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Exploration De La Zone Mésophotique De Quelques Pentes Externes De Exploration de la zone mésophotique de quelques pentes externes de Mayotte à l’aide d’un ROV - Inventaire faunistique non exhaustif Thierry Mulochau, Patrick Durville, Jérôme Mathey To cite this version: Thierry Mulochau, Patrick Durville, Jérôme Mathey. Exploration de la zone mésophotique de quelques pentes externes de Mayotte à l’aide d’un ROV - Inventaire faunistique non exhaustif. [Rapport de recherche] BIORECIF. 2020. hal-03202135 HAL Id: hal-03202135 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03202135 Submitted on 23 Apr 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. BIORECIF Programme MesoMay Exploration de la zone mésophotique de quelques pentes externes de Mayotte à l’aide d’un ROV - Inventaire faunistique non exhaustif BIORECIF 1 Maîtres d’ouvrage : Parc Naturel Marin de Mayotte : 14 Lot Darin Montjoly - Iloni- 97660 Dembeni Clément Lelabousse - Tel : 02 69 60 73 65 Fax : 02 69 60 73 66 [email protected] DEAL Mayotte : terre plein de M’Tsapere 97600 Mamoudzou, M'Tsapere – Pierre Bouvais - Tel : 0269611254 antoine.rouille@developpement- durable.gouv.fr Maîtres d’œuvre : BIORECIF : 3 ter rue de l’albatros 97434 La Saline Les Bains Ile de La Réunion – Thierry Mulochau - Tel. : 0692685831 [email protected] Dates : - Campagnes terrain : 12 au 20 décembre 2019 - Rapport : janvier 2020 - Bancarisation Base de Données Récif : juillet 2020 Echantillonnage terrain : photographies et vidéos DroneGo : Jérôme Mathey Expertise faunistique Liste des experts présentés dans le tableau 2 page 9 Rapport Thierry Mulochau et Patrick Durville (« poissons ») A citer sous la forme : Mulochau T., Durville P. et J. Mathey (2020) Exploration de la zone mésophotique de quelques pentes externes de Mayotte à l’aide d’un ROV – Inventaire faunistique non exhaustif - BIORECIF – Parc Naturel Marin de Mayotte. 23 p et annexes. © Photos : DroneGo (Jérôme Mathey) et Galaxea (Patrick Durville) BIORECIF 2 SOMMAIRE I. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………….p4 II. Matériel et méthode………………………………………………………………………………………….p5 A. Les zones et sites………………………………………………………………………………………….p5 B. Le ROV….………………………………………………………………………………………………………p7 C. Méthode………………………………………………………………………………………………………p8 D. Expertises faunistiques…….…………………………………………………………………………..p9 E. Bancarisation des données…………………………………………………………………………..p9 III. Résultats………………………………………………………………………………………………………….p10 A. « Les poissons »………………………………………………………………………………………….p11 B. « Les macro-invertébrés »………………………………………………………………………….p15 IV. Discussion………………………………………………………………………………………………………..p18 V. Perspectives…………………………………………………………………………………………………….p22 VI. Bibliographie……………………………………………………………………………………………………p23 Annexe………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..p25 BIORECIF 3 Exploration de la zone mésophotique de quelques pentes externes de Mayotte à l’aide d’un ROV - Inventaire faunistique non exhaustif Mulochau T.1, Durville P.2, Mathey J.3 1Biorecif, 3 ter rue de l’Albatros 97434 La Réunion, France – [email protected] 2Galaxea 3DroneGo I. Introduction Les écosystèmes coralliens mésophotiques (ECM) situés entre 50 m et 150 m de profondeur sur les pentes des récifs de l’indo Pacifique restent largement méconnus malgré leurs surfaces importantes. La zone mésophotique est intermédiaire entre la zone euphotique, proche de la surface (< à 30 m) et la zone oligophotique, dite « crépusculaire », située au-delà de 150 m et qui s’étend jusqu’à plusieurs centaines de mètres en milieu récifale tropicale avant que la lumière ne disparaisse complètement. Les zones récifales mésophotiques présentent un biotope différent des récifs situés proches de la surface avec notamment deux facteurs importants qui interviennent sur la répartition des différentes espèces, la lumière qui diminue avec la profondeur et la température de l’eau de mer qui est souvent inférieure de quelques degrés à celle observée proches de la surface. Le développement récent de petits ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle) performants, associés à une qualité vidéo et photo en continuelle progression, permet d’explorer les zones mésophotiques, d’y décrire les habitats et la biodiversité récifales situées en bas des pentes des récifs barrières. Cette biodiversité est bien moins connue que celle située dans la zone euphotique, certains genres de madréporaires sont encore présents mais avec la profondeur et la lumière décroissante, certains organismes les remplacent et deviennent dominants : porifères (« éponges »), octocoralliaires (« gorgones », « coraux mous »,…), antipathaires (« coraux noirs »),… Les peuplements de poissons sont souvent différents, de nombreuses espèces évoluent dans cette zone, certaines endémiques des zones mésophotiques explorées (cf. Hawaï) ou encore non décrites (http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/03/naturalist- richard-pyle-explores-mysterious-dimly-lit-realm-deep-coral-reefs). De nombreuses publications émettent l’hypothèse que les ECM, plus profonds et vraisemblablement moins soumis aux impacts d’origine anthropique que les récifs coralliens proches de la surface, pourraient permettre la résilience des récifs moins profonds plus vulnérables (Kahng et al., 2017 ; Morais et al., 2018 ; Muir et al., 2018). Le programme MesoMay a pour objectif de réaliser un premier inventaire faunistique non exhaustif de certains sites situés en zone mésophotique sur les pentes des récifs de Mayotte. L’inventaire réalisé dans le cadre de cette étude est fait à partir d’images vidéos et photos collectées à l’aide d’un ROV, qui permettront de compléter l’inventaire en cours réalisé sur certains sites à partir des images et des BIORECIF 4 prélèvements effectués par les plongeurs des associations Deep Blue Exploration et Service de Plongée Scientifique. La découverte de la biodiversité des ECM à Mayotte pourra ainsi permettre d’avoir une meilleure connaissance des habitats et des organismes qui y évoluent, et d’initier des démarches de conservation et de gestion de cette biodiversité. II. Matériel et méthode A. Les zones et sites La mission ROV qui s’est déroulée du 12 au 20 décembre 2019 dans le cadre du programme MesoMay, a permis l’exploration de nombreux sites situés en pente externe des récifs de Mayotte entre 50 et 157 m. Certains sites avaient été choisis en fonction de différents critères comme la bathymétrie, les images du Centre Universitaire de Formation et de Recherche de Mayotte (CUFR) collectées dans le cadre de la réalisation de la cartographie des récifs de Mayotte ainsi que la connaissance des sites par les plongeurs, pêcheurs et marins. D’autres sites ont été échantillonnés sans avoir été préalablement sélectionnés notamment en fonction des conditions rencontrées en mer les jours de mises à l’eau du ROV. Onze zones récifales mésophotiques situées en pente externe des récifs de Mayotte (Fig. 1) ont ainsi été explorées à l’aide d’un ROV, ce qui a nécessité 46 immersions avec observations des fonds et des organismes y évoluant (Tab. 1). BIORECIF 5 Tableau 1. Zones et sites échantillonnés avec un ROV en décembre 2019 - « Latitudes » et « Longitudes » = coordonnées géographiques en degrés décimaux ; « prof en m» = profondeurs en mètres ; « Dates » ; « Durées » = durées d’immersion en minutes ; « T°C » = températures en degrés Celsius de la profondeur maximale ; « Habitats » = habitats principaux observés pendant les immersions BIORECIF 6 Figure 1. Situation des 11 zones échantillonnées en zones mésophotiques à Mayotte lors de la mission ROV en décembre 2019 dans le cadre du programme MesoMay (© Google Earth) B. Le ROV Le ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle) qui a été utilisé est le BlueROV2 (photo 1) de la société DroneGo https://bluerobotics.com/store/rov/bluerov2/. Ce ROV est modulable et différents éléments peuvent être assemblés afin de l’adapter à la mission à laquelle on le destine. Dans le cadre de cette étude et du programme MesoMay, le ROV a été équipé d’un appareil photo 24 Mpix afin que l’expertise des images permette d’identifier à l’espèce certains organismes. Le retour vidéo en surface en HD 1080, à l’aide d’un ombilic de 200 m reliant le ROV au bateau pour sa conduite et son déplacement, permet d’avoir une vision en direct des zones explorées et des organismes qui y évoluent. L’appareil photo est déclenchable depuis la surface. Ce ROV est également équipé d’un sondeur et d’une sonde de température. Son faible encombrement BIORECIF 7 et sa légèreté facilitent son déploiement ; son énergie est gérée à l’aide de batteries rechargeables pendant les opérations en mer, ce qui permet de se soustraire du déploiement d’un groupe électrogène. Ce ROV peut évoluer et être équipé d’une pince afin de réaliser des prélèvements, ce qui n’a pas été expérimenté pendant cette mission. Photo 1. Le BlueROV2 de la société DroneGo a été utilisé pour l’exploration des zones mésophotiques à Mayotte en décembre 2019. Son déploiement a permis des observations de la faune jusqu’à 157 m de profondeur Lors d’une mise à l’eau du ROV sur un site, les données météorologiques (vent, courant, houle,…) sont analysées afin d’appréhender le positionnement
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