Benzoyl Peroxide

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

BENZOYL PEROXIDE Prepared at the 63rd JECFA (2004), published in FNP 52 Add 12 (2004) superseding specifications prepared at the 55th JECFA (2000) and published in FNP 52 Add 8 (2000). Treatment of whey with benzoyl peroxide at a maximum concentration of 100 mg/kg does not pose a safety concern (63rd JECFA, 2004). SYNONYMS Benzoyl superoxide, INS No. 928 DEFINITION Benzoyl peroxide is manufactured by the reaction of benzoyl chloride, sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide. Chemical name Dibenzoyl peroxide C.A.S. number 94-36-0 Chemical formula C14H10O4 Structural formula Formula weight 242.23 Assay Not less than 96.0% DESCRIPTION Colourless, crystalline solid having a faint odour of benzaldehyde. Caution: Benzoyl peroxide, especially in the dry form, is a dangerous, highly reactive, oxidizing material and has been known to explode spontaneously FUNCTIONAL USES Bleaching agent CHARACTERISTICS IDENTIFICATION Solubility (Vol. 4) Insoluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol and soluble in ether. Melting range (Vol. 4) 103 - 106° with decomposition Decomposition to benzoic To 0.5 g of the sample add 50 ml of 0.5 N ethanolic potassium hydroxide, heat acid gradually to boiling and continue boiling for 15 min. Cool and dilute with 200 ml of water. Add sufficient 0.5 N hydrochloric acid to make strongly acidic and extract with ether. Dry the ether solution over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and then evaporate to dryness on a steam bath. The benzoic acid so obtained melts between 121° and 123°. PURITY Lead (Vol. 4) Not more than 2 mg/kg Determine using an atomic absorption technique appropriate to the specified level. The selection of sample size and method of sample preparation may be based on the principles of the method described in Volume 4, "Instrumental Methods". METHOD OF ASSAY Dissolve about 250 mg of the sample, accurately weighed, in 15 ml of acetone in a 100-ml glass-stoppered bottle. Add 3 ml of 50% (w/v) potassium iodide solution and swirl for 1 min. Titrate immediately with 0.1 N sodium thiosulfate (without addition of starch as an indicator). Each ml of 0.1 N sodium thiosulfate is equivalent to 12.11 mg of C14H10O4. .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Reaction Kinetics of the Alcoholysis of Substituted Benzoyl Chlorides
Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science Volume 61 Annual Issue Article 26 1954 Reaction Kinetics of the Alcoholysis of Substituted Benzoyl Chlorides B. R. Bluestein Coe College Albert Hybl Coe College Yoshimi Al Nishioka Coe College Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy Copyright ©1954 Iowa Academy of Science, Inc. Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias Recommended Citation Bluestein, B. R.; Hybl, Albert; and Nishioka, Yoshimi Al (1954) "Reaction Kinetics of the Alcoholysis of Substituted Benzoyl Chlorides," Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science, 61(1), 225-232. Available at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias/vol61/iss1/26 This Research is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa Academy of Science at UNI ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science by an authorized editor of UNI ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Bluestein et al.: Reaction Kinetics of the Alcoholysis of Substituted Benzoyl Chlor Reaction Kinetics of the Alcoholysis of Substituted Benzoyl Chlorides By B. R. BLUESTEIN, ALBERT HYBL* AND YosHIMI AL NISHIOKA INTRODUCTION The reaction kinetics of the alcoholysis of substituted benzoyl chlorides was studied. The mechanism of the alcoholysis reaction, which is most generally accepted ( 1), shows that the overall re action should be second-order and that the reaction should be first-order with respect to the acid chloride and first-order with respect to the alcohol. This rate study was carried out using a large excess of alcohol as the solvent, thus obtaining pseudo-first order rate constants, first-order with respect to the acid chloride only.
[Show full text]
United States Patent Office 3,321,512 Patiented May 23, 1967 2 3,321,512 Peroxide Can Be Prepared in Any Convenient Manner
United States Patent Office 3,321,512 Patiented May 23, 1967 2 3,321,512 peroxide can be prepared in any convenient manner. It MANUFACTURE OF PERBENZOIC ACDS is preferred, however, to produce the suspension by dis David James Cooper and Tony Nicholas Gibson, both of tributing the corresponding benzoyl chloride in finely di Whitley Bay, Northumberiand, England, assignors to vided form in an aqueous alkaline solution of hydrogen Thecorporation Procter of & OhioGamble Company, Cincinnati, Cilio, a peroxide having a pH of not less than 10. The benzoyl No Drawing. Fified Jan. 22, 1964, Ser. No. 339,323 chloride reacts with the hydrogen peroxide solution pro Ciains priority, application (Great Britaia, Jan. 31, 1963, ducing the benzoyl peroxide which is obtained in the form 4,012/63 of a fine suspension. This can be achieved by introducing 2. Ciaisas. (C. 260-502) the benzoyl chloride at the periphery of a high speed agi IO tator (for example, an agitator of at least 2 inches in This invention relates to an improved process for the diameter rotating at 1500 to 2000 rp.m.) which is located manufacture of perbenzoic acids. in the solution. Alternatively, the benzoyl chloride can The conventional method of preparing aromatic percar be introduced into the throat of a Venturi mixer through boxylic acids is a two stage process in which the diacyl which the aqueous alkaline solution is passing. peroxide is prepared by reacting the aromatic acyl chlo 15 As stated above, the alkaline solution of hydrogen per ride (e.g., benzoyl chloride) with alkaline hydrogen per oxide must have a pH of at least 10.
[Show full text]
Friedel and Crafts' Reaction-The Preparation of Orthobenzoyl-Benzoic Acid and Benzophenone
732 C. R. RUBIDGE AND N. C. QUA. two and five-tenths grams of cyanimidocaxbonic ethyl ester, prepared from bromocyanogen, potassium cyanide, and alcohol1 were added to the suspended alcoholate. Heat was developed, the solution became yellow, and sodium cyanide was precipitated. The reaction mixture was heated for two hours in a flask connected with a reflux condenser, and enough water was added to dissolve the sodium cyanide. After the water solution had been extracted with ether several times, the ether was dried with calcium chloride. Thus, 32 g. of a light yellow oil, possessing a strong basic odor, were obtained when the ether was evaporated. Even at a pressure of 25 mm. the compound could not be distilled without consid- erable decomposition. Therefore, no analysis of the substance was at- tempted. Its identity was established by converting it into the corre- sponding oximido derivative. Preqaration of Oximidocarbonic Ethyl Isoamyl Ester, CZHS@-C~C~HII,- II NOH Eight and four-tenths grams of hydroxylamine, dissolved in a small amount of water, were added to 20 g. of the imido ester dissolved'in 20 cc. of ether. The mixture was shaken thirty minutes, the water layer was drawn off, extracted several times with ether, and the ether dried with sodium sulfate. Twenty grams of a reddish yellow oil were obtained when the ether evaporated. When cooled to -15', white crystals ap- peared which melted when they were spread out on a cold clay plate. 0.1754 g. gave 12.8 cc. Nz at 24.5' and 742 mm. Calc. for CsH1703N: N, 7.99.
[Show full text]
Material Safety Data Sheet HCS Risk Phrases HCS CLASS: Corrosive Liquid
Material Safety Data Sheet HCS Risk Phrases HCS CLASS: Corrosive liquid. HCS CLASS: Combustible liquid IIIA having a flash point between 60.0°C (140°F) and 93.3°C (200°F) Section I. Chemical Product and Company Identification Common Name/ Benzoyl Chloride In Case of Trade Name Emergency In the continental U.S.A. call CHEMTREC 800-424-9300 (24 hours) Outside the continental U.S.A. call CHEMTREC 703-527-3887 (24 hours) Supplier Velsicol Chemical Corporation Manufacturer Velsicol Chemical Corporation 10400 W. Higgins Road 10400 W. Higgins Road Rosemont, IL 60018 U.S.A. Rosemont, IL 60018 U.S.A. Phone: 847-298-9000 Phone: 847-298-9000 Fax: 847-298-9015 Fax: 847-298-9015 Synonym Benzenecarbonyl Chloride Material Uses Agricultural Industry: Chloramber Chemical Name Benzoyl Chloride (herbicide). Intermediate for pesticides. Chemical Family Acyl Halide Industrial Applications: Acylation. Chemical C7 H5 CL 0 Polymerization initiator of benzophenone. Formula Intermediate for stabilizers. Acetic anhydride production. Textile Industry: Cellulosic yarn treatment agent. Fastness improver. Other Non-Specified Industry: Organic analysis. Dyes. Perfumes. Section II. Composition and Information on Ingredients Name CAS# % by Weight TLV/PEL OSHA Hazardous Ingredients 1) Benzoyl Chloride 98-88-4 >99.5 STEL: 2.8 (mg/m3) from Yes ACGIH (TLV) 2) Benzotrichloride 98-07-7 <0.02 STEL: 0.1 ppm from Yes ACGIH; Skin designation. 3) Benzyl Alcohol 100-44-7 <0.01 TWA: 1 (ppm) from Yes ACGIH (TLV) Section III. Hazards Identification Emergency Overview Clear. Liquid. Pungent. Acrid odor. DANGER! CAUSES SEVERE EYE, SKIN AND RESPIRATORY TRACT BURNS. MAY CAUSE BLINDNESS.
[Show full text]
Bringing Order to Organic Chemistry
Radicals and Types: Bringing Order to Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry can now make you completely mad. It seems like a primeval forest in a tropical country where we hate to venture, full of the most peculiar things, an enormous thicket with no end and no way out. Friedrich Wöhler to Jakob Berzelius, January 28, 1835 Monday, October 4, 2010 Transformation of Organic Chemistry, 1820-1850 Reasons for this transformation: • Recognition of isomerism. • Explanation of isomerism by “arrangement.” • The rapid adoption of Berzelian notation as “paper tools” • Justus Liebig’s invention of the Kaliapparat for organic analysis Monday, October 4, 2010 Justus von Liebig (1803-1873) Friedrich Wöhler (1800-1882) Monday, October 4, 2010 Compounds with Identical Molecular Formulas • Liebig: Silver fulminate: 77.53% AgO, 22.47% cyanic acid • Wöhler: Silver cyanate: 77.23% AgO, 22.77% cyanic acid • Wöhler, 1828: • Cyanic acid + ammonia –––> ammonium cyanate –––> urea • Berzelius: • Isomers: compounds with different properties, but identical elemental composition. Monday, October 4, 2010 Liebig, Wöhler and the Oil of Bitter Almonds (1834) • C14H12O2 + oxidant --> C14H12O4 (benzoic acid) • C14H12O2 + chlorine --> C14H12O2Cl2 • C14H12O2 + bromine --> C14H12O2Br2 • (Many other reactions with iodine, ammonia, etc.) • Benzoyl Hydrogen: C14H10O2 • H2 • Benzoyl chloride: C14H10O2 • Cl2 • Benzoyl iodide: C14H10O2 • I2 • Benzoic acid: C14H10O2 • OH2 • Constant set of atoms: C14H12O2 Benzoyl radical Monday, October 4, 2010 Liebig, Wöhler and the Oil of Bitter Almonds (1834) Role of Berzelian formulas in creating the concept of the benzoyl radical • Elemental analysis results must be converted into integral numbers of “atoms” (C14H10O2 • H2 for oil of bitter almonds) • Formulas represent the benzoyl radical, but are also the means of “discovering” it, by manipulating symbols on paper.
[Show full text]
Benzoyl Peroxide
criteria for a recommended standard. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO BENZOYL PEROXIDE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE Public Health Service Center for Disease Control National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Ju n e 1977 For sate by the Superintendent of Documents,Government U.S. Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No. 77-166 PREFACE The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 emphasizes the need for standards to protect the health and safety of workers exposed to an ever-increasing number of potential hazards at their workplace. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has projected a formal system of research, with priorities determined on the basis of specified indices, to provide relevant data from which valid criteria for effective standards can be derived. Recommended standards for occupational exposure, which are the result of this work, are based on the health effects of exposure. The Secretary of Labor will weigh these recommendations along with other considerations such as feasibility and means of implementation in developing regulatory standards. It is intended to present successive reports as research and epidemiologic studies are completed and as sampling and analytical methods are developed. Criteria and standards will be reviewed periodically to ensure continuing protection of the worker. I am pleased to acknowledge the contributions to this report on benzoyl peroxide by members of the NIOSH staff, by the Review Consultants on Benzoyl Peroxide, by the ad hoc committees of the American Medical Association and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, and by Robert B. O'Connor, M.D., NIOSH consultant in occupational medicine.
[Show full text]
Before Radicals Were Free – the Radical Particulier of De Morveau
Review Before Radicals Were Free – the Radical Particulier of de Morveau Edwin C. Constable * and Catherine E. Housecroft Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +41-61-207-1001 Received: 31 March 2020; Accepted: 17 April 2020; Published: 20 April 2020 Abstract: Today, we universally understand radicals to be chemical species with an unpaired electron. It was not always so, and this article traces the evolution of the term radical and in this journey, monitors the development of some of the great theories of organic chemistry. Keywords: radicals; history of chemistry; theory of types; valence; free radicals 1. Introduction The understanding of chemistry is characterized by a precision in language such that a single word or phrase can evoke an entire back-story of understanding and comprehension. When we use the term “transition element”, the listener is drawn into an entire world of memes [1] ranging from the periodic table, colour, synthesis, spectroscopy and magnetism to theory and computational chemistry. Key to this subliminal linking of the word or phrase to the broader context is a deﬁned precision of terminology and a commonality of meaning. This is particularly important in science and chemistry, where the precision of meaning is usually prescribed (or, maybe, proscribed) by international bodies such as the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry [2]. Nevertheless, words and concepts can change with time and to understand the language of our discipline is to learn more about the discipline itself. The etymology of chemistry is a complex and rewarding subject which is discussed eloquently and in detail elsewhere [3–5].
[Show full text]
Α-Chlorinated Toluenes and Benzoyl Chloride
α-CHLORINATED TOLUENES AND BENZOYL CHLORIDE Data were last reviewed in IARC (1982) and the compounds were classified in IARC Monographs Supplement 7 (1987a). 1. Exposure Data Benzyl chloride 1.1 Chemical and physical data 1.1.1 Nomenclature Chem. Abstr. Serv. Reg. No.: 100-44-7 Chem. Abstr. Name: (Chloromethyl)benzene IUPAC Systematic Name: α-Chlorotoluene Synonyms: Chloromethyl benzene; chlorophenylmethane; α-tolyl chloride 1.1.2 Structural and molecular formulae and relative molecular mass CH2Cl C7H7Cl Relative molecular mass: 126.6 1.1.3 Chemical and physical properties of the pure substance From Lide (1997), unless otherwise specified (a) Description: Colourless liquid with a pungent odour (Lewis, 1993) (b) Boiling-point: 179°C (c) Melting-point: –45°C 20 (d) Density: d10 1.10 (e) Solubility: Insoluble in water; slightly soluble in carbon tetrachloride; miscible with chloroform, diethyl ether and ethanol (Budavari, 1996) (f) Vapour pressure: 133 Pa at 22°C; relative vapour density (air = 1), 4.36 (Ver- schueren, 1996) (g) Stability: Decomposes in hot water to benzyl alcohol (United States Environ- mental Protection Agency, 1980); decomposes rapidly when heated in the pre- sence of iron (Budavari, 1996); combustible (Lewis, 1993) (h) Reactivity: Undergoes reactions both at the side-chain containing the chlorine and at the aromatic ring (Gelfand, 1979) –453– 454 IARC MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 71 (i) Flash-point: 67°C (closed cup); 74°C (open cup) (Lin & Bieron, 1993) (j) Explosive limit: Lower, 1.1% by volume of air (Lin & Bieron, 1993) (k) Octanol/water partition coefficient (P): log P, 2.30 (Verschueren, 1996) (l) Conversion factor: mg/m3 = 5.18 × ppm 1.2 Production and use The chemical processes associated with the manufacture of chlorinated toluenes are summarized in Figure 1.
[Show full text]
IV. Synthesis of Starting Amides……………………………………………...S7-S8
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Chemical Science This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2013 Supporting Information Ruthenium-Catalyzed Ortho C-H Bond Alkylation of Aromatic Amides with α,β- Unsaturated Ketones via a Bidentate-Chelation Assistance Guy Rouquet and Naoto Chatani* Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan [email protected] Contents I. General Information……………………………………………………….S2 II. Materials…………………………………………………………………...S2 III. Optimization Studies………………………………………………………S3-S6 IV. Synthesis of Starting Amides……………………………………………...S7-S8 V. Spectroscopic Data of Starting Amides……………………………….…...S8-S15 VI. Synthesis of Starting α,β-Unsaturated Ketones…………………………....S15-S16 VII. Spectroscopic Data of α ,β-Unsaturated Ketones…………………..………S16-S21 VIII. General Procedure for the Ortho C-H Bond Directed Alkylation………....S21-S22 IX. Spectroscopic Data of Alkylated Products…………………………..…….S22-S57 X. Removal of the 8- Aminoquinoline Directing Group……………………....S58-S65 a) Formation of aldehydes 10………………………………………………S58 b) Spectroscopic Data of Aldehydes 10……………………………………S59-S62 c) Formation of carboxylic acid 12ja……………………………………...S63-S64 XI. Deuterium Labeling Experiments………………………………………....S65-S81 XII. Competition Experiments………………………………………………….S82 XIII. Copies of 1H and 13C NMR Spectra…………………………………….…S83 S1 Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Chemical Science This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2013 I. General Information 1 13 H NMR and C NMR spectra were recorded on a JEOL ECS-400 spectrometer in CDCl3 or DMSO-d6 with tetramethylsilane as the internal standard. Data are reported as follows: chemical shift in ppm, multiplicity (s = singlet, d = doublet, t = triplet, q = quartet, brs = broad singlet, td = triplet of doublets and m = multiplet), coupling constant (Hz), and integration.
[Show full text]
The Reactions Between Acid Halides and Aldehydes
L. H. Ulich The R eacfions bef^vreen /\cid Hali'oles cinc( Aldehydes THE REACTIONS BETWEEN ACID HALIDES AND ALDEHYDES BY LYNNE HERMAN ULICH B. S. Grinnell College, 1914 M. S. University of Illinois, 19 18 THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN CHEMISTRY IN THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 1920 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS THE GRADUATE SCHOOL May 11 i9g0 I HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY. Lynne Herman Ulioh ENTITLED THE REACTION S BETWEEN ACID HAL IDES AND ALDEHYDES BE ACCEPTED AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE of Doctor of Philosophy In Charge of Thesis V Head of Department Recommendation concurred in* Committee on Final Examination* ^Required for doctor's degree but not for master's TABLE 0._F CONTENTS Page No. ACCTOWLEDG .1 TUT I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. HISTORICAL PART 3 III. THEORETICAL PART 11 IV. EXPERIMENTAL P'PT 23 A. Reactions of Aliphatic Acid Halides and Aliphatic Aldehyde$35 1. With Para Formaldehyde 35 2. With Paraldehyde 30 3. With Ieo-ontyl Aldehyde 35 4. Tith Iso-v^leryl Aldehyde 39 5. With Hfptaldehyde 41 B. Reactions of Aromatic Acid Halides and Aliphatic Aldehydes^ 1 . With Par a For maid ehyd a 43 2. With Paraldehyde 45 3. With n -Butyl Aldehyde 45 4. With Iso-valeryl -Aldehyde 46 5. mth Heptaldehyde 47 0. Reactions of the Addition Compounds 49 1. With Ammonia and Amines 49 3. ir ith T-Vater 52 3. With Solid Potassium Hydroxide 52 4.
[Show full text]
Benzotrichloride (CASRN 98-07-7) | IRIS
Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Chemical Assessment Summary National Center for Environmental Assessment Benzotrichloride; CASRN 98-07-7 Human health assessment information on a chemical substance is included in the IRIS database only after a comprehensive review of toxicity data, as outlined in the IRIS assessment development process. Sections I (Health Hazard Assessments for Noncarcinogenic Effects) and II (Carcinogenicity Assessment for Lifetime Exposure) present the conclusions that were reached during the assessment development process. Supporting information and explanations of the methods used to derive the values given in IRIS are provided in the guidance documents located on the IRIS website. STATUS OF DATA FOR Benzotrichloride File First On-Line 07/01/1990 Category (section) Assessment Available? Last Revised Oral RfD (I.A.) not evaluated Inhalation RfC (I.B.) not evaluated Carcinogenicity Assessment (II.) yes 07/01/1990* *A comprehensive review of toxicological studies was completed (July 13, 2006) - please see section II.D.2. for more information. I. Chronic Health Hazard Assessments for Noncarcinogenic Effects I.A. Reference Dose for Chronic Oral Exposure (RfD) Substance Name — Benzotrichloride CASRN — 98-07-7 Not available at this time. 1 Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Chemical Assessment Summary National Center for Environmental Assessment I.B. Reference Concentration for Chronic Inhalation Exposure (RfC) Substance Name — Benzotrichloride CASRN — 98-07-7 Not available at this time. II. Carcinogenicity Assessment for Lifetime Exposure Substance Name — Benzotrichloride CASRN — 98-07-7 Last Revised — 07/01/1990 Section II provides information on three aspects of the carcinogenic assessment for the substance in question; the weight-of-evidence judgment of the likelihood that the substance is a human carcinogen, and quantitative estimates of risk from oral exposure and from inhalation exposure.
[Show full text]
Design and Synthesis of Potential Anticancer Agents a Dissertation
Design and Synthesis of Potential Anticancer Agents A dissertation presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy Weihe Zhang November 2010 © 2010 Weihe Zhang. All Rights Reserved. 2 This dissertation titled Design and Synthesis of Potential Anticancer Agents by WEIHE ZHANG has been approved for the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the College of Arts and Sciences by Stephen C. Bergmeier Professor of Chemistry and Biochemistry Benjamin M. Ogles Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 ABSTRACT ZHANG WEIHE, Ph.D., November 2010, Chemistry Design and Synthesis of Potential Anticancer Agents (223 pp.) Director of Dissertation: Stephen C. Bergmeier Most cancers mainly rely on glucose as a source of biosynthesis material and energy for their fast growth and proliferation. We proposed inhibiting glucose uptake might kill cancer cells by restricting their energy supply. Based on this hypothesis, we designed and synthesized small molecules which can inhibit the glucose uptake and cell growth in lung cancer line H1299. These small molecules acted as potential novel anticancer agents. First, we designed and synthesized phenolic benzoate esters, from which most compounds displayed mild to good inhibitory activity in glucose uptake and cell growth. The Structure-Activity-Relationship (SAR) was studied by changing different substituents on the core aromatic ring and the pendant aromatic rings, as well as changing the number of hydroxyl groups on the pendant aromatic rings. SAR showed the meta-hydroxyl group played an important role in both inhibitory activity. Due to the instability of the benzoate esters, we designed and synthesized hydrolytically more stable analogs-phenolic ethers, N-linked and S-linked phenolic derivatives.
[Show full text]