I Reassessing the Cape Hatteras Minefield
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The Wolf Pack the Wolf Pack: a Collection of U-Boat Modelling
The Wolf Pack The Wolf Pack: A Collection Of U-Boat Modelling Articles Page 1 The Wolf Pack Contents Introduction Articles: Kriegsmarine U-Boat Colours & Markings Type VIIC Free-Flooding Vent Patterns Type VII U-Boat Modifications The Snorting Bull Insignia U 96 & The Laughing Sawfish German U-Boat Victory Pennants U-Boat Model Kits & Accessories Super-detailing Revell’s 1/72nd Type VIIC U-Boat* Revell Type VIIC Checklist Appendices: References Photo Sources Recommended Reading Index *Super-detailing Revell’s 1/72nd Type VIIC U-Boat by Wink Grisé All other articles by Dougie Martindale All text and drawings copyright © Dougie Martindale / Wink Grisé / Accurate Model Parts, 2010 The Wolf Pack: A Collection Of U-Boat Modelling Articles Page 2 The Wolf Pack Contents Introduction ............................................................................................. 7 Induction ....................................................................................................................................................... 7 A seminal release .......................................................................................................................................... 8 The allure of the VIIC .................................................................................................................................. 9 A growing collection ..................................................................................................................................... 9 The Wolf Pack ........................................................................................................................................... -
Additional Historic Information the Doolittle Raid (Hornet CV-8) Compiled and Written by Museum Historian Bob Fish
USS Hornet Sea, Air & Space Museum Additional Historic Information The Doolittle Raid (Hornet CV-8) Compiled and Written by Museum Historian Bob Fish AMERICA STRIKES BACK The Doolittle Raid of April 18, 1942 was the first U.S. air raid to strike the Japanese home islands during WWII. The mission is notable in that it was the only operation in which U.S. Army Air Forces bombers were launched from an aircraft carrier into combat. The raid demonstrated how vulnerable the Japanese home islands were to air attack just four months after their surprise attack on Pearl Harbor. While the damage inflicted was slight, the raid significantly boosted American morale while setting in motion a chain of Japanese military events that were disastrous for their long-term war effort. Planning & Preparation Immediately after the Pearl Harbor attack, President Roosevelt tasked senior U.S. military commanders with finding a suitable response to assuage the public outrage. Unfortunately, it turned out to be a difficult assignment. The Army Air Forces had no bases in Asia close enough to allow their bombers to attack Japan. At the same time, the Navy had no airplanes with the range and munitions capacity to do meaningful damage without risking the few ships left in the Pacific Fleet. In early January of 1942, Captain Francis Low1, a submariner on CNO Admiral Ernest King’s staff, visited Norfolk, VA to review the Navy’s newest aircraft carrier, USS Hornet CV-8. During this visit, he realized that Army medium-range bombers might be successfully launched from an aircraft carrier. -
Osprey Publishing, Elms Court, Chapel Way, Botley, Oxford OX2 9LP, United Kingdom
WOLF PACK The Story of the U-Boat in World War II The Story - oat iq-Workd War 11 First published in Great Britain in 2005 by Osprey Publishing, Elms Court, Chapel Way, Botley, Oxford OX2 9LP, United Kingdom. Email: [email protected] Previously published as New Vanguard 51: Kriegsmarine U-boats 1939-45 (1); New Vanguard 55: Kriegsmarine U-boats 1939-45 (2); and Warrior 36: Grey Wolf. © 2005 Osprey Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrical, chemical, mechanical, optical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Enquiries should be addressed to the Publishers. CIP data for this publication is available from the British Library. ISBN 1 84176 872 3 Editors: Anita Hitchings and Ruth Sheppard Design: Ken Vail Graphic Design, Cambridge, UK Artwork by Ian Palmer and Darko Pavlovic Index by Alan Thatcher Originated by The Electronic Page Company, Cwmbran, UK Printed and bound by L-Rex Printing Company Ltd 05 06 07 08 09 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 FOR A CATALOGUE OF ALL BOOKS PUBLISHED BY OSPREY PLEASE CONTACT: NORTH AMERICA Osprey Direct, 2427 Bond Street, University Park, IL 60466, USA E-mail: [email protected] ALL OTHER REGIONS Osprey Direct UK, P.O. Box 140, Wellingborough, Northants, NN8 2FA, UK E-mail: [email protected] www.ospreypublishing.com EDITOR'S NOTE All photographs, unless indicated otherwise, are courtesy of the U-Boot Archiv. -
World War II at Sea This Page Intentionally Left Blank World War II at Sea
World War II at Sea This page intentionally left blank World War II at Sea AN ENCYCLOPEDIA Volume I: A–K Dr. Spencer C. Tucker Editor Dr. Paul G. Pierpaoli Jr. Associate Editor Dr. Eric W. Osborne Assistant Editor Vincent P. O’Hara Assistant Editor Copyright 2012 by ABC-CLIO, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data World War II at sea : an encyclopedia / Spencer C. Tucker. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-59884-457-3 (hardcopy : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-59884-458-0 (ebook) 1. World War, 1939–1945—Naval operations— Encyclopedias. I. Tucker, Spencer, 1937– II. Title: World War Two at sea. D770.W66 2011 940.54'503—dc23 2011042142 ISBN: 978-1-59884-457-3 EISBN: 978-1-59884-458-0 15 14 13 12 11 1 2 3 4 5 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook. Visit www.abc-clio.com for details. ABC-CLIO, LLC 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America To Malcolm “Kip” Muir Jr., scholar, gifted teacher, and friend. This page intentionally left blank Contents About the Editor ix Editorial Advisory Board xi List of Entries xiii Preface xxiii Overview xxv Entries A–Z 1 Chronology of Principal Events of World War II at Sea 823 Glossary of World War II Naval Terms 831 Bibliography 839 List of Editors and Contributors 865 Categorical Index 877 Index 889 vii This page intentionally left blank About the Editor Spencer C. -
OH-486) 345 Pages OPEN
Processed by: TB HANDY Date: 4/30/93 HANDY, THOMAS T. (OH-486) 345 pages OPEN Assistant Chief of Staff, Operations Division (OPD), U.S. War Department, 1942-44; Deputy Chief of Staff, U.S. Army, 1944-47. DESCRIPTION: Interview #1 (November 6, 1972; pp 1-47) Early military career: Virginia Military Institute; joins field artillery; service in France during World War I; desire of officers to serve overseas during World Wars I and II; reduction to permanent rank after World War I; field artillery school, 1920; ROTC duty at VMI, 1921-25; advanced field artillery course at Fort Sill; Lesley J. McNair; artillery improvements prior to World War II; McNair and the triangular division; importance of army schools in preparation for war; lack of support for army during interwar period; Fox Conner. Command and General Staff School at Leavenworth, 1926-27: intellectual ability of senior officers; problem solving; value of training for development of self-confidence; lack of training on handling personnel problems. Naval War College, 1936: study of naval tactics and strategy by army officers. Comparison of Leavenworth, Army War College and Fort Sill: theory vs. practical training. Joseph Swing: report to George Marshall and Henry Arnold on foul-up in airborne operation in Sicily; impact on Leigh- Mallory’s fear of disaster in airborne phase of Normandy invasion. Interview #2 (May 22, 1973; pp 48-211) War Plans Division, 1936-40: joint Army-Navy planning committee. 2nd Armored Division, 1940-41: George Patton; role of field artillery in an armored division. Return to War Plans Division, 1941; Leonard Gerow; blame for Pearl Harbor surprise; need for directing resources toward one objective; complaint about diverting Normandy invasion resources for attack on North Africa; Operation Torch and Guadalcanal as turning points in war; risks involved in Operation Torch; fear that Germany would conquer Russia; early decision to concentrate attack against Germany rather than Japan; potential landing sites in western Europe. -
Submarine Warfare, Fiction Or Reality? John Charles Cheska University of Massachusetts Amherst
University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014 1962 Submarine warfare, fiction or reality? John Charles Cheska University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses Cheska, John Charles, "Submarine warfare, fiction or reality?" (1962). Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014. 1392. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/1392 This thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. bmbb ittmtL a zia a musv John C. Chaaka, Jr. A.B. Aaharat Collag* ThMis subnlttwi to tho Graduate Faculty in partial fulfillment of tha requlraaanta for tha degraa of Master of Arta Uoiwaity of Maaaaohuaetta Aaherat August, 1962 a 3, v TABU OF CONTENTS Hm ramp _, 4 CHAPTER I Command Structure and Policy 1 II Material III Operations 28 I? The Submarine War ae the Public Saw It V The Number of U-Boate Actually Sunk V VI Conclusion 69 APPENDXEJB APPENDIX 1 Admiralty Organisation in 1941 75 2 German 0-Boat 76 3 Effects of Strategic Bombing on Late Model 78 U-Boat Productions and Operations 4 U-Boats Sunk Off the United States Coaat 79 by United States Forces 5 U-Boats Sunk in Middle American Zone 80 inr United StatM ?bkii 6 U-Bosta Sunk Off South America 81 by United States Forces 7 U-Boats Sunk in the Atlantio in Area A 82 1 U-Boats Sunk in the Atlentio in Area B 84 9A U-Boats Sunk Off European Coast 87 by United States Forces 9B U-Bnata Sunk in Mediterranean Sea by United 87 States Forces TABLE OF CONTENTS klWDU p«g« 10 U-Boats Sunk by Strategic Bombing 38 by United States Amy Air Foreee 11 U-Boats Sunk by United States Forces in 90 Cooperation with other Nationalities 12 Bibliography 91 LIST OF MAPS AND GRAPHS MAP NO. -
The Influence of Tactical Learning Centers on Military Innovation
The University of Chicago Wargaming to Win: The Influence of Tactical Learning Centers on Military Innovation By Robert Maxwell August 2021 A paper submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts degree in the Master of Arts program in the Committee on International Relations Faculty Advisor: John Mearsheimer Preceptor: Nick Campbell-Seremetis Maxwell 2 In 1965, the United States military commenced air combat operations over North Vietnam. Given the significant technological and material advantages that both the US Air Force and Navy had over the Vietnam People's Air Force, there was very little expectation of real resistance. Both services had recently acquired new radar-guided missiles and fighters equipped with powerful airborne RADAR systems, allowing them to destroy targets beyond visual range. However, these weapons did not work as advertised, forcing American pilots into turning dogfights more resembling previous conflicts. This skillset had depreciated due to the new emphasis on interception and beyond visual range attacks using RADAR-guided missiles. Both services largely failed to conceptualize how to properly integrate these weapons as part of a larger force training plan. Each of them reacted differently, with the Navy examining its training practices and the Air Force investing in new technologies. The Navy showed marked improvement in relative terms (kill ratio) and absolute terms (kills per combat). The Air Force stayed the same or even slightly regressed. The difference is that the Navy invested resources into "a graduate-level air- combat course," which was later more popularly known as "Topgun." This concept can be further abstracted to be neutral by warfare area, using the definition "tactical learning center." The form that these resources took follows a pattern in the universe of cases examining gradual military innovation. -
4 Convoy Presentation Final V1.1
ALLIED CONVOY OPERATIONS IN THE BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC 1939-43 INTRODUCTION • History of Allied convoy operations IS the history of the Battle of the Atlantic • Scope of this effort: convoy operations along major transatlantic convoy routes • Detailed overview • Focus on role of Allied intelligence in the Battle of the Atlantic OUTLINE • Convoy Operations in the First Battle of the Atlantic, 1914-18 • Anglo-Canadian Convoy Operations, September 1939 – September 1941 • Enter The Americans: Allied Convoy Operations, September 1941 – Fall 1942 • The Allied Convoy System Fully Realized: Allied Convoy Operations, Fall 1942 – Summer 1943 THE FIRST BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC, 1914-18 • 1914-17: No convoy operations § All vessels sailed independently • Kaiserliche Marine use of U-boats primarily focused on starving Britain into submission § Prize rules • February 1915: “Unrestricted submarine warfare” § May 7, 1915 – RMS Lusitania u U-20 u 1,198 dead – 128 Americans • February 1917: unrestricted submarine warfare resumed § Directly led to US entry into WWI THE FIRST BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC, 1914-18 • Unrestricted submarine warfare initially very effective § 25% of all shipping bound for Britain in March 1917 lost to U-boat attack • Transatlantic convoys instituted in May 1917 § Dramatically cut Allied losses • Post-war, Dönitz conceptualizes Rudeltaktik as countermeasure to convoys ANGLO-CANADIAN CONVOY OPERATIONS, SEPTEMBER 1939 – SEPTEMBER 1941 GERMAN U-BOAT FORCE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE WAR • On the outbreak of WWII, Hitler directed U-boat force -
Fleet Admiral Ernest J. King, U.S. Navy Ernest J
Fleet Admiral Ernest J. King, U.S. Navy Ernest J. King was born on 23 November 1878 in Lorain, OH. He attended the U.S. Naval Academy from 1897 until 1901, graduating fourth in his class. During his senior year at the Academy, he attained the rank of Midshipman Lieutenant Commander, the highest midshipman ranking at that time. While still at the Academy, he served on the USS San Francisco during the Spanish–American War. While at the Naval Academy, King met Martha Rankin Egerton, whom he married in a ceremony at the Naval Academy Chapel on 10 October 1905. They had six daughters, Claire, Elizabeth, Florence, Martha, Eleanor and Mildred; and then a son, Ernest Jr. After graduation, he served as a junior officer on the survey ship USS Eagle, the battleships USS Illinois, USS Alabama, and USS New Hampshire, and the cruiser USS Cincinnati. King returned to shore duty at Annapolis in 1912. He received his first command, the destroyer USS Terry in 1914, participating in the U.S. occupation of Veracruz. He then moved on to a more modern ship, USS Cassin. World War I: During the war he served on the staff of Vice Admiral Henry T. Mayo, the Commander in Chief, Atlantic Fleet. As such, he was a frequent visitor to the Royal Navy and occasionally saw action as an observer on board British ships. He was awarded the Navy Cross "for distinguished service in the line of his profession as assistant chief of staff of the Atlantic Fleet." After the war, King, now a captain, became head of the Naval Postgraduate School. -
THE University of Memphis Naval ROTC MIDSHIPMEN KNOWLEDGE
THE University of Memphis Naval ROTC MIDSHIPMEN KNOWLEDGE Handbook 2014 (This page intentionally left blank) 1 May 2014 From: Commanding Officer, Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps, Mid-South Region, The University of Memphis To: Incoming Midshipmen Subj: MIDSHIPMEN KNOWLEDGE HANDBOOK Ref: (a) NSTC M-1533.2 1. PURPOSE: The purpose of this handbook is to provide a funda- mental background of knowledge for all participants in the Naval ROTC program at The University of Memphis. 2. INFORMATION: All chapters in this book contain vital, but basic information that will serve as the building blocks for future development as Naval and Marine Corps Officers. 3. ACTIONS: Midshipmen, Officer Candidates, and Marine Enlisted Commissioning Education Program participants are expected to know and understand all information contained within this handbook. Navy students will know the Marine information, and Marine students will know the Navy information. This will help to foster a sense of pride and esprit de corps that shapes the common bond that is shared amongst the two Naval Services. B. C. MAI (This page intentionally left blank) MIDSHIPMEN KNOWLEDGE HANDBOOK TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE 1 INTRODUCTION 2 CHAIN OF COMMAND 3 LEADERSHIP 4 GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 5 NAVY SPECIFIC KNOWLEDGE 6 MARINE CORPS SPECIFIC KNOWLEDGE APPENDIX A CHAIN OF COMMAND FILL-IN SHEET B STUDENT COMPANY CHAIN OF COMMAND FILL-IN SHEET C UNITED STATES MILITARY OFFICER RANKS D UNITED STATES MILITARY ENLISTED RANKS FIGURES 2-1 CHAIN OF COMMAND FLOW CHART 2-2 STUDENT COMPANY CHAIN OF COMMAND FLOW CHART 4-1 NAVAL TERMINOLOGY (This page intentionally left blank) MIDSHIPMEN KNOWLEDGE HANDBOOK CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION PARAGRAPH PAGE PURPOSE 1001 1-3 SCOPE 1002 1-3 GUIDELINES 1003 1-3 NROTC PROGRAM MISSION 1004 1-3 1-1 (This page intentionally left blank) MIDSHIPMEN KNOWLEDGE HANDBOOK 1001: PURPOSE 1. -
An Abc of the Battle of the Atlantic
AN ABC OF THE BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC A Teacher Resource By Tom Dykes (C) 2015 AN ABC OF THE BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC HMCS Waskesiu. River Class Frigate. She was the first Canadian vessel to sink a U-Boat. Active service in the North Atlantic, the Murmansk Run and the D-day landings. By Tom Dykes (C) 2015 A Teacher Resource by Tom Dykes (C) 2015 Contents Introduction to study unit. Dedication. ABCs of the Battle of the Atlantic. The Atlantic Challenge. Just-A-Minute. By Tom Dykes (C) 2015 INTRODUCTION As the 20th Century fades more and more into our collective memory, it is still important for educators to examine the great and violent confrontations that have made the century one of humanities bench marks for destruction, and paradoxically, the development of amazing leaps in social, cultural and technological developments. The Battle of the Atlantic was conducted for 69 months over the reaches of millions of square miles of the Atlantic Ocean and its adjunctive seas. It was an area of conflict that was conducted from the tropics to the arctic, and was the confrontational realm that held the key to the resolution of what we call World War II. Without the free passage of strategic materiel and men from North America, Britain would not survive the Nazi onslaught. Without that same resource and resolve, Russia, would not have received the aid that contributed to its ability to hold and finally repel the German invaders. In short, who controlled the Atlantic would ultimately dictate the outcome of the war. -
The Highest Ranking by Peter Grier
Hap Arnold is the Air Force’s only five-star general, but just the 10th highest ranked US military officer ever. The Highest Ranking By Peter Grier en. of the Air Force Henry H. American air arm in World War I. In calendar notes he personally presented “Hap” Arnold is the highest- World War II, he built and led the na- Arnold with his new commission ranking officer in US Air tion’s armada of 80,000 warplanes to during a brief noontime meeting on Force history. But he didn’t victory, despite his own debilitating June 2, 1949. don a USAF uniform until heart trouble. Arnold died in Sonoma, Calif., on Glate in life, well after retirement. His accomplishments were recog- Jan. 15, 1950. Following a somber How can both those statements be nized in 1944 when he was elevated to ceremony held amidst sleeting winter true? five-star status. At the time, US air units weather, the career-long Army man The answer sheds light on the United were part of the Army, so his official was buried in Arlington Cemetery as States’ fascinating list of all-time top title was General of the Army. That a full member of the new Air Force military leaders—those who reached was the rank he held when he retired he had done so much to bring to life. the highest rungs, how they got there, due to poor health in 1946. Today Arnold remains the only and how they stand compared to com- One year later the United States officer in American history to reach patriots and heroes who came before.