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Doutrmgs.Pdf UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SÃO CARLOS CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS EXATAS E DE TECNOLOGIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM QUÍMICA DEPARTAMENTO DE QUÍMICA “METABOLISMO SECUNDÁRIO DOS FUNGOS Penicillium sp E Fusarium moniliforme ISOLADOS COMO ENDOFÍTICOS DE Melia azedarach (MELIACEAE)” REGINA MARIA GERIS DOS SANTOS* * BOLSISTA FAPESP SÃO CARLOS – SP 2003 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SÃO CARLOS CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS EXATAS E DE TECNOLOGIA DEPARTAMENTO DE QUÍMICA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM QUÍMICA “METABOLISMO SECUNDÁRIO DOS FUNGOS Penicillium sp E Fusarium moniliforme ISOLADOS COMO ENDOFÍTICOS DE Melia azedarach (MELIACEAE)” REGINA MARIA GERIS DOS SANTOS* Tese apresentada como parte dos requisitos para a obtenção do título de DOUTOR EM CIÊNCIAS, área de concentração: QUÍMICA ORGÂNICA. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Edson Rodrigues Filho * Bolsista FAPESP SÃO CARLOS – SP 2003 Ficha catalográfica elaborada pelo DePT da Biblioteca Comunitária/UFSCar Santos, Regina Maria Geris dos. S237ms Metabolismo secundário dos fungos Penicillium sp e Fusarium moniliforme isolados como endofíticos de Melia azedarach (Meliaceae) / Regina Maria Geris dos Santos. -- São Carlos : UFSCar, 2004. 432 p. Tese (Doutorado) -- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2003. 1. Fungo. 2. Fungos endofíticos. 3. Melia azedarach. 4. Meliacea. 5. Interação planta - microrganismos. 6. Metabólitos secundários de fungos. I. Título. CDD: 589.2 (20a) Primeiramente eu agradeço a Deus pela mais inacreditável aventura que é a vida. “Àquele que pela virtude que opera em nós, pode fazer infinitamente mais do que tudo quanto pedimos ou entendemos, a Ele seja dada a glória” (Efésios 3, 20). Aos meus pais, Ademir e Yvone, por serem atenciosos oferecendo sua completa compreensão, amor e suporte. A toda a minha família, especialmente aos meus sobrinhos, Gabriela, Isabela, João Marcos e Bianca, pelo carinho. Eu dedico este trabalho Ao Malta, por sempre estar ao meu lado e sua dedicação de todos os dias “O amor se manifesta através de gestos realizados no dia a dia...” Menção Especial Ao professor Dr. Edson Rodrigues Filho não apenas pela orientação prestada durante a realização deste trabalho, mas pelo suporte, amizade, respeito e por estar constantemente presente em todos esses anos de convivência.O meu eterno reconhecimento. Agradecimentos Especiais Aos professores do Depto de Química pelo convívio, amizade e ensinamentos. Aos meus colegas do laboratório de Produtos Naturais, pela convivência alegre durante todo o período de trabalho. Ao pessoal do LaBioMi (Lucília, Murgu, Grace, Péricles, Cebolinha, Rodrigo, Ana Paula, Francinete, Ângela, Michele, Denise, Tharcila, Andrei, Afonso, Antônia, Gezimar, Fernando, Bianca e Paschoalino). Obrigada do fundo do meu coração pelo companheirismo, amizade, disposição e valiosas sugestões. Ao corpo Técnico do Departamento de Química da UFSCar pelo apoio e serviços preciosos prestados durante a execução do trabalho. Ao pessoal do Laboratório de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear, em especial a Cris e a Luciana, pela execução dos espectros e amizade. Ao pessoal de Maringá (Lucília, Prof. Dr. Benedito Prado e Marinete Martinez), pela valiosa colaboração cedendo as cepas para ensaios antimicrobianos. A Professora Doutora Francisca Simas Teixeira pela valiosa colaboração na identificação dos fungos isolados. Ao Professor Gulab por ceder os padrões de limonóides. Ao Professor Thomas James Simpson pelo convite e pela oportunidade concedida de realizar o estágio em seu laboratório na Universidade de Bristol. Ao Doutor Russel Cox e aos colegas Frank, Wanpen e Song pelo companheirismo e atenção durante a minha estada em Bristol. Aos professores Ionizete e Heloísa e a técnica Carmeci, da Universidade Federal de Goiânia, pela execução dos ensaios larvicidas e também pela amizade conquistada durante o curto período de convivência. Ao grupo do professor Odair Bueno, da UNESP – Rio Claro, pela execução dos ensaios inseticidas contra formigas. As minhas amigas Ana Paula, Francinete e Lisandra, Quero ser um amigo que está sempre em seu caminho... ...E quem tem amigos nunca está sozinho... A todas as pessoas que direta ou indiretamente colaboraram na realização deste trabalho. Ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química da UFSCar. À Fapesp pela Bolsa concedida. SUMÁRIO Páginas Principais Abreviaturas xiv Principais Símbolos xv Resumo xvi Abstract xviii Apresentação xx Objetivos Gerais xxi Capítulo 1: Estudo da Interação Planta-Fungo Envolvendo Metabólitos Secundários 1. Generalidades 1 2. Biologia das Interações entre Fungos e Plantas 2 3. Interações de Plantas com Microrganismos Endofíticos 7 4. O envolvimento de Metabólitos Secundários na Interação Fungo-Planta 11 Capítulo 2: Isolamento de Microrganismos Endofíticos de Melia azedarach 1. Introdução 44 2. Objetivos 49 3. Parte Experimental 49 3.1. Materiais e Equipamentos 49 3.2. Fungos Endofíticos de Melia azedarach 50 3.3. Micoteca 52 4. Resultados e Discussão 53 4.1. Micoteca 53 4.2. Fungos Endofíticos Isolados de Melia azedarach 60 5. Conclusões 65 Capítulo 3: Estudo Químico dos Fungos Penicillium sp e Fusarium moniliforme 1. Introdução 67 2. Objetivos 72 3. Parte Experimental 73 3.1. Materiais 73 3.2. Elucidação Estrutural 73 3.3. Cultivo dos Fungos Fusarium moniliforme e Penicillium sp 75 3.4. Estudo Químico de Fusarium moniliforme 78 3.5. Estudo Químico de Penicillium sp 80 x 4. Resultados e Discussão 95 4.1. Substâncias Isoladas de Fusarium moniliforme 95 4.1.1. Identificação dos Ciclodepsidipeptídeos FM-1 e FM-2 95 4.1.2. Identificação do Esteróide Peróxido de Ergosterol FM-3 105 4.2. Substâncias Isoladas de Penicillium sp 107 4.2.1. Identificação dos Polióis PSP-15 e PSP-8 108 4.2.2. Identificação do Alcalóide PSP-5 109 4.2.3. Identificação da Substância PSP-7 115 4.2.4. Identificação da Lignana PSP-20 118 4.2.5. Identificação do Nucleosídeo PSP-14 126 4.2.6. Identificação dos Meroterpenos 128 4.2.6.1. Identificação dos Meroterpenos PSP-1 e PSP-2 128 4.2.6.2. Identificação dos Meroterpenos PSP-11 e PSP-17 133 4.2.6.3. Identificação dos Meroterpenos PSP-9 e PSP-4 138 4.2.6.4. Identificação dos Meroterpenos PSP-19 e PSP-13 142 4.2.6.5. Identificação dos Meroterpenos PSP-10 e PSP-12 148 4.2.6.6. Identificação dos Meroterpenos PSP-3, PSP-6 e PSP-8 154 5. Conclusões 162 Capítulo 4: Estudos Biogenéticos dos Meroterpenos 1. Introdução 164 1.1. Meroterpenos 164 1.1.1. Aspectos Gerais 164 1.1.2. Biossíntese dos Meroterpenos Derivados do Farnesil Pirofosfato e 3,5- Dimetilorselinato 168 1.2. Meroterpenos e sua Relação com Policetídeos 181 1.3. Policetídeos 183 2. Objetivos 187 3. Parte Experimental 188 3.1. Reagentes 188 3.2. Materiais e Equipamentos 188 3.3. Microrganismos e Meios de Cultivo 189 3.4. Extração do gDNA Fúngico 189 3.5. Fragmentos de gDNA de Penicillium sp 191 4. Resultados 195 4.1. DNA Genômico Fúngico 195 4.2. Produtos de PCR 195 4.3. Alinhamento e Análise Filogenética 207 5. Discussão 212 5.1. Genes PKS 212 5.2. Genes CMeT 213 6. Propostas Biossintéticas 213 7. Conclusões 218 xi Capítulo 5: Metabolismo Secundário do Fungo Penicillium sp na Presença de Substratos Exógenos 1. Introdução 220 2. Objetivos 221 3. Parte Experimental 222 3.1. Reagentes e Equipamentos 222 3.2. Cultivo e Obtenção dos Extratos 222 3.3. Análises dos Extratos do Experimento I 226 3.4. Análises dos Extratos do Experimento III 228 4. Resultados e Discussão 234 4.1. Experimentos com o Ácido Cinâmico e Ácido Ferúlico 234 4.2. Experimentos com a Flavona 235 4.3. Experimentos com os Limonóides e Triterpenos 235 4.3.1. Identificação do Metabólito B-1 236 4.3.1. Identificação do Metabólito B-3 238 4.3.1. Identificação do Metabólito B-2 241 5. Conclusões 243 Capítulo 6: Análise de Substâncias de Penicillium sp e Melia azedarach por Espectrometria de Massas 1. Introdução 244 2. Objetivos 245 3. Parte Experimental 245 3.1. Reagentes e Equipamentos 245 3.2. Derivatização das Amostras 247 3.3. Experimentos de GC/MS 248 3.3.1. Análise das Frações Apolares de Penicillium sp 248 3.3.2. Estudo do Perfil Químico de Penicillium sp sobre Diferentes Substratos 250 3.4. Experimentos de LC/MS 252 3.4.1. Estudo dos Meroterpenos e outros Metabólitos de Penicillium sp 252 3.4.2. Estudo dos Limonóides nos extratos de Melia azedarach 255 4. Resultados e Discussão 257 4.1. Experimentos de GC/MS 257 4.1.1. Análise das Frações Apolares de Penicillium sp 257 4.1.2. Estudo do Perfil Químico de Penicillium sp sobre Diferentes Substratos 266 4.2. Experimentos de LC/MS 271 4.2.1. Estudo dos Meroterpenos e outros Metabólitos de Penicillium sp 271 4.2.2. Estudo dos Limonóides nos extratos de Melia azedarach 283 5. Conclusões 292 xii Capítulo 7: Atividade Biológica das Frações e Substâncias Isoladas de Penicillium sp e Fusarium moniliforme 1. Introdução 293 2. Objetivos 293 3. Parte Experimental 294 3.1. Materiais e Reagentes 294 3.2. Teste antibacteriano 295 3.3. Teste Inseticida contra Aedes aegyptii 298 3.4. Teste Inseticida contra Atta sexdens rubropilosa 299 4. Resultados e Discussão 301 4.1. Atividade Antibacteriana 301 4.2. Teste Inseticida contra Aedes aegyptii 303 4.3. Teste Inseticida contra Atta sexdens rubropilosa 305 5. Conclusões 309 Considerações Finais e Perspectivas 311 Referências Bibliográficas 314 Apêndices Apêndice 1: Espectros das Substâncias Isoladas de Fusarium moniliforme 339 Apêndice 2: Espectros das Substâncias Isoladas de Penicillium sp 348 Apêndice 3: Dados Espectrais das Substâncias Isoladas no Capítulo 5 425 xiii PRINCIPAIS ABREVIAÇÕES1 Ac - Acetato ACN - Acetonitrila AcOEt - Acetato de etila BDA - Batata Dextrose Ágar CC - Cromatografia em Coluna CCD - Cromatografia
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