It Takes a Village
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IT TAKES A VILLAGE STANFORD UNIVERSITY OFFICE OF TECHNOLOGY LICENSING ANNUAL REPORT 2017 In Memory of Charles Kruger Stanford Dean of Research 1993–2003 2 “It takes a village” is a proverb about raising children to adulthood. It's another way of saying that raising a child is a communal effort. The same can be said for shepherding technologies to the marketplace. From conceiving the initial before they embark on forming a idea to testing the prototype new enterprise. to creating a business model Here we highlight the stories of and scaling for commercial four innovators and the network production, the road to success of resources at Stanford that for technologies is long and helped each of them navigate arduous. Here at Stanford, their technologies along their inventors have access to a broad unique path from an embryonic network of people who can help idea to a new company. make their initial idea a reality. For some Stanford inventors, the Office of Technology Licensing (OTL) is a key stop on that path from research to commercialization. One benefit of being at Stanford is being immersed in Silicon Valley’s extensive entrepreneurial ecosystem. Here, faculty, students and trainees with a great idea and a business plan have the option of going straight to the venture capitalists on Sand Hill Road to get funded. Nonetheless, many technologies and aspiring entrepreneurs from Stanford receive support from a rich set of programs and funding sources within the University 1 Huntington’s Disease is one of a NUREDIS: group of incurable, debilitating Working to neurodegenerative disorders ["Nucleotide Repeat (NR) Stop Repeating Diseases"] that are all caused by inheriting an unusual type of Mistakes DNA error. Certain genes normally contain a segment carrying multiple repeats of nucleotides— the gene’s building blocks. The mistake that causes NR diseases expands the length of that repeated segment like a broken record that skips and plays the same three chords over and over again. In Huntington's Disease, the expanded repeat region in the human HTT gene creates malformed proteins that then disrupt the metabolism of nerve cells, leading to nerve cell death and loss of brain functions. In other genes, expanded NRs result in separate degenerative diseases that also affect cells in the brain or in muscles. In all, about 40 incurable inherited human diseases are produced by NR expansions. Professor Stan Cohen and his former post- doc Tzu-Hao (Johnny) Cheng discussed this medical problem one day at a reunion of scientists who had worked in Cohen’s laboratory in Stanford’s Department of Genetics. There in the Napa Valley, they decided to collaborate on a basic research project aimed at discovering how to prevent the NR expansion of the HTT gene from producing the unwieldy and toxic proteins that cause Huntington's Disease, a particularly horrific inherited genetic disorder. From their research came the notion that they might be able to use small molecule therapies to selectively block the abnormal RNA and proteins from ever being made. The potential was enormous for treating the entire group of devastating NR diseases. Collaborations ensued between Cohen at Stanford and Cheng, who was now a professor at National Yang Ming University (NYMU) in Taiwan. 2 THE VILLAGE team of experts—together with advice and The initial research efforts at Stanford were support from OTL though SIP have been of supported by a range of resources. SPARK, a enormous importance.” Stanford program aimed at translating basic discoveries into medically-useful products, Through this project, Cohen, Cheng and their provided guidance and expertise while the colleagues established screening procedures National Institutes of Health and Cohen’s that identified small molecules that are now endowed Kwoh-Ting Li Professorship being developed into drugs by Nuredis, provided funding. Cheng’s laboratory at Inc., a company founded by these scientists. Stanley N. Cohen, NYMU received support from the Ministry Cohen has remarked that “The milestone- MD of Science and the National Health Research oriented project support from SIP enabled Institutes in Taiwan. the nucleotide repeat disease (NUREDIS) project to proceed to the point where a start- Later, the project advanced toward up company aimed at making the fruits of commercialization with support from our basic research available to treat horrific the Stanford Innovation Project (SIP), an diseases could be formed.” experimental OTL gap-funding program for further developing unlicensed inventions. MOVING FORWARD Cohen states that: “The SIP model was perfect Nuredis was formed in 2016, attracting $20M for projects at the stage our project was at in an initial round of financing. The company when SIP support began. An important is using these funds to develop small molecule adjunct to SIP support has been assistance therapies for nucleotide repeat diseases, with from an advisory group...that includes Huntington’s Disease as the first indication. medicinal chemists and drug discovery experts who are participants in the SPARK program. As my prior experience has been mostly with basic rather than translational research, this SPARK SIP SPARK is a unique partnership drug development process as well SIP (Stanford Innovation Project) between academic and industry as a “SPARK Scholars” program was a university-wide translational experts. It provides faculty, graduate that provides participants with program that OTL oversaw from students and post-docs with access mentoring and funding for product 2014–2017. All told, SIP funded to a range of resources: advice proposals. SPARK mentoring is 17 projects, 8 of which have and technical expertise regarding provided by advisors with expertise been licensed or are in license drug and diagnostic development; in product development, clinical negotiations. dedicated core laboratory facilities; care and business, preparing and sources of funding to support participants for careers that link translational efforts. SPARK includes investigation with important new graduate level courses about the therapies. 3 Imagine lowering the SKYCOOL temperature of a building in SYSTEMS: the middle of the day by using the cooling capacity of the Reflecting sky instead of megawatts of Up to Bring electricity. Engineers in Professor Shanhui Fan’s lab Temperatures developed a multilayer optical film that reflects sunlight and emits enough thermal energy that Down it spontaneously cools a surface to below the ambient temperature. The system is entirely passive (meaning no energy is used in the process) and it has a number of very promising applications, including cooling buildings and providing off-the-grid air conditioning. In 2015 Aaswath Raman, a post-doc in Fan’s laboratory, received the MIT Technology Review TR35 (Innovator Under 35) Award for his work on radiative sky cooling. The basic research behind this innovation began with support from a combination of public and private sponsors, the Advanced Research Project Agency–Energy (ARPA–E) and the Global Climate and Energy Program (GCEP). GCEP was created at Stanford to seek solutions for supplying energy to a growing world population in a way that protects the environment. It is currently funded by Exxon-Mobil, Schlumberger and Bank of America in a complex partnership negotiated by the Industrial Contracts Office, a group within OTL. THE VILLAGE To move the technology beyond the lab, a team of inventors participated in the Innovation Corps (“I-Corps”) program and ultimately formed SkyCool Systems. I-Corps was created by the National Science Foundation (NSF) based on Stanford’s Lean LaunchPad, a course originally taught as part of the Stanford Technology Ventures Program (STVP). It has now evolved into a nationwide network with regional nodes across the country. The Bay Area node connects Stanford, UC Berkeley and UCSF. 4 I-Corps helped the team pivot from thinking Along the road to commercialization, the of the technology as a research project into work on this project was also supported by the thinking of the technology as the foundation TomKat Center at Stanford. TomKat provided for building a new company. They focused funding as well as a network of contacts the on how the technology could solve practical, inventors felt was even more important than real-world problems by talking to customers the funding. Finally, to help launch their to pinpoint the value of the innovation. company, the SkyCool team participated in SkyCool’s founders came to realize that the winter 2017 cohort in StartX’s Accelerator Shanjui Fan, PhD the academic world tends to be somewhat program for Stanford’s top entrepreneurs. siloed from industry. They recognized that even the language people use to talk about MOVING FORWARD commercialization was critical for them to SkyCool now has pilot demonstration systems understand. They noted that successful start- operating in California. ups rely on people with industry experience and that the mentorship provided by the I-Corps program allowed them to obtain some of this expertise while at Stanford. ICO STVP TomKat Industrial Contracts Office (ICO) is As the entrepreneurship center in The TomKat Center for Sustainable responsible for negotiating a range Stanford’s School of Engineering, Energy harnesses the skills and of research-related agreements, the Stanford Technology Ventures creativity of Stanford University’s including Sponsored Research Program (STVP) delivers courses leading science, technology Agreements, Material Transfer and extracurricular programs and policy experts to transform Agreements and Industrial Affilates to Stanford students; creates the world’s energy systems programs. ICO is part of OTL and scholarly research on high-impact for a sustainable future. It was works in close collaboration with technology ventures; and produces established in 2009 with a gift made research and administrative offices a large and growing collection of by Stanford alumni and husband- throughout Stanford, providing online content and experiences for and-wife team Tom Steyer and Kat advice regarding intellectual people around the world. Taylor. TomKat’s current activities property terms and related policies.