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The Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Part I, II, Vol-II

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The Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Part I, II, Vol-II CENSUS OF INDIA,. 1931 VOLUME II THE ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS , Part I-REPORT Part II-TABLES By M. C. C. BONINGTON, Superintendent of Census Operations. CALOUTTA: GOVERNMENT OF INDIA. CENTRAL PUBLICATION BRANCH 1932 Gllvernment of India Publications are obtainable from the Government of India Central Publication Branch. 3, Government Place. West. Calcutta. and from the following Agents :_ EUROPE. OFFlOE OF Tltlll HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR IN OlA, INDIA Hovs~, AI.DWYOH, LONDON, W. C. 2. And at all Booksellers. INDIA AND CEYLON: Provincial Book DepOts. MADRAS :-Superintendent, GoverlllIlent Press, MOlUlt Road, Madras. BOlllBAY :-Superintendent, Government Printing and Stationery, Queen's Road, Bombay. SIND :-J,ibrary attached to the Office of the Commissioner in Sind, Kal'achi, BBNGAL :-Bengal Secretariat Book Dep&t, Writers' Buildings, Room No.1, Ground Floor Caloutta. UlII'lTED PROVINOES OF AGRA AND OVDa ,-Superintendent of Govetnment Press, United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, Allahabad. PuNJAB :-Superintendent, Government Printing, Ponjab, Lahore. B1111YA :-Superintendent, Government Printing, Burma, Rangoon. Cml!iTBAL PROVINCES AND BElI.AR :- Superintendent, Government Printing, Central Provincds, Nagpur. As$AM :-Superintendent. Assam Secretariat Press, Shillong. _ BIlU.l!. AND ORISSA :-Superintendent, Government Printing, Bihar and Orissa, P. O. Gulzarbagh. Patlla. NOl!.~B·WBST FRONTIER PBOVINOE: :-Manager, Government Printing and Stationery, Peshawar. Thacker, Spink & Co •• Ltd., Calcutta. and Simla. Shri Shankar Karnat&ka Pustaka Bhandara. W. Newman & Co .• Ltd., Caloutta. Malamuddi, Dharwar. S. K. Lahin & Co., Calcutta. The Standard Bookstall, Karachi, Quetta, Delbi The Indian School Supply Depat, 309, Bow Bazar Murree and Rawalpindi. ' Street, Calcutta. Frontier Book and Stationery Co., Rawa.lpindi. Butterworth & Co. (India), Ltd., Calcutta. *Hossenhhoy Karirnji & Sons, Karachi. M. C. Sarcar & Sons, 15, College Square. The English Bookstall, l{arachi. Calcutta. - Bose & Co., Karachi. Standard Literature Company, Linllted, Calcutta. The Standard Bookstall, Quetta.. Association PreSB, Calcutta. U. P. Malhotra & Co., Quetta. Chukervertty. Chatterjee & Co., Ltd., J 3. College J. Ray & Sons, 43, K. & L., Edwardes Road, Square, Caloutta. Rawalpindi, Murree and Lahore. The "Book Company, Calcutta. The Standard Book. Dep6t, Lahore, Naiiirti.1. James Murray & Co., 12, Qoverument PIMe, Mussoorie. Dalhousie. Ambala Cantonment Calcutta. (Fol' MeteorologIcal Publications and Delhi. only.) The North India Christian Tract and Book Society, .Ray Chaudhury & Co., 68·5, Ashutosh Mukherji 18, Clive Road, Allahabad. Road, Calcutta. Ra.m Nara.in Lal. Ka.tra, a.llahabad. Scientific Publishing Co., 9, Taltola Lsn6, "The Leader", Allahabad. Calcutta. The I_!ldian Army Book: DepOt. Dayalbagh, Agra. Chatterjee & Co., 3'1, Baoharam Ohatterjee Lane, The Engli~h Book Dep6t, Taj Road, Agra. Calclltta. Gaya Prasad &; Sons, Agra. Standard Law Book Society, 8-2, Ha.stings Narain & Co., Meston Road, Cawnpore. Street, Calcutta. The Indian Army Book DepOt, Jullundur City. The Hindu Library, 3, Nandalal Mallick Lane, Daryaganj, Delhi. Calcutts.. Ma.nager, Newal Kishore Press, Lucknow. Kamala Book DepM., Ltd .• 15. College Square, The Uppel' India Publishing House, Ltd., Litera­ C"lcutta. tUre Palace, Ammuddaula Park, Lucknow. • Bengal Flying Club, D.u?1 Dum Cantt. Rai Sahib M. Gulab Singh &; Sona, Mufid.i.Am Kali Charan & Co., MunICIpal Market, Calcutta. Press, Lahore and Allahabad. N. M: Roy ChowdhUry Co., 11, College SlJ.r ., Rama Krishna & Sons, Booksellers, Anarkali, Oaloutta. Lahore. B. C. Baaak. Esq., Proprietor, Albert Library, Students Popular Dep6t, Anarkali, Lahore. Dacca. The Stanciatd Bookstall, Lahore. Higginbothams, Ma.dras. The Proprietor, Punjab SanWit--&ok--f)epIIe, Rochouse & Sons, Madras. Saidmitha Street, Laho~e .. Q. A. Nateson & Co., Publishers. George Town, The Insuranc" Publicity Co., Ltd., Lahore. Madras. The Punjab Religious Book Society, Lahore. p. Varadachary & Co., l\-ladras. The Commercial Book Co., Lahore. City Book Co., Madras. The University Book Agency, Kachari Road, Law Publishing 00., Mylapore, Madras. Lahore. - The Booklover's Resort, Taikad, Trivandrum, Manager of the Imperial Book DepOt, 63, Chanduey South India. Chawk Street, Delhi. E. M. Gopalakrislma Kone, Pudumandapam. J. M. Jaina & Bros., DeUli. Madura. E'ono Book Agency, New Delhi and Simla. Centl'al Ro.>k DepOt, Madura. Oxford Book and Stationery Company, DelbJ, Vijapur & Co., Vizagapatam. Lahore, Simla, Meerut and Calcutta. Thacker & QQ., Ltd., Bombay. Supdt., American Baptist Mission Prese, Rangoon. D. B. Taraporevala Sons & Co., Bombay. Burma Book Club, Ltd., Rangoon. Ram Chandra Govind & Sons, Kalbadevi Road, S. C. Talukd8l', Proprietor, Students & Co., Cooch Bombay. Behar. N. M. Tripathi & Co., Booksellers, Princess Street, The Manager, The Indian Book: Shop, Ben&1'e8 Kalbadavi Road, Bombay. City. Nl"w and Secondhand Bookshop, Kalbadevi Nandkishore & Bros., Chov;k, Benares City. R0ad, Bombay. The SriviUiputtur Oo-operatlve Trading Union. J. M. Pandia. & Co., Bomba.y. Ltd., Srivilliputtur (S. 1. R.). A. H. Wheeler & Co., Allahabad, Calcutta and Raghunath Prasad & Sons, Patna City. BomblloY. The Students' Emporium, Patna. Bombay Book Dep6t, Girgaon, Bombay. K. L. M!\thur & Bros., Guzri, Patntt City. Bennett, Coleman & Co., Ltd., The Times of Kt>mala Book Stores, Bankipore, Patna. fnma Press, Bombay. G. Bane~jea &; Bros., Ra.nehi. The Popular Book Dep6t, Bombay. The Manager, Oriental Book Supplying Agenoy, M. C. Kothari, Raipura Road, Baroda.. 15, Shukrawar, Poona City. B. Parikh & Co .. Baroda. Rama Krishna Bros., Opposite Bisbrambag, Poona The Hyderabad Book PtlpOt, Chadergha.t, Hyde... o City. abad (Deccan). 3. ]~. Bookstall, 21, Budhwar, Poons. -So Krishnaswamy &. Co.. Teppakulam P. O. M angaldas & Sons, Bookselle1'S and Publishers' Trichinopoly Fort. Bhaga Talao. Surat. Xarnataka Publishing Rouse, Bang&lo~ City. The Standard Book and Stationery Co., 32.33, Bheema Sons, Fort, Bangalore City. Arbab Road, Peshawar. Superinw,ndent, Ba.ngalQre ~Slil, Ltke View. MYIM 1'6 'llvl Sbudents Own Book Depb6. Dharwar. Road,.Bangalore City. AGlCN~ IN PALlIlSTINlII::-Steimatzky. Jerusalem. • Agellii for publicatiom OD Aviation oIlly. Part I REPORT. 'rABLE or CONTENTS. PART I-REPORT. PAGE. INTRODUCTION- Administrative iii-v A.-THE ANDAMAN ISLANDS- OHAPTER I.-Geography and Oceanography 1-2 CHAPTER' Il.-Soil and Oonfiguration. 2 CHAPTER IlL-The Forests 2-4 CHAPTER IV.-History 4-8 CHAPTER V.-The Aborigines 8-11 (a) Tho Anda.ma.n Home 11--14 (b) Record of Relations with Jarawas • 1:3-16 (e) History of our Relations with the Ongef'l. 16-20 (d) Points of affinity between the 'Semangs and the Andaman­ ese 20-21 (e) Distribution and Movement of the aboriginal population • 22-:;3 CHAPTER VI.-(a) The Penal Settlement . 24--26 (b) Reclamation works, with medical statistics and graph of sick and death rate for 27 years 27-28 CHAPTER VII.-The Local-Born Population 29-31 CHAPTER VIlI.-Agriculture 31-33 CHAPTER IX.-Distribution and Movement of t,he population of the colony. Fertility tables 34-35 OHAPTER X.-Birth-places of the Residents 36--39 CHAPTER XI.-Civil condition . Map to show communities and Languages J39-40 ApPENDIX I.-'1he Bhantus by O. J. Bonington 41-[;0 ApPENDIX Il.-The Fauna of the Andamans and Nicobars 51-59 B.-THE NIOOBAR ISLANDS- CHAPTER I.-Geography. 61 CnAPTER Il.-A.-Soil and Configuration . 62 _' __ '.,_. __ ~, .. __ __, ___ , _..JL __ Forestli - .-> 62-63 C.-Economic Zoology 63 CRAFTER IlL-Olimate • 63 OHAPTER IV.-History 64-66 OHAPTER V.-Anthropology, Philology and Ethnology 66-69 CHAPTER VI.-Cultural Anthropology- 1. Internal Government and Social Orgm.isation • 69-70 2. Tribal Law and Justice. 70-71 (a) Marriage 71-72 (b) Divorce 72 3. Property and Land Tenure 72-73 (a) Tribal Laws of Inherit-ance 73 _' 4. Economics of the Social Group 73-76 5. Religion and Magic 76 (a) Animism 76-77 (b) Ancestor Worship and Ossuary Practices. 77-79 OHAPTER VII.-Genera,l adaptation and effecis of contact wit,h civilizaUon 79-81 CHAPTER VIII.-Trade-Exports-Revenue-Expenditure-Possibilities of ") economic development . .. • ~81-86 Maps to show communities and language. j ApPENDIX A.- '_t'he Shom Pen 87-88 ApPENDIX B.-Tribal religion of Kar Nikobar by Rev. G. Stevemon 89- 93 ApPENDIX C.-Yaws in the Nicobars by Major A. J. D'Souza, I.M_S. 94-97 PART U-TABLES. IMPERIAL TABLES 99-119 A 2 INTRODUCTION. Census of the Settlement.--The organisation for the Census of the settle­ ment was not found to be a difficult problem owing to the comparatively small population. Except in one or two stray cases there was generally a sense of ready co-operation and interest especially by the local-born population who did most of the enumeration. The local Government had however, issued a notification to the effect that Government servants, if required, should render all possible assistance in taking of the Census. Staff and Organisation.--An officer with a separate office estabJishment, consisting of a clerk on Hs_ 75 per mensem and 4 sorters, was appointed. The previous censuses were taken by the ordinary office staff of the settlement offices. In 1911 and 1921 the Deputy Commissioner wrote the Census Report and in 1901 the Chief Commissioner wrote the report. The brevity of the 1921 Census Report showed that it was desirable to appoint an officer on special duty. The Census Operations of the settlement of Port Blair were carried out by responsible Ga,zetted officers of the settlement to whom
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