ears and fore- arms orange-red (image). Order: Carnivora Family: Felidae Prek Chu catchment of Catopuma Melanism Khangchendzonga B,R. (=Pardofelis) temminckii (Vigors Black-coloured morph Bashir et al. 56 (number of Melanism (27.4910N & 88.1840E), & Horsfeld, 1827) (image). (2011) individuals) Sikkim Asiatc Golden Cat January 2009 to August 2010 Belgaum (15.8680N & Dorsum and underside, limbs 74.5000E), Karnataka (in Felis chaus Schreber, 1777 Chakraborty et 57 i n c l u d i n g t a i l d a r k b r o w n . Melanism (one) Melanism collecton of BNHS, Mumbai, al. (1988) Reg. No. 6035). 05 December 1912 Tikoli (26.3080N & 78.1090E), Entre dorsum, tail, limbs with 22km from Gwalior, M.P. (in dark brown hairs, sides of body Partal Chakraborty et 58 Felis chaus Melanism (one) collecton of BNHS, Mumbai, and cheeks with pale cream melanism al. (1988) Reg. No. 6018) hairs. February 1914 Arcadia Tea Estate (10.0780N Entre dorsum, under surface, & 77.2210E), T.N. (in and tail dark brown with some Chakraborty et 59 Felis chaus Melanism (one) Melanism collecton of BNHS, Mumbai, fne pale cream grizzling except al. (1988) Reg. No. 6044) in mid-dorsal region 22 February 1940 Amaravila area (8.3900N Pink colour of eyes was not Partal & 77.0980E), Neyatnkara Sanil et al. 60* Felis chaus obvious. Observed in camera Leucism (one) albinism Taluk, Thiruvananthapuram (2014) trap. District, Kerala Bonnie Camp, Sunderbans Prionailurus bengalensis Kerr, BR, (21.8660N & 88.8910E), Two black-coloured individuals in Anonymous 61* 1792 Melanism (two) Melanistc South 24-Paragana Forest camera trap by WWF. (2013c) Leopard Cat Division, W.B. February 2013 Due to lack of pigmentaton of hairs, whitsh body inclined to bluishness and light coloured spots also look bluish (instead of Orcha (25.2790N & Acinonyx jubatus (Schreber) Leucism? (one Divyabhanusinh 62 black spots) due to body colour. White 78.6160E), M.P. Indian Cheetah adult) (1987b, 1993) Colour of eyes not mentoned (in In 1608 the memoirs of Mughal Emperor Jahangir). Only known historic record. Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, Calcuta Zoo (22.5360N & 63 1758) Total black-coloured Leopard Melanism (one) Black 88.3320E), W.B. Buckland (1889) Leopard or Panther In 1889 Madras Residency, T.N. 64 Panthera pardus Black-coloured, known to author. Melanism (one) Black Buckland (1889) In 1889 Uniformly black-coloured pair, Melanism (one Brought from northern deep brown belly with black Ferris (1905, 65 Panthera pardus male and one Melanism China (?) blotches, normal eyes, palate 1906a) female) 1902–1903 and pink tongue.

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Taxa and common name Descripton of aberraton as Most likely Aberraton Locality (with decimal Source given by the original author aberraton (sex, as named by coordinates) and date (if (with remarks, if any) if any) the original any) author Captve breeding at Kolhapur Melanism Progeny of above pair. All black- Melanism Zoo, Maharashtra (16.7190N Ferris (1905, 66 Panthera pardus (Two and fve coloured cubs in two liters. & 74.2320E) 1906a) cubs) 1905–1906 Kanara (14.1570N & Shot black-coloured animal with Melanism Melanism 67 Panthera pardus 74.9670E), Karnataka Ferris (1906a) black tongue. (one) In 1905 Supa (18.3360N & 74.3720E), Shot black-coloured animal with Melanism Melanism 68 Panthera pardus Maharashtra Ferris (1906a) black tongue. (one) In 1905 Shot animal with very dark Dajipur Jungle, (16.4250N & brown to black on upperparts, Melanism Black 73.9960E), Kolhapur District, 69 Panthera pardus litle lighter on ventral parts and Ferris (1906b) (one male) Maharashtra limbs. Tongue and mouth pink, 12 May 1906 eyes and claws normal-coloured. Melanism (one A black-coloured paired gave male and one Zoological Garden, Calcuta birth to six cubs in two liters in female adult; 70 Panthera pardus Melanism (22.5360N & 88.3320E), W.B. Ali (1927) captve breeding. All cubs black- three males and July 1925 to 1926 coloured. three female cubs) Black (two Black colour with pale blue Melanism (two Forest of Dannig (26.6290N & males and one 71 Panthera pardus eyes, caught and transported to males and one 91.5070E), Assam Pizey (1932) female) Calcuta Zoo. female) 05 November 1931

Melanism (one A black-coloured pair gave birth male and one Jamnagar (22.4720N & to six cubs in three liters. All female adult; Black Bahadur 72 Panthera pardus 70.0570E), Gujarat cubs black in colour during three males and (1942a) January 1939 to June 1940 captve breeding. three female cubs) Bhaluharcar Cave, Meur Hot Spring, Eastern Kharagpur Shining black-coloured coat with Black 73 Panthera pardus Melanism (one) Forest Range (25.1260N & Sinha (1996) very faint brown spots. 86.5460E), Between 1990 and 1996 Morwe River near Sinhoul Village, West Kharagpur 74 Panthera pardus Black in colour Melanism (one) Black Forest Range (22.3330N & Sinha (1996) 87.2940E), Bihar Between 1990 and 1996 Gridhakoot Hill, Kharagpur Black leopard basking in sun Black Forest Range (25.1260N & 75 Panthera pardus Melanism (one) Sinha (1996) during winter months. 86.5460E), Bihar Between 1990 and 1996 Nandankanan Park (20.3970N Black 76 Panthera pardus A captve black leopard. Melanism (one) & 85.8200E), Orissa Sinha (1996) Between 1990 and 1996 Corbet N.P. near Ramnagar Black Black-coloured animal seen in Melanism (one (29.4360N & 79.1290E), 77 Panthera pardus Bedi (1998) wild state. male) Utarakhand March 1958 Black colour, transported from Guwahat Aviary (26.1460N & Melanism (one Black 78 Panthera pardus Assam to Nandankanan Park, 91.7350E), Assam Bedi (1998) male) Orissa. 18 October 1972 Black-coloured cubs in captve Melanism (one Nandankanan Biological Park Black 79 Panthera pardus breeding born to a normal- male and two (20.3970N & 85.8200E), Orissa Bedi (1998) coloured female and black male. cubs) 02 August 1973 Delhi Zoo (28.6010N & Black 80 Panthera pardus Black-coloured. Melanism (one) 77.2440E), Delhi Bedi (1998) In 1998 Black-coloured with black rosete hidden beneath the Kas plateau, part of Western black pigmentaton in wild state Ghats (17.7210N & 73.8230E), Sayyed et al. 81 Panthera pardus (probably the same individual Melanism (one) Melanism Satara District, Maharashtra (2013) sighted in diferent months 08 December 2010, at same locality; image with 21 March 2012, 13 April 2012 editors).

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2019 | 11(6): 13690–13719 13701 Colour aberraton In Indian mammals Mahabal et al.

Taxa and common name Descripton of aberraton as Most likely Aberraton Locality (with decimal Source given by the original author aberraton (sex, as named by coordinates) and date (if (with remarks, if any) if any) the original any) author Near Manohar Mansantosh Twin Forts (15.8970N Sayyed et al. Black in colour in hilly areas in & 73.6840E), Western (2013); 82 Panthera pardus Melanism (one) Melanism wild state. Ghats, Sindhudurg District, Anonymous Maharashtra. (2009) 03 June 2009 Chandoli NP (17.1680N & Black-coloured wild leopard 73.7710E), Sangli District, Sayyed et al. 83 Panthera pardus sighted by local people and Melanism (one) Melanism Maharashtra (2013) forest department personnel. Between 2008 and 2012 Banks of Bhadra Reservoir in Bhadra TR (13.6850N Black-coloured with black rosete & 75.6410E), Chickmaglur Sayyed et al. 84 Panthera pardus (sighted thrice in the same area Melanism (one) Melanism District, Karnataka (2013) in wild; image with editors). 22 February 2012, April 2012, May 2012 One or more black leopards Dandeli WS, (15.2470N & Melanism (one 85* Panthera pardus caught in camera traps (image by Melanistc 74.6340E), Karnataka Karanth (2014) or more) Ulhas Karanth). In 2008–2016 Anshi NP (14.9980N & 86* Panthera pardus --do-- Melanism Melanistc 74.3580E), Karnataka Karanth (2014) In 2008–2016 Bhadra WS (13.4460N & 87* Panthera pardus --do-- Melanism Melanistc 75.5740E), Karanataka Karanth (2014) In 2008–2016 Bandipur NP (11.6650N & 88* Panthera pardus --do-- Melanism Melanistc 76.6280E), Karnataka Karanth (2014) In 2008–2016 Wynaad, Nilgiri BR (11.9340N 89* Panthera pardus --do-- Melanism Melanistc & 76.0040E), Kerala Karanth (2014) In 2008–2016 Shivalik Hills and Terai areas Personal observatons of black Melanism of Utar Kashi Dist. (30.9280N 90* Panthera pardus leopards by Tariq Badar during Melanistc Badar (2014) (several) & 78.4750E), Utarakhand his treks and camping in the wild. In 1994–2014 Shivalik Hills and Terai areas Melanism of Dehradun Dist. (30.3160N 91* Panthera pardus --do-- Melanistc Badar (2014) (several) & 78.0310E), Utarakhand In 1994–2014 Shivalik Hills and Terai areas of Dist. (28.5830N & Melanism 92* Panthera pardus --do-- Melanistc 80.0080E), Badar (2014) (several) Utarakhand In 1994–2014 Fur with dense deposit of Mumbai-Bengaluru Highway melanin, closet black rosetes Melanism (sub Melanism near Satara City (17.6580N & Sayyed & 93 Panthera pardus present but hidden beneath the adult male) 74.0140E), Maharashtra Mahabal (2015) black pigmentaton. A roadkill 27 March 2015 (image). Sanguem (15.2300N & Anonymous 94* Panthera pardus A single . Melanism (one) Melanistc 74.1500E), Goa (2015) December 2015 Skin pale rich buf, spots dull Blue-eyed white Pale-coloured Calcuta (22.5800N & orange, eyes bright sky blue but 95 Panthera pardus morph (one form 88.3630E), W.B. Fooks (1941) not pink-coloured. Black hairs at female) In 1940–1941 the tp of tail. Dumraon State (23.9650N Pale-coloured & 85.3650E), Hazaribagh Animal shot had ground pale Hypomelanism Fooks (1941); 96 Panthera pardus form District, Bihar (in Britsh colour than usual with tan spots. (one) Pocock (1939) Museum, London) Before 1940 A semi-albino was shot, Dumraon State (23.9650N White/semi- had white body with pale Hypomelanism & 85.3650E), Hazaribagh Ingen & Ingen 97 Panthera pardus albino background, rosete in darker (one) District, Bihar (1941) shed of tan (image). Before 1940 Jhinna, near Ajaigarh Killed animal had light Hypomelanism Mutant (24.7260N & 80.1880E), Panna Divyabhanusinh 98 Panthera pardus colour. Skin exists. (one) District, M.P. (1993) In 1905

13702 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2019 | 11(6): 13690–13719 Colour aberraton In Indian mammals Mahabal et al.

Taxa and common name Descripton of aberraton as Most likely Aberraton Locality (with decimal Source given by the original author aberraton (sex, as named by coordinates) and date (if (with remarks, if any) if any) the original any) author Aramgang Village, Ajaigarh Shot a white animal with (24.7260N & 80.1880E), Panna Hypomelanism Mutant Divyabhanusinh 99 Panthera pardus sandalwood-coloured light spots District, M.P. (mounted (one) (1993) all over the body. trophy in Ajaigarh Palace) In 1965 Dumraon (25.5490N & White leopard shot but no other White or Divyabhanusinh 100 Panthera pardus Leucism? (one) 84.1500E), Bihar details. mutant (1993) In 1910 Dumraon, (25.5490N & White leopard shot but no other White or Divyabhanusinh 101 Panthera pardus Leucism? (one) 84.1500E), Bihar details. mutant (1993) In 1927 White animal was shot, at sides 15 miles from Sarasaran creamy towards centre with pale Blue-eyed white White or near Dumraon (25.5490N & Divyabhanusinh 102 Panthera pardus brown spots, tail normal. Eyes morph (one mutant 84.1500E), Bihar (1993) sky blue (no trace of pink in the female) In 1930 eye when shot). Hazaribagh (23.9650N & The ground colour of the skin Hypomelanism 85.3650E), Bihar (in Britsh Divyabhanusinh 103 Panthera pardus much paler than usual, almost Mutant (one) Museum, London) (1993) cream and the patern tanned. In 1939 White (albino) leopard, but no White or Not given Divyabhanusinh 104 Panthera pardus Albinism? (one) other details provided. mutant Before 1907 (1993) Tikamgarh near Orcha White leopard skin but no other White or Divyabhanusinh 105 Panthera pardus Leucism? (one) (24.9740N & 78.9280E), M.P. details provided. mutant (1993) in 1967 The skin normal except for Hypomelanism? Mutant No informaton Divyabhanusinh 106 Panthera pardus having light brown spots instead (one) Before 1929 (1993) of black. Hazaribagh (23.9650N & Pure white (rare in nature). No 85.3650E), Bihar (in Britsh 107 Panthera pardus Leucism? White Bedi (1998) other details provided. Museum, London)

Panthera tgris (Linnaeus, 1758) Black-coloured 108 Black-coloured animal was killed. Melanism (one) Buckland (1889) or Royal In 1889 Harrow (9.8660N & Total black animal basking on Black-coloured 77.1490E), of Capper Stewart 109 Panthera tgris Melanism (one) rocks in the evening. Travancore, Kerala (1914) In autumn of 1895 Very dark coloured animal was Dark coloured In forest of Central Province 110 Panthera tgris Melanism (one) Pitman (1912) shot. In 1912 Pale yellow 20 miles away from above Animal with very pale yellow skin Hypomelanism 111 Panthera tgris colouraton forest of Central Province Pitman (1912) was shot. (one) In 1912 Lushai Hills, (23.5850N & Black 112 Panthera tgris Black in colour. Melanism (one) 92.8480E), Assam Pocock (1929) In 1929 A young tger having dark brown Central Province 113 Panthera tgris body with black stripes on dark Melanism (one) Melanism Prater (1937) A few years before 1936 background shot. Dibrugarh (27.4730N & Melanism (one 114 Panthera tgris Black-coloured animal. Melanism 94.9120E), Assam Prater (1937) young) In 1915 Forest in Dibrugarh, A black tger of Royal Bengal Black-coloured (27.4730N & 94.9120E), 115 Panthera tgris Melanism (one) Prater (1937) type. Assam 10 October 1936 Khulana or Backerganj Colour uniformly brown, stripes Hypomelanism Brown variety (22.2220N & 88.8390E), 116 Panthera tgris not visible (to camoufage in the Prater (1937) (one) Sunderban, W.B. (from dist. open sandy tracks of Sunderban) Gazeteer of Bengal) Black skin with tawny stripes on Podagad Village, Bhandan back and white stripes on ventral Melanism Melanism River Valley, Similipal TR Prusty & Singh 117 Panthera tgris side. Seen several tmes by (one female) (21.7500N & 86.3330E), Orissa (1996a) forest ofcials (animal was shot). July 1993 Similipal TR, (21.7500N & Anonymous 118* Panthera tgris Black tger caught in camera trap. Melanism (one) Melanistc 86.3330E), Orissa (2012a) July 2012

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2019 | 11(6): 13690–13719 13703 Colour aberraton In Indian mammals Mahabal et al.

Taxa and common name Descripton of aberraton as Most likely Aberraton Locality (with decimal Source given by the original author aberraton (sex, as named by coordinates) and date (if (with remarks, if any) if any) the original any) author A wild white tgress with two Near Gwalior, between Agra Piebaldism? full-grown light fawn cubs all and Malwa (26.4210N & (one adult Mutant or Divyabhanusinh 119 Panthera tgris with stripes (depicted in ‘Akbar 78.8500E), M.P. female and two white (1987a) Nama’, the earliest record of During Mughal period, in light fawn cubs) white tger in India; image). 1561 Lydekker (1907) A wild white tger skin. No Undetermined White Exhibited in Exeter Change 120 Panthera tgris cited by Editor details of stripes and eye colour. (one male) In 1820 BNHS (1910) Poona (18.5220N & 73.8520E), Lydekker (1907) Undetermined White 121 Panthera tgris Wild white tger was killed. Maharashtra cited by Editor (one male) In 1892 BNHS (1910) Wild white tger shot and skin Upper Assam (26.7870N & Lydekker (1907) Undetermined White 122 Panthera tgris sent to Calcuta. No details of 94.2130E) cited by Editor (one male) stripe and eye colour. March 1899 BNHS (1910) Kuch Behar (26.4680N & Lydekker (1907) Maharaja of Kuch Behar Undetermined White 123 Panthera tgris 89.6450E), Assam, cited by Editor possesses a white tger skin. (one male) Before 1907 BNHS (1910) Wild white tgress was shot Mulin Sub-division Forest Lydekker (1907) having ground colour pure Undetermined White of Dhenkand, (20.6800N & 124 Panthera tgris Cited by Editor white, stripes deep reddish-black (one female) 85.5740E), Orissa BNHS (1910) coloured. May 1909 Pendra Zamindari (22.7670N Albino wild tger was shot having & 81.4580E), Bilaspur cream-coloured skin throughout Albino Hypomelanism District, M.P. (specimen in 125 Panthera tgris but paler on head, stripes D’Abreu (1916) (one) Central Museum, , chocolate brown, whiskers dark Maharashtra) brown and white. In 1910 A family party of four wild tgers was shot, two of which were 18 miles in jungles of Cooch normal-coloured adult male Albinism (one Narayan (1922), Pure albino Behar (26.3580N & 89.6310E), 126* Panthera tgris and female having two pure male cub and also cited by Assam full-grown albino cubs with pink one female cub) Gee (1959) 08 May 1922 eyes (never seen such albinos by many shikaris). Number of pure white and Piebaldism? Jungles of Bhagalpur District, cream-coloured wild tgers with (number of White (25.3478, 86.9822"E), 127 Panthera tgris black stripes, normal-coloured Robinson (1928) males and Central Province (now Bihar) eyes but not albino. Either shot females) Before and in 1926 or seen by shikaris. A wild white tgress with stripes Leucism? (one White Assam van Ingen & van 128 Panthera tgris in darker shade of tan, black female) Before 1941 Ingen (1941) stripes at tp of tail. Jungles and hill ranges of Number of pure white wild tgers Leucism Rewa State, forested areas of Oswald (1960), with light black stripes, eyes (number of White Bilaspur and Mandla districts, 129 Panthera tgris also cited by with black pupil, nose grey-pink. males and Sidhi Dist, Central Province Singh (1996) Either shot or captured. females) (now M.P.) Between 1950 and 1951 A white tger cub with dark- chocolate stripes on orange-red Blue-eyed white White (male Bartari Forest, Yadwas RF, 130 Panthera tgris skin and 'ice- blue eyes' was morph (one cub Sidhi District, M.P. Oswald (1960) caught and reared in Govindgarh male) 28 May 1951 Palace and named 'Mohan'. Undetermined Forests of Assam, Meghalaya, Sankhala (1969, Number of wild white tgers (number of White Odisha, West Bengal, Bihar, 1978), also 131 Panthera tgris shot. males and M.P. & Maharashtra cited by Sinha females) Between 1907 and 1958 (1993) Leucism (a A sub-adult tger (eyes look single likely sub- Nilgiri BR, Tamil Nadu June/ Anonymous 132 Panthera tgris Pale normal-coloured in image). adult, age and July 2017 by Nalanjan Ray (2017a,b,c) sex unknown) Family: Viverridae Total white albino and no trace Arjunapura Village, Phulwari Paradoxurus hermaphroditus of black colour on its fur (no Albinism (one WS (24.5680N & 73.6830E), 133* (Pallas, 1777) descripton of eyes given). Many Albino Sharma (2004) adult) Udaipur District, Rajasthan Common Palm Civet Bhils also notced this adult 13 April 2001 earlier.

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Taxa and common name Descripton of aberraton as Most likely Aberraton Locality (with decimal Source given by the original author aberraton (sex, as named by coordinates) and date (if (with remarks, if any) if any) the original any) author White body without any black or grey markings, ears and snout Kuldina WS (21.1990N & Anonymous 134 Paradoxurus hermaphroditus pinkish, eyes reddish visible in Albinism (one) Albino 86.2990E), Odisha (2016b) image 28 December 2013 (image by Ayan Banerjee) Brownish-black coat colour on dorsal side, whitsh under fur Roadside Dandeli-Anshi TR anteriorly, along with pinkish Piebaldism (15.2720N & 74.5350E), Utara Chunekar et al. 135 Paradoxurus hermaphroditus Colour variant leg extremites (lack of black (female) District, Karnataka (2017) pigmentaton). Half of the tail 02 July 2015 white while rest black. Kas Plateau (17.7150N & Piebaldism 73.7980E), Satara District, Chunekar et al. 136 Paradoxurus hermaphroditus Same features as above. Colour variant (juvenile) Maharashtra (2017) 01 November 2015 Amboli (15.9620N & Paradoxurus jerdoni Blanford, A white-coloured albino civet 73.9970E; Western Ghats), 1885 Anonymous 137 (image by Chunekar & Bhat). Albinism (one) Albino Siidhudurg District, Common Jerdon’s or Brown (2013b) Maharashtra Palm Civet October 2013 Family: Herpestdae Mother snow white in colour, Kallarwas Village (24.5740N Herpestes edwardsii (E. Geofroy with three normal-coloured & 73.6040E), 15km from Saint-Hilaire, 1818) Tehsin & 138* young ones. Eye colour not Undetermined Albino Udaipur, Rajasthan Indian or Common Grey Chawra (1994) mentoned 13 March 1993 and again in Mongoose (image). April 1993 Total white-coloured wild Ranthambore NP (26.0170N Anonymous albino mongoose with pinkish Herpestes smithii Gray, 1837 Albinism (one & 76.5020E), Rajasthan (2012b); 139 snout and red eyes (images by Total albinism Indian Ruddy Mongoose adult) 31 May 2009, December Kulkarni & Raghunandan Kulkarni & Aditya 2009, January 2012 Mahabal (2014) Singh). Family: Canidae Honavar (14.2830N & Canis aureus Linnaeus, 1758 Black-coloured 74.4500E), Kanara District, 140 Black Jackal (shot). Melanism (one) Tuggerse (1925) Asiatc (or Golden) Jackal Karnataka 19 April 1924 Jet black adult male with thin white stripe down at the centre Island of Dharmadam Melanism (a of chest and a normal adult (11.7530N & 75.4950E), Neelakanthan 141 Canis aureus male, female Black female having three ofspring Tellicherry, Kerala (1969) and a cub) of which one black a replica October 1968 to April 1969 of adult. Remaining two ofspring of above pair (one fawn with white Fawn and under parts and litle black on Hypomelanism Neelakanthan 142 Canis aureus grey-brown As above tail, second one a mixture of (one cub each) (1969) coloured grey-brown with terminal half of tail black). A completely black-coloured Etkulam in Ezhimala Hill Melanism 143* Canis aureus individual (image by Pramod Melanistc range, Kannur Dist. (12.0140N Parida (2014) (adult) Dhal). & 75.2050E), Kerala Pulloni mangrove area, Red colour of eyes was not near Mangalam Dam, obvious. Two observed in the Leucism? (two Partal Sanil et al. 144* Canis aureus Bhagavathikavu (10.8590N eight camera trap images of individuals) albinism (2014) & 75.9250E), Tirur Taluk, jackals. Mallapuram District, Kerala Red colour of eyes was not Near Chaliyam mangroves obvious. Two albinos in the Leucism? (two Partal Sanil et al. 145* Canis aureus area (11.15730N & 75.8110E), 12 jackal images, captured in individuals) albinism (2014) Kozhikode District, Kerala camera traps. Agricultural feld c. 5km Canis lupus (pallipes) Linnaeus, Total black-coloured animal with southeast of Mangalwedha 1758 white patch on upper jaw and Lokhande & 146 Melanism (one) Melanism (17.5000N & 75.4330E), lower part of the chest, tail black Bajaru (2013) Solapur District, Maharashtra (image). 26 September 2012 Gaddesal in northern Cuon alpinus (Pallas, 1811) Total black except a white tp Complete Coimbatore Forest Division 147 Melanism (one) Morris (1936a) Wild Dog or at tail. melanism (11.1360N & 76.9760E), T.N. 11 January 1936

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2019 | 11(6): 13690–13719 13705 Colour aberraton In Indian mammals Mahabal et al.

Taxa and common name Descripton of aberraton as Most likely Aberraton Locality (with decimal Source given by the original author aberraton (sex, as named by coordinates) and date (if (with remarks, if any) if any) the original any) author Family: Ursidae One cub was shot, skin thick, shaggy, tawny-brown Melursus ursinus (=Ursus Jungles of Midnapore, throughout, light-coloured Hypomelanism Colour variant Sterndale 148 labiatus) (Shaw, 1791) (22.4220N & 87.3250E), W.B. underneath, whitsh collar (one cub) (1886) November 1884 on chest but no black colour anywhere. Sterndale Secunderabad (17.4400N & It was shot, only hind quarters of Hypomelanism Colour variant (1886) (from 149 Melursus ursinus 78.4990E), Deccan, A.P. body grey. (one) “Asian sportng” March 1886 newspaper) Borders of Shahabad Sterndale It was shot, body grey to light Hypomelanism Colour variant (25.7700N & 81.3990E), (1886) (from 150 Melursus ursinus grey; natve shikaris called it (one) Mirzapur District, U.P. “Asian sportng” ‘safed bhalu’. March 1886 newspaper) Sterndale Shot a sloth bear with two Colour variant Hypomelanism Not mentoned (1886) (from 151 Melursus ursinus cubs—one was brown instead of (one cub) 09 March 1886 “Asian sportng” black. Other cub normal black. newspaper) It was shot. Uniformly brown in Sandy nalla in jungles of colour with grey snout, eyes blue Hypomelanism Brown-variety HazariBagh (24.1310N & 152 Melursus ursinus Saunders (1914) and not brown, iris and pupil (one) 85.4680E), Bihar deep blue. In 1914 Shikaris saw two sloth , Red-brown Jungles of Orissa (17.7400N & Hypomelanism 153 Melursus ursinus one normal black and other one variety 81.9480E) Saunders (1914) (one) red-brown. In 1914 A bear was shot having light Rajpur (21.2600N & golden brown long and thick Hypomelanism Brown-variety 81.6350E), Central Province 154 Melursus ursinus Duke (1929) hairs accompanied by other (one male) Before 1929 normal black-coloured bear. Author knows about another Hypomelanism Brown-variety Not mentoned 155 Melursus ursinus such specimen of similar light Duke (1929) (one) Before 1929 golden brown bear. Madkote Village, Marwahi A white-coloured adult male Block (22.5039, 81.7800), seen by tribals, possibly the Albinism (one 156 Melursus ursinus Albino near Achanakamar WS, Bharos (1988) father of three white cubs male) Bilaspur District, M.P. mentoned below. In 1988 Three white cubs, completely Madkote Village, Marwahi white with pink eyes, snout Albinism (one Block (22.5030N & 81.7800E), and upper muzzle porton light 157* Melursus ursinus female and two Albino near Achanakamar WS, Bharos (1988) pink. V-mark on chest difcult unsexed cubs) Bilaspur District, M.P. to distnguish. Mother normal- In 1988 coloured. Ursus thibetnus G [Baron] Author knows about several Hypomelanism Brown form Not mentoned van Ingen 158 Cuvier, 1823 cinnamon-coloured variety of (several Before 1940 (1941) Himalayan or Asian Black Bear sloth bears (not uncommon). individuals) In the Zoo of H.H. Maharaja Hypomelanism Brown form of Dewas (22.9600N & van Ingen 159 Ursus thibetnus One bear with cinnamon colour. (one male) 76.0590E), M.P. (1941) Before 1941 Order: Artodactyla Family: Suidae Shot white albino boar having 45 miles from Udaipur completely white hairs; nose, Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 Albinism (one (24.8390N & 73.5830E), 160* eyes, and hoofs pink in colour Albino Sinha (1946) or Wild Pig male) Rajasthan (atacking nature, possess 27 May 1946 harem). Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary (15.3940N & 76.8130E), Spoted big albino boar, Albinism (one 161 Sus scrofa Albino Hospet, Bellary District, Neginhal (2005) completely white (image). adult male) Karnataka November 2004 Family: Cervidae Bahadur Total white deer, an albino, Crawford Market for sell in Axis axis (Erxleben, 1777) Albinism (one (1942b), 162 brought for experimental Albinism Bombay, Maharashtra Spoted Deer or male adult) also cited by purpose. In 1942 Taibal (1945)

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Taxa and common name Descripton of aberraton as Most likely Aberraton Locality (with decimal Source given by the original author aberraton (sex, as named by coordinates) and date (if (with remarks, if any) if any) the original any) author Doon (now Dehradun) An albino chital shot; it was snow Albinism (one (30.3180N & 78.0320E), 163* Axis axis white, eyes and hoofs pink, faint Albino Atkinson (1932) female) Utarakhand silky white spots (image). November 1931 Smielowski Ahmedabad Zoo (23.0110N & Total albino with red-coloured Albinism (one (1987); 164* Axis axis Albinism 72.6000E), Gujarat eyes, bred in zoo. adult) Anonymous Before 1986 (1986) Ramganga, Palain River in In a herd of 24 Chital on a hillock, Albinism (one Corbet TR (29.4320N & Singh Brijendra 165 Axis axis a single pure white individual Albino young female) 79.1280E), Utarakhand (1996) with pink eyes and ears (image). 20 August 1995 Anonymous Sonanadi WS (29.5940N & (undated) as 166* Axis axis No details. Undetermined Albino 78.7440E), Nainital District, cited by Singh Utarakhand (2014) Undetermined Panvel Zoo, Raigad District, 167* Axis axis No details. Alibino Dey (2000) (two adults) Maharashtra Nagarhole, (11.9550N & Undetermined 168* Axis axis White. Albino 76.0380E), Panda (2009) (fawn) Karnataka White-bodied male Chital Nagarhole NP (12.0410N & without pinkish colour on nasal Leucism (one White Anonymous 169* Axis axis 76.1310E), Karnataka region and eye (image by S.G. adult male) (2008a) In 2008 Neginhal) Ahmedabad Zoo (23.0110N & White Chital born in zoo with Leucism (one White Anonymous 170* Axis axis 72.6000E), Gujarat dark eyes and dark nose. fawn) (2010a) April 2010 Ranthambore NP (26.0170N White-bodied with dark eyes and Leucism (one White Parashar 171 Axis axis & 76.5020E), Rajasthan nostrils (image). female) (2012a) 08 March 2012 Ranthambore NP (26.0170N Leucism (one White Parashar 172 Axis axis White-bodied calf (image). & 76.5020E), Rajasthan young) (2012b) 29 July 2012 Piplideh, Anantpura Albinism (one Chawki, Kundera Range, White-bodied female and a fawn Prabhu et al. 173* Axis axis female and one Albino Ranathambhore TR (26.0170N having pinkish nose (image). (2013) fawn) & 76.5020E), Rajasthan 12 January 2012 Jamshedpur Zoological Park 174* Axis axis Albino Chital. Albinism? (one) Albino (22.8170N & 86.1990E), Mohan (2014) Jharkhand Katerniyaghat WS (28.0000N Dasgupta 175* Axis axis Albinism? (one) Albino & 81.2000E), (2014); Mishra near Bahraich, U.P. (2014) In a normal-coloured herd of 13 Kantarsingh, Labangi secton Chital a snow white fawn with of Pampasar Forest Range, few faint creamy spots visible on Pradhan et al. 176* Axis axis Albinism (fawn) Albino Satkosia TR (20.5250N & body with pink-coloured eyes, (2014) 84.7930E), Odisha nasal tp, and ears; white hairs 05 June 2014 on eyebrows (images). Pench NP (22.0330N & Total white with reddish eyes Albinism (fawn Sayyed et al. 177 Axis axis Albino 79.8290E), M.P. (image). with adult) (2015 b) 23 January 2015 A jet black coat coloured with Reservoir in Parambikulam typical spots of spoted deer Melanism (one TR (10.3930N & 76.7750E), 178 Axis axis hidden under the coat, in a herd Melanism Kumar (2012) adult) Kerala of normal-coloured wild deer July 2009 (image with editor). A blackish deer in a herd of Muthanga Forest Range normal deer whose antlers had Melanism (11.7090N & 76.0690E), Anwar et al. 179 Axis axis Melanism rounded outgrowths (male) Wayanad WS, Kerala (2015) (image). 14 January 2014 Pelage blackish to dark brown Hypomelanism Melanism 2km away from the above Anwar et al. 180 Axis axis in a herd (male) locaton on same date (2015) (image).

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Taxa and common name Descripton of aberraton as Most likely Aberraton Locality (with decimal Source given by the original author aberraton (sex, as named by coordinates) and date (if (with remarks, if any) if any) the original any) author Ranthambore NP (26.0170N White pelage with reddish eye Albinism & 76.5020E), Anonymous 181* Axis axis seen in image (images by Rishiraj Albino (female) Rajasthan (2008b, 2012c) Deval & Manoj Parashar). December 2008 & May 2011 A white fawn with white pelage Pench NP (21.7620N & Anonymous 182* Axis axis and pinkish eye seen in the Albinism (fawn) Albino 79.3380E), M.P. (2010b) image (image by Prabheer Patl). February 2007 Shot a full-grown female, white all over the body with hoofs and Axis porcinus (Zimmerman, (26.4680N eyes pink, hence true albino Albinism (one Adamson 183* 1780) True Albino & 89.6450E), Assam (Shikaris had not seen such a female) (1916) Hog Deer In 1916 white deer for the last 45 years). First record from India. Muntacus muntjak Muta (14.3040N & 74.5300E), (Zimmermann, 1780) A total white Muntjac was Undetermined White thick forested area of Charrington 184* Indian Muntjak or Barking Deer sighted. (one adult) southern India (1907) or Red Muntjak 25 August 1906 Forest of Darjiling Dist. (27.0460N & 88.2450E), Very dark brown and nearly Melanism W.B., (one such mounted 185 Muntacus muntjak black Barking Deers reported Melanism Inglis (1952) (many) in Darjiling Natural History commonly. Museum). In 1952 An image of albino deer shot by Udaipur (24.6030N & Cited by Editor 186* Muntacus muntjak Chandra Chud Prasad Singh Albinism (one) Albino 73.7010E), Rajasthan BNHS (1959) of Udaipur. February 1959 Shencotah, taken to Madumalai WS (11.5750N & Conspicuous white spots above Piebaldism (one “White spots” Johnsingh 187 Muntacus muntjak 76.6210E), Udhagamandalam, the hoofs. young) (1984) T.N. In 1982 Sunar et al. Senchal WS (26.9930N & (2012), Melanism Melanism 188 Muntacus muntjak Dark-coloured. 88.2650E), cited by (adult) Darjeeling District, W.B. Choudhury (2014) Kitam Bird Sanctuary Melanism (two (27.1070N & 88.3500E), Cited by Dark-coloured coat (sighted by 189 Muntacus muntjak adults of which Melanism Wildlife Wing, Namchi, Choudhury Forest Department). one injured) Sikkim (2014) October 2013 Legship (27.2660N & Hypomelanism 88.2660E) near Pelling, West Choudhury 190 Muntacus muntjak Dark brownish-grey. Melanism (adult) Sikkim, (2014) 15 June 2014 A white-albino Sambar, 1,500f near Chaukhamb Hills completely pigmentless, eyes of Kohtri Valley (29.3800N Rusa unicolor (Kerr, 1792) and muzzle conspicuously pink, Albinism (one Champion 191* Albino & 79.4630E), Landowne, Sambar ears light pigmented, all hair on adult) (1938) Nainital District, Utarakhand body white (in mixed forest of In 1938 Sal and Chir). Gunaithitu, Talamalai range In a herd of three, single white Undetermined (11.1120N & 76.8920E), North 192* Rusa unicolor female with other two normal- Albino Pillay (1953) (one female) Coimbatore, T. N. coloured (frst tme seen albino). May 1951 In a herd of six, one stag Gunaithitu, Talamalai Range complete white other normal- Undetermined (11.1120N & 76.8920E), 193 Rusa unicolor Albino Pillay (1953) coloured hinds (Shikaris have (one male) northern Coimbatore, T.N. seen this herd number of tmes). November 1951 Near Jaisamand Lake & Forest (24.2390N & 73.9590E), A young albino female caught 50km from Udaipur, and died later on in captvity Leucism (one Rajasthan Tehsin (2006, 194* Rusa unicolor Albino (image shows normal-coloured young female) (exhibited in City Palace 2012) eyes). Archaeological Museum, Udaipur) Before 1947

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Taxa and common name Descripton of aberraton as Most likely Aberraton Locality (with decimal Source given by the original author aberraton (sex, as named by coordinates) and date (if (with remarks, if any) if any) the original any) author Manipur Zoological Garden Anonymous A birth of white-coloured fawn in Undetermined White (24.8170N & 93.8900E), (2010c), cited 195* Rusa unicolor Zoo Garden. (fawn) Iroishemba, Manipur by Pande et al. 23 March 2010 (2010) Jamunagawd beat of Jhirna A pure white albino with reddish Range, core area of Corbet snout and red eyes, inside of Albinism (one Pande et al. 196* Rusa unicolor Albino NP (29.5040N & 78.8300E), ears pinkish fawn) (2010) Utarakhand (image). 19 June 2010 Total white young with pinkish Bandipur TR (11.6670N & ears in a company of two normal Anonymous 197 Rusa unicolor Albinism (fawn) Albino 76.6320E), Karnataka adults (image by S.P. Bharath (2016c) 12 October 2014 Kumar). Family: Bovidae Antlope cervicapra (Linnaeus, A dark-coloured throughout the Bhopal (23.2610N & Melanism (one 198 1758) body without usual white belly Melanism 77.4120E), M.P. Smith (1905) adult male) Blackbuck or Indian Antelope and legs (image). 06 September 1904 Forest of Jaipur (26.9280N & Brought a white albino for Undetermined Bahadur (1942 199 Antlope cervicapra Albinism 75.8640E), Rajasthan matng experiment but died. (one adult) b) In 1942 Ahmedabad Zoo (23.0110N & Albinism (one Smielowski 200 Antlope cervicapra Total albino with red eyes. Albinism 72.6000E), Gujarat adult) (1987) Before 1986 Totally white single individual Outskirts of Ahmedabad with normal eye seen in the (23.0110N & 72.6000E), Leucism (one Leucistc?/ Anonymous 201 Antlope cervicapra image Gujarat adult) Albinism (2011a) (images by Rajal Thaker). October 2009 & 27 December 2013 A white-coloured Blackbuck seen Undetermined Central India Divyabhanusinh 202 Antlope cervicapra White by Mughal Emperor Jahangir. (one) From 1605 to 1627 (1987b) Total white body with normal Velavadar Blackbuck NP eyes in a normal-coloured herd Leucism Albino (22.0440N & 72.0200E), Anonymous 203 Antlope cervicapra of 10 (female) Gujarat (2016d) (image by Ajay Parmar). 08 January 2016 Velavadar Blackbuck NP A white-coloured fawn with (22.0440N & 72.0200E), Anonymous 204* Antlope cervicapra normal-coloured eye seen in Leucism (fawn) Albino Gujarat (2016e) image (image by Jagadip Singh). 09 April 2016 A white-coloured adult with Velavadar Blackbuck NP normal-coloured eyes seen Albino/ (22.0440N & 72.0200E), Anonymous 205* Antlope cervicapra Leucism (male) in the image (images by M.N. Leucistc Gujarat (2008c, 2012d) Jayakumar & Tejas Soni). April 2008 & 13 June 2012 A white-coloured adult Guindy N.P./IIT Madras with normal eyes seen in (13.0010N & 80.2330E), Tamil Anonymous multple photographs of this 206* Antlope cervicapra Leucism (male) Albino Nadu (2010d, 2011b, individual. (Photographs by 29 April 2010, 14 January c). Mymoonmoghul, Sreelal TS, & 2011 & 06 March 2011 Vinod Velu) A white-coloured adult with Kanjari (22.6140N & normal eye and black coloured Anonymous 207* Antlope cervicapra Leucism (male) Albino 72.9150E), Gujarat snout seen in the image (image (2016f) October 2015 by Ghanashyam Sarvaiya). Gazella benneti (Sykes, A white-coloured Chinkara seen Undetermined White Central India Divyabhanusinh 208 1830–31) by Mughal Emperor Jahangir. (one) Between 1605 and 1627 (1987b) Indian Gazelle or Chinkara Dhrangadra (22.9790N & Brought a total white (albino) for Undetermined Bahadur 209 Gazella benneti Albinism 71.4700E), Gujarat experimental purpose but died. (one adult) (1942b) In 1942 Ahmedabad Zoo (23.0110N & Albinism (one Smielowski 210 Gazella benneti Total white body with red eyes. Albinism 72.6000E), Gujarat adult) (1987) Before 1986 Dhava-Doli wildlife closed An albino individual observed by Undetermined Mehra et al. 211 Gazella benneti Albinism area near Jodhpur, Rajasthan S.M. Mohnot. (one) (2010) In 2006

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Taxa and common name Descripton of aberraton as Most likely Aberraton Locality (with decimal Source given by the original author aberraton (sex, as named by coordinates) and date (if (with remarks, if any) if any) the original any) author One male, one cow, and a cow Hypomelanism Munnar Ghat crossing, with calf in three diferent herds, (one adult male, (10.1020N & 77.1170E), Bos gaurus H. Smith, 1827 White 212* sandy or light fawn coloured one female, and Pambur River, forest of Morris (1933) Gaur body. Horns yellow-white with one female with Coimbatore, T.N. pink base. young one) 12 October 1932 Further east of Munnar White bison seen by others in Undetermined White Ghat area in Kukkual Block ( 213 Bos gaurus Morris (1933) this area. (one adult) 9.9630N & 77.4100E), T.N. In 1932 Southern Coimbatore Occurrence of white bison Undetermined White 214 Bos gaurus (10.9800N & 76.9720E), T.N. Morris (1935) (image). (one adult) Before 1935 Chanda Dist. (20.2090N & White or Dunbar Brander Controversy over light sandy or 79.5600E"E; now Chandrapur, Hypomelanism light cream (1933, 1935, 215* Bos gaurus fawn coloured or ‘dormouse’ Maharashtra), Central (one adult) coloured 1936); Morris coloured white bison. Province (1934, 1936b) Before 1935 Kambu Forest Rest House, A white bison with no Undetermined White southern Coimbatore 216 Bos gaurus Williams (1936) descripton. (one adult) (10.9800N & 76.9720E), T.N. In 1930 Hills (10.2380N & A white bison with no Undetermined White 77.4890E), Madurai District, 217 Bos gaurus Williams (1936) descripton. (one adult) T.N. In 1930 River at Manjampat tracks In a herd of 120 bisons and many Light red and of Kilanavayal, (10.2000N & other smaller herds, there were light coloured Hypomelanism 77.5000E), Kodi Hills, Kukkal 218 Bos gaurus light-coloured bisons in most Williams (1969) (few) & Talanji area, Palni Hills herds with varying colour from Madurai District, T.N. light red through duns. Between 1929 and 1937 One herd of 20 bisons in which Abnormal Hypomelanism 219 Bos gaurus every animal was abnormal coloured --do-- Williams (1969) (20) coloured. Undetermined Full grown white bulls and a cow Pure white 220 Bos gaurus (two males and --do-- Williams (1969) known to author. female) Ashy-coloured Amaravathi Nagar (13.0790N Hypomelanism 221 Bos gaurus All ash-coloured bisons. & 80.2040E), southern India Davidar (1970) (four) In 1965

Greenish-grey- Udumal-Kamanuthu Munnar In two diferent herds, four and Hypomelanism coloured Ghat Road (10.0770N & 222 Bos gaurus one respectvely, were greenish Davidar (1970) (fve) 77.1360E), Kerala grey and rest normal in colour. Before 1970 Kumulampat (11.5920N Catle keepers saw thousands Grey coloured & 76.5760E), Northern Hypomelanism 223 Bos gaurus of bisons but notced only one Slopes of ManjaMalai and Davidar (1970) (one) strange (grey) coloured bison. MudianMalai, T.N. January 1969 Koilan Alai (10.1860N & H.H. The Raja of Pudu Kotai saw White Undetermined 77.5340E), near Palni Hills, 224 Bos gaurus seven white bisons in thirty years Davidar (1970) (seven) Coimbatore, T.N of his observatons. Between 1940 and 1970 Out of 111 bisons in seven Hypomelanism Light-coloured diferent herds, one young cow Mudian Malai Slope (two young ones 225 Bos gaurus with reddish-brown coloured (11.5450N & 76.5350E), T.N. Davidar (1970) and a young and two light-coloured young 1969–1970 cow) ones were observed. Northern slopes of Hypomelanism Chestnut In a herd, one bull and four cows ManjaMalai and (one female and coloured 226 Bos gaurus of which one young cow was rich MudianMalai forests Davidar (1970) a young one) chestnut in colour. (11.6130N & 76.5750E), T.N. 1969–1970 Talanji area of Palni Hills White (10.1730N & 77.4780E), T.N. Head of white cow mounted, Hypomelanism Gouldsbury 227 Bos gaurus (kept in High Range Club in pelage almost cream-coloured. (one female) (1971) Munnar, Kerala) Before 1939

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Taxa and common name Descripton of aberraton as Most likely Aberraton Locality (with decimal Source given by the original author aberraton (sex, as named by coordinates) and date (if (with remarks, if any) if any) the original any) author Cheevaparamala Slopes, In a herd of 11, four were Chinnar WS (10.3060N & normal-coloured, two were Greyish-white Hypomelanism 77.2060E), Idukki District, Ajith et al. 228 Bos gaurus greyish-white, and remaining fve to light red- (seven) Kerala (contguous with (1998) were ranging from brick red to coloured Majampat Valley) light red. 21 October 1997 In a herd of six, one was greyish- Greyish-white Kootar ( 9.7780N & white juvenile, three were brick Hypomelanism Ajith et al. 229 Bos gaurus to light red 77.2080E), Idduki, Kerala red to light red in colour and two (four) (1998) coloured 3 January,1998 were normal black bulls. Chikkapala Road, Nagarhole Entrely snow white calf in a herd NP (12.0410N & 76.1310E), 230 Bos gaurus near a salt-lick has faint eyes Albinism (one) Albino Neginhal (2002) , Karnataka (image). 11 April 2001 Mostly fawn-coloured fur on Madhai in Satpuda NP Hypomelanism Anonymous 231* Bos gaurus dorsal part with darker brownish Albino (22.5580N & 78.0920E), M.P. (sub-adult) (2010e) below (image by Prabheer Patl). April 2007 Absolute white fur with normal Kufri (31.0970N & 77.2670E), Personal Bos grunniens Linnaeus, 1766 Leucism (one 232 eyes (tamed animal being used Leucistc Shimla District, H.P. observaton by Yak adult) for tourism). In 1991 author (AM) Boselaphus tragocamelus Shot a fawnish white-albino Palitana (21.5270N & Hypomelanism 233 (Pallas, 1766) having orangish mane and Albino 71.8200E), Kathiawad, Gujarat Trivedi (1941) (one adult male) Blue Bull or Nilgai tassel (image). In 1940 White spots all over the body including neck, trunk, butock, and shoulder. Numerous Probably Indian origin (from Piebaldism Albinism tny spots on head and both Amsterdam Zoo taken to Smielowski 234 Boselaphus tragocamelus (one adult limbs. No change in patern Plock Zoo for breeding) (1987) female) of white spots over the years November 1975 to April 1979 despite annual moultng. Next generaton normal-coloured. A young male uniformly Kalighat (27.3280N & Unusual of- white. Eyes normal, Leucism (one 76.4330E),Sariska NP, Ranjitsinh 235 Boselaphus tragocamelus colouraton accompanied by normal young male) Rajasthan (1987) coloured Nilgai. In 1986 A normal-coloured with streak of Kalighat (27.3280N & white colouraton from forehead Unusual Piebaldism (one 76.4330E), Sariska NP, Ranjitsinh 236* Boselaphus tragocamelus to nostrils, lateral marking from colouraton adult female) Rajasthan (1987) eye to eye. Bare skin around In 1986 nostrils cream-coloured. Probably in Cooch Behar Bubalus arnee Kerr, 1792) Claimed as albino but eyes were Leucism (one Albino ? (26.4680N & 89.6450E), Adamson 237 Wild Bufalo normal. adult) Assam (1916) In 1916 14 miles from capital of Ambikapur (23.1180N & Tetracerus quadricornis (de Shot a pair in which female was Melanism (one 83.1950E), Surguja State, Ramanju of 238 Blainville, 1816) total black in colour. Male with Melanism female) Central Province (now Surguja (1932) Four-horned Antelope normal colour. Chatsgarh) In 1932 Chanju Perganah (7,200f) Undetermined Naemorhedus goral (Hardwicke, A pair of albino gorals having (32.5530N & 76.1260E), (one male and Ram Singh Raja 239 1825) white coat, multplied to six in Albino Chamba State (now H.P.) one female and (1927) Himalayan Goral next 10 years (no other details). From 1916 to December six young ones) 1926

* indicates the records also quoted by Singh (2014). Abbreviatons: A.N.=Andaman & Nicobar Islands; A.P.=Andhra Pradesh; BNHS=Bombay Natural History Society; Bombay=now Mumbai; BR=biosphere reserve; Calcuta=now Kolkata; Dist.=district; H.P.=; M.P.=Madhya Pradesh; NP=Natonal Park; T.N.= Tamil Nadu; TR=Tiger Reserve; U.P.=Utar Pradesh; W.B.=West Bengal; WS=wildlife sanctuary; ZMB=Zoologisches Museum des Humboldt-Universitat, Berlin; ZSI=Zoological Survey of India.

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Table 3. Family-wise distributon of mammalian species (Pradhan & Talmale 2012) and aberrant colour species recorded in Indian mammals.

Number of instances in various colour aberratons Order Family No. of Number Albinism Leucism Piebaldism Melanism Hypo- Blue-eyed Undeter- known of melanism White mined species aberrant Morph colour species Elephantdae 1 Proboscidea 1 1 - 1 - - - - - () Dugongidae 2 Sirenia 1 ------(Dugong) Tupaiidae (Tree- 3 Scandenta 3 ------shrews) 4 Primates Lorisidae (Loris) 2 ------Cercopithecidae (Monkeys and 20 3 4 1 - - 7 - - Langurs) Hylobatdae (Ape) 1 ------

5 Rodenta Sciuridae (Squirrels) 27 7 10 4 - 1 1 - 1 Dipodidae (Birch, 1 ------mice) Platacanthomyidae 1 ------(Dormouse) Spalacidae 2 ------(Bamboo Rat) Cricetdae (Voles) 13 ------Muridae (Gerbills, 56 6 2 2 5 2 - - - rats, mouse) Hystricidae 3 2 ------2 (Porcupines) 6 Lagomorpha Ochotonidae (Picas) 7 ------Leporidae (Rabbits, 4 ------hares) Erinaceidae 7 Erinaceomorpha 4 1 1 ------(Hedgehogs) 8 Soricomorpha Soricidae (Shrews) 29 1 1 ------

Talpidae (Moles) 2 ------Pteropodidae (Fruit 9 Chiroptera 14 1 ------1 bats) Rhinolophidae 17 ------(Horse-shoe bats) Hipposideridae 13 3 2 - - - - - 2 (Leaf-nosed bats) Megadermatdae 2 ------(Vampire bats) Rhinopomatdae 3 2 2 1 1 - - - - (Mouse-tailed bats) Emballonuridae 6 1 1 ------(Tomb bats) Molossidae (Free- 4 ------tailed bats) Vespertlionidae 58 ------(Evening bats) Manidae 10 Pholidota 2 ------(Pangolins) 11 Carnivora Felidae (Big cats) 16 6 2 9 2 46 9 3 6

Viverridae (Civets) 9 2 3 - 2 - - - Herpestdae 6 2 1 - - - - 1 (Mongoose) Hyaenidae (Hyenas) 1 ------Canidae (Fox, 7 3 - 2 5 1 - wolves, dogs)

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Number of instances in various colour aberratons Order Family No. of Number Albinism Leucism Piebaldism Melanism Hypo- Blue-eyed Undeter- known of melanism White mined species aberrant Morph colour species Ursidae (Bears) 4 2 2 - - 10 - Mustelidae (Oters, 15 ------weasels) Ailuridae (Red 1 ------panda) 12 Perissodactyla Equidae (Horses) 2 ------Rhinocerotdae 2 ------(Rhinoceros) 13 Artodactyla Suidae (Wild boars) 2 1 2 - - - - Tragulidae (Mouse 1 ------deers) Moschidae (Musk 4 ------deers) Cervidae (other 8 4 16 5 1 5 2 - 7 deers) Bovidae (Gaurs, antelopes, goats, 21 8 3 9 2 2 14 - 12 yak) Balaenopteridae 14 Cetacea 6 ------(Baleen whales) Delphinidae (Dolphins and other 13 ------whales) Phocoenidae 1 ------(Porpoises) Physeteridae 3 ------(Sperm whales) Platanistdae (River 1 ------dolphins) Ziphiidae (Beaked 2 ------whales) Total 14 48 421 56 52 34 13 61 44 3 32

The list interestngly shows a total of 421 species against the list of 420 species in Pradhan & Talmale (2012). This is due to the record of colour aberraton in Indian Cheetah which has since become extnct.

CONCLUSIONS to wildlife and natural history was not as broad-based as it is today. The recent adopton of camera traps The present study indicates colour aberratons in for surveys and the easy availability of photographic 55 mammalian species belonging to eight orders and equipment ofers a ray of hope to fll the gaps in 19 families. No report of any type of colour aberraton knowledge. We highly recommend surveys with camera was reported so far from the six diferent mammalian traps and visual observatons in more and more areas to orders, namely, Sirenia, Scandenta, Logomorpha, get a beter understanding of colour aberratons in the Pholiodota, Perisodactyla, and Cetacea from India missing species. (Table 3). Elsewhere in the world, there were recorded It is notceable that the most commonly observed instances of colour aberraton in marine mammals, colour aberraton as noted by the original authors is that such as in 25 Neotropical cetacean species (Abreu et al. of albinism. Partly this might be due to the tendency 2013). The gaps in the knowledge in species belonging amongst naturalists to name most mutatons resultng to many orders and families in India need atenton from in white animals as albinos. This, however, is not always researchers, naturalists, and feld workers to gather true as there are many other types of colour aberraton more evidence. that can result in a white or pale coat. Albinos can be Singh (2014) pointed out that in the past the source distnguished by their red or pink eye colour along with of informaton and disseminaton of data pertaining pinkish snout, pinna, and limbs. Hence, there is a need

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Table 4. State-wise records with known instances of various colour aberratons in mammals of India.

States Number of records of each aberraton Hypo- Blue-eyed Undeter- Albinism Leucism Piebaldism Melanism Total melanism white morph mined Andaman & Nicobar 2 2

Assam 3 2 5 2 12

Arunachal Pradesh 0

Bihar 3 1 3 4 1 12

Chandigarh 1 1

Chatsgarh 1 1

Goa 2 1 1 4

Gujarat 4 6 1 1 2 14

Haryana 0

Himachal Pradesh 1 1 2

Jammu & Kashmir 1 1

Jharkhand 1 1

Karnataka 4 1 1 8 2 16

Kerala 1 4 6 5 16

Madhya Pradesh 5 4 1 4 8 1 2 25

Maharashtra 8 2 4 9 1 2 26

Manipur 2 2

Meghalaya 1 1

Mizoram 0

Nagaland 1 1

New Delhi 1 1 2

Odisha 2 4 1 2 9

Rajasthan 11 5 2 3 21

Sikkim 2 3 5

Tamil Nadu 3 1 3 9 8 24

Telangana 1 1

Tripura 0

Utar Pradesh 1 1 1 3

Utarakhand 4 4 1 9

West Bengal 1 1 7 4 1 14

Unknown 1 1 1 1 5 5 14

Total 52 34 13 61 44 3 32 239

for greater awareness of types of colour aberraton to determine the precise category of colour aberraton. in the naturalists’ community to correctly name the Whenever images are not available, a detailed aberraton. descripton including eye colour, patern, and amount of We encourage researchers and the nature loving discolouraton is necessary for the proper identfcaton community to either publish their observatons in of the type of colour aberraton in the species. scientfc journals and to upload photographic evidence on websites such as www.indianaturewatch.com or apps like iNaturalist. Observaton and images of eye colour along with the rest of the body are very useful

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Author details: Dr. Anil Mahabal has completed his doctoral research on साराश populaton ecology of Common Myna. He served for 37 years in Zoological Survey of India, retring as the Additonal Director/Scientst ‘F’. He has also भारतासह जगभरात ससतन पाणयामधय वगवगळया रंगिवकृती (जस अिलबनीझम्, लयुिसझम्, पायबालडीझम्, मलॅिनझम्, authored many scientfc papers related to the populaton, roostng behaviour, हायपोमलॅिनझम् आिण िनलनितय शवतरप) आढळतात. या पिरकणात भारतीय ससतन पाणयामधय आढळललया अशया एकूण status reports, reviews, checklists and colour aberratons partcularly in Aves and २३९ नोदी, तयाच सथान दशरिवणाया नकाशासह, सारणीबद कललया आहत. या नोदी १८८६ त जुलै २०१७ पयरतचया काळात other animals. He is also president of Insttute of Natural History Educaton and िविवध वैजािनक सािहतय आिण िनयतकािलकामधून पकािशत झाललया, तसच िविवध वबसाइट्सवर अपलोड कललया Research (INHER), Pune. Dr. Radheshyam Sharma is a scientst by career and पितमामधून एकितत कललया आहत. या नोदीच तयाच जैिवक गण आिण कुळानुसार पिरकण व िवशलषण कलल आह. तयात retred as the Deputy Director from Zoological Survey of India. He did his PhD on िमळाललया मािहतीनुसार योगय रंगिवकृतीची ओळख करणयाचा पयतन कला गला आह. भारतात आढळणाया ससतनपाणयाचया Gall Midges and described several new species of invertebrates. He has published एकूण ४२१ जातीपैकी ५६ मधय, महणजच १३.३% जातीमधय िविवध पकारचया रंगिवकृती आढळून आलया. या जाती आठ गण numerous research papers, artcles and books. He is also vice-president of INHER. आिण १९ कूळामधलया आहत. यापैकी २१.८% अिलबनो, १४.२% लयुिसिसटक, ५.४% पायबालड, २५.५% मलॅिनिसटक, १८.४% Rajgopal Patil is an IT professional and a natural history enthusiast. He has been observing birds for the last 28 years. He is keenly interested in bioacoustcs of हायपोमलॅिनिसटक आिण १.३% िनलनितय शवतरपी आह. उवरिरत १३.४% रंगिवकृतीबदल मािहतीअभावी िनिशत ठरिवता birds and has been recording and analysing calls of birds and other animals. He आलया नाही. या अभयासातील काही ठळक गोषी अशया आहत — १) जगभरातील इतरत झाललया अभयासाशी िवसंगत अस has published papers and artcles on this topic. Dr. Shrikant Jadhav is a scientst वसपरटीिलओिनडे या ससतन पाणयाचया सवात मोठ्ा कुळात रंगिवकृतीची एकही नोद न िदसून यणे २) गुजरातमधय िचतळ in Zoological Survey of India and has done his PhD on fshes. He has published आिण काळवीटामधय अिलबिनझमचा साततयान आढळ, ३) भारतातील मलॅिनिसटक िबबळयाची मोठी संखया तसच अिलकडे several research papers. गलया काही वषापासून िसिककममधय मलॅिनिसटक आिशयाई सुवणर माजरीचया नोदी, ४) पिशम घाटाचया दिकण भागातील गवयामधय, मागील काही वषाचा अपवाद वगळता, हायपोमलॅिनझमचा िनयिमत आढळ. एकूणच, ससतन पाणयामधील रंगिवकृतीचा सखोल अभयास होणयाची गरज अधोरखीत कलली आह.

Threatened Taxa

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 April 2019 | 11(6): 13690–13719 13719 PLATINUM The Journal of Threatened Taxa (JoTT) is dedicated to building evidence for conservaton globally by publishing peer-reviewed artcles online every month at a reasonably rapid rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org. OPEN ACCESS All artcles published in JoTT are registered under Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License unless otherwise mentoned. JoTT allows allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of artcles in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton.

ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)

April 2019 | Vol. 11 | No. 6 | Pages: 13631–13814 Date of Publicaton: 26 April 2019 (Online & Print) www.threatenedtaxa.org DOI: 10.11609/jot.2019.11.6.13631-13814

Editorial Diversity and community structure of Odonata (Insecta) in two land use types in Purba Medinipur District, West Bengal, India Building evidence for 20 years! – Prit Ranjan Pahari, Shubha Sankar Mandal, Subhadeep Mait & – Sanjay Molur, P. 13631 Tanmay Bhatacharya, Pp. 13748–13755

Artcles Foraging preferences of honey bees Apis cerana in Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka, India Efect of socio-ecological factors and parasite infecton on body conditon of – A.G. Suhas Krishna & Rajashekhar K. Patl, Pp. 13756–13764 Brown Mouse Lemur Microcebus rufus (Mammalia: Primates: Cheirogaleidae) – Andry Herman Rafalinirina, Jeannot Randrianasy, Patricia C. Wright & Additons to the lichen biota of Assam State, India – Rupjyot Gogoi, Siljo Joseph, Sanjeeva Nayaka & Farishta Yasmin, Jonah Ratsimbazafy, Pp. 13632–13643 Pp.13765–13781 Identfcaton of suitable habitat for Swamp Deer Rucervus duvaucelii Short Communicatons duvaucelii (Mammalia: Artodactyla: Cervidae) in Chitwan Natonal Park, Nepal Study of nestng behaviour of Asian Paradise Flycatcher Terpsiphone – Shravan Kumar Ghimire, Man Kumar Dhamala, Babu Ram Lamichhane, paradisi (Aves: Passeriformes: Monorchidae)from southern West Bengal, Rishi Ranabhat, Khim Bahadur KC & Shashank Poudel, Pp. 13644–13653 India – Nilemesh Das & Shuvadip Adhikari, Pp. 13782–13785 Communicatons A checklist of fsh species from three rivers in northwestern Bangladesh The diversity and conservaton of mammals in the Dodo Coastal Forest in southwestern Côte d’Ivoire, western Africa: a preliminary study based on a seven-year survey – Serge Pacome Keagnon Soiret, Célestn Yao Kouakou, Béné Jean-Claude Kof, – Imran Parvez, Mohammad Ashraful Alam, Mohammad Mahbubul Hassan, Blaise Kadjo, Philippe Kouassi, Peñate José Gomez, Reiko Matsuda Goodwin & Yeasmin Ara, Imran Hoshan & Abu Syed Mohammad Kibria, Pp. 13786–13794 Inza Kone, Pp. 13654–13666 New plant distributon records to Indian states and additon to the fora of Resource selecton by Javan Slow Loris Nyctcebus javanicus E. Geofroy, 1812 Myanmar (Mammalia: Primates: Lorisidae) in a lowland fragmented forest in – Kanakasabhapathi Pradheep, Ganjalagata Dasaiah Harish, Ranbir Singh Central Java, Indonesia Rathi, Joseph John Katukkunnel, Sheikh Mohmmad Sultan, Khoisnam – Mahfut Sodik, Satyawan Pudyatmoko, Pujo Semedi Hargo Yuwono & Naveen, Iyyappan Jaisankar, Anjula Pandey, Sudhir Pal Ahlawat & Rita Gupta, Muhammad Ali Imron, Pp. 13667–13679 Pp. 13795–13804

Species compositon and abundance of rodents in Kafa-Sheraro Natonal Park, Notes Ethiopia: preliminary results – Alembrhan Assefa & Chelmala Srinivasulu, Pp. 13680–13689 Sightng of Arunachal Macaque Macaca munzala Sinha et al., 2005 (Mammalia: Primates: Cercopithecidae) in Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary, Colour aberraton in Indian mammals: a review from 1886 to 2017 Bhutan – Anil Mahabal, Radheshyam Murlidhar Sharma, Rajgopal Narsinha Patl & – Sonam Tobgay, Kumbu Dorji & Norbu Yangdon, Pp. 13805–13807 Shrikant Jadhav, Pp. 13690–13719 Rediscovery of an endemic Indian moth Gurna indica (Moore, 1879) Nestng trees of the Red Giant Gliding Squirrel Petaurista petaurista (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctinae) afer 125 years (Mammalia: Rodenta: Sciuridae) in a tropical forest of Namdapha Natonal – Aparna Sureshchandra Kalawate, Neha Upadhyay & Banani Mukhopadhyay, Park, India Pp.13808–13810 – Murali Chatakonda Krishna, Awadhesh Kumar & Om Prakash Tripathi, Pp. 13720–13726 The Nepal Pipewort Eriocaulon nepalense var. luzulifolium (Commelinids: Insights into the diet and feeding behaviour of Red-capped Lark Poales: Eriocaulaceae): a new distributon record for southern India Calandrella cinerea (Aves: Passeriformes: Alaudidae) – Murugan Soumya & Maya C. Nair, Pp. 13811–13814 – Mary Mwangi, Nathan Gichuki, Robert Chira & Peter Njoroge, Pp. 13727– 13733

Baseline biodiversity and physiochemical survey in Parvat Kunda and surrounding area in Rasuwa, Nepal – Jessie Anna Moravek, Mohan Bikram Shrestha & Sanjeevani Yonzon, Pp. 13734–13747 Publisher & Host

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