Tese De Doutorado

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Tese De Doutorado Universidade de Brasília – UnB Instituto de Ciências Humanas – IH Departamento de Serviço Social - SER Programa de Pós-Graduação em Política Social - PPGPS TESE DE DOUTORADO HIP HOP E AMÉRICA LATINA Relações entre cultura, estética e emancipação Brasília, maio de 2017 2 EDUARDO GOMOR DOS SANTOS HIP HOP E AM ÉRICA LATINA Relações entre cultura, estética e emancipação Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Política Social do Departamento de Serviço Social da Universidade de Brasília / UnB, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Doutor em Política Social. Orientadora: Profª Drª Potyara Amazoneida Pereira Pereira Brasília, maio de 2017 3 EDUARDO GOMOR DOS SANTOS Hip Hop e América Latina: Relações entre cultura, estética e emancipação Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Política Social do Departamento de Serviço Social da Universidade de Brasília / UnB, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Doutor em Política Social. BANCA EXAMINADORA Profª Drª Potyara Amazoneida Pereira Pereira (Orientadora – PPGPS/SER/UnB) Prof. Dr. Newton Narciso Gomes Junior (PPGPS/SER/UnB) Prof. Dr. Renato Francisco dos Santos Paula (Universidade Federal de Goias/UFG) Prof. Dr. Mário Lisboa Theodoro (Senado Federal) Profª Drª Beatriz Augusto de Paiva (Suplente - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina /UFSC) 4 A tod@s @s latino-american@s que independentemente de participar do movimento Hip Hop sonham e lutam por um mundo menos desigual 5 AGRADECIMENTOS À minha orientadora, Profª. Drª. Potyara Amazoneida Pereira-Pereira, por ter aceitado esta orientação, pela paciência e dedicação na difícil tarefa de orientação, e pelos inúmeros momentos de aprendizado possibilitado pela orientação. A todos as professoras e professores do Departamento de Serviço Social, em especial ao Professor Newton, cujas aulas da Teoria da Dependência resultaram na mudança do lugar geográfico desta tese; à Professora Ivanete Boschetti, pela dedicação acadêmica; e a Dorita, que me forneceu valiosas dicas e contatos em Cuba. À Domingas, pela dedicação ao Departamento de Serviço Social, e pelo inestimável suporte naqueles momentos em que ninguém mais sabe o que fazer. Aos componentes das bancas de qualificação e defesa, pela dedicação na leitura e nas sugestões apresentadas. A toda minha família, em especial à minha mãe e meu pai, responsáveis por todo o suporte material e espiritual que me permitiu chegar até aqui. A minha companheira Carla Beatriz de Paulo, pela companhia nas terras latino- americanas, e pela paciência nos conturbados tempos da produção desta tese. A todas e todos colegas do Departamento de Serviço Social, em especial a Marjorie Chaves, Jurilza Mendonça e Camila Potyara. Aos amigos do executivo federal, em especial a Roseli Faria, Marcos Silva e Paulo Coutinho, e a antiga diretoria da extinta Secretaria de Planejamento e Investimentos Estratégicos do Ministério do Planejamento, que me proporcionaram os seis meses de licença que foram intensamente utilizados para o trabalho de campo e a escrita desta tese. Às amigas e amigos da esplanada, Maria do Rosário de Holanda, Bárbara Stanislau, Jéssica Naime, Clóvis Leite, Paula Pompeu, Dalila Negreiros, Ana Karina, Luana Vieira, Fernando Sertã, pela amizade e companheirismo. Às companheiras e companheiros do CNCD/LGBT - Conselho Nacional de Combate a Discriminação de Gays, Lésbicas, Bissexuais, Travestis e Transexuais, pela luta em prol das livres identidades de gênero e orientação sexual. 6 Ao grande amigo Paulo César Vaz Guimarães, pela revisão da tese e pelo aprendizado nesses 10 anos de amizade. Aos amigos da rua, em especial ao Brô, Kanashiro, Solano, Uatau. Ao Adilson Souza, que atuou como assistente em boa parte da pesquisa e ajudou a abrir as portas do rap do Distrito Federal. Ao Professor Allysson Garcia, da Universidade Federal de Goiás, cuja tese sobre o rap e identidade no Brasil e em Cuba deu contribuições valiosas para este tese. Aos pássaros que vivem na região de minha casa, principalmente as maritacas, que sempre me impediram de dormir até mais tarde e assim ajudaram esta tese a ser finalizada. A todos e todas integrantes do Hip Hop no Brasil, em especial ao Renan Inquérito, Nélson Triunfo, Japão do Viela 17, Fabgirl do BSBgirls, ao GOG, à MC Lulu Monamour, ao pessoal do Centro de Referência em Juventude de Goiânia, em especial ao Aloísio Black, à Frente Nacional de Mulheres no Hip-Hop, pelo excelente trabalho realizado na articulação horizontal das mulheres do Hip Hop nos mais diversos estados brasileiros. A todos e todas integrantes do Hip Hop em Cuba, em especial à Magia, Alexei, Positivo Siempre, Humbertico, aos integrantes do grupo La Invaxión, Yusniel Cepero, Black Soul e Gordo Willians, pela excelente recepção no país, a todos os raperos e raperas da Ilha, em especial aos das cidades de Candelaria e Consolación del Sur; aos intelectuais Roberto Zurbano, Norma Guillard, Tomás Fernandez Robaina e Grizel Hernandez, pelos imensos aportes teóricos e práticos a esta tese; a todo o pessoal do Centro de Estudos e Desenvolvimento da Música Cubana, pelo acesso ao acervo do Centro. A todos e todas integrantes do movimento Hip Hop na Colômbia, em especial Shoko, Don Popo e Midras Queen, da Família Ayara, por tudo que têm feito pelo Hip Hop colombiano e pela recepção nesta; ao amigo Ricardo Fernandez Pacheco, pelo material cedido e as frutíferas conversas; ao pessoal de Medellín, em especial a Nathalia Costa; Ciro, Jeihhco e Kbala, da casa Kolacho; à Crew Peligrosos; a El AKA e todos os integrantes da casa Morada, pelo carinho e as informações prestadas; à Professora Ángela Garces, da Universidade de Medellín, além de seu companheiro e Arnold, pela hospitalidade, pelo vasto conhecimento compartilhado e pelas inúmeras horas de boa conversa sobre a Colômbia e o Hip Hop; ao Idartes - Instituto de Distrital de Artes, na 7 figura de Susana Leon, pelas informações, pelo material e pelo acesso privilegiado ao XX Festival Hip Hop al Parque. A todas e todos que participam de alguma forma do movimento Hip Hop. Antes de ser um "objeto" de pesquisa, são sujeitos empoderados que lutam diariamente para um mundo menos injusto para os pobres, negros, negras, crianças, jovens, idosas, idosos, gays, lésbicas, travestis, transexuais e uma infinidade de oprimidos na vastidão deste sofrido continente. 8 Resumo Hip Hop e América Latina: Relações entre cultura, estética e emancipação A presente tese discutiu as relações entre cultura, estética e emancipação com base na manifestação artística e cultural do Hip Hop, considerando a América Latina a partir dos casos de Cuba, Colômbia e Brasil. Na concepção da emancipação, foram consideradas as ideias marxianas sobre a emancipação política e humana, esta somente possível com o fim do modo de produção capitalista. Na questão estética, foram analisadas as concepções do autor húngaro Gyorgy Lukács e do autor hispano-mexicano Adolfo Sánchez Vázquez, sobre o potencial da arte realista que, para além do prazer estético, pode levar também ao reconhecimento da dimensão humano-genérica tanto para quem cria como para quem frui da atividade artística. Foram identificadas as concepções de cotidiano, como momento da heterogeneidade que pode ser suspensa a partir da fruição estética e inculcar valores diferenciados nos indivíduos; e as ideias de resistência a partir do território, com base nas ideias de Milton Santos. Considerando a dimensão artística, foi identificado que as letras das músicas nos países analisados problematizam temáticas que constrangem as possibilidades de emancipação, principalmente as relações imperialistas, o racismo, as relações de gênero e as orientações sexuais divergentes da heteronormatividade. Em muitos casos, o uso de um eu-lírico ligado ao povo facilita a identificação da arte com as opressões contra grupos marginalizados, tratando das opressões e discriminações que a população pobre, negra, feminina e a população LGBT sofrem no cotidiano por suas condições e que deixam marcas indeléveis na subjetividade destas populações. Ainda na questão artística, percebeu-se principalmente no caso colombiano uma forte tendência para a criação de escolas com base no rap, no grafiti, no break e no DJ, em que as aulas buscam tratar das dimensões artísticas mas principalmente das questões dos direitos para as juventudes. Nesses casos, o Estado tem procurado utilizar o potencial destas atividades, a partir de apoios financeiros e mesmo da contratação dos serviços dessas escolas. Para além da questão artística, identificou-se que o movimento Hip Hop é um ator legítimo nos diversos debates públicos nas comunidades, a partir de coletivos que aglutinam principalmente jovens que lutam em seus territórios pelo fim das diversas formas de opressão a que são submetidos. Em muitos casos, principalmente no Brasil, identificou-se no movimento Hip Hop uma moral revolucionária, tanto nas músicas como nos comportamentos, que pretende enfrentar ativamente as opressões de classe, gênero e de orientação sexual. Por fim, considerou-se que o movimento Hip Hop apresenta um forte potencial para a emancipação política e a criação de sólidos valores que pavimentam o caminho para a emancipação humana. 9 Palavras-chave: Hip Hop. América Latina. Emancipação. Cultura. Estética. Território. Cotidiano Abstract Hip Hop and Latin America: Relations between culture, aesthetics and emancipation The present thesis discussed the relations between culture, aesthetics and emancipation based on the artistic and cultural manifestation of Hip Hop, considering Latin
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