Index

Abancay revolt, 169–70 Africa: Ross’s research on, 188. See also abc countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile), Scramble for Africa 4; in Haring’s historical research, 108, African South Americans, Ross’s racial 126–27, 131–33, 223–25; institutional and ­generalizations concerning, 193–95 social change in, 67; mediation by, 230–32; Agassiz, Louis, 266n36 Rowe’s discussion of, 59, 136–37, 155–56, agricultural frontiers, 181–82 158; U.S. informal empire and, 212, 216–17. agricultural production: Bowman’s analy­sis See also specific countries of, 171–73, 282n10, 284n38; Ross’s research Abdelkader, Emir, 109 on, 196–99 absentee landowners, Ross’s research on, alcohol de­pen­den­cy: debt peonage and 196–99 slavery and, 172–77; Ross’s observations academic freedom, Ross’s research on, 46–47 concerning, 196–97 academic knowledge: cultural engagement Alessandri, Arturo, 122 in South Amer­i­ca and demand for, 23–24; Alfaro, Ricardo J., 118 evolution of Latin American studies and, Altamira, Rafael, 285n17 33–35; expansionism and, 30–33; Ross’s alterity, imperiality of knowledge and, contributions to sociology and, 187–89, 56–57 205–10; Spanish American universities and, Alvarez Calderón, Alfredo, 121 252–54; U.S. foreign policy and, 28–30 Amazon basin: Bowman’s research in, 44, academic prestige: for Hispanic American 71–72, 162–64, 183; ­labor exploitation and history, 120–21; imperial visibility and, slavery in, 173–77; limits of colonization 105–33, 252–54 in, 170–73 Acad ­emy of Hispanic American History, 121 Amer­i­ca Hispana (Frank), 119 Across South Amer­ica­ (Bingham), 41, 85 American Acad­emy of Po­liti­cal and Social Act of Chapultepec, 227 Science, 31, 135, 149–50 Adams, Henry Car­ter, 280n36 American College of Quito, 21, 265n20 advertising, 80–83, 99, 113–14, 144, 179, 192, American Council of Learned Socie­ties, 225, 248, 256, 265n27 Committee on Latin American Studies, 107 Aeronautical Chart Ser­vice of the U.S. Air American Empire (Smith), 15, 269n11 Force, 62–63 American Exporter magazine, 24

Downloaded from http://read.dukeupress.edu/books/book/chapter-pdf/669565/9780822374503-014.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 American Geographic Society, 30, 161, area studies, influence on South American 268n58; Bowman and, 42, 43; mapping of scholarship, 18–20 South Ameri­ ­ca by, 5, 11; mapping proj­ects Argentina: Bowman’s geograph­ i­ ­cal re- in Latin Amer­i­ca and, 62–63 search in, 43–44, 165–67, 181–82, 282n8; American Historical Association, 31, 68–69, economic and po­litic­ al structure of, 120–21 108–9, 280nn32–33; Euro­ ­pean research Americanization, South American scholar- on, 285n17; federalism in, 10, 49, 135–37, ship and, 10–16 150–54; Haring’s assessment of, 46, 123–27; American Museum of Natu­ral History, 99 military coup in, 121–23; in Ross’s re- American Society of International Law, 215 search, 46, 68, 189, 192–94, 199–201, 206, American So­cio­log­i­cal Association, 31, 188 286n4; in Rowe’s research, 49–51, 135–36, Amundsen, Roald, 87 141–42, 147–50, 232, 251–52 anarchy, in Haring’s historical research, Argentina and the United States (Haring), 46 115–16 Argentine Confederation, 66 Ancient Civilizations of the Andes (Means), Atacama Desert: Bowman’s research in, 44, 27 71–72, 162–64, 177–86, 237–38, 241–42; Andean nations: archaeological research in, mapping proj­ects in, 43, 62–63 7, 19; Bowman’s research in, 44, 71–72, “The Awakening of Bolivia” (Rowe), 134 162–64; comparative history and, 69–70; ayllus (Indian communities), 97–98, 253 mapping proj­ects in, 61–63; peasant class in, 197–99; Ross’s research on, 47, Ballivian, Manuel, 253 67–68; Ross’s so­cio­log­i­cal research on, Balmaceda, José Manuel, 125 189, 206–8; social anthropology of, 5, 9, Bandelier, Adolphe, 77 267n44; Yale Peruvian Expedition and, bandos, 97 26–28, 60–61 banking industry: cultural engagement in The Andes of Southern Peru (Bowman), 43, South Ameri­ ­ca and, 22–24; expansion 167–70, 173–77, 218–19 in South Amer­ic­ a of, 32, 264n15; Spanish Anglo- ­American history, Hispanic American American re­sis­tance to, 223–25 history and, 68–70 Barnard, Luther, 267n49 anthropology: expansion of Latin Ameri- Barrett, John, 4, 78, 145, 261n6, 282n6 can studies and, 29, 267n52; Mexico-U.S.­ Basadre, Jorge, 121 research collaboration in, 26­ Belli, Carlos, 98 anti- ­Americanism: economic imperialism bibliographical proj­ects in Latin American and, 221–25; Haring’s research on, 46, 123, studies, 34–35; Bingham’s contributions 222–25, 245; Rowe’s analy­sis of, 146– to, 40 47; U.S. hegemony, 63–65, 247–48, 287n14 Big Stick diplomacy, U.S. hegemony in South antiquarians: commerce in antiquities and, Ameri­ ­ca and, 6 95–98, 104; conflicts with ype and, 91–95; Billinghurst, Guillermo, 85–87 cultural legacy of, 101–4 Bingham, Hiram, 2, 5, 8, 264n5; colonialism archaeology: armature of scientific conquest and research of, 237–40; commerce in and, 77–80; Bingham’s contributions to, antiquities and, 96–98; explorations of 40–42; commerce in antiquities and, Machu Picchu by, 40–42, 59–61, 75–104, 95–98; in Ec­ua­dor, 19–20; imperiality of, 269n4; indigenista conflict with, 85–90, 61, 270n3; penetration of U.S. capital and, 215, 251, 253–54; interdisciplinarity in 103–4; Yale Peruvian Expedition and, research of, 70–72; Monroe Doctrine 26–28, 59–60 criticized by, 106, 213–15, 258; Panama Archeological Institute of Amer­ic­ a, 77–78, Canal criticized by, 218; at Pan-­American 268n58 Scientific Congress, 25; Peruvian

Index 314

Downloaded from http://read.dukeupress.edu/books/book/chapter-pdf/669565/9780822374503-014.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 intelligent ­sia conflicts with,83 –90, 215; British imperialism: in Africa, 287n18; promotion of South American research comparative study of empires and, 227–30; by, 26, 243–44, 266nn39–41; scholarly cultural engagement in South Amer­i­ca legacy of, 39, 99–104, 212, 236–59, 268n3, and, 22–23; in Haring’s historical research, 269n5; transdisciplinary implications in 110–16, 223–25; Rowe’s assessment of, research of, 59–61; transnational research 145; scholarship on South Amer­i­ca and, and, 52–53 237–40; settler colonies of, 14, 263n26 birth rates, Ross’s discussion of, 191–92 Bryan, William Jennings, 259 Blaine, James G., 3, 36, 261n3 Burgin, Miron, 106 Bolivar, Simón, 41 business expansion in South Amer­ic­ a: Bolivia: agriculture in, 197, 282n9; in Bing- Bowman’s warnings concerning, 183–86; ham’s research, 41; in Bowman’s research, Haring’s analy­sis of, 222–25; regional 44, 165–67, 172–73; ethnological research knowledge production and, 22–24; Ross’s in, 77; gold smuggling through, rumors of, criticism of, 192, 285nn7–8; Rowe’s analy­ 94–95; military coup in, 121–23; mining in- sis of, 145–50; scholarship and research dustry in, 79–80; in Ross’s research, 48, 189, on, 28–30, 70–72; in South Amer­i­ca, 192, 197–99, 206; in Rowe’s research, 142–43; 30–33; Summer Round ­Tables on Latin Yale Peruvian Expedition and, 87–91 Ameri­ ­ca and, 117–20; U.S. hegemony and, Bolton, Eugene, 68–70 63–65, 287n14; Yale Peruvian Expedition Bolton, Herbert, 68–70 and, 79–80, 100–104 border disputes, mapping proj­ects in Latin Ameri­ ­ca and, 62–63 Calancha, Antonio de la, 42 Bowman, Isaiah, 2, 5, 8, 10, 15; colonialism Canal Zone, creation of, 48, 214, 231–32 and research of, 170–73, 237–40; on com- capital penetration in South Amer­ic­ a: mercial and capital penetration in South archaeological research and, 103–4; in Ameri­ ­ca, 218, 246–48; comprehensive Atacama desert, 178–82; expansion of, visibility and work of, 164–67; desertic 31–33; Rowe’s criticism of, 221; scholarly research of, 44, 71–72, 162–64, 177–82; absolution of, 220–21; Yale Peruvian Expe- geographic research in South Amer­ic­ a by, dition and, 78–80 42–44, 241–42; informal empire theory Ca ­rib­bean region: economic international- of, 225–27; interdisciplinarity in research ism in, 63–65; Haring’s opposition to U.S. of, 70–73; ­labor exploitation and slavery in imperialism in, 45, 115–17, 224, 229–30, work of, 173–77, 195; local encounters and 248–49; piracy in, 106; Rowe’s criticism research of, 249–54; Machu Picchu explo- of U.S. policy in, 135, 140–41, 150, 221; U.S. rations by, 41–42, 60; mapping proj­ects in hegemony in, 58–59, 65–67, 211, 215, 270n6 Latin Amer­i­ca and, 61–63, 73; scholarly Car­ne­gie, Andrew, 269n18 legacy of, 39, 160–64, 182–86, 212, 236–59; Carranza, Venustiano, 49 on subalternity and economic pro­gress, cartographic analy­sis, Bowman’s contribu- 173–77; transnational research and, 52–53; tions to, 161–64 view of South Amer­i­ca, 160–86; Yale Peru- Casa de Contratación, 111, 239, 243 vian Expedition and, 26–28, 43, 79–80, 83 Castro, Fidel, 34 Braden Com­pany, 79, 180 “The ­Causes of Race Superiority” (Ross), 190 Brandt, Anthony, 40 cédulas, 97 Brazil: in Bowman’s research, 165–67, 182, Central Amer­i­ca: corporate expansionism in, 282n7; geography of, 30, 264n9; in Har- 31–32; Haring’s criticism of U.S. interven- ing’s research, 46, 107, 123–27; historical tion in, 107, 224, 229–30; U.S. hegemony research in, 27, 266n36; military coup in, in, 20–21, 211, 215. See also specific coun- 121–23; in Rowe’s research, 49–51, 142–43 tries and regions

Index 315

Downloaded from http://read.dukeupress.edu/books/book/chapter-pdf/669565/9780822374503-014.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 Central American Court of Justice, 49 in Haring’s research, 45–46, 106–14; Centro de Arte e Historia de Cuzco, 91 Haring’s research on, 127–29; historical Cerro de Pasco Mining, 79–80, 220–21 scholarship on, 5, 9–10; imperiality of Changing Ameri­ ­ca (Ross), 47, 188, 191–92, 220 knowledge and, 53–57; ­labor conditions in Chile: Atacama Desert in, 177–82; in South Amer­ic­ a linked to, 196–99; “redis- ­Bowman’s research, 44, 165–67, 181–82, covery” of South American and influence 282n8; copper mining in, 32; Haring’s of, 237–40; Ross on South American assessment of, 46, 123–27; military coup character and, 202–8, 286n31; Rowe’s in, 121–23; mining industry in, 79–80, experiences with, 49–51; study of, 9, 54 180–82; po­liti­cal transition in, 66; in Ross’s Comentarios Reales de los Incas (Garcilaso), research, 48, 189, 192, 196–200, 204, 206, 92, 167 220; in Rowe’s research, 49–51, 142–44; Commentaries (Story), 151 Spanish conflict with, 286n2 commercial conquest: cultural engagement China: Ross’s research in, 188–89; uprising in South Amer­ic­ a and, 22–24; Ross’s dis- of 1910 in, 48 cussion of, 219–20; Rowe’s criticism of, 221 Chinese ­labor: in Peru, 194, 217; in U.S. Committee on Latin American History railroad industry, 188 (clah), 120–21 Chirgwin, Enrique, 121–22 Committee on Latin American Studies, 70 Choqqueqirau ruins, 41 commodities: indigenous commodity ex- Chuquicamata mining com­pany, 180­ change and production, 179, 183, 219; Latin Circum- ­Caribbean protectorates: Haring’s American production of, 116, 165, 175, 222; discussion of, 225; Rowe’s views on, markets for U.S. goods, 17–18, 166, 183, 136–37, 157–58, 288n30 220–22; Peruvian antiquities as, 104 class structure in South Amer­ic­ a: colonial- Commons, John R., 284n2 ity and, 112–14, 202–4; Ross’s criticism of, Compañía del Salitre de Chile, 122 191–92, 199–202, 206–7 comparative history: comparative study of Clemenceau, George, 244, 285n17 empires and, 227–30; development of, Cline, Howard, 106 68–70; Haring’s contributions so, 68–70, Close Encounters of Empire, 6 127–29, 242; Rowe’s contributions to, 49 Colby, Charles C., 160–61 comparative international sociology: forma- Cold War politics: informal empire of U.S. tion of, 189; in Ross’s South American and, 226–27; Latin American studies and, research, 204–8 15–16, 34–35, 262n9 comprehensive visibility: in Bowman’s work, colleges and universities: curriculum in U.S. 164–67; Haring’s historical research and, of, 265n27; South Cone universities 127–29; of Latin American studies, 4, 11 compared with, 10. See also academic conditional conquest: in Atacama desert, knowledge 179–82; Bowman’s concept of, 170–73, Colombia: Bingham’s research in, 41; 182–86; commercial and capital penetra- ­Bowman’s research in, 44; Canal Zone tion and, 218–20 and, 48, 214; Haring’s assessment of, conquest: Machu Picchu explorations as part 123–27; po­liti­cal climate in, 122; in Ross’s of, 99–104; scientific inquiry and armature research, 48, 189, 196–97, 206, 219 of, 77–80 The Colonial Heritage of Latin Amer­i­ca constitutional government: federalism and, (Stein), 286n31 10; intellectual conquest and Eurocentric colonialism: Euro­ ­pean, 17; of agriculture, ideas of, 8; in Mexico, 32; neo­co­lo­nial 181–82; in Amazon region, 170–73; governance and, 57–59; Rowe’s analy­sis of, ­Bowman’s geograph­ i­ ­cal analy­sis of, 49–51, 73, 137–41, 147–50, 157–59; in South 164–67; governance ­under, 5, 54, 57–59; Ameri­ ­ca, 25, 48–49

Index 316

Downloaded from http://read.dukeupress.edu/books/book/chapter-pdf/669565/9780822374503-014.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 constructive Pan-­Americanism, Rowe’s 75–77; politics and nationalist ideology of, concept of, 230–32 90–95; Yale Peruvian Expedition conflict consumer goods and preferences: advertis- with, 85–90 ing and, 80–81; mass consumer capitalism and, 76, 100, 163, 191–92, 218–19, 247; U.S. Davis, William Morris, 282n2 consumers of South American produc- debt peonage: Bowman’s research on, 172–77; tion, 176–80; U.S. hegemonic markets and, Ross’s discussion of, 196–99 22, 25, 113–14, 212, 225, 244 de Certeau, Michel, 55–56 Cooley, Charles, 188 demo ­cratic transition in South Amer­ Coo­lidge, Archibald, 25 i ­ca: ­Argentine federalism and, 150–54, cooperative research, comparative history 280nn32–33; Haring’s assessment of, and, 69–70 115–16, 123–27; regional fragmentation copper- ­tin amalgamation, development of, and, 167–70; Ross’s discussion of, 191–92, 79–80 199–202; Rowe’s discussion of, 65–67, corporate expansionism in South Amer­ic­ a, 137–41, 147–50, 232–34, 242–43 early initiatives in, 31–33 Denis, Pierre, 285n17 corruption, colonial failure and, 112–14 de ­pen­dency theory: Bowman’s influence corvée ­labor, 197 on, 185–86, 287n19; railroad industry in, Cosio, José Gabriel, 86–88, 91, 268n3 283n19 Costa Laurent, 89–90 de Rosas, Juan M., 125 Council on Foreign Relations (cfr), 43, 46, desert geography, Bowman’s research on, 44, 121–23, 245, 258 71–72, 162–64, 177–82 Crawford, W. Rex, 210 Desert Trails of Atacama (Bowman), 43, Cuba: ­labor organ­ization in, 264n17; 177–82, 185–86, 241–42, 253 Spanish- ­American War (1898) and, 17–18, development: Bowman’s geo­graphi­ ­cal 214; U.S. hegemony in, 21, 223–25 research on, 177–86; ethics of, scholarly Cuban Revolution, Latin American studies debate concerning, 218–20; Haring’s his- and, 5, 34–35 torical research linked to, 108–9; historical cultural engagement: business and trade initia- scholarship on, 9; scholarship’s contribu- tives and, 22–24; commerce in antiquities tion to, 212–13, 255–59 and, 95–98; comparative history and, 69–70, diplomatic history: informal empire theory 227–30; hegemonic politics and, 256–59; and, 225–27; Pan-­Americanism and, 3–4; imperiality and, 11–16, 262n23; intellectual scholarship in South Amer­ic­ a and, 22–24; cooperation and, 145–47; inter-American­ scientific inquiry and, 18; South American relations and, 6, 9; Ross’s discussion of, scholarship and, 2–3. See also foreign 201–2; Rowe’s discussion of, 59, 144–47 policy in U.S. cultural nationalism: legacy in scholarship direct intervention policies, regional knowl- of, 101–4; Peruvian conflicts with ype as, edge production and, 20–21 83–95, 215; Ross’s advocacy for, 188 Dirks, Nicholas, 54 Cumberland, W. W., 118 disciplinary interventions: early history of, curriculum development in American 18; expansionism and, 30–33; imperial- academia, regional knowledge building ity of knowledge and, 55–57; in South and, 27–28 American scholarship, 1–16; transnational Cuzco archaeological site, 41; armature of scholarship and, 38–40 scientific conquest and, 77–80 Dodge, Richard Elwood, 266n42 Cuzco Rebellion, 92 Dollar Diplomacy, 20–21, 106, 264n15; Bow- cuzqueñistas: cultural legacy of, 101–4; per- man’s defense of, 43; Haring’s criticism of, ception of Machu Picchu explorations by, 224–25; Rowe’s discussion of, 134, 216–17

Index 317

Downloaded from http://read.dukeupress.edu/books/book/chapter-pdf/669565/9780822374503-014.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 Dominican Republic: Columbus Light­house Empire in Brazil: A New World Experiment in, 155; U.S. receivership in, 214 with Monarchy (Haring), 107 Dom Pedro II (Emperor of Brazil), 125–26 enclave economies, scholarly absolution of, Downes v. Bidwells, 138 220–21, 247–48 Downey, James E., 265n28 enganchadores (planters’ recruiters), 173 Dumbarton Oaks Conference, 257 enganche indentured-­labor system, 221 Durkheim, Émile, 47, 188 enhanced visibility: cartography and, 161–64; of South American studies, 4, 10–11, 14, East India Com­pany, 54 261n9 Eaton, George F., 96 enticement, U.S. policy of, 13–16 economic conditions in South Amer­ic­ a: environmental-human­ interaction, in Atacama desert, 178–82; Bowman ­Bowman’s research on, 166–82, 184–86 on geography and capital penetration, Erving, William G., 42, 83 162–64, 170–73, 181–86, 218–20; Ca­rib­bean eugenics, Ross and, 284n2­ region policies and, 63–65; commercial European- ­South American trade: First and capital penetration in, 218–20; enclave World War and decline of, 32, 65; Haring’s economies and, 220–21; Haring’s research research on, 222–25; Spanish colonization on, 45–46, 107–9, 112–14, 121–23, 222–25; and, 113–16 imperiality of knowledge and, 53–57; excavation permits, Yale Peruvian Expedi- indigenous subalternity and, in Bow- tion and conflicts over, 84–90, 92 man’s research, 170–77; influence on U.S. exceptionalism, South American scholarship economy of, 115–16; integration in global and influence of, 8–16 economy and, 211–12; po­liti­cal structure expanded visibility, imperiality of knowledge and, 232–34; regional history and, 106; and, 55–57 research design and, 70–72; Rowe’s discus- expansionism: knowledge enterprises in con- sion of, 221, 232, 252; scholarship and, text of, 30–33; in United States, 160–64 28–30; South American attitudes concern- expert knowledge: constructive Pan-­ ing, 221–25; Summer Round ­Tables on Americanism and, 231–32; expanding Latin Ameri­ ­ca and, 117–20; U.S. hege- prestige of, 31–33; imperiality of, 12, 15, 55–57 mony and, 2–16, 218–20, 246–49, 287n9; extraterritoriality, imperiality of knowledge Yale Peruvian Expedition and, 26, 243–44, and, 55–57 266nn39–41. See also banking industry; business enterprises; trade relations Fabian, Johannes, 197 Eca ­u ­dor: Bowman’s research in, 44; military fake artifacts, commerce in antiquities coup in, 121–23; in Ross’s research, 48, 189, and, 96 192, 194–95, 197, 206, 220; U.S. research ­family structure in South Amer­i­ca, Ross’s in, 18–20 analy­sis of, 199–202 Eighth American Scientific Congress, 45 Farabee, William C., 77 El Comercio (Cuzco) newspaper, 83 federalism: in Argentina, 10, 49, 135–37, El Comercio (Lima) newspaper, 85–88, 91 150–54; Rowe’s analy­sis of, 150–54 elite stratification: attitudes to economic Federalist Papers, 151 imperialism and, 221–25; colonial failure The Federal System of the Argentine Republic and, 112–14; Ross’s criticism of, 191–92, (Rowe), 49, 135–36, 150–54, 158 199–202, 206–7 Ferro, Mariano, 98 El Sol (Cuzco) newspaper, 85, 88, 91 feudalism: colonialism linked to, 203–4; Ely, Richard, 46, 284n2 South American ­labor conditions com- empire, questions of. See imperialism; impe- pared to, 196–99 rial visibility Foote, Harry W., 41, 59–60, 83, 270n8

Index 318

Downloaded from http://read.dukeupress.edu/books/book/chapter-pdf/669565/9780822374503-014.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 Foreign Affairs magazine, 43 geopolitics: Bowman’s contributions to, foreign policy in U.S.: Bingham’s influ- 43; desert geography and economy and, ence in, 42, 258; Bowman’s influence 180–82; Latin American demo­cratic in, 43–44, 162–64, 257–59; constructive transition and, 240; South American Pan-­Americanism and, 230–32; eco- scholarship and, 28–30 nomic imperialism and, 221–25; expert Germany: cultural engagement in South knowledge and, 15; Haring’s influence in, Ameri­ ­ca by, 22–23, 263n30, 265n20; 45–46, 107–9, 131–33, 245, 258; informal ­Haring’s intelligence gathering about Nazi empire theory and, 225–27; interdisci- activities in South Amer­i­ca, 46; relations plinary research and, 71–72; Monroe with Ec­ua­dor, 21; Rowe’s assessment of, Doctrine, 216–17; Pan-­Americanism and, 145; South American economic invest- 3–4; po­litic­ al research in South Amer­ic­ a ments by, 223–25, 263n30 and, 65–67; regional history and, 105–6; Giddings, Franklin, 188 Ross’s influence in, 217, 258–59; Rowe’s Giesecke, Albert 90 influence in, 49–51, 145–47, 154–56, 258; Gillin, John, 188 scholarship in South Amer­ic­ a and, 26–30, globalization, Latin American impact in, 116 36–37; South American scholarship and, gold smuggling, Yale Peruvian Expedition 5–16, 51, 257–59; subalternity in U.S. linked to, 94–95 South American scholarship and, 255–59; González, Joaquín V., 141–42 transnational research and, 52; traveling Good Neighbor Policy, 3, 6; Bingham and, scholars and, 38–40 103; cultural engagement and, 256–59, “forest Indians,” Bowman’s interaction with, 265n21; Haring and, 45, 132–33; regional 174–77 history and evolution of, 106; Rowe and, Foucault, Michel, 9, 261n9 49, 134, 157–58, 233–34; transnational Foundations of Sociology (Ross), 47 research and, 52; U.S. research in South Franck, Harry, 48 Ameri­ ­ca and, 18–21, 36 Frank, Waldo, 119, 289n26 governance: in Argentina, Rowe’s analy­sis French Revolution, Haring’s research on, of, 150–54; Bowman on geography and, 109–10 173–77, 243–44; colonialism’s influence on, 5, 54, 57–59, 202–4; comparative study of, gamonales, conflicts with Yale Peruvian 106; interdisciplinary research on, 71–72; Expedition, 90–95 regional fragmentation and, 167–70; Ross’s Garcilaso, Inca, 92, 167 demo ­cratic sociability concept and, Geograph­ ­i­cal Society of Lima, 97 199–202, 206–8; Rowe’s research on, 49–51, geographic conquest: Bowman’s concept of, 137–41, 147–50, 232–34, 245–46; U.S. and 162–64, 241–42; economic penetrability South American comparisons, 10 and, 218–19; indigenous cultures and, ­Great Divide ideology, South American 173–77 geopolitics and, 4 geography: of Atacama Desert, 177–82; Grosvenor, Gilbert, 82–83, 100 ­Bowman’s contributions to, 42–44, 160–64, Guatemala, U.S. diplomacy in, 21 182–86; globalization and, 269n11; Har- Guevara, Che, 34 ing’s research and impact of, 126–27; limits Guggenheim, Edmond, 79 of colonization and, 170–73; mapping ­proj­ects in Latin Amer­i­ca and, 61–63; hacendados (local landowners): Bowman’s regional fragmentation and, 161–64; research on, 173, 184–86, 284n38; conflicts research in Ec­uado­ r on, 19–20; in South with Yale Peruvian Expedition, 90–95 American scholarship, 2–3, 7, 9, 11; Yale Hackett, Charles, 70, 120–21 Peruvian Expedition and, 26–28 Hadley, Arthur Twining, 77

Index 319

Downloaded from http://read.dukeupress.edu/books/book/chapter-pdf/669565/9780822374503-014.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 Hague International Court, 240 Hispanic American Historical Review, 44, Haiti, U.S. intervention in, 49, 224 107, 120 Handbook of Latin American Studies, 34–35, Hispanic American history: compatibility 107 of imperialism with, 114–16; diplomatic Hanke, Lewis, 36–37, 106 history and, 2–3; Haring’s academic Hardy, Osgood, 100–101 gatekeeping concerning, 120–21; Haring’s Haring, Clarence H., 2, 5, 8; academic pres- contributions to, 44–46, 105–33, 245; in- tige, 120–21; on Ca­rib­bean region policies, clusion of U.S. in, 68–70; U.S. scholarship 45, 63–65, 115–17, 229–30, 248–49, 287n12; in, 7, 9, 34, 264n5, 267n48 comparative history and, 68–70, 127–29, Hispanic American History Group, 27–28 227–30, 242; on economic conditions in Hispanic- ­American Relations with the United South Ameri­ ­ca, 107–9, 112–14, 121–23, 222– States (Robertson), 28 25; Hispanic American history and, 44–46, Hispanic Society of Amer­i­ca, 81 105–33; interdisciplinarity in research of, historical convergence in North and South 70–72, 74; on Latin American history, Amer ­ic­ a, Haring’s theory of, 105–33 27–28, 34–35, 267n46; local encounters Honduras, U.S. imperialism in, 20–21, 214 and research of, 250–51, 253–54; scholarly Horwitz, Howard, 284n6 legacy of, 39, 129–33, 212, 236–59; on South Hrdlička, Aleš, 78 American attitudes ­toward U.S., 45–46, 107, Huaina Capac, 97–98 116–17, 287n11; on Spanish colonization, Huanca ­people, 96 45–46, 106–14, 237–40, 243, 288n8; Sum- huaqueros, Peruvian denunciation of ype mer Round ­Tables on Latin Amer­i­ca and, scholars as, 91–95, 253–54; commerce in 117–20; transnational research and, 52–53 antiquities and, 95–98, 104 Harper’s Weekly, 81 Huayna Kenti ruins, rival explorations of, 90 Harvard Bureau of Economic Research on Huerta, Victoriano, 155–56 Latin Ameri­ ­ca, 65, 72, 107, 271n19 humanities: expanding prestige of, 31–33; re- Harvard College Observatory, 79 gional knowledge production and, 24–28 Harvard University: Haring’s ­career at, Humboldt, Alexander von, 171–73, 183 44–46; Hispanic American history at, Huntington, Samuel, 259 105–33; Latin American studies at, 29 Hastings, Warren, 54 immigration: in Bowman’s geographic Haya de la Torre, Raúl, 93–94 analy­sis, 166–67; Bowman’s research hegemonic politics: anti-­Americanism in on agricultural pioneering and, 181–82; South Ameri­ ­ca and, 221–25; Bowman’s Monroe Doctrine and policies on, 217; analysis­ of, 161–64, 166–67; colonial his- Ross’s criticisms concerning, 46–47, 188, tory linked to, 113–14; comparative study 190, 192, 194 of empires and, 227–30; constructive imperialism: comparative study of empires Pan-­Americanism and, 230–32; economic and, 109–14, 227–30; cultural national- development in South Amer­i­ca and, 2–16; ism as critique of, 93–95, 103–4; desert Haring’s view of, 116–17, 128–29, 131–33; in- geography and economy and, 177–82; of formal empire of U.S. and, 211–35; Monroe disciplinary knowledge, 13–16; formal and Doctrine and, 216–17; Ross’s scholar- informal empire and, 13; Haring’s histori- ship and, 209–10; Rowe’s intellectual cal research as ser­vice of empire, 109–10, cooperation and, 144–47; scholarship and, 130–33; imperial engagement ideology, 246–49, 255–59; U.S. diplomacy and, 6 12–16; imperiality of knowledge and, Hendriksen, Kai, 41, 60, 83 53–57; influence of, in South American Hertzler, J. O., 188 scholarship, 6–16, 202–4; intellectual Hiram Bingham Highway, 101 conquest of South Amer­ic­ a and, 11–16;

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Downloaded from http://read.dukeupress.edu/books/book/chapter-pdf/669565/9780822374503-014.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 regional history and visibility of, 105–33; and, 54–57; Machu Picchu explorations in Ross’s race generalizations and, 190; Rowe context of, 76–104; print-­photo-­capitalism on governance and, 137–41; South Ameri- and, 82–83; situated knowledge and, 8; can attitudes concerning, 221–25; teaching South American scholarship and, 211–35 history in context of, 114–16; U.S. scholar- Ingeniería Internacional, 118 ship and question of empire, 211–35 Instituto Histórico de Cuzco, 85–86, 88–89, 91 imperial visibility, Hispanic American history intellectual conquest of South Amer­ic­ a, U.S. and, 120–21 scholarship and, 10–16 Inca history and culture: Bingham’s research intellectual cooperation: comparative his- on, 40–42, 269n4, 270n10; Bowman’s dis- tory and, 69–70; Rowe’s policy of, 49–51, cussion of, 167; commerce in antiquities 134–35, 144–47, 156–58 and, 95–98; cultural nationalism about, intelligence activities of Haring, 45–46, 92–95; fake Incaica production and, 96; 121–23, 131–33, 245 governance in, 282n16; interdisciplinary intelligent ­sia of Peru. See cuzqueñistas; research on, 70–72;s local re­si ­tance to ype ­indigenistas appropriation of, 83–90; transdisciplinary Inter- ­American Affairs,20 ­ research on, 60–61; Yale Peruvian Expedi- inter- ­American cooperation: foreign policy tion and, 27 transitions and, 51; Haring’s scholarship Inca Land (Bingham), 40, 101–2 on, 45–46; intellectual entente and, 12, “Inca metallurgy” discourse, 79–80 144–47;a Long’s Ec­u ­dor proposal and, Inca Mining Com­pany, 79 18–20; Monroe Doctrine and, 213–15; in Indian rebellions in Peru (1922–1923), 93–94 Ross’s scholarship, 201–2; Rowe’s promo- Indian Removal Act, 217 tion of, 49–51, 134–37, 230–32 indigenismo movement, 102–4, 249–54 interdisciplinary approach to South Ameri- indigenistas: conflicts with Yale Peruvian can scholarship, 24–28, 264n12; legacy of, Expedition, 85–90, 215; cultural legacy of, 240–43; research design for, 70–74 101–4; politics and nationalist ideology International Bureau of the American of, 90–95 ­Republics, 4, 17–18, 261n6; cultural indigenous cultures: archaeological research ­engagement and, 22–24 on, 27; in Atacama Desert, 177–82; Bow- International Congress of Americanists, 102 man’s interaction with, 166–77, 170–73; International School at Panama, proposal commerce in antiquities and, 97–98; for, 265n28 conflicts with Yale Peruvian Expedition, interventores, Peruvian nationalism and, 90–95; elite disregard of, 217; ­labor exploi- 89–90 tation of, 221;s re­si ­tance to archaeological investment opportunities: Bowman’s analy­sis research by, 42; in Ross’s research, 189, of, 162–64; expansion in South Amer­ 194–96; scholarship in South Amer­i­ca and i­ca of, 32–33, 37; Haring’s research on, influence of, 9–10, 14–16, 19–21, 249–54, 46, 222–25; informal empire of U.S. and, 268n60; scientific inquiry vs., 268n60; 226–27; traveling scholars and, 39–40 slavery in, 174–77 Irving, Washington, 17 industrial development: early U.S. initiatives in South Amer­i­ca for, 17; informal empire Jackson, William K., 118 of U.S. and, 226–27; Ross’s criticism of, James, Preston, 282n1 192, 284n5 Jefferson, Mark, 282n1 informal empire of U.S.: comparative study Jenks, Leland, 118 of empires and, 227–30; formation of Jivaros ­people, 19 theory concerning, 225–27; in Haring’s Johns Hopkins University, Bowman at, 42, 244 research, 113–14; imperiality of knowledge Johnson, John J., 35

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Downloaded from http://read.dukeupress.edu/books/book/chapter-pdf/669565/9780822374503-014.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 Jones, Clarence E., 282n1 The Limits of Land Settlement (Bowman), 43 Journal of Social Forces, 67 Listas de Toros, 97 local landowners, conflicts with Yale Peru- Kemmerer, Edwin, 287n9 vian Expedition, 90–95 Ketchua ­peoples, 177 locally- ­based knowledge: Haring’s research Kinley, David, 28 and, 46; of indigenistas and cuzqueñistas, knowledge: armature of conquest and, 90–95; research on Inca cultures and, 77–80; business and diplomatic discourse 41–42; Ross’s use of, 285nn17; scientific and, 18; commerce in antiquities and, universalization vs., 83–90; South Ameri- 95–98; expansionism and promotion of, can scholarship and, 9–10, 14–16, 30–33, 30–33; foreign policy and, 28–30; geog- 249–54, 268n60 raphy as, 162–64; imperial hemispheric Lomellini, Cesar, 41, 84, 95 hegemony and, 2–16; imperiality of, Long, Boaz W., 18–21, 36, 264nn17–18, 265n19 53–57, 63–65; informal empire of U.S. and, Longfellow, Henry W., 17 212–13; scholarship on South Amer­i­ca as López de Gómara, Francisco, 171–72 harvesting of, 243–46; Summer Round Lost City of the Incas (Bingham), 40, 90 ­Tables on Latin Amer­ic­ a and, 117–20; Luce, Henry, 162 universality vs. locality in, 268n60; wealth equated with, 94–95 Machiganga Indians, 174–77, 250 Kodak Com­pany, 42; Yale Peruvian Expedi- Machu Picchu: archaeological research tion supported by, 78–81, 99–100 on, 25, 27; Bingham’s exploration of, 5, Kroeber, Alfred, 251, 269n4 40–42, 59–61, 75–104, 269n4; commerce Kubler, George, 269n4 in antiquities and, 98; conflicts of cultural property at, 83–90; legacy of explorations ­labor issues: Bowman’s analy­sis of, 163–64, at, 99–104; news coverage of explorations 167–77, 183–86, 284n39; colonialism linked in, 75–76; rival explorations of, 90; Ross’s to, 202–4; in mining industry, 220–21; travels to, 48; transdisciplinary implica- Ross’s discussion of, 192, 196–99, 206–8, tions of, 59–61 250; slavery and, 175–77; for Yale Peruvian Machu Picchu: A Citadel of the Incas Expedition, 90–95 ­(Bingham), 40­ Land Claims Commission (Panama), 135 Madeira-­Mamoré Railroad, 171 landlordism, Ross’s research on, 196–99 Mama Ocllo, 97–98 language competency, cultural engagement Manco Capac, 42 in South Amer­i­ca and, 22–24 Mann, Mary T. Peabody, 17 Lanius, Paul B., 42 Maphis, Charles, 119, 289n27 Lanning, John Tate, 70 mapping proj­ects in Latin Amer­ic­ a, 61–63, 242 La Prensa newspaper, 92 Mapuche ­people, 196 La Razón newspaper, 223–25 Mariátegui, José Carlos, 93–94 Latin American studies: compatibility of im- market development: Bowman’s geo­graph­ical­ perialism with, 114–16; origins of, 2, 33–35 analy­sis of, 165–67; cultural engagement Latour, Bruno, 6, 8–9 in South Amer­ic­ a and, 17, 22–24, 265n27; League of Nations, 43, 225, 232, 240 expansion in South Amer­ic­ a of, 32–33, Le Bon, Gustave, 188 271n19; informal empire of U.S. and, 212, Leguía, Augusto B., 84–86, 123 226–27 Leonard, Irving, 70 Markham, Clement (Sir), 60 Letelier, Valentín, 253 Matienzo, José Nicolás, 153 Leuchtenburg, William E., 267n56 McKinley, William, 135–39, 138 Levene, Ricardo, 46 Means, Philip A., 27, 251, 269n4­

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Downloaded from http://read.dukeupress.edu/books/book/chapter-pdf/669565/9780822374503-014.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 meat- ­packing industry, expansion in Argen- policy in U.S. and, 71–72; Haring’s discus- tina and Uruguay of, 32 sion of, 106, 224–25; hegemonic politics mentalités (Inca ideas and imaginaries), 98 and, 246–49; immigration policies and, mercantilism, in Haring’s historical research, 217; question of empire and, 234–35; rejec- 63–65, 115–16 tion of, 213–15;e Roo­s ­velt Corollary to, 65; Merton, Robert K., 210 Rowe’s interpretation of, 49, 135, 215–17 mestizo culture, Ross’s racial generalizations The Monroe Doctrine: An Obsolete Shibboleth concerning, 192–96 (Bingham), 213–15 Mexican Revolution: Ross’s discussion of, Montevideo agreement (1933), 156 48, 50, 204–5, 221; Rowe’s scholarship on, Montovio mestizo society, 19 66; U.S. investment and, 32–33 monument of Victos, 42 Mexico: Haring’s research on, 108; Ross’s Moore, Barrington, 259 research on, 47, 188–89, 204–5, 221; Rowe’s “moral engineering,” 284n6 analysis­ of, 49–50, 150, 155–56; universities Morkill, William L., 86 in, 26; U.S. imperialism in, 20–21, 214–15, Morse, Richard, 15 231–32 Moses, Bernard, 25, 264n5, 266n39 ­Middle Ages, conditions in South Amer­ic­ a Mudd Library, 97 compared with, 197–99, 204–8 multinational corporation, Yale Peruvian military coups in South Amer­i­ca, 121–23 Expedition as, 78–80 military occupations by U.S., Rowe’s research Munro, Dana G., 118 on, 57–58 Murra, John, 283n22 Millionth Map of Hispanic Amer­i­ca, 43, Museo Histórico, 86 62–63, 161–64, 242, 244 Museum of New Mexico, 21 Mills, C. Wright, 210­ Mineiro- ­Paulista governing alliance, 125–26 National Acad­emy of Sciences, 42 mining industry: Bowman’s analy­sis of, National City Bank of New York, expansion 165–67, 171–73, 180–82; coerced ­labor in, in South Amer­ic­ a of, 32–33 198–99; commerce in antiquities and, National Civic Federation, 49 96–98; Haring’s research on, 222–25; ni- National Convention in Foreign Trade, 23 trate mining, 178–80; scholarly absolution national debt prob­lems in South Amer­i­ca, 123 of, 220–21; South American exploitation National Geographic Magazine, 75, 81, 87, 101 by, 78–80; Yale Peruvian Expedition National Geographic Museum, 81 linked to, 94–95 National Geographic Society, 31; Bingham’s miscegenation: colonialism linked to, 203–4; research and, 40–42; Yale Peruvian Expe- Ross’s generalizations concerning, 67–68, dition and, 59–61, 70–72, 79–83, 99–100 190, 192–96 nationalism in South Amer­i­ca. See also missionaries in South Amer­i­ca: demo­cratic cultural nationalism: Haring’s research on, transition promoted by, 191–92; Ross’s 46, 123; Peruvian nationalism as response research on, 48 to ype, 83–95, 102–4 Mitchell, Alfreda, 40–41 National Research Council, 42, 257–58 Mobile Address, 216–17 National University of Mexico (unam), modernity: Bowman’s analy­sis of, 162–64; 26, 50 Haring’s view of, 128–29; Ross’s analy­sis Native Americans: in Haring’s research, of, 190–92; scholarship on South Amer­i­ca 112–14; Ross’s comparisons of indigenous and emphasis on, 255–59; South American cultures with, 194–96, 217 scholarship and, 10–16 Nazi activity in South Amer­ic­ a, Haring’s in- Monroe Doctrine, 4, 12, 17, 33, 261n6; Bing- telligence gathering about, 46, 108–9, 245 ham’s criticism of, 106, 213–15; foreign Nelson, Adam R., 38–39

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Downloaded from http://read.dukeupress.edu/books/book/chapter-pdf/669565/9780822374503-014.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 Nelson, Ernesto, 252–53 tion and, 78; Rowe’s analy­sis of, 48–51, neo­co­lonial­ ­ism: Bowman’s analy­sis of, 135–37, 144–47, 154–56, 221; scholarship in 162–64, 184–86; government ­under, 5, South Ameri­ ­ca and, 2–16, 28–30; Summer 57–59; ­labor exploitation and, 175–77; Round ­Tables on Latin Amer­i­ca and, postcolonial Pan-­Americanism and, 117–20; transnational research and, ­52 230–32; regional knowledge production Pan- ­American Scientific Congress (1908), and, 15–16 25, 37, 39­ neutral rights in South Amer­ic­ a, Rowe’s Pan-­American Union, 4, 14, 29, 240, 261n6; promotion of, 135 Rowe as director of, 48–51, 134–37, 154–56, news media: coverage of Yale Peruvian Expe- 231–32 dition in, 77–80, 84–93, 99–104; economic Paraguay, Bowman’s geo­graphi­ ­cal analysis­ imperialism of U.S. discussed in, 223–25; of, 165–67 Machu Picchu explorations in, 75–76; Páramos regions, 19, 264n10 Ross’s support for ­free expression and, 192 Paris Peace Conference (1919), 43, 161–62, The New World (Bowman), 161–62, 257 225, 257–58 Nicaragua: Haring’s criticism of policies in, Partido Autonomista Nacional, 125 45; U.S. banking control in, 264n15; U.S. Patchin, Robert H., 118 diplomacy in, 21 Pax Americana, Ross’s proposal for, 156, 217, nitrate mining, 178–80 249 North American Review, 142, ­144 Peabody Museum, 42, 99 Peary, Robert, 87 object- ­based epistemology, Machu Picchu Pérez de Velazco, F., 97 exploration and, 99–104 Peru: in Bingham’s research, 41, 75–104; in Ocampo, Baltasar de, 42 Bowman’s research, 43–44, 172–73; ethno- The Old World in the New (Ross), 188 logical research in, 77; Haring’s visit to, 46; Or­ga­ni­zation­ of American States (oas), 48 impact of development in, 182–86; Indian The Outlines of Sociology (Ross), 205–8 rebellions in, 93–94; intelligent­sia of, con- flicts with Bingham, 83–90, 215; mapping Pacific region, U.S. colonialism in, 211 proj­ects in, 61–63; po­liti­cal conditions in, Panama: Rowe’s work in, 136–37; U.S. inter- 122–23; reception of Yale Peruvian Expedi- vention in, 211–12, 214, 224 tion in, 76–77; regional fragmentation Panama Canal: Bingham’s criticism of, 218; in, 161–64, 167–70; in Ross’s research, 48, diminished expectation concerning, 36; 189, 192, 194–95, 197–98, 200, 206, 220; in Rowe’s discussion of, 57–58, 231–32; Yale Rowe’s research, 142–44 Peruvian Expedition and politics of, 94–95 Peruvian Corporation, 79, 84, 86 Panama- ­Pacific Exposition,81 ­ Pezet, Federico Alfonso, 102 Pan-­American Atlas proj­ect, 62–63 Philippines: Ross’s comments on, 286n32; Pan- ­American Conference (1889–1890), 17­ Rowe’s discussion of, 136–37, 139–41; U.S. Pan-­American Exhibition, 81 census in, 54 Pan American Institute of Geography and photography, Yale Peruvian Expedition and History, 45–46, 62–63 importance of, 78–81, 99–104 Pan- ­Americanism: Bowman’s alternative pioneer settlements, Bowman’s study of, 43 to, 167; comparative history and, 69–70; The Pioneer Fringe (Bowman), 43, 181–82 ­Haring’s support for, 44–46, 107–9, 117–20, Pizarro, Francisco, 75–76 132–33, 225; mapping proj­ects in Latin plantation ­labor, Bowman’s analysi­ s of, Ameri­ ­ca and, 62–63; Monroe Doctrine 175–77, 184–86 and, 215–17; postcolonialism and, 230–32; “plateau Indians,” Bowman’s interaction relative failure of, 36; resource exploita- with, 172–77

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Downloaded from http://read.dukeupress.edu/books/book/chapter-pdf/669565/9780822374503-014.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 Platt, Robert S., 282n1 Cuzco, 84; expected impact of the Panama Plaza, Galo, 21, 265n20 Canal, 219; indigenous p­ eoples excluded policy making, regional-­based knowledge of, 217; and institutional convergence, and, 10–11 154; of Mexican universities, 26; and po ­liti­cal culture in South Amer­i­ca: Bowman’s modern sociability, 200; outside forces of, geo­graphi­ ­cal analy­sis of, 164–67, 183–86, 170–71; pessimism over Andean pro­gress, 243–44; colonialism and, 202–4; Har- 218; social pro­gress and revolutions, 46; ing’s assessment of, 121–27, 225; regional 65–66; in South Amer­i­ca, 73, 106, 123–27, fragmentation and, 167–70; Ross’s analy­sis 141–43 of, 199–202; Rowe’s research on, 58–59, progressivism: expansion of South American 65–67, 232–34, 242–43; Summer Round scholarship and, 31–33, 267n56; goals of, ­Tables on Latin Amer­ic­ a and, 117–20; U.S. 280n35; lack in South Amer­ic­ a of, 202–4; hegemony and, 246–49; Yale Peruvian Ross and, 190–92, 208–10; Rowe and, 49, Expedition and, 85–95, 102–4, 243–44 137–41, 149–50 politics: Andean consciousness and, 104; Ar- property relations in Inca culture, 97–98 gentina’s po­liti­cal regimes, 125; Bingham public goods, 110, 115–16, 167, 204, 227–28, enters, 42,97; Brazil’s po­liti­cal stability, 234–35, 248, 285n7. See also economic 125; Chile, po­liti­cal conditions, 122–23; conditions in South Amer­i­ca class in con­temporary politics, 108; Cold public opinion, Rowe on government of, War, 20, 109; demo­cratic, 46; German 147–50, 152–54 geo-­politics, 63; of intellectual coopera- Puerto Rico, Rowe’s work in, 48–49, 57, tion, 59, 69; Peru, po­litic­ al conditions, 135–41, 237–40 85, 90, 122; po­liti­cal disturbances, early Pukara excavation, 102 1930s, 126; Puerto Rico, po­liti­cal disputes, Puna de Atacama, 180–82 139–40; U.S. hegemonic politics, 113; world Putumayo massacres, 286n1 politics, 43 pongo l­abor system, 197 Quesada, Ernesto, 252–53 Poovey, Mary, 268n60 Quintanilla, Gutiérrez de, 90–92 Porfirio Diaz, José, 26, 66, 205 Portales, Diego, 123 race relations: Argentine federalism and, Posada, Adolfo, 285n17 Rowe’s analysi­ s of, 279nn13; Bowman’s power/knowledge dualism, South American analy­sis of, 163–64, 170–77, 183–86; in Har- scholarship and, 9­ ing’s historical research, 46, 115–16, 126–27; pre- ­Columbian cultures: archaeological re- indigenous encounters and, 102–4, 249–54; search on, 27–28; in Bowman’s geographic Machu Picchu explorations in context of, analysis,­ 166–67; commerce in antiquities 75–77; Ross’s research and generalizations and, 95–98; U.S. research on, 19 on, 189–90, 192–96, 217, 238–40, 284n2; Prescott, William H., 17, 60 transnational scholarship on, 67–68 probanzas (colonial statements of evi- race suicide, Ross’s concept of, 188 dence), 97 railroad industry: de­pen­dency theory and, Prob ­lems of City Government (Rowe), 283n19; in Peru, 172–73, 179, 284n40; 49, 135 Ross’s criticism of, 188; Yale Peruvian professionalization: expansion of South Expedition and, 78 American scholarship and emergence of, Rand McNally Lands and ­Peoples series, 31–33, 268n58; transnational scholarship 26–28 and rise of, 39–40 Ravignani, Emilio, 46 pro ­gress, economic and social: in abc pow- regional fragmentation, Bowman’s analy­sis ers, 4, 49, 59, 108, 135; in Copiapó, 179; in of, 161–64, 167–70, 185–86

Index 325

Downloaded from http://read.dukeupress.edu/books/book/chapter-pdf/669565/9780822374503-014.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 regional knowledge: business and eco- Rooe ­s ­velt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine, nomic enterprises and, 22–24; diplomatic 65, 214–15 promotion of, 20–21; evolution of Latin Root, Elihu, 7, 23–26, 32, 36–37, 236; Bingham American studies and, 33–35; fields of and, 39, 214, 269n8; Car­ne­gie and, 269n18 study and, 24–28; geopolitics and, 29–30; Rosas, Belisario, 96 limitations of, 36; regional history and Ross, Edward A., 2, 5, 8, 10; on colonialism imperial visibility, 105–33; Rowe’s influ- and South American character, 202–4, ence on development of, 158–59; sale of 238–40; on commercial and capital pen- regional- ­ethnic history and, 97; South etration in South Amer­ic­ a, 218–20, 247; American studies and, 5–16 demo ­cratic sociability concept of, 199– Reinsch, Paul, 25 202; enclave economies absolved by, 220; religiosity, in Ross’s research, 195 on indigenous encounters, 249–54; on Report to the Congressional Immigration landlordism and ­labor servitude, 196–99; Commission (Ross), 188 on Monroe Doctrine, 217, 258–59; racial research design: anti-­Americanism in South generalizations of, 67–68, 188–90, 192–96; Ameri­ ­ca and, 63–65; business expansion research in South Amer­i­ca by, 46–48, 73, and interdisciplinarity and, 70–72; com- 187–210, 240–41, 287n5; scholarly legacy parative history and, 68–70; imperiality of of, 39, 208–10, 212, 236–59; transnational knowledge and, 53–57, 72–73 research and, 52–53 research universities: expansion of, 31–33, Rowe, Leo S., 2, 5, 8, 10–13; comparative 264n12; foreign ser­vice training and, history and, 70; criticism of U.S. Ca­rib­ 23–24, 266n32; regional knowledge bean policy by, 135, 140–41, 288n30; of production and, 24–28; South American demo ­cratic transition in South Amer­i­ca, scholarship and growth of, 7–16; trans- 65–67, 137–41, 232–34; on economic condi- national scholarship and transformation tions in South Amer­i­ca, 221, 247–48; on of, 38–40 elites in South Amer­ic­ a, 201; governance resource exploitation: Bowman’s analy­sis of, studies by, 57–59, 237–40, 242–43, 245–46; 166–67; corporate methods and, 10; desert Haring’s collaboration with, 45; intellec- geography and economy and, 180–82; tual cooperation policy of, 49–51, 134–35, early U.S. initiatives in South Amer­i­ca for, 144–47; interdisciplinarity in research of, 17; expansion in South Amer­i­ca of, 32–33 70–72; on Mexico-­U.S. research collabora- revolutions in Ca­rib­bean and South Amer­ tion, 26, 264n18; on Monroe Doctrine, i ­ca: Bowman’s analy­sis of, 167–70; Rowe’s 215–17; Pan-­Americanism of, 48–51, research on, 65–67 116, 230–32; at Pan-­American Scientific Rice, Hamilton, 40–41 Congress, 25; Pan-­American Union and, Rippy, J. Fred, 70, 118, 120–21 29, 134–37, 154–56; on pro­gress in South Rivarola, Roldofo, 142, 153 Ameri­ ­ca, 141–44; scholarly legacy of, 39, Rivera, Raúl O., 121 48–51, 156–58, 212, 236–59; transnational Roads to Social Peace (Ross), 47 research and, 52–53; on U.S. intervention- Robertson, William Spence, 28, 118 ism in Ca­rib­bean, 65–67 Roca, Julio A., 125 rubber industry, 167–70; slavery in, 174–77, Rockefel­ ­ler, Nelson, 20 184–86 Roman Catholic Church, dominance in Rus ­sia, Ross’s research on, 188–89, 204–5 South American of, 286n25 Rus si­ a in Upheaval (Ross), 205 Roo­se­velt, Franklin D., 3, 18; Bowman and, Rus­sian Revolution, 48 42, 44, 257; Haring and, 45; Rowe and, 155 Roo­se­velt, Theodore, 50–51, 63; Roose­ velt­ Sacsaywaman excavation, 41, 102 Corollary and, 65, 214; Rowe and, 144 Sánchez Cerro, Miguel, 122–23

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Downloaded from http://read.dukeupress.edu/books/book/chapter-pdf/669565/9780822374503-014.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 Santo Domingo, U.S. intervention in, 224 social conditions in South Amer­i­ca: Bowman’s Sartigés, Count of, 95–98 analy­sis of, 172–73; Haring’s assessment of, Sauer, Carl, 267n51, 282n1 123–27; Ross’s research on, 187–210 scholarship on South Amer­i­ca: harvesting Social Control (Ross), 47 of knowledge in, 243–46; impact of U.S. social mobility, in Ross’s research, 199 influence in, 63–65; interdisciplinarity in, Social Psy­chol­ogy (Ross), 47 70–72, 240–43; international influence of, social sciences: expanding prestige of, 257–59; legacy of, 236–59; local and indig- 31–33, 267n49; Latin American stud- enous contributions to, 249–54; overview ies and, 5, 9, 15–16; regional knowledge of, 1–16; question of empire in, 211–35 production and, 24–28; Ross’s so­cio­logi­ ­ School of American Research, 19 cal research in South Amer­i­ca as, 46–48, Schultz, Theodore, 166 187–210, 242–43; U.S. research in Ec­ua­dor scientific inquiry: armature of conquest and, and, 18–20 77–80; Bowman’s belief in, 42–44, 160–64, The Social Revolution in Mexico (Ross), 47, 182–86; geography and, 163–64; indige- 205 nous knowledge vs., 268n60; legacy of ype The Social Trend (Ross), 47 and, 100–104; locally based knowledge Sociedad Geográfica (Peru), 83–84 vs., 94–95; as replacement for colonial- Society for American Archaeology, 31 ism, 238–40; South American studies Society of American Geographers, 160 and, 5–16, 261n7, 266n37; U.S. research in sociology, Ross’s contributions to, 187–89, Ec­ua­dor and, 18–20 205–10, 242–43, 258–59 Scott, James Brown, 118, 241 “soft empire” ideology: informal empire Scramble for Africa, in Haring’s historical of U.S. and, 226–27; regional knowledge research, 109–10 production and, 36; Rowe’s discussion of, Scroggs, William, 121 216–17 Second Congress on the History of Amer­ic­ a, South Amer­ic­ a: early American interest in, 46, 68–69 17; geopo­litic­ al division of, 3–4; military Second Pan-­American Financial Conference coups during early 1930s in, 121–23; (1920), 45 recent scholarship on, 1–16; “rediscovery” Second Pan-­American Scientific Conference through scholarship on, 237–40; regional (1915–1916), 146 and local differences in scholarship on, secularization, Ross’s discussion of, 191–92 254–59; Ross’s research on, 188; U.S. eco- self- ­rule, Rowe on education in, 136–37, nomic and cultural influence in, 5–16. See 157–58, 245–46 also specific countries and regions settler research, Bowman’s geographic South Amer­i­ca: A Geography Reader analysis­ and, 165–67, 177–82, 241–42, ­(Bowman), 164–67 282nn11–13 South Amer­i­ca Looks at the United States Shepherd, William, 25, 264n5; Brazilian (Haring), 45–46, 107, 116–17, 222–25 research by, 27 South American Expedition, 43 Simmel, Georg, 188 South American Pro­gress (Haring), 45, 107, situated knowledge, informal empire and, 8 123–27 slavery: Bowman’s research on, 167–70, South Cone universities, Rowe’s research 173–77, 184–86; historical scholarship on, on, 10 9; Ross’s racial generalizations concerning, South of Panama (Ross), 47, 67, 187, 189, 193–95 204–5, 208–10, 217, 252–53, 289n17 Small, Albion, 188, 284n1 sovereignty issues, Rowe’s discussion of, Smith, Neil, 15, 161, 225–26, 269n11 136–37, 139–41 Smithsonian Institution, 99 Spanish- ­American War (1898), 17–18, 214

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Downloaded from http://read.dukeupress.edu/books/book/chapter-pdf/669565/9780822374503-014.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 Spanish colonialism: 5, 44–45, 67, 110; Tello, Julio, 253 comparative study of empires and, 227–30, temporal displace, constructive Pan-­ 249; Haring’s research on, 45–46, 106–14, Americanism and, 231–32 237–40, 243; imperialism in context of, “terra incognita,” image of South Amer­i­ca as, 114–16; Indian character and, 195; legacy 17, 27, 238–40 of, 73, 184, 189, 198; policy ­mistakes of, Thompson, I. Eric, 267n43 110–12; parallel histories, 128–30; Philip- Thompson, Wallace, 118 pines, 139–41; resis­ ­tance to, 75, 196; in Ticknor, George, 17 Ross’s research, 192, 196–99; sale of arti- Trade and Navigation between Spain and the facts from, 97–98; scholarship on South Indies in the Time of the Habsburgs (Har- Ameri­ ­ca and, 237–40; in South Amer­i­ca, ing), 45–46, 106–7, 110–11, 113, 253 17–18, 45–46, 264n1 trade relations: corporate expansionism and, The Spanish Empire in Amer­i­ca (Haring), 31–32; in desert culture, 177–82; in Har- 45–46, 107–8 ing’s historical research, 112–14; informal specialized knowledge, expanding prestige empire of U.S. and, 226–27; regional of, 31–33 knowledge production and, 22–24, 37; State Department (U.S.): Haring’s col- traveling scholars and, 39–40 laboration with, 45–46; Latin American Transandine Railway, 48 division of, 20–21; Rowe’s ­career with, transnational scholarship: Bowman’s work 134–37; scholarship on South Amer­ic­ a on rubber industry and slavery, 176–77; and, 257–59 imperiality of knowledge and, 53–57, Steers, J. A., 29–30 270n1; race research and, 67–68; Ross’s so­ Stein, Stanley and Barbara, 128–29, 286n31 cio­log­i­cal research as, 188–89, 206–8, 259; Steward, Julian, 29–30, 267n52 scope and design of, 52–74; transforma- Story, Joseph, 151 tion of research universities and, 38–40 subalternity: in Bowman’s environmen- transportation technology in South Amer­i­ca, tal research, 166–77; colonialism and, 78, 171–72, 266n30; in Andean region, 203–4; scholarship in South Amer­i­ca and 182–86; in Atacama Desert, 179 influence of, 246–54; in South American traveling scholars: imperiality of knowledge scholarship, 254–59 and, 56–57; transformation of research Summer Round ­Tables on Latin Amer­i­ca, and, 38–40 117–20 travel narratives: Bowman’s geograph­ i­ ­cal Sumner, William, 188 work as, 164–67; South American scholar- Sundt, Alfredo, 79 ship and, 41 Supreme Court (U.S.): Ca­rib­bean policies Tucker, Herman L., 41, 59–60 and, 58–59; ruling on by Puerto Rico, Turlington, Edgar W., 118, 289n23 138–41, 279nn9–11 Turner, Frederic J., 44, 181 system building in social theory, Ross’s research and, 47, 188­ Uhle, Max, 77, 86, 102 Ulloa, Luis, 97–98 Tacna- ­Arica dispute (1925–1926), 155, 223, United Fruit, 119; South American scholar- 281n48 ship and, 79 Tambayeque excavation, 102 United States: economic and cultural influ- Tarnawiecki, engineer, 80 ence in South Amer­i­ca, 5–16; expansion- Tax, Sol, 166 ism in, 160–64; Haring’s comparisons of technology: Bowman’s analy­sis of, 162–64; South Ameri­ ­ca with, 123–27; influence on expansion in South Amer­ic­ a of, 31–33, scholarship on South Amer­i­ca of, 63–65; 218–20 intervention in Ca­rib­bean by, 65–67; Latin

Index 328

Downloaded from http://read.dukeupress.edu/books/book/chapter-pdf/669565/9780822374503-014.pdf by guest on 30 September 2021 American economic impact in, 115–16; Waltham Watch Com­pany, 78 South American attitudes ­toward, 116–17 Ward, Lester, 187–88, 284n1 United States Constitution, Argentine feder- Warner, Charles Dudley, 23, 265n29­ alism and, 10 ­water- ­recovery system, Bowman’s research The United States and Porto Rico (Rowe), 49, on, 177–82 135, 137 Weber, Max, 47 universality, regional knowledge production Welles, Sumner, 45, 155 and, 8–16, 268n60 Western epistemology, regional knowledge university culture: in South Amer­ic­ a, U.S. production and, 8–16 scholars and, 252–54, 285n19; transforma- Whitaker, Arthur, 70, 107, 120–21 tion of research universities, 38–40 whiteness: Machu Picchu explorations in “university movement” in U.S., 20; expan- context of, 75–77; Ross’s race generaliza- sionism in academia and, 30–33 tions and, 189–90, 196 University of California, Berkeley, Latin Wilgus, A. Curtis, 121 American studies at, 29, 267n51 Wilson, Woodrow, 3, 42–43, 63, 135, 150, urbanization, Rowe’s discussion of, 143–44 216–17, 225, 244–45, 257–59 Urquiza, Justo José (General), 125 Winchester Repeating Arms Com­pany, 78 Urubamba Valley: Bowman’s research in, ­women, Ross on pro­gress for, 190–92, 174–77; Peruvian perceptions of explo- 201–2 ration in, 76–77; rival explorations of, Wood Bliss, Robert, 106, 276n2 90; transdisciplinary research on, 60–61, world sociology, Ross’s development of, 70–72; Yale Peruvian Expedition and, 47–48 84–90 W. R. Grace and Com­pany, 78–79, 97, Uruguay: Bowman’s analy­sis, 282n8; 118–19 ­Bowman’s geograph­ i­ ­cal analy­sis of, 165–67; military coup in, 121–23 Yale Peruvian Expedition (ype), 26–28, U.S. Bureau of Ethnology, 29–30 40–43; armature of scientific conquest U.S. Foreign Ser­vice, expansion and profes- and, 77–80; colonialism’s influence on, sionalization of, 23–24, 266n32 238–40; commerce in antiquities and, U.S. investors and traders, early initiatives in 95–98; conflict over cultural property and, South Ameri­ ­ca by, 17–18 83–90; economic and po­liti­cal impact of, utopía andina ideology, 93–95 243–44; indigenous encounters during, 251; as informal empire, 82–83; legacy of, Valcárcel, Luis E., 88–89, 91–95, 102 99–104; National Geographic Society and, Van Cleave, James, 22–23, 265nn25–26 59–61, 70–72, 81–83; Peruvian reception Van Deusen, Walter, 121–23 of, 76–77; photography from, 80–81; Vargas, Getúlio, 126, 245 transdisciplinary approach in, 59–61, Vega Enríquez, Angel, 88, 91 70–72 Venezuela: Bingham’s research in, 41, 214; Yale University, National Geographic Society boundary disputes, 244; U.S. intervention contract with, 82–83 in, 286n2 Yrigoyen, Hipólito, 125 Versailles peace talks, Bowman and, 161–62 Yungas ­people, 96

Index 329

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