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Insect Morphology 9/18/09 12:58 PM Ent 4015 Ornamentals and Turf Entomology Insect Morphology All arthropods possess : Exoskeleton - a hard protective covering around the outside of the body (divided by sutures into plates called sclerites) Segmented body Jointed limbs and jointed mouthparts - that allow extensive specialization Bilateral symmetry - whereby a central line can divide the body into two identical halves, left and right Ventral nerve cord - as opposed to a vertebrate nerve cord which is dorsal Dorsal blood pump Adapted from University of Sydney Five important extant classes of Arthropods are arachnids, chilopods, diplopods, crustaceans and hexapods. Class Arachnida (arachnids): spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, etc. Arachnids possess: 2 body segments - cephalothorax and abdomen 8 legs 1 pair of chelicerae no antennae University of Sydney Class Chilopoda (centipedes) Chilipods possess: many body segments 1 pair of legs per body segment 1 pair of antennae 1st pair of legs modified into venomous “fangs” University of Sydney Class Diplopoda (millipedes) Diplopods possess: Many body segments 2 pair of legs per body segment 1 pair of antennae University of Sydney Class Crustacea (crustaceans): crabs, shrimp, barnacles, sowbugs, etc. Crustaceans possess: Several body segments - head, thorax and abdomen Segments may be fused Varied number of legs 2 pairs of antennae University of Sydney file:///private/Network/Servers/fs.umnh.utah.edu/Homes/pmaxfield/Desktop/Insect%20Morphology.webarchive Page 1 of 30 Insect Morphology 9/18/09 12:58 PM Class Insecta (Insects); beetles, bugs, wasps, moths, flies, etc. Insects possess: 3 body segments 6 legs 1 pair of antennae Diverse modifications to appendages University of Sydney Basic Insect Morphology: Head, thorax, abdomen HEAD The head of an insect is composed of mainly rigid sclerites or sclerotized segments. The insect head is a capsule that contains the compound eyes, simple eyes (ocelli), mouthparts, and antennae. Compound eyes and ocelli In most insects there is one pair of large, prominent compound eyes composed of units called ommatidia. There may be up to 30,000 ommatidia in a compound eye. This type of eye gives less resolution than the vertebrate eye, but it gives acute perception of movement. When present, ocelli (either 2 or 3), detect low light or small changes in light intensity. Horse flies (order Diptera) have spectacular compound eyes. University of Florida Drees, Texas A&M University file:///private/Network/Servers/fs.umnh.utah.edu/Homes/pmaxfield/Desktop/Insect%20Morphology.webarchive Page 2 of 30 Insect Morphology 9/18/09 12:58 PM Compound eyes and ocelli on halictid bee (order Hymenoptera). John Pascarella, Valdosta State University Mouthparts The 4 main mouthparts are the labrum, mandibles, maxillae (plural maxilla) and labium. The labrum is a simple fused sclerite, often called the upper lip, and moves longitudinally. It is hinged to the clypeus. The mandibles, or jaws, are highly sclerotized paired structures that move at right angles to the body. They are used for biting, chewing and severing food. The maxillae are paired structures that can move at right angles to the body and possess segmented palps. The labium (often called the lower lip), is a fused structure that moves longitudinally and possesses a pair of segmented palps. Mouthparts very greatly among insects of different orders but there are two main functional groups: mandibulate and haustellate. Shown above and below are mandibulate (chewing) mouthparts. Haustellate mouthparts can be further classified as piercing- sucking, sponging, and siphoning. file:///private/Network/Servers/fs.umnh.utah.edu/Homes/pmaxfield/Desktop/Insect%20Morphology.webarchive Page 3 of 30 Insect Morphology 9/18/09 12:58 PM University of Florida Mandibulate (chewing) mouthparts are used for biting and grinding solid foods (see diagram above). Examples: Dragonflies and damselflies (order Odonata), termites (order Isoptera), adult lacewings (order Neuroptera), beetles (order Coleoptera), ants (order Hymenoptera), cockroaches (order Blattaria), grasshoppers, crickets and katydids (order Orthoptera), caterpillars (order Lepidoptera). Adult Lepidoptera have siphoning University of Florida mouthparts. Order Coleoptera: Stag beetle, Jim Order Hymenoptera: Carpenter ant, Order Blattaria: Newly molted American Occi, BugPics, www.insectimages.org Camponotus sp., Jim Kalisch, cockroach, Periplaneta americana, Daniel R. Department of Entomology, University of Suiter, University of Georgia, Nebraska-Lincoln www.insectimages.org file:///private/Network/Servers/fs.umnh.utah.edu/Homes/pmaxfield/Desktop/Insect%20Morphology.webarchive Page 4 of 30 Insect Morphology 9/18/09 12:58 PM Order Neuroptera: Green lacewing Order Coleoptera: Scarab beetle grub, Order Odonata: Damselfly eating mosquito, adult, Chrysopa oculata, John Ronald F. Billings, Texas Forest Service, Richard Seaman, Nature Wallpaper Davidson, The Insects of Cedar Creek www.insectimages.org Photo Album Order Lepidoptera: Saturniid Order Orthoptera: Katydid, Edward L. Order Isoptera: Termite, Coptotermes caterpillar, Hyalophora columbia, Manigault, Clemson University Donated formosanus, Gerald J. Lenhard, Louisiana Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Collection, www.insectimages.org State University, www.insectimages.org Station, www.insectimages.org Haustellate mouthparts are primarily used for sucking liquids and can be broken down into two subgroups: those that possess stylets and those that do not. Stylets are needle-like projections used to penetrate plant and animal tissue. The modified mandibles, maxilla, and hypopharynx form the stylets and the feeding tube. After piercing solid tissue, insects use the modified mouthparts to suck liquids from the host. To the left is a diagram of cicada mouthparts. Some haustellate mouthparts lack stylets. Unable to pierce tissues, these insects must rely on easily accessible food sources such as nectar at the base of a flower. One example of nonstylate mouthparts are the long siphoning proboscis of butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera). Although the method of liquid transport differs from that of the a Lepidopteran proboscis, the rasping- sucking rostrum of some flies are also considered to be haustellate without stylets. Piercing-sucking mouthparts are used to penetrate solid tissue and then suck up liquid food. University of Florida Examples: Cicadas (see diagram), aphids, and other bugs (order Hemiptera), sucking lice (order Phthiraptera), stable flies and mosquitoes (order Diptera). file:///private/Network/Servers/fs.umnh.utah.edu/Homes/pmaxfield/Desktop/Insect%20Morphology.webarchive Page 5 of 30 Insect Morphology 9/18/09 12:58 PM Order Hemiptera: Wheel bug, Order Hemiptera: Green peach Order Diptera: Stable fly, Stomoxys Arilus cristatus, Edward L. aphid, Myzus persicae, Scott calcitrans, Manigault, Clemson University Bauer, USDA ARS, North Dakota State University Donated Collection, www.insectimages.org www.insectimages.org Order Hemiptera: Spined soldier bug, Order Diptera: Mosquito feeding on human, Jim Occi, Podisus maculiventris, attacking caterpillar, BugPics, www.insectimages.org Russ Ottens, University of Georgia, www.insectimages.org Siphoning mouthparts lack stylets and are used to suck liquids. Examples: Butterflies, moths and skippers (order Lepidoptera), bees (order Hymenoptera). Larval Lepidoptera have chewing mouthparts. University of Florida Order Lepidoptera: Hummingbird Order Lepidoptera: Crossline skipper, Order Hymenoptera: sphinx moth, James Politte, James Politte, Blueberry bee, Habropoda http://washingtondcmetroweb.com http://washingtondcmetroweb.com laboriosa, Jerry A. Payne, USDA ARS, www.insectimages.org file:///private/Network/Servers/fs.umnh.utah.edu/Homes/pmaxfield/Desktop/Insect%20Morphology.webarchive Page 6 of 30 Insect Morphology 9/18/09 12:58 PM Sponging mouthparts are used to sponge and suck liquids. Examples: House flies and blow flies (order Diptera). University of Sydney Order Diptera: House fly, Musca Order Diptera: Green bottle fly (blow Order Diptera: Blue bottle fly (blow domestica, L. Clunie, fly), Phaenicia sericata, Joseph fly), Calliphora vomitoria, Stratford Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research Berger, www.insectimages.org Landing Elementary School Antennae Antennae function almost exclusively in sensory perception. Some of the information that can be detected by insect antennae includes: motion and orientation, odor, sound, humidity, and a variety of chemical cues. Antennae vary greatly among insects, but all follow a basic plan: segments 1 and 2 are termed the scape and pedicel, respectively. The remaining antennal segments (flagellomeres) are jointly called the flagellum. University of Florida file:///private/Network/Servers/fs.umnh.utah.edu/Homes/pmaxfield/Desktop/Insect%20Morphology.webarchive Page 7 of 30 Insect Morphology 9/18/09 12:58 PM Aristate antennae are pouch-like with a lateral bristle. Examples: House and shore flies (order Diptera). University of Sydney Order Diptera: House fly, Musca domestica, Order Diptera: Shore fly (Typopsilopa sp.), Clemson University - USDA Cooperative The Insects of Cedar Creek Photo Album Extension Slide Series, www.insectimages.org Capitate antennae are abruptly clubbed at the end. Examples: Butterflies (order Lepidoptera). University of Sydney Order Lepidoptera: Painted beauty butterfly, Order Lepidoptera: Red-banded Order Lepidoptera: Speckled wood Vanessa virginiensis, Jerry A. Payne, USDA hairstreak, Calycopis cecrops, Jerry butterfly, Pararge
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