Essence of Peppermint, a History of the Medicine and Its Bottle Author(s): Olive R. Jones Source: Historical Archaeology, Vol. 15, No. 2 (1981), pp. 1-57 Published by: Society for Historical Archaeology Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25615407 . Accessed: 20/02/2015 20:25

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This content downloaded from 209.129.30.134 on Fri, 20 Feb 2015 20:25:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions OLIVE R. JONES acteristics of the group was that they were packaged in a distinctive container which was immediately recognizable to consumers. Essence of Peppermint, Some of the medicines and their associated Essence of a of the Medicine packaging, including Peppermint, History continued to be made throughout the 19thcen and its Bottle tury and into the 20th century. The history of several of these medicines, and the group as a ABSTRACT whole, appears in the excellent article by Griffenhagen and Young (1959). Without this Glass bottles embossed BY THE/KINGS PATENT/ general background it would have been ESSENCE OF/PEPPERMINT have been found on extremely difficult to fit the many uncon many archaeological sites inNorth America, including nected and references to Essence military, fur trade, native, and domestic/commercial fragmentary a sites. Essence of Peppermint was patented in 1762 by of Peppermint into coherent study. John Juniper and became one of several 18th century In addition to identifying and dating medicines to continue in into English patent production Essence of Peppermint vials, this study has the 20th century. The history of its production, marke served to highlight certain weaknesses in cur ting and distribution, and use is explored, using docu rent research on the material culture of mentary sources and archaeological material. An are attempt is made to identify the type of persons or Europeans. Too often efforts concentrated organizations using the medicine. on the artifact itself: its physical appearance, the technology involved in its production, its maker, its date, and country of origin. In Introduction becoming the central point of study, the arti fact, by implication, is seen as having a reality Square glass vials embossed BY THE/ of its own, rather than as an object belonging KINGS PATENT/ESSENCE OF/PEPPER within a cultural milieu. Very seldom is an MINT have been found on many archaeologi attempt made to use the artifact to increase cal sites inNorth America. These sites ranged the understanding of that cultural milieu and over a broad geographical area and included very seldom is recognition made of the fact military forts, fur trade posts, Indian burials, that the producers were usually not the users. and domestic/commercial sites. From the As Binford (1968:21) has pointed out, every archaeological evidence the bottles seemed to item has a history within a socio-cultural sys date to the late 18th century and first half of tem?the procurement of the raw materials, the 19th century. As marked bottles from the the manufacture of the item, its use, and final period are not particularly common an attempt discarding. The artifact has, then, both a was made to identify the product and date the production history and a use history. It is Essence of Peppermint vials. important to separate the two, particularly During the search for information it gradu when the artifact is a package and not a pro ally became apparent that the vials and the duct in its own right.Within the context of an medicine they contained belonged to a distinct industrialized society, a third element has to group of 18th century English patent medi be added, that of marketing and distribution. cines. These medicines, marketed first by an The following report has been organized individual or single firm, eventually lost their according to the production, marketing and proprietorial associations and were manufac distribution, and use histories of Essence of tured and sold by a variety of persons or firms. Peppermint in the hope that the cultural milieu They became common stock in druggists' and inwhich itwas produced and used will emerge apothecaries' shops. One of the major char more clearly.

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Production History step to accept a pre-packaged remedy. In comparison to the costs sometimes involved English Patent Medicines of the in consulting a physician or surgeon, patent 18th Century remedies could be comparatively cheap. The development of printing presses and improve Patent medicine and proprietary medicine ments in transportation made itmuch easier to are terms used to describe drugs and drug reach a wider market. Patent medicine ven combinations that are offered and promoted to dors were among the first to understand the the public under a distinctive name and dis importance of advertising and used both tinctive package (Dukes 1963:8). Although broadsheets and newspapers to publicize their some of this type of medication was actually wares. In North America, where many people patented, most of itwas not and the two terms lived in isolated areas far from professional are used loosely and interchangeably. help, where the right plants or compounds The success of the patent and proprietary might not be available locally, the patent medicines lay in several factors, the most medicines were a logical solution to the prob important of these being the inadequacies of lem of sickness. For all those with no knowl orthodox medical practices and knowledge. It edge of the preparation of medicines, patent has been said that 1912 was probably the first medicines were convenient, and even today year in human history fckinwhich the random there is in existence "a basic and spontaneous patient with a random disease consulting a undercurrent of public demand for home random physician had a better than 50-50 remedies" (Dukes 1963:13-22, 33-34). chance of benefiting by the encounter" Of the hundreds of English patent and pro (quoted in Dukes 1963:18). In the 17th, 18th, prietary medicines on the market in the 18th and early 19th centuries there was often a very century, most have disappeared. Some of thin line between the nostrum vendors and the them, however, remained on the market in more learned practitioners of the medical England, the United States, and Canada even trade?the physicians, doctors, barber into the 20th century. Among themore famous surgeons, and apothecaries. The professional of those sold in glass bottles were Godfrey's practitioners not only prescribed and made up Cordial, Dalby's Carminative, Bateman's the patent medicines but also were responsible Drops, Turlington's Balsam of Life, Steer's for originating many of them. As Griffenhagen Opodeldoc, British Oil, Daffy's Elixir, and and Young (1959:167) have pointed out: Balsam of Honey. The history of these medi cines, which is fully described inGriffenhagen In the nature of their [patent medicines] composition and Young (1959), is marked by several simi they were blood brothers of preparations in the various larities. Firstly, they all started as patent or pharmacopoeias and formularies. Indeed, there was medicines. be much borrowing in both directions. An official formula proprietary Secondly, they of one year might blossom out the next in a fancy bottle came so widely counterfeited that they be bearing a proprietor's name. At the same time, the came public property, standard stock in any essential of a medicine, of its recipe patent deprived type of shop selling medicines and no longer original cognomen and given a Latin name indicative of the exclusive property of one person. What its composition or therapeutic nature, might suddenly were and the served was appear in one of the official volumes. they purpose they known and commonly recognized. Thirdly, Other factors also contributed to the suc they were sold in distinctively shaped and/or cess of the patent and proprietary medicines. marked containers which were often wrapped Growing urbanization meant that people had in broadsheets describing the many benefits of become dependent on professionals, such as the medicine. The familiar package undoubt apothecaries, and from there itwas an easy edly contributed significantly to the long

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period of popularity enjoyed by themedicines. arms, but in 1749 Turlington complained that As the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy theWhitefriars glasshouse was manufacturing report stated, when its members were his vials. The owners of the glasshouse admit attempting to standardize the formulas for ted that "great numbers of bottles have been eight English patent medicines: blown at our glasshouse, of the same shape and size and having the same marks as the We are aware that long custom has so strongly associ bottles, which Mr. Robert Turlington puts his ated the idea of the of the Patent Medi genuineness balsam of life into" (quoted in Buckley 1933: cines, with particular shapes of the vials that contain 235). They excused themselves by saying that them, and with certain printed labels, as to render an had received orders for the vials. An alteration in them an affair of difficulty. Many who use they these preparations would not purchase British oil that advertisement in 1752 illustrated a second, was put up in a conical vial, nor Turlington's balsam in more elaborate bottle which resembles one a one. The of the excise, the cylindrical stamp king's found at Colonial Williamsburg, Virginia royal patent, the seal and coat of arms which are to (Buckley 1933:235; Noel Hume 1969:43). In prevent counterfeits, the solemn caution against 1754 introduced the which quacks and imposters, and the certified lists of incre Turlington shape dible cures, have not even now lost their influence was to continue in production for over 150 {Journal of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy years. He was forced to make this change "to 1833:30). prevent the Villainy of some Persons, who buying up my empty Bottles, have basely and The early patent medicine vendors tried wickedly put therein a vile spurious Composi several strategems in an attempt to protect tion" and warns "I would therefore advise all their proprietary medicines from counterfei Persons to be very particular where they have ters. Some took out patents which should it from, and to be well satisfied they are served have secured them exclusive rights for 14 with the true Balsam" (from broadside repro years but did not, in practice, do so duced inRidley 1966:22). He was still troubled (Griffenhagen and Young 1959:158-59, 167). by imitators, however, and advertisements for Others advertised extensively, particularly in his medicine continued to exhort customers to newspapers (Turner 1965:40-46), exhorting beware of "notorious Counterfeits" (The potential customers to beware of imitations. Gazetteer and London Daily Advertiser Still others were among the first to recognize 1762:1). the advantages of associating a distinctive As was noted in the Journal of the Philadel a an package with product, advertising tech phia College of Pharmacy (cited above), not still nique used in the 20th century. Without only the distinctive vials were duplicated but the of protection design and trademark laws, also the general appearance of the package. In the however, distinctive package, by making 1783 Great Britain imposed the firstMedicine the product easily recognizable, made it easy Stamp Act to raise revenue from all patented to imitate. As as far the consumer was con medicines and medicines sold by persons the a cerned, distinctive package was guaran other than trained qualified medical practi tee of the genuineness of the medicine inside, tioners. Although many changes were made in no matter who had made it or what it con the Act in the 18th and 19th centuries, medi tained. cines which had been patented continued to be Robert is a case Turlington in point. He had subject to the tax. The containers always had his Balsam of Life in 1744 patented and tried to be officially marked or "stamped" in some two different bottles before finally settling on way. Anyone selling the medicines had to his famous angular, pear-shaped bottle with its ensure that the proper stamps were affixed to elaborate embossed inscription. The first the bottle or that the containers were wrapped was and a shape square impressed with coat of in appropriately stamped paper (Alpe 1888:9).

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So strong was the association between the tion of cereal crops, inpart because of increas package and the product that in the United ing importation of foreign peppermint and States, from the close of the Revolutionary other plants, although in 1864 there were still War until well into the second half of the 19th 219 acres of peppermint around Mitcham century, the American versions of the patent (Holmes 1885:517; Warren 1864-65:259). medicines were sold stamped with facsimiles Cultivation of peppermint in the United of the English government stamp (George States began shortly after 1816 inNew York, Griffenhagen 1980, pers. comm.). gradually extended into Ohio, northern Essence of Peppermint is one of the 18th Indiana, then to Michigan which eventually century English patent medicines which sur became the biggest producer, and finally to vived into the 20th century. Its history is simi the Pacific Northwest (Henkel 1905:7-8; lar to that of the other English patent medi Landing 1969). Other countries which have cines?Turlington's Balsam of Life, Dalby's produced peppermint include Japan, Carminative, Godfrey's Cordial, British Oil, Germany, France, Italy, Russia, China and Steer's Opodeldoc?but it also has an individ southern India. ual history which will be dealt with in some Peppermint is cultivated for the volatile or detail. essential oil obtained by distilling the dried leaves and flowering tips of the plant inwater. a Peppermint and its Uses The oil varies from colorless to pale yellow liquid and has a "peculiar aromatic . . . Indigenous to England, peppermint, odour, burning at first, but afterwards Ment/ui piperita L., was recognized and leaving an enduring sensation of cold in the published as a distinct species in 1696 and was mouth" (Tomlinson 1852-54:384; Parry 1969: admitted to the London Pharmacopoeia in I, 198; II, 205). The oil is used in the prepara 1721 as mentha piperitis sapore (Holmes 1885: tion of peppermint water, spirit of peppermint, 517). In contrast to many plants with medici and in the production of menthol crystals to nal properties, peppermint was not generally which are formed when the oil is subjected used inwestern Europe until the middle of the low temperatures (Holmes 1885:518). 18th century (Syme 1873:10). Commercial cul Peppermint has several uses but is most tivation of the plant may have started about familiar as a flavoring in baked foods, candies, 1750 at Mitcham, Surrey, located on the and medicinal preparations. In the form of southern outskirts of present-day London. peppermint water, which was prepared by Mitcham was noted for its "physic" gardens diluting the volatile oil in water, itmade not was as a which produced lavender, wormwood, only a pleasant drink but also used camomile, aniseed, rhubarb, liquorice, bella vehicle for taking unpalatable medicines. For castor introduced as a donna, spearmint, pennyroyal, roses, pop example, oil, popular 18th pies, savine, angelica, and many other medi purgative towards the end of the century, on a of cinal plants from the middle of the 18th cen was often taken "swimming glass tury onward (Lysons 1810:254; Pharmaceuti water or peppermint water" (Crellin and Scott cal Journal 1850-51:116). Acreage inMitcham 1970:134). In his 1851-1852 investigations of a found as devoted to peppermint alone expanded from street sellers, Mayhew (1968:191) few acres in 1750 to at least 150 acres in 1805 many as six persons vending peppermint and 520-550 acres in 1850, apparently the water from kegs in the streets of London and black or height of English production of the plant sometimes steeping unground pepper {Pharmaceutical Journal 1850-51:298). By the ginger in the beverage to increase the "heat." as 1860s many of the "physic" gardens around Peppermint has medical properties well, Mitcham had been converted to the produc acting as an "aromatic stimulant to allay

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nausea, relieve spasmodic pains of the an empyreuma. and collect the oil. The oil thus collec ted must be with alcaline salt into a retort stomach and bowels, expel flatus, or cover the purified put with it. digesting and distilling with a gentle heat, add taste or qualify the nauseating or griping ing a proper quantity of water for that purpose. The oil effects of other medicines" (Hoerr and Osel being again collected, is to be kept for use. Take of this to 1956:883). In the past it has also been used purified oil of peppermint a sufficient quantity strongly relieve headaches, toothaches, and neuralgic to impregnate a gallon of pure alcohol; put the mixture a and rheumatic conditions (Stille and Maisch in retort, and distill with balneo mariae; to what comes over add the following:?Take two quarts of 1879:999). Menthol is an occasional consti pure alcohol, extract of common mint two ounces; tuent of certain cold remedies. digest them together in a tall bolt head; when cold, Essence of peppermint itself is prepared by filtre for use. mixing oil of peppermint with alcohol, the modern a 109f solution of proportions being The Royal Letters Patent gave Juniper, his the oil in alcohol and Osel (Hoerr 1956:883). executors, administrators, and assigns the One 19th source states that two century sole right to prepare, make and vend essence were that sold "in the strengths made, shops" of peppermint for the term of 14 years. contained one fluid ounce oil of to peppermint Essence of Peppermint was unlike many one pint of rectified spirit while the pharma other 18th century patent medicines in that it version was more than double this copoeia had a relatively simple formula with quite 1970 The weaker strength (Cooley [ 1866]:727). specific and accurate assessment of its useful version was colored a little of green by using ness. Complex mixtures with many different the herb or or because it itself, parsley spinach ingredients and touted as being efficacious for was "not conceived to be good by the ignorant many different maladies were much more unless it has a tint of which pale green, they prevalent in the 18th century. presume is a proof of its being genuine" The (Cooley 1855:276). Dictionary ofMedical John Juniper and Surgical Knowledge . . . (1864:523) also states that peppermint's essential oil "Dis Very few details of Juniper's life and busi solved in spirits of wine, and stained green ness dealings have been found. For example, . . . with parsley, makes the essence of pep it is not known how he came to develop permint, so extensively sold in stamped bot Essence of Peppermint, ifhe had connections tles." Itwas taken by putting 10 to 30 drops on in the Mitcham area, what organization he sugar or mixed in a teacup full of water or in a used for production of the medicine, nor for little wine (Cooley 1970 [1866]:727). how long he lived in London. In the patent specifications, he was described as a chemist and of the Parish of St. The Patent for Essence of Peppermint apothecary Ann, Soho, in the Liberty of the City of Westminster. He was a at 12Macclesfield Street from In 1762 the patent for Essence of Pepper ratepayer 1759 to 1770 mint was granted to John Juniper for "A New (K. C. Harrison 1974, pers. He to have Medicine called Essence of Peppermint, comm.). appears marketed, but which contains all the Virtues of that Plant, not patented, Essence of Pennyroyal (Alpe The Times which and is an Excellent Remedy in Cholicks, 1888:44; 1800:2) may have been sold in a bottle similar to Essence of Retchings, Sickness, and all Disorders arising very from flatulency, and inother Disorders therein Peppermint (see illustration in Beatson and mentioned" (Great Britain. Patent Office Co. [1892]:28). Pennyroyal is also a type of 1856:1). The specifications were brief: mint. At the end of his life Juniper had achieved sufficient fame to be included in the Distill well-dried peppermint carefully, so as to prevent Gentleman s Magazine "Obituary of remark

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able Persons" where he was described as 1720s. His most noted convert and prosele patentee for essence of peppermint (Urban tizer was John Sandeman. Juniper may have 1798:1153). He died in Nottingham, aged 76, belonged to the church during his London sometime after 15November 1798, the day on years as a Sandemanian chapel was formed in which his will was written. The executors of London inApril 1761. In Nottingham a chapel the will (on file, Nottingham Record Office) was formed in 1768, with an actual building did not take an inventory but swore to the best being built in 1778 (Walker 1902:142; White's of their knowledge that the personal estate and Directory 1832:156). A hint of Juniper's char effects would not at the time of Juniper's acter may be inferred from the tenets of this death exceed the value of ?999. The sum sug church. The sect attempted to go back to the gests avoidance of a rate of tax which would beliefs, forms of worship, and restrictions of have come into effect at ?1,000 and, there the early apostolic church, with a congrega fore, is unlikely to be a real assessment of the tionalist organization. Itwas considered scrip value of Juniper's estate at the time of his tural to engage in trade and merchandise or death. any lawful employment, but the proceeds Juniper left ?20 each to two friends in from these activities were to go to the poor Nottingham?Thomas Prentice and John and not to be used to build up treasures on Heath?and two friends in London?William earth. Convinced of the rightness of their Limberry Grosvenor and Thomas Boosey. In beliefs, members of the church would not June of 1800 John Heath advertised inLondon have any Christian fellowship with those who that he was the successor to the late Mr. did not think as they did and, indeed, deman Juniper and sole proprietor of his patented ded unanimity in all church actions, excom Essence of Peppermint (The Times 1800:2). In municating those who dissented. The church the same advertisement Thomas Boosey of never became numerically large, although No. 4 Old Broad Street is listed as an author branches of itwere established in the United ized vendor inLondon. Thomas Boosey was a States and, after the American Revolution, in bookseller from 1792 to 1834 (London Direc Canada (Walker 1902). tories 1677-1799; 1800-1855). Grosvenor was listed in Kent's London Directory from 1776 Marketing Essence of Peppermint onwards as a stationer at 11Cornhill (London Directories 1677-1799). Juniper's business The only information on the methods used was to be offered for sale to one Higgs of by Juniper to introduce Essence of Pepper Nottingham for ?100 for the goodwill. His mint to the London market and to promote its household furniture was left to an unidentified sale nationally and internationally has come Ann Byers, as was the interest to be paid from a series of advertisements for the years The quarterly from the estate which was to be 1762, 1763 and 1767 published in invested by three of the above-named friends. Gazetteer and London Daily Advertiser (in On her death the principal was to be disposed 1767 called The Gazetteer and New Daily of for the use of the poor belonging to the Advertiser). The first of these appeared 11 as church in Houndsgate, Nottingham, of which days after the patent date and reads Juniper was a member. follows: The church was the Sandemanian Chapel of His Letters Patent. (A. J.M. Henstock 1974, pers. comm.), one of By Authority Majesty's Royal ESSENCE OF PEPPER?MINT. the many non-conformist sects of the 18th APPROVED of by several eminent Physicians as an The Reverend John Glas, who was century. highly useful Family Medicine. Its well-known Virtues later expelled from the Church of Scotland for are those of speedily relieving Cholicky Pains, and all Wind or as well in his beliefs, developed its tenets in the late Disorders arising from Flatulency,

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Infants as in others; by continued Use it agreeibly It is clear from the advertisements that warms the Habit in weak and decayed Constitutions, Juniper was selling the medicine in his own and in cold and Asthmas and phlegmatic Dropsies, shop and had several "authorized" dealers in the Nerves of those that are to strengthens subject London. These dealers included other chem Palsies, Tremblings, Lowness of Spirits, or hysterical ists and a a and hypochondrical Complaints; comforts the Stomach apothecaries, circulating library, in Belchings, Sickness, Loss of Appetite, &c. and in book seller, a "chinaman," and the Rainbow Attacks of the Gout, either there or in other internal Coffee House. The Rainbow Coffee House Parts has almost immediate Relief. It like given may was described in the 1790-92 Supplement to wise be esteemed a very proper and beneficial Addition the Universal British Directory as being fre to the Mineral Waters in many Cases. the merchants and This Essence is no less elegant than useful, will quented "by principal preserve its Virtue for many Years, and not be hurt by brokers, &c. in general, but in particular by Diversity of Climates. The common Dose is only from those concerned in the drug trade" (The three to six or in a Wine Glass full of eight Drops pure London Directories 1677-1799). All of these Water, to which it gives the high yet pleasing Flavour outlets are types that were commonly used for of the Pepper-Mint. the of and medi Prepared and sold by J. Juniper, Chymist and marketing patent proprietary Apothecary, in Dean Street. St. Ann's Soho; and is cines. appointed to be sold at Mr. Oldham's, Chymist to his The advertisements imply that Juniper was Royal the Duke of York, in the Highness Hay-market; interested in expanding his market beyond at Mr Churchill's, Somerset House Chymist. opposite London as he offered directions in both in the Strand; and at the Rainbow Coffee House, French and as he noted that the Cornhill, in Stopper Bottles, at 3 s. and 2 s. each and in English, small Vials at 1 s. each with which is given a printed medicine preserved its virtues for many years Account of its Virtues and Use either in French or and in a diversity of climates, as he offered English. discounts to those taking large quantities and Allowance will be made to Captains of Ships and to ship captains, as he stated in some of the Others that take a Quantity (The Gazetteer and London Daily Advertiser 1762:1). advertisements that Essence of Peppermint was available "in many principal Towns in the The same or similar advertisements appeared Country" (The Gazetteer and London Daily intermittently in this newspaper for the next Advertiser 1763:1) and that itwas good for sea The issues for 1767 were also checked year. sickness. and the only advertisement for that year is Essence of Peppermint was not introduced brief; relatively in the distinctive vial. In the 1762-1763 adver ESSENCE OF PEPPER-MINT tisements the medicine was offered in a stop By his Majesty's Royal Letters Patent, Is now well per bottle at 3s and 2s each or in a small vial known to relief to and give speedy cholicky gouty pains at Is each, but in the 1767 advertisement the in the stomach and bowels, in the sea sickness, in Teach 2s size was not mentioned. Unlike many ings from other causes, and in all disorders arising from other medicine vendors in wind; multitudes of infants as well as others, are daily patent advertising relieved from its grateful, cordial, and stomatic effects, the same newspaper Juniper did not warn his which are not equaled by any other medicine. Prepared customers to beware of imitations so he does and sold by J. Juniper, chemist and in apothecary, not seem to have experienced immediate diffi Dean Street, near Gerrard street, Soho. in stopper bot culties with imitators. London tles 3s and vials Is each, and is by him appointed to be Unfortunately of the last third of the 18th cen sold by Mr. Oldham. chemist, in the Hay-market; Mr. newspapers Churchill, chemist, in the Stand; Mess. Vernor and tury have not been available for study, but Charter, book sellers Ludgate-hill; Mr. Wilkie, St. obviously at some point after 1767 Juniper Paul's Church yard, at the Rainbow coffee house, must have felt the necessity of distinguishing Cornhill; by Mr. Grey, chemist, in street Bishopgate his medicine from other versions offered without, near Spital-square; and Mr. Biddle near being and introduced the vial marked BY Whitechapel-bars (The Gazetteer and New Daily THE/ Advert is er 1767:3). KINGS PATENT/ESSENCE OF/PEPPER

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MINT (Figure 1). He may have introduced the vial before 1776, the year inwhich his patent protection ceased. Although the actual date has not been found, itwas in use by 1790. An invoice of glassware shipped from Bristol to Philadelphia on the ship Roebuck dated 10 November 1790, includes 4 groce Essence Peppermint bottles along with hottles for Daffy's Elixir, small Turlington's, Greenough's Tincture, Jesuit Drops and British Oil (ClifFord Pemberton Papers 1790:Vol. 10, 7). A distinctive vial had not been sufficient to protect other patent medicines nor is there any reason to suppose that Juniper had any more success in safeguarding his proprietorial rights. By the late 18th and early 19th centu ries. Essence of Peppermint was being pro duced and bottled on both sides of the Atlantic a b (see Appendix A) and had obviously become public property. The vial did serve another purpose, however. Being a useful remedy and pleasant flavoring, essence of peppermint would have survived without a distinctive package. Indeed, several labelled examples from the 19th century, in standard pharmaceu tical vial shapes, have survived (McKearin and Wilson 1978: Fig. 77 #13, Fig. 78 #5; Wilson 1972:150, Fig. 109). The embossed vial, the broadsheet inwhich itwas probably wrapped and the green color of the medicine (see above), however, set the patented version apart and made it a distinct, recognizable product in the consumer's mind, one that was to continue into the early years of the 20th century.

Distribution of Essence of Peppermint

After the early years, the distribution of Essence of Peppermint is traceable primarily through lists, such as newspaper advertise ments, invoices (Figure 2), account books, inventories, price lists, and catalogs (Figures FIGURE 1. Essence of Peppermint vials: a,b, late 18th 3,5, 11 and and the occurrence of 12) through and first half of the 19th century examples; c,d, second the vials in archaeological contexts (Figures half of the 19th to early 20th centuryexamples.

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FIGURE 2. Invoice from Dicey Beynon and Company, London to Christopher and Charles Marshall, Philadelphia dated 11 January 1771. This is one of the earliest references to Essence of Peppermint inNorth America (Courtesy of Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur Museum). ^^^^ 3 la, lc, 7, 8c-g, 9, 10, and 16). While the Firstly, in contrast to several other patent archaeological examples are generally easy to medicines, Essence of Peppermint lost its identify, it has been necessary, for a number association inNorth America with its origina of reasons, to develop criteria for distinguish tor. With Turlington's Balsam of Life, ing the patent version from other peppermint Godfrey's Cordial, or Dalby's Carminative the products mentioned in these types of docu proprietorial names were such an integral part ments. of the medicine that they were often simply

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Patent Medicines and other Vials.

Per Gross. Harlem Oils.?3 75 Peppermint. 3 75 Turlington's. 3 75 Lemon Acids. 3 75 Batemnn's Drops. 4 00 British Oils. 4 00 (ienuine Essence and Plain.... . 4 00 Macassar Oil. 4 50 Dalby's Carminative. 4 50 flour'ivy's Cordial. 4 50 Steer's Opodeldoc, L. & S. 4 50 Peppermint Liquid and Demi Opodeldoc. . 4 50 Cephalic Snuffs. 4 50 . 4 50 Pkd. Wi. Balsam Honey. Cap. pkd., ... per Ox Marrows, Hound and Square. 4 50 . . Preston's Salts. 4 fiO 1 oz. ,5-gr. cs. 15 ll>s. Flat Bear's Oil and Small do. 4 50 Nerve and Hone Liniment. . 4 50 .size. 4 To Scale J'2 Large Bear's Oil. Fiat Balsam. 4 7^ 4 i,} Cayennes. 4 ^ Calcined Magnesia-. FIGURE 3. Illustration from a Dominion Glass Company catalog dating to the second decade of the 20th century. on FIGURE 5. Patent Medicine vials in the Green Glassware The 1 oz. capacity appears to be a misprint (copy file, New York Public Archives of Canada, courtesy of Domglas Ltd., section of the 1882 catalog of Henry Allen, on Museum of Montreal). (Allen 1882:246, copy file, Corning Glass).

STATISTICAL TABLE Glass Ware in theUnited a the 1632. Of the Value of Apothecaries' States, for period of twentyyears, preceding year A.further decline, on thee.\clu>ic iPrices, by Foreignarid Domestic ofthe foreign, by thedoni entiremonopoly by competition. competition. ARTICLES. theEnglish Manu 1815, 161 1819,1821, 1823. 1824, 1826 830, 1831, 1820,1822, 1828, 1829. 1816, 1818.1 1825, 1827.1 1832. - - 50 50 25 $2 00 Vials, assorted, gro. $7 00 $3 00 $2 $2 3 00 2 70 40 Do. | and 1 drachm do. 8 00 00 50 - 1 60 Do. \ and 1 oz. do. 5 50 00 50 2 00 80 2 00 60 Do. lj and 2 oz. do. 6 00 00 50 2 > Do. 3 oz. - - do. 6 50 00 50 2 50 2 25 00 Do. 4 oz. - - do. 7 00 00 25 2 87 2 60 30 Do. 6 oz. - - do. 7 50 00 25 25 3 00 60 Do. 8 oz. - - do. 8 00 00 25 50 3 30 80 Do. Bateman's do. 5 50 50 00 25 2 00 80 Do. British Oil do. 5 50 50 00 25 2 00 80 50 00 25 2 00 60 Do. Stoughton's do. 5 50 50 00 25 2 00 80 Do. Turlington's do. 5 50 Do. do. 5 50 50 00 12 1 90 1 70 Peppermint 2 10 Do. do. 5 50 50 00 62 2 40 Godfrey's 1 80 1 60 Do. Harlem Oil do. 5 50 50 00 00 - do. 5 3 50 00 50 2 25 2 00 Do. Dalby's 50 do. 5 00 50 50 3 20 2 60 Do. Opodeldoc 8 00 of the $34 70 Aggregate of the highest prices, $ 107 50 Atraregatc present prices, value. Showing a diminution of more than two-thirds of the original

the decrease in vial from FIGURE 4. A statistical table compiled by Dr. Thomas Dyott of Philadelphia to show prices of in 1832 before the War of 1812-14 to the early 1830s. The table is from a circular sent tomembers Congress by Dyott who wanted a revision of the tariffduties. (Dyott 1833:53, copy on file, American Philsophical Society).

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called Turlington's, Godfrey's or Dalby's. account books of the firm of Christopher and Essence of Peppermint, on the other hand, was Charles Marshall, at that time the largest usually called Peppermints or Essence of Pep pharmacy in Philadelphia (Griffenhagen 1955: permint (Appendix A). In England, however, 300). The account books for the years 1765 to the assocation seems to have lingered much 1771, which are owned by the Henry Francis longer. John Heath advertised Juniper's du Pont Winterthur Museum, show that the Essence of Peppermint (The Times 1800:2) as Marshalls were receiving shipments of patent did E. Edwards (The Times 1821:4). A bottle medicines from Cluer Dicey and Co. (later mold embossed "Juniper's Peppermint sold Dicey Beynon and Co.), one of the three big by T. [J.?] P. Heath" was ordered engraved London drug wholesale firms. The shipments by Price and Company of Gateshead in 1812 for the years 1765, 1766, 1768, 1770, 1771 from the Bewick workshop inNewcastle upon included British Oil, Bateman's Drops, Tyne (Ellison 1975:177). Secondly, pepper Godfrey's Cordial (but not Turlington's mint was also sold in both its essence and oil Balsam of Life as these were coming directly form and as lozenges which were sometimes from the Turlington firm), and other patent referred to as "peppermints." The first crite medicines. Essence of Peppermint appears in rion used to distinguish the patent version was these records for the first time in 1771, three the inclusion, in the document, of other 18th dozen at 9s each (Figure 2). Griffenhagen and century English patent medicines (Figures 2, 4 Young (1959:172) have pointed out that most and 5). The most frequent companion was of the English patent and proprietary medi Turlington's Balsam of Life. The second crite cines sent out to the American market dur rion was size. Because the patented version ing this period were handled by three was sold in a commonly recognized vial of major London wholesale firms, Dicey's, known volume (Vi ounce) itwas sold by the Turlington's and Newbery's. With one of count, such as by the dozen or gross, and not these firms handling Essence of Peppermint, it by volume, such as ounces, pounds or gallons. would be assured of at least a chance in the Essence of Peppermint appeared in North North American market. It is not known if America within a few years of its patent date. Juniper actually sought a connection with the In a 1768 advertisement in the Quebec Gazette Dicey firm or ifall of these firms began offer (1768:3) Essence of Peppermint is listed for ing currently popular medicines to their cus sale along with knives and sword blades, tomers. It would appear that Dicey's at least fabric, beads, jewelry, and a wide assortment started to send the medicine to the American of household articles but no mention is made colonies in 1770 or 1771. of quantity nor of other medicines of any type. The second American reference is the Day One cannot be sure, therefore, that it was Dunlop pharmaceutical catalog printed in Juniper's patented medicine. A second refer Philadelphia in 1771, which has a page of ence, however, from the Georgia Gazette in patent medicines including Essence of Pep October 1769 lists Essence of pepper-mint permint. This catalog was apparently available under "Family medicines" along with at least for use by other pharmacists in the city and a 11 other patent medicines such as Daffy's second copy contains prices in ink for the year Elixir, British Oil, Godfrey's Cordial, 1790 (see Griffenhagen 1955:300). Both these Turlington's Balsam (Wilson 1959: 111; copies are in the library of the American Rosamund Smith 1978, pers. comm.). Philosophical Society in Philadelphia. Three other American references for 1771 The thirdmention of Essence of Peppermint also to undoubtedly refer Juniper's Essence of in 1771, and again in conjunction with theDicey Peppermint. The first reference is in the firm, is an advertisement in the Boston News

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Letter, 25 April 1771, part of which is quoted have not been found and none of the Canadian below: advertisements containing Essence of Pepper mint made any mention of a London whole The Patent Medicines in following Imported Capt. saler. As was mentioned above, nothing was Davies are directly from the Original Wholesale Ware found beyond the early advertisements on house kept by Dicey and Okell in Bow Church, methods of Essence of London, are just come to Hand and Warranted Juniper's marketing an Genuine, viz. Turlington's Original Balsam of Life, Peppermint in Britain. In advertisement in Bateman's Pectoral Drops, Betton's True and Genuine a London newspaper, J. P. Heath of British Oil, Anderson's Scotch Pills, Female Hooper's Nottingham, successor to John Juniper, stated Pills, Pills, General Lockyer's Godfrey's Cordial, that each bottle of his authentic version was Walker's Jesuit Drops, Essence of Pepper Mint, his own hand" Times Golden Spirits of Scurvy Grass, and Swinsen's "signed by {The 1800:2). Electuary, being a certain safe Medicine for the speedy He sold Essence of Peppermint in stopper Cure of the Stone and Gravel, and is taken w ithout any bottles at 2s 6d and vials at Is IVid, duty particular Regimen or Confinement and is now inGreat included, but made no mention of the embos Reputation in London (quoted in Dow 1927:253-^1). sed vial. Except for the addition of the scorn ful denunication of "counterfeits" the Heath There is a gap in the documentary record advertisement followed the pattern of those from 1771 until the late 1780s, but after that used by Juniper. The virtues of the medicine date references to Essence of Peppermint con and its price are followed by a list of author tinue regularly into the 20th century. The first ized dealers in London, including the firm of archaeological evidence for Essence of Pep Francis Newbery. It was probably this Heath permint is found on fur trade sites dating to the who ordered the bottles embossed "Juniper's 1790s. The almost 20 year gap probably does Peppermint sold by T. [J.?] P. Heath" from not mean that Essence of Peppermint was not Price and Company of Gateshead (Ellison being made or that itwas not being imported 1975:177). into North America but only that appropriate Direct and indirect evidence has been found documentation has not been found. During the on the methods used in the distribution of American Revolutionary War, when the Essence of Peppermint inNorth America. All English patent medicines were difficult to of these methods were typical of the general obtain, it is possible that American apotheca marketing practices in use in the second half ries began making their own versions of of the 18th century or the 19th century. Itwas English patent medicines. After the war common, for example, for ship's captains to American apothecaries sold both English and assemble cargoes which they expected to sell domestic versions, although the latter tended at other ports and Juniper was evidently to be cheaper. In the 1790s Robert Rantoul, a interested in selling to these men. Several Beverley, Massachusetts, apothecary, sold advertisements containing Essence of Pepper the English Essence of Peppermint for 18s per mint mention both the captain's and ship's dozen and his own version at 10s 6d per dozen names. Wholesale firms in London, who in (Griffenhagen and Young 1959:171). Rantoul this case specialized inmedicinal items, filled was still ordering his vials from England, but orders for North American firms. The by the second decade of the 19th century Marshalls, for example, ordered many of their American glass manufacturers were making patent medicines from the Dicey company. those as well. By the 1830s in the United The Hudson's Bay Company ordered patent States this group of English patent medicines medicines from Evan Edwards' Medicine had become generic, made and sold by anyone Warehouse inLondon from 1834-1875, as well (Griffenhagen and Young 1959:178). as other suppliers, and these goods were then Canadian connections with the Dicey firm shipped to trans-shipment points in North

This content downloaded from 209.129.30.134 on Fri, 20 Feb 2015 20:25:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ESSENCE OF PEPPERMINT,A HISTORY OF THE MEDICINE AND ITSBOTTLE 13 were found America, such as York Factory or Fort sites with Essence of Peppermint an area Vancouver, where they were repacked for south of this meandering line, largely 18th and distribution to inland posts (Lafleche 1979; under Spanish influence in the late centuries. Lynne Sussman 1980, pers. comm.). Whole early 19th sale firms in the major coastal cities of North America, such as Montreal, Quebec, Philadel The Essence of Peppermint Vial phia, or Boston obtained goods from Britain and then distributed them to merchants and The distinctive Essence of Peppermint vial cross a traders inland. This arrangement depended on (Figure 1) is square in section, with on an uneasy structure of long-term credit. simply finished lip and embossed lettering BY Arrangements such as this were common for all four sides of the bottle, THE/KINGS the fur traders operating out of Montreal PATENT/ESSENCE OF/PEPPERMINT. The mm to over and Detroit in the late 18th and early 19thcen vial varies from 68.0 slightly mm 18.0 turies (Miquelon 1971:2-5). Country mer 80.0 in height, is generally between chants in Lower Canada, like Thomas mm and 22.0 mm square and holds between Cummings at Chippewa near Niagara, 11.3 to 19.4 ml which is about Vi fluid ounce, BY operated on a similar system. Cummings dealt U.S. Height of the lettering varies with with Auldjo, Maitland and Company of THE being the largest, followed by Montreal, buying from them, and, in turn, ESSENCE OF and PEPPERMINT, and using them as agents to dispose of the flour finally by KINGS PATENT. About 65 that he had had to accept as payment for his examples were recorded (Appendix C). goods. The final selling price of Cummings' merchandise had to cover "the charges for Volume packing, carterage, river freight, commission, insurance and other expenses at London and Montreal" which added up to 409f to the The volume of the distinctive vial was stan original cost and to this had to be added dard. Eight complete examples held about "ocean freight, transport fromMontreal to La 14.4 ml (Vi U.S. fluid ounce) and in the many Chine, from La Chine to Kingston, from fragmented examples all the other measure Kingston to Queenston, and from Queenston ments, as well as the word spacing, corres to Chippawa, by separate means of convey pond closely to the complete bottles. Only two ance" (Cruikshank 1929:151, 146). conflicting pieces of evidence were found. In The distribution of Essence of Peppermint the Beatson and Company List of Prices in North America, as suggested by both the ([1867]: 16, Figure 91), is a listing for Essence archaeological and documentary record, was Peppermints for Vi ounce and for 1ounce. Be linked to the large urban commercial centers cause the Vi ounce version is illustrated, it is or to four transfer points on major river routes clear that the patented version is being referred into the continent?Montreal, York Factory in to. In a Dominion Glass catalog (n.d.:45; Hudson Bay, St. Louis on the Mississippi Figure 3) the capacity is listed as 1 ounce but River, and Fort Vancouver at themouth of the this appears to be a misprint. The original illus Columbia River. The distribution reflects the tration is printed at Vi size which brings the spheres of influence by British, Canadian, and measurements of the vial into the lower American commercial and military interests. measurement range of the complete examples. one If looks at a map (Figure 17), the arc of Also, the company's 1926mold inventory lists sites on which Essence of Peppermint was only a V2 ounce mold for Essence of Pepper used stretches north and west from Louisiana mint. to Illinois, Nebraska, and Washington. No During the 18th and 19th centuries, vials

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a b 0 1 2 3 cm l?,.,Q !-1-1 0 1 2 3 cm 1 mm, I_I_t

FIGURE 7. a, b, A colorless lead glass vial having taller FIGURE 6. A colorless leadglass vial inwhich theglass at lettersat thebeginning of KINGS and PATENTand having theend of theneck has been foldedback on itselfto form a comma afterESSENCE. The finishwas simplyflanged none on a protruberant lip unsuitable for forming drops, a, although virtually of it remains this example. The PEPPERMINT side b, Plan and cross section (Rosewarne vial was found in a context dating between 1779 and the collection). early 1820s (Jones 1975, Parks Canada collection).

holding one ounce or less were used primarily formed finish for dropping as the thin protrud for drop medicines (Crellin and Scott 1970: ing lip provides a good place for the drop to 150) and this is, of course, how Essence of form. The bottle in Figures lb and 6 has its lip Peppermint was taken. For efficient dropping folded inward clumsily and at a very awkward the angle of the shoulder and neck, the shape angle so that drops cannot form on its edge. of the body, and the shape of the finish are all The bottle in Figure 13 has a finish which is important. Variations in these components too thick and not protruberant enough so that affect the size of the drops and consequently the drop is large and fat, with a tendency to the amount of medicine being taken (Crellin form too quickly and run down the side of the and Scott 1970:145). While this variation is not bottle. If the finish is not well formed, it is as vital with Essence of Peppermint as with always possible to hold a finger over the end other medicines such as laudanum, it can be of the bottle and allow drops to form on the serious. The vial in Figure 10 has a well end of the finger.

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FIGURE 8. Examples of lightgreen, non-lead glass vials believed to be of American manufacture: a, b, note the flanged lipand the slightbulge under the lipwhich marks the topof themold; c-f,note thebulge inthe lowerbody, thesmall lettering on three of the sides, and the arched base; g, note the mold line crossing the base and the ring-shaped pontil mark (Thomson collection; Parks Canada collection).

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FIGURE 9. a-e, An Essence of Peppermint vial in colorless lead glass inwhich PEPERMINT is spelled incorrectly and the lettering begins at the base rather than the shoulder (Parks Canada collection).

Manufacturing Techniques ties made in this way could date as late as the 1860s. Only one example, dating to ca. 1850? The Essence of Peppermint vials were made 1870, made in this type of mold was found in two different types of molds, depending on without a pontil mark. Almost all of the the time period of their manufacture. The archaeological examples were empontilled earliest bottles were blown in a lettered two and blown in a two piece mold. The finishes piece bottle mold that was hinged at the bot were simply formed by tooling glass at the end tom and were held by means of a pontil rod of the neck into a flange (Figure 8a). Several while the neck was finished. Although no examples were found inwhich glass at the end mold lines are visible on the body, this mold of the neck had been folded back on itself construction can be inferred from the pair of before being flanged (Figure 6). This techni mold lines visible on the neck and shoulder que was disappearing by the 1870s although and by the diagonal line crossing the base the Whitall Tatum catalog for 1876 still illus (Figures 8g and 9e). The base mold line is trated a lip formed in this way. It was not often obscured by a pontil mark, either from a included in the 1880 catalog. plain glass-tipped pontil or from using the The later molds had two body parts and a blowpipe as a pontil (Jones 1971:68-71). Bot third part for the base. There is no diagonal

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line or pontil mark on the base. These vials could have been made as early as the 1850s and as late as the 1920s. Some of the finishes appear to have been formed by a finish-form ing tool (Figures Id, 13, and 14), a technique introduced in the 1820s but which does not appear to have been used on this type of vial until the second half of the century. In some examples, regardless of the mold construc tion, the top of the mold has left a horizontal line or bulge on the neck of the vial just below the finish (Figures 8a and 10). No machine made Essence of Peppermint vials have been found.

1294 Essence

0 1 2 3 cm of t.Inn , nl-1 Peppekmint.

FIGURE 10. a-d, A colorless, lead glass vial probably manufactured in England. The faint horizontal line near FIGURE 11. Essence of Peppermint illustrationfrom the the top of the neck marks the top of themold (Parks Maw catalog for 1903 (Maw, Son and Sons 1903:162, Canada collection). copy on file, Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain).

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FIGURE 12. Drawing fromthe Richardson Papers which appears tobe showingthe words ESSENCE OF PEPPERMINT on one side of the vial (Manuscript on file, Brierley Hill Glass Collection, Dudley Metropolitan Borough).

Glass 1750 Turlington's Balsam of Life bottle exca vated at Colonial Williamsburg (Noel Hume The glass in the vials was either colorless or 1969:43). It is more difficult to pick out the of varying shades of light green and blue green production of lead glass vials from the docu glass. Of the vials available for testing with a mentary sources because the terms "flint" short-wave Ultra-violet Mineralight, all those and "white" glass were used for colorless in colorless glass had the distinctive ice-blue glass. "White" was synonymous for colorless fluorescence of lead glass. It should be noted glass while the meaning of the term "flint" that other types of light green vials, dating to changed over time. During the 18th century the late 18th and early 19th centuries, have "flint" seems to have been used commonly, been found in lead glass (Jones 1982). A green to denote glass containing lead, to signify glass color is no guarantee that the glass does not of high quality, or to indicate a heavy glass; contain significant quantities of lead oxide. If but by the last third of the 19th century, the green vials exhibit a strong "white" or "flint" had become synonomous for colorless "ice-blue" fluorescence the presence of lead glass, regardless of its composition or quality. oxide in the glass should be considered. Lead glass production of Essence of Pepper As far back as the mid 18th century, English mint vials for both Britain and the United glassmakers were producing vials in lead States is implied by two references to "flint glass, the most firmly dated example being the glass" peppermint vials, the first in the 1794

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Thomas and George Hawkes price list were being made in the British Isles during the (Pottery Gazette . . . 1895:366) and the first half of the 19th century. second in a ca. 1820 Dyott advertisement Production of the non-lead green or light (Putnam 1968:24). Both of these references green peppermint vials may have started in the are early enough that they could be referring United States during the first quarter of the to lead glass vials. 19th century. Fragments of peppermint vials Production of lead glass vials continued in recovered from the site of the Gloucester Britain into the 19th century because of the Glassworks (ca. 1800-1825) in Clemonton, Excise regulations. For the years 1811 to 1835, New Jersey came in aqua and honey-amber and possibly to 1845, these regulations stated glass (Richard Morcom 1971, pers. comm.; that glassmakers in England and Scotland had Wilson 1968:191-93). It may well be that the to produce bottles of less than 6 ounce capa drastic reduction in the price of vials in the . . . city in lead glass (Great Britain 1835:16). United States, described in a statistical table Ireland did not come under this prohibition by manufacturer Thomas W. Dyott, from until 1825 and there was a continual problem before 1812 and up to 1832 (Figure 4) may not with small illegal factories inBritain producing just have resulted from American products small bottles and other items outside the becoming available and competing with Excise system. It is possible, therefore, that British imports or from a protective tariff; the non-lead bottles of less than 6 ounce capacity American glassmakers may have been produc

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being made in the 1790s and that it continued to be offered into the 20th century. The Maw firm, a drug and pharmaceutical wholesale supplier located in London, offered the patent medicines in its 1868 catalog but had dropped them by 1882although PEPPERMINT vials continued to be included. These were still in the 1903 catalog (Figure 11) but had been dropped by 1911 (L. J. Skinner 1976, pers. comm.). Between 1892 and 1916 Beatson & Company of Yorkshire (in 1916 this company had become Beatson, Clark and Company), dropped, with the exception of British Oil, all of the early English patent medicines. By the second decade of the 19th century, American glass factories were producing Essence of Peppermint vials (McKearin 1970: 44-45). Dr. Thomas W. the Philadel a Dyott, phia patent medicine vendor who became so interested in glassmaking that he finally built his own glass factory, described the situation thus:

Owing to the extravagantly high prices of imported Vials, numerous attempts had been made in Philadel phia county, and in the State of New Jersey to establish manufactories, prior to the late war [ 18I2-14J; but they were entirely unsuccessful, owing to a want of experi enced artisans, as well as to a in o 3 cm general deficiency the practical knowledge of the business. During the war, I became interested in a factory in New Jersey, which FIGURE 14. a-c, A vial dating to the late 19th or early 20th was the first establishment of the kind that continued in in non-lead has small flat cham centuries, green glass, operation for any number of years, and which after fers at the corners of the The base is with no body. flat, wards became the principal school of instruction to the mark Historic Parks and Sites Branch pontil (National present workmen employed in this business (Dyott Reserve Collection). 1833:51).

Both the factories that Dyott had had an vials in the less non-lead ing expensive glass. interest in and the Gloucester Glassworks All of the late 19th century American glass (Richard Morcom 1971, pers. comm.) pro catalogs which have been examined included duced Essence of Peppermint vials. Dyott also the peppermint vials in the green (non-lead) described how two other successful glass glass pages (Appendix A). factories, which started after his, were forced to close because British manufacturers delib County of Manufacture erately "dumped" their goods on the Ameri can market after theWar of 1812-14, a move The distinctive Essence of Peppermint vials designed to put American manufacturers out were first made in Britain. Several entries of business. Dyott, who was trying to con listed in Appendix A show that the vial was vince the members of Congress to raise the

This content downloaded from 209.129.30.134 on Fri, 20 Feb 2015 20:25:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ESSENCE OF PEPPERMINT,A HISTORY OF THE MEDICINE AND ITSBOTTLE 21 when tariffs on imported glassware, pointed out in Canada seems to have started just were (Figure 4) that prices of empty vials had manufacturers elsewhere in the process dropped over two-thirds since before the war of abandoning them. Dominion Glass (Dyott 1833:53). According to Dyott this Company, incorporated in 1913, offered pep reduction in price was the result of American permint bottles in an early catalog under products becoming available, thus competing "Extracts" (Figure 3). Predecessors of this with British products, and also the result of an firm, Diamond Flint Glass and Sydenham American tariffon imported glassware. It has Glass, had offered patent medicine vials like been suggested above that the Americans may Turlington's Balsam and Godfrey's Cordial in also have been using a cheaper type of glass to their catalogs, but not Essence of Peppermint. make their vials. The Dominion Glass Company still owned a Vi Throughout the 19th century Essence of ounce hand-operated mold in 1926. The medi Peppermint vials continued to be made in the cine continues to be offered in Canada at the United States but by the early 20th century present day but no longer in the distinctive many of the glassmakers no longer offered vials (Figure 15c). them, although they continued to offer The distinctive Essence of Peppermint vials Turlington's, Opodeldoc, Godfrey's Cordial, were being made in Britain in the 18th cen British Oil and other old patent medicines. tury, in the United States and Britain in the Even the firm of Whitall Tatum, which had 19th and early 20th centuries, and inCanada in included Essence of Peppermint in its Patent the early 20th century. It is quite possible that Medicine lists since 1876, dropped it between they were also being made in other countries 1897 and 1902. By 1917 they had removed the in Europe and in territories with British "Patent Medicine" listing altogether. The colonial associations, although no proof has Illinois Glass Company (1903) and the been found. Whitney Glassworks (1904) did not include Determining the country of manufacture for Essence of Peppermint in their patent medi a particular example is extremely difficult cine lists, although the Cumberland Glass although two suggestions can be offered. The Company still offered it in 1911. However, the archaeological context, with its association catalog of the latter company illustrates a with a known source of supply or allegiances, small square bottle without embossing, while and the associated artifact material are the both Turlington's and Liquid Opodeldoc are best indicators. However, to a limited extent, shown with the lettering. Enough of the vials the type of glass of which the vial ismade can must still have been made for the glass be suggestive of an English or an American blowers working with the tank furnaces to origin. In the 18th century the vials are likely include a pay rate for "peppermints" in the to be English; in the first half of the 19th cen wage rates for 1900-1904 (American Flint tury the lead glass vials could be English or Glass Workers Union n.d.; 1903; 1904). A American, the non-lead vials are most likely typical patent medicine list from a late 19th American; and in the last third of the 19th cen century catalog is shown inFigure 5. Through tury lead glass vials are most likely to be out the second half of the 19th century, the British while non-lead could be of North prices for the vials appear to have increased. American or British manufacture. It should be Whitney Brothers offered them for $2.25 per stressed that this was a tendency, not a hard gross in 1862; several firms offered them for and fast rule. Using archaeological contexts $3.75 per gross in the last third of the 19th and glass types it was possible to suggest a century; and in 1911 Cumberland charged country of origin in two instances. $6.25 per gross (see Appendix A). The first case is a group of bottles, similar to Production of Essence of Peppermint vials those in Figure 8, which appear to be of

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FIGURE 15. Three 20th century vials of common pharmaceutical shapes used to contain Essence of Peppermint: a, vial a used by local druggist in Carleton Place, Ontario, to bottle Essence of Peppermint himself; b, vial used by a manufacturing firm in Toronto, Ontario; c, vial purchased inOttawa, Ontario in 1971 (Rosewarne collection; Jones collection).

American manufacture. The characteristics peppersauce, and a perfume bottle (Jones which mark this group are a light green or 1975). The context dates to the mid 19th aqua color, non-lead glass composition, century and may be associated with civilian generally small but distinct lettering (except rather than military activity at the site. The for BY THE), a base arched so that the bottle complete but unprovenienced example in rests on its four corners, a bulge in the lower Figure 8a-b is typical except that there is part of the body, a ring-shaped pontil mark slightly less bulging on the lower body than on which comes from using the blowpipe as a other examples. Other examples with these pontil (Jones 1971:69, 71). Two examples of characteristics have come from the Bay street this type (Figure 8c-g) from Coteau-du-Lac, Urban Renewal area in Brunswick, Georgia, Quebec, were found in association with and from Fort Snelling, Minnesota. Of the 17 several distinctive American products, includ Essence of Peppermint vials from Fort ing proprietary medicines, a figured flask, a Snelling almost all had the distinctive base and

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lower body features; all but two were of blue reasons it seems reasonable to conclude that green or blue glass (Ted Lofstrom 1975, 1977, this vial was manufactured in England and pers. comm.). The archaeological contexts for was probably obtained through theMaw firm. this type suggest that they date to the first half of the 19th century and that they are probably Identification of Molds of American manufacture. The second case is a single bottle, illus Glass makers obtained molds in several trated in Figure 10,which has been attributed ways. Large establishments sometimes main to English manufacture. The words KINGS tained a moldmaking department but most PATENT, ESSENCE and PEPPERMINT used independent moldmakers or bought the have slightly taller capital letters at the begin blanks from a brass foundry or ironworks and ning of each world. Two mold lines are visible then had the mold cut by engravers (McKearin on the neck and go over the resting point to and Wilson 1978:86, 132, 411; Ellison 1975: join the edge of a shallow rectangular-shaped 143-45). concavity in the base. As there is no pontil Although there is almost no variation in the mark the bottle was probably manufactured basic bottle form and very little in the word after about 1850 (McKearin 1970:107). This ing, the Essence of Peppermint vials examined example was excavated from a latrine at the do exhibit a number of minor differences due, Big House in Lower Fort Garry, Manitoba, no doubt, to the long time span the distinctive dating from the 1880s (James V. Chism 1977, bottle was in production and to the different pers. comm.) The English attribution has been factories and molds inwhich they were made. made on the basis of several factors. The vial Some of the variations are common while has a finish which resembles a peppermint others are unusual enough to suggest a com bottle advertised in two illustrated catalogs of mon origin such as the same region, factory, the London wholesale firm S. Maw, Son & or mold. Taller capital letters at the beginning Thompson (1882) and S. Maw, Son and Sons' of KINGS PATENT, ESSENCE and (1903). These catalogs contain the illustrations PEPPERMINT occur frequently (see Figures for their quarterly price lists and do not have lb,c, 6, 7a, 10). The lack of serifs on the let any explanatory texts. The 1882 example has ters, except for BY THE, in the late 19th and no caption but the 1903 example, which is the early 20th century vials seems to be a feature same drawing, is called ESSENCE OF of the period and not a mold oddity (see PEPPERMINT (Figure 11). The lip is thin and Figures Id, 13 and 14). Even the comma v-shaped, a shape which is not common in this between ESSENCE and OF on the vial illus period on North American proprietary medi trated in Figure 7b, is probably not sufficiently cine bottles (see, for example, Figures Id, 13, unusual that it could be considered a single and 14). Also, a covered earthenware "pot" mold oddity. Several vials had the M in pep for toothpaste and an earthenware cap for a permint slightly larger, making it into two feeding bottle, both bearing the Maw name, words (Appendix C). This spelling was found were also recovered from excavations at the in several advertisements, including Juniper's Big House at Lower Fort Garry, one of them and occurred frequently enough that no rela from the same latrine. Finally, the bottle is tionship between the bottles can be made, made of colorless glass with 279f lead oxide either in terms of date or place of manufac content (John Stewart 1980, pers. comm.) ture. This spelling was probably becoming less as was and, mentioned previously, North common by the mid 19th century. American druggists' catalogs of this period The vial illustrated in Figure 9 has two were offering Essence of Peppermint vials in peculiarities: first, peppermint is misspelled common (non-lead) green glass. For the ab< pepermint, and secondly, the wording begins

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at the base rather than the shoulder. The volumes would have had different mold num orientation is particularly unusual as vertical bers. Each company would, of course, have on most lettering bottles starts at the shoulder. its own system of numbering and probably was The bottle shown in Figure 9 recovered would maintain the number even if they had to from Fort Beausejour/Cumberland, New replace a worn out mold. Although the same Brunswick, in a context dating to between base number suggests manufacture in the 1776-1779 to 1813 (Herst and Swannack 1970: same mold, there were subtle differences in 13). Other bottles from the same area date to the lettering of these two bottles which sug the late 18th or early 19th centuries. Another gested they were made in different molds but was example recovered at Artillery Park in possibly in the same factory. Another Quebec City in a disturbed context which con example, Figure Id, had the number 488 tained both 18th and 19th centuries material molded on the base. (Helene Deslauriers 1978, pers. comm.). This Within a site context, Ted Lofstrom (1975, a particular example had flanged lipwhich was pers. comm.) was able to isolate two examples formed after folding glass in toward themouth of distinctive molds in the Fort Snelling (technique was similar to that used for the vial archaeological collections. In one of these, the inFigure 6). Quimby (1966:143; 1960:156)also mold construction varied from the normal records a similar bottle from a Potawatomi arrangement in which BY THE/KINGS burial site in Illinois dating from the 1760 to PATENT was cut into one side of a two piece 1820 period. From the illustration it too mold while on the other side was cut appears to have a folded-in and flanged lip. A ESSENCE OF/PEPPERMINT. Two of the fourth example was recovered from the Fort Snelling vials had PEPPERMINT/BY Tellico Blockhouse site in Tennessee, a site THE on one side of the mold and KINGS dating from 1794-1807 (Richard Polhemus PATENT/ESSENCE OF on the other. This 1976, pers. comm.; Polhemus 1979:160, 167). type of variation would only be significant This examples does not appear to have a within a site collection. In the other case there folded lip. It is conceivable that all four bottles were seven bottles coming from a mold which if not blown in the same mold, at least had a had a "P" instead of an fcfcR"in PEPPER common origin. Webb (1962:32) mentions MINT, the first S in ESSENCE backwards finding an Essence of Peppermint vial with and the last T in both PATENT and PEPPER one of the p's missing in peppermint but does MINT missing. By carefully comparing frag not indicate the orientation of the lettering, ments with the complete examples, Lofstrom which is the most unusual aspect of the other was able to isolate bottles from this mold. three examples. This last example was found These mold oddities are sufficiently unusual at the Colfax Ferry site, Louisiana, with that they could be used on a cross-site basis. material dating from circa 1803-1840. Generally, it is extremely difficult to deter Two vials, neither with archaeological con mine ifEssence of Peppermint vials, or any of texts, were examined which had the number the patent medicine vials, were blown in the 52 molded on the base (Figure 13). Basal num same mold, particularly if the researcher can bers like this were often used by glass com not view them together. If a mold oddity has panies in the late 19th and 20th centuries to been isolated, one also has to consider the keep track of individual molds, both for inven spacing, size and general appearance of the tory control and for customers who ordered lettering and its relationship to the rest of the bottles by the mold number (Lohman 1972:25? vial which is difficult to do from verbal de 26, 28). Bottles of the same shape but different scriptions, or even from photographs.

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Variants

Occasional archaeological examples or documentary references have been found in which either the wording or the body shape varies from the regular Essence of Peppermint vials. The only shape variation found is illus trated by the vial in Figure 14 in which the a corners of the body have been chamfered. The illustration shown in 12 is one of Figure 0 1 2 3 cm a collection of loose sheets showing bottle i_i-1-j forms, decoration, and size in the Richardson FIGURE 16. a, b, Fragment of a vial with variation in the in the Hill Glass Collection, Papers Brierley normal wording. It is too fragmentary to determine the . . . Dudley Metropolitan Borough, England. complete word ending in ERS (Parks Canada collec None of these sheets are identified as belong tion). ing to a specific factory although all are num Pedlers." Another fragment which appears to bered sequentially. It may be that the bottles have word variations has, on the side which illustrated were part of the Richardson's pro would normally read KINGS PATENT, what duction lines. The bottle shown appears may be the word [ROY]AL. to have ESSENCE OF PEPPERMINT em Other variations have been reported. In bossed on the same side of the bottle. The 1802, Robert Rantoul, a Beverley, Massa drawings tend to be somewhat schematic and chusetts, druggist, ordered Essence of Pep the lettering may simply have been placed on permint vials from London stipulating that one side to indicate the type of vial being they should not have "By the King's Patent" offered. The vial appears to be drawn life size. molded on the glass (Griffenhagen and Young No examples of a vial like this are known to 1959:173). The sentiment behind the request is have been found on archaeological sites in obvious. Richard Morcom (1971, pers. North America or in private collections. comm.) reports finding vials at the Gloucester The fragment in Figure 16 has a tantalizing Glass Works ESSENCE/OF PEP . . . ERS on the side of the vial that would reading PERMINT/MADE BY/KINGS PATENT. At normally read ESSENCE OF. It is tempting to Traveller's Rest, Georgia, a vial was conclude that the word is Junipers, which embossed "Essence of Pepperment Patent, would represent the only known example of and Menthe" (Kelso 1971:21); another at the an Essence of Peppermint vial to be associ Rhoads site in Illinois is reported to have been ated with the patentee of themedicine. Ellison embossed "Esense of Pepermint By the (1975:177) reports a mold inscribed "Juniper's Kings Own Patent" (Walter Klippel 1975, Peppermint sold by T. [J.?] P. Heath" cut for pers. comm.); another from historic Omaha Price and Company in 1812 by the Bewick burials in Nebraska is reported as reading workshop in Newcastle upon Tyne but no BLYTHE/ESSENCE OF/KING SPATEN/ examples have been located. Other named PEPPERMINT (Krause 1972:81). versions of Essence of Peppermint were apparently being offered. An 1878Druggists' Dating Hand-book of Private Formulas (Nelson 1878:73) gives a recipe for "Essence of Pep Because the vials were produced over such permint, U.S." and "Essence of Peppermint, a long period of time and generally with so

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little variation, dating individual examples is pay for medicines and hospitals, medicine and dependent on the archaeological context and medical care were paid for by stoppages on the manufacturing techniques used tomake (deductions) from the men's pay (Cantlie the vial. Some of the variations discussed may 1974:202). Beginning in the 1780s, as the result be attributable to a narrower time period but of some rather flagrant abuses, most of the definitive information is lacking. Base mold medical supplies, usually raw drugs and basic numbers and a lack of serifs on most of the medical supplies were to be obtained from a letters would indicate a vial dating generally to central supply depot although others could be the last third of the 19th century or into the and were obtained locally by the regiment's 20th century. From the present information, medical personnel. A printed official list of the distinctive vial was introduced sometime supplies with entries for 1806 for the General between 1767 and 1790 (see above) and con Hospital Depot at Quebec contains only one tinued to be made into the second decade of proprietary medicine, Dr. James' Fever the 20th century. Powder (Carol Whitfield 1975, pers. comm.). Peppermint oil, not essence of peppermint, is The Users of Essence of Peppermint on the list. A general requisition of 1843 for the Army Department irfCanada is similar. It The commercial documents?newspaper is difficult to determine, therefore, whether advertisements, invoices, price lists, cata the Essence of Peppermint vials found on logs?imply a steady market for Essence of these sites would have been the result of local Peppermint throughout the 19th century. In purchases by a regiment's medical personnel North America information on its use has or whether they represent purchases made by come from archaeological data and from an individuals, probably officers who could occasional documentary reference (see presumably have afforded to buy additional Appendix B; Figure 17). Archaeological and medicines when they wished. At both Fort documentary evidence place the use of Beausejour/Cumberland in New Brunswick Essence of Peppermint within military, fur and Fort Coteau-du-Lac in Quebec, there trade, native, and commercial/domestic con were long periods of time when these posts texts. It would appear that the decision to were manned by only a small detachment of purchase was sometimes a personal one and men which would not likely have included a sometimes an institutional one. regimental medical person. Under such cir cumstances an easily administered, simple rem Military edy like Essence of Peppermint may well have been a logical type of drug or medicine to have Five of the eight military sites on which with the detachment. Generally the archae Essence of Peppermint vials have been found ological contexts of these vials do not help were occupied by the British and three by the identify who would have been using the medi Americans (Appendix B; Figure 17). In the cine. Most of these forts were in use for long British army, regulations concerning the periods of time and the buildings, ifone does procurement of and payment for medicines have good documentation on their use, tended changed frequently during the 18th and early to be used for a variety of different purposes. 19th centuries (Cantlie 1974) although certain There is, therefore, no clear association either basic principles remained constant. Medical with function of a building or with military personnel such as a surgeon, physician, or rank. apothecary attached to a regiment bought The practices of the American military with medical supplies for that regiment. Until 1796, regard to its medical supplies have not been when the British government finally began to explored by the author. Thirteen of the 17

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are FIGURE 17. Map showing sites listed inAppendix B. Site locations approximate.

Essence of Peppermint vials from Fort officers and extra clothing to the soldiers" Snelling inMinnesota were associated with or (Minnesota Historical Society n.d.). The other adjacent to the sutler's store which was a three examples were from officers' latrines combination post exchange, enlisted men's (Ted Lofstrom 1975, pers. comm.). Twenty club, grocery, and general store. 'The sutler three examples from Fort Atkinson in held a monopoly on everything not supplied Nebraska do not have clear association with or by the army, but was taxed to support the either function of the structures with mili band, library and the regiment's widows. tary rank (Carlson 1979:83-84; 142-43). Of the Among much else, he sold provisions to the three examples from the Tellico Blockhouse,

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Tennessee, two were recovered from build attitudes towards it are few. Those that have ings which appear to have been barracks been located will be quoted in full. In 1800 (Polhemus 1979:106-90, 160). Alexander Henry, working for theNorth West Company, describes the treatment he gave Fur Trade one of his men while they were at the Park River Post, North Dakota. About 33 examples of Essence of Pepper mint vials have been excavated from 18 sites Oct. 3rd. . . .One of my men was very illwith a colic. I some essence associated with the fur trade. Evidence of its gave him of peppermint, but it did not cure him; soon after gave him some sweet oil, which he presence has also been found in invoices and threw up; he was in great pain. I gave him a dose of inventories but references (see Appendix A) jalap, which he soon threw up and his pain increased. I to its actual use are rare. Another English 18th then gave him an extraordinary dose of Glauber's salts, after some time took its course, but did not century patent medicine, Turlington's Balsam which, appear to relieve him much . . . (Coues 1897:110). of Life, has also been frequently found in fur trade contexts. It was not until the 31st of October thatHenry The North West Company, with its head was able to that his sick man was much quarters inMontreal, appears to have been a report better (Coues 1897:132). The somewhat regular, and early, user of Essence of Pepper rough and nature of medical treatment avail mint (see Appendix A, B; Fig. 17). On fur ready able in the years of the 19th trade posts associated with this company, early century, on the frontier, is apparent in the vials occur frequently in archaeological con particularly above and in the one texts. The sites date from the 1790s to 1821, passage following. In 1833, at the American Fur Company's the year that the company amalgamated with Fort Union Trading Post inNorth Dakota the the Hudson's Bay Company. The vials have medicines are described thus: "Salts, castor been found on Hudson's Bay Company sites oil, & essence of are our usual as well, from sites dating from the 1820s on peppermint and it requires but little skill in ward. Before 1821 the records of the supplies specifics them: in cases arising from sent out by the company simply use the administering amatory passions the remedies are equally general term "medicine." After that date pep simple" (quoted in Thompson 1968:157-58). permint is mentioned specifically, from 1821? In 1796, J. M. McDonnell, also working for 1823 by the pound or dozen, and after 1831 by the North West Company at River La Sourie, the dozen. In addition, peppermint and sent several items to John Evans at a Mandan Turlington vials were included in the medical on the Missouri: lists between 1824 and 1831 (Krause 1971:1). Village One source of for Essence of possible supply Please accept as a Small token of my esteem a few trifles 1875 was Evan Peppermint between 1834 and I forward you by Desmarais viz: Two European Maga Edwards' Patent Medicine warehouse in zines & a Guthrie's Geographical Grammar for your a Powder Horn & Shott 1 Bottle London (Lafleche 1979). As late as 1884 the amusement, Bag, Turlington's Balsam; 1 Ditto Peppermint, Vi doz. medicine was still available at company trad vomits, Vi doz. Punges, 1Lanut and the Compass you in the ing posts (Bishop 1974:192). Starting had the bonte to letMr. McKay have the loan of. You Essence second decade of the 19th century, of will please return the Books by any favourable oppor Peppermint was also included in the various tunity after perusal as they are not my own?(Nasatir enterprises of John Jacob Astor, both in the 1952:479). northwest coast trade and in the American Fur

Company. Even men with medical training, like References in the literature to the actual William Tolmie (see below) and John Rae, utilization of Essence of Peppermint and to used Essence of Peppermint. Rae, trained in

This content downloaded from 209.129.30.134 on Fri, 20 Feb 2015 20:25:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ESSENCE OF PEPPERMINT,A HISTORY OF THE MEDICINE AND ITSBOTTLE 29 or a Edinburgh, carried the medicine on his 1846 of either the medicine the vial within 1847 journey into theArctic (Rich 1976:48; native context in North America. Rae 1953:309). All the native sites which contained were on Within the fur trade and in explorations by Essence of Peppermint vials the St. fur traders medicines seem to have been part Lawrence River/Great Lakes system or on the of the official supplies, part of the post's or Mississippi/Missouri rivers system. Both were party's general supplies and not the property these routes heavily utilized by of individuals. The medicines seem to have European fur traders and explorers penetrat been administered by a senior person and/or ing into the North American continent. Al are by someone with medical training. Occasion though the general date ranges of the sites ca. can ally, they may also have been used as trade from ca. 1760 to 1850, the vials prob goods (see below). ably be linked to the presence of fur traders in these areas in the late 18th and first three Native decades of the 19th centuries. Because the archaeological examples were found, with the Nine examples of Essence of Peppermint exception of the Colfax Ferry site in Louisi vials have been found on seven sites associ ana, in the northern midwest of the United ated with different Indian tribes: Ottawa, States, the vials were probably obtained from Potawatomi, Arikara, Chippewa, Kickapoo, either the North West Company or the Ameri Omaha, and Pascagoula. Only two vials were can Fur Company although other small com found in village contexts?at Madeline Island panies and independent traders were also in Wisconsin and at Leavenworth in South active at the same time in these areas. The Dakota?while the others were found in traders operating out of Fort St. Joseph in the burials. Straits of Mackinac between 1796 and 1812, Binford (1971:14) has outlined some of the for example, may well have been the source of factors which may influence mortuary prac the vials recovered inMichigan and Illinois. tices?age, sex, relative social status within a Unfortunately no direct evidence has been given social unit, and social affiliation in found of the mechanism by which the Indians multiple membership units within the society, using these sites obtained either the medi as well as unusual location, time of year and cines or the vials. In fact, in only one instance circumstances of death. Unfortunately, was mention made of direct trade of Essence except for the Arikara cemetery at of Peppermint to Indians and that was farther Leavenworth, the burials which contained north and much later, in 1884-1885 when the Essence of Peppermint vials were so badly Hudson's Bay Company traded two bottles to disturbed that their presence on these sites the Indians at Osnaburgh House, Ontario can be used but no further interpretation can (Bishop 1974:192). Documents from both the be made. The authors of the Leavenworth North West and the Hudson's Bay companies report were not able to determine the reasons do suggest, however, three general ways in for inclusions of grave goods in the burials, which Indians obtained European medicines. although they did find that at both this site and The first of these was by "gifts" given by at an earlier Arikara cemetery grave goods the fur trade companies to Indian leaders to were commonly found in children's burials enhance their status within the tribal organiza (Bass, Evans and Jantz 1971:151-52). The tion, to encourage them to bring more and bet Essence of Peppermint vial at Leavenworth ter furs to the posts and, during periods of was found in the grave of a five year old child. intense competition, to foster allegiance to a It has not been possible from the archaeologi particular company. Andrew Graham, chief at cal evidence, therefore, to determine the role Fort York on Hudson Bay during the 1770s,

This content downloaded from 209.129.30.134 on Fri, 20 Feb 2015 20:25:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 30 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY, VOLUME 15, NUMBER 2 described the elaborate rituals involved in and again in a letter fromWilliam Tomison to these exchanges. "Medicines" formed part of James Swain (1796): the gifts. Several Indians have been at me to trade medicines, but was not able to give them what they wanted, in The captains and several others are doctors, and are consequence they must go where these can be served. taken singly with their wives into a room where they It is not for want of medicines sent to York that we are are given a red leather trunk with a few simple so ill served here (Johnson 1967:56) medicines such as the powders of sulpher, bark, liquorice, camphorated spirit, white ointment, and basilicon, with a bit of diachylon plaster. The use of Thirdly, mention is made of fur traders is and the women are bid to everything explained, administering medicines directly to Indians. remember, and indeed their memories are very tena The somewhat plaintive and righteous tone of cious. A picture is generally put up with the things, for the above quotes can be contrasted with it is held in great reverence and thought to add to the more efficacy of the remedies (Graham 1969:320-21). David Thompson's cynical description of his dealings with the Piegan: Alexander Henry, in 1776, described a similar Medicines they have few or none, except some simples of to an Indian which type "package" given they use to cure wounds. They are perfectly ignorant of contained an assortment of spices and small internal applications, and seem to have no medicines for the relief of inward prints of the type sold in England for children any complaint. Notwithstanding their own ignorance in quackery, they are perpetually (Graham 1969:321). It is worth considering begging medicine from us, and place the greatest con that as the Essence of vial was Peppermint fidence in whatever we give them, imagining that in a broadside and that probably wrapped everything medical which comes from the trader must broadside likely contained some pictorial be a sovereign remedy for all diseases. I have often done wonders them a smell of eau de Luce, representation, the wrapping may have been by giving as warranted to cure all kinds of internal considered desirable as well. something maladies. Next morning after drinking they generally seem to have formed a Secondly, medicines swarm into the house for medicine to relieve the effects the small but regular part of the trade with of the liquor, and we often have some diversion by Indians. As Graham states: assuming a solemn countenance, and letting them taste or smell some kind of trash; and the more poignant the the faith in its The Factors also quacks medicines with the natives, application, greater they put efficacy 1897:Vol. this business is transacted by the Factors only, always (Coues 2, 731-32). taking care to give them nothing that might hurt them. I myself when Chief of York Fort have traded eight Dr. William Tolmie, a trained doctor work hundred beaver by the above method (Graham 1969: ing for the Hudson's Bay Company further 280). west, had a much more restrained attitude to the administration of medicines to the Indians. In the Edmonton House Journals for 1796, At one point Tolmie refused to give an Indian of trade in mention is made of this type medicine because he was afraid that the Indian Saskatchewan: would die and that his friends might demand compensation from Tolmie "as is the custom two for medi An Indian has been waiting here days in the interior of the Columbia" (Tolmie 1963: cines for ten beaver but I cannot give him any of those 301). In 1834, while he was at Fort articles he wants I have not received; medicines of late Island inMilbank years has been very much curtailed and I do not know McLoughlin (on Campbell for what reason. God knows I have never made a bad Sound) he was willing to administer medicines use of whatever has been under my hands. Since my to Indians: first settling Hudsons House there has been upon an old average 100 beaver traded yearly for that commodity Sat for sometime in his dwelling & gave Kyeet some Essence of is afflicted with by me, but this year there will be none (Johnson 1967: ppt.?he Dysury. 25). Having been requested to bring medicine for him al

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though ignorant of his complaint, took ppt. as being her children and a servant spent six hours innocuous (Tolmie 1963:294). cramped together below decks in the bread room. After this ordeal she was able to rest in a When to Essence of attempting interpret private bunk: T lay down with an excruciating a context Peppermint within associated with headache which essence of Peppermint native North Americans, several considera relieved" (Innes 1965:202). have to be inmind. Essence tions kept First, Although archaeological examples are not could of Peppermint represent three different numerous, successful use by private indivi consumer products?the printed broadside in duals of Essence of Peppermint probably which the vial was probably wrapped (see formed the base for its survival for over 100 the vial above), itself, and the medicine. years. It seems to have been popular both in each tribe or would Secondly, group have had the country as well as in the city. In the different ideas about these products. Finally, Carpenter catalogs (1852; 1854), for example, the length of time a group had been in contact it was included in lists of recommended with the traders and other would Europeans articles for druggists and for country store affect their attitudes towards undoubtedly keepers who were just starting in business. What had rare and specific products. been The economic status of individuals buying desirable in the contact early period of may Essence of Peppermint has not been possible have become as more and more commonplace to determine. The prices quoted inAppendix moved into an area. In Europeans general, A are from such varied sources that they can native North Americans however, dealing not be meaningfully compared, nor can they, seem with the fur traders to have been favor at this time, be translated into relative cost towards ably disposed European medicines, against other medicines or types of medical receiving them through ceremonial gift ex care. changes, through trade, or through medical treatment fur trade by personnel. Summary and Conclusions

Domestic/Commercial Essence of Peppermint is a medicine and flavoring made by mixing specific proportions Fourteen examples of Essence of Pepper of peppermint oil in alcohol. Patented by John mint have also been found in domestic and Juniper in England in 1762, the medicine was commercial sites or contexts (Appendix B; sold in a distinctive container introduced Figure 17). Only one vial is known to have sometime between 1767 and 1790 and pro been found inEngland and thatwas in thewall duced until the second decade of the 20th cen of a house. In North America vials have been tury. The medicine is still available. The con found on two commercial sites, at least three tainer, a small, square vial usually embossed from a pottery, and one from a house which BY THE/KINGS PATENT/ESSENCE OF/ later became a wayside inn. Several vials were PEPPERMINT was internationally recog recovered from domestic areas at the Fortress nized. It was probably wrapped in a broad of Louisbourg in Nova Scotia, Quebec City sheet, and the medicine would have been and the Forges du St. Maurice inQuebec, and colored green. When production of the medi in Brunswick, Georgia. Finally, Mrs. Simcoe, cine went beyond the control of the original wife of the first lieutenant-governor of Upper proprietor, the medicine continued to be Canada, used Essence of Peppermint on her marketed in the distinctive vial which was return voyage to England in 1796.While in the made by glass factories in England and in straits of Belle Isle the Simcoes1 convoy was North America. The bottles are datable only threatened by French ships and Mrs. Simcoe, by the dates of production for their shape, by

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the changes in glass manufacturing tech An attempt was made, through the organi niques, and by their archaeological contexts. zation of this article, to make clear distinc Within nine years of the patent, Juniper's tions between production, marketing and dis market had become international. This market tribution, and use. Using this organization, the had been opened up by the trade connections, Essence of Peppermint vial was clearly placed emigration, and military activities of his fellow in its position as a package, as part of the countrymen or their descendents. To date, marketing process. Its presence in the docu evidence of Essence of Peppermint has only mentary and archaeological record could then been found in England, Canada, and the be used to trace the distribution and use of United States, but it is likely to be found in Essence of Peppermint. The organization other parts of the world with British colonial helped to clarify the meaning of the medicine affiliations. In North America the medicine and its vial within a cultural context. This is with its associated vial was used by indivi particularly important when the producer and duals, in or by the British and American mili user societies are removed from each other, tary, by fur traders and explorers, and by either geographically or culturally. Finally, native North Americans. when using Essence of Peppermint or its vial The history of Essence of Peppermint is not in other research projects, such as an archae complete, however. Almost nothing is known ological site report, those elements which do of John Juniper, the patentee, or of his not contribute to the study being undertaken production arrangements. The actual date of can be easily differentiated and ignored. introduction of the distinctive vial is not Although production, marketing, and distri known. The extent of the use of the medicine bution tended to be closely linked to each in England is not known. It is not known if other, there was little difficulty in distinguish Canadian firms during the 1770s dealt with the ing among the different elements in the history same wholesale firms in London as did their of Essence of Peppermint. Use history was American counterparts. Many of the vials particularly easy to isolate as details of from archaeological sites came from disturbed production, knowing who made an object or or insignificant contexts that could not be used how it got to where itwas being sold, seldom to clarify the use of Essence of Peppermint formed the basis of the decision to buy and use within certain organizations. a product. Nevertheless, there is one aspect of This incompleteness can be attributed to a an artifact which does follow through from lack of documentation and to the unexpected production to use, and that is the common complexity of the subject. Certain relevant understanding between the consumer and the areas remain almost totally unexplored, such producer of what that artifact is and what it as the alternate bottle forms for Essence of does. In modern terms this can be expressed Peppermint, English laws concerning succes as marketability, that which makes a product sion duties, the relationships between certain suitable for purchase, whether itbe usefulness firms in London and North America, com or fashion. parative pricing between patent medicines and In the case of Essence of Peppermint, this prescribed medicines, and American military common understanding can be found in the medical practices, to name only a few areas of general background of 18th century patent and possible research. Essence of Peppermint proprietary medicines. The inadequacies of serves as a reminder that even a product that contemporary medical practices and knowl is relatively uncomplicated and unchanging in edge and a long tradition of self-medication itself has a complex and varied history, some combined with the general inability to make thing that archaeologists of the historic period one's own medicine, all contributed to the in North America have a tendency to forget. success of patent and proprietary medicines.

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By using distinctive packaging to protect their tary medicines. European medicines appeared proprietorial rights, the medicine vendors to have been valued both as medicine and as created an instantly recognizable product. The talismans. The presence of both Essence of familiar package contained a familiar product, Peppermint and Turlington's Balsam of Life the use and efficacy of which was clearly vials in Indian burials suggest that in some understood by the consumer. The package groups the vials may have had some signifi was such an integral part of this understanding cance apart from the medicine. It is also pos that, in the case of Essence of Peppermint, it sible that with continuing exposure to the two remained unchanged for over 120 years, even medicines, native North Americans developed though parts of itwere at complete variance the same consumer identification with the with an existing political system. In the post package as had other Americans and Cana revolutionary United States, the vials con dians. tinued to be embossed KINGS PATENT and The history of Essence of Peppermint continued to be wrapped in paper bearing reveals a highly mobile society with a complex facsimiles of the official British Stamp Act tax distribution and trading system for dispersal of markings. Added to its familiarity, Essence of goods. This was combined with a willingness Peppermint was portable, easily administered, and technological ability to transport those and effective, all attributes useful in the con goods over long distances in relatively short texts inwhich itwas found inNorth America. periods of time. Underlying this, however, With transference to a different society al was a strong element of conservatism inwhich together, that of the North American Indians, a package long outlived the political, medical, it is much more difficult to interpret the and social milieu in which it originated. Indians' attitudes towards patent and proprie

This content downloaded from 209.129.30.134 on Fri, 20 Feb 2015 20:25:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Reference GreatBritain. DailyAdvertiser Wilson1959:111;SmithRosamund 1977,comm.pers. Dow252-53 GazetteerandNew Gazette 1927: PatentOffice GazetteerandDaily GazetteerandLondonDaily GazetteerandDaily LondonAdvertiser Advertiser LondonAdvertiser Quebec 1771:30 1762:1 1763:1 1763:1 1767:3 1768:3 1856 Day

Medicine:Stopper Price Stopper Stopperbottles3s;vials bottles3andats vialsat Medicine:Bottles(a3sand 2ssmall Medicine: Small Iseach ? 1/791 2seach; each;vials Medicine3doz. Iseach Iseach doz. ditto per

A EssenceMarketingProductionEvidencefortheandofPeppermintof Appendix "By His Patent." in in Comments"By His HisAuthorityofMajesty's"ByRoyalLetters Letters Letters Patent" includingmany patentother medicines. AdvertisementNoother patent includedAdvertisementGeorgia inlist.The English Listbooks,WinterthurMarshallAccountMuseum,includes Boston Gazettepatentother medicines.Newsletter. Royal Royal hisMajesty'sRoyalLetters"ByPatent." forlistedDruggistPhiladelphia,catalogsin AdvertisementforEssenceofPeppermint. Advertisementfor EssenceofPeppermint. Advertisement Advertisementfor EssenceofPeppermint. Advertisementfor EssenceofPeppermint.newspaper medicines inCity (Figure 2) Invoice, andCharlesby English BritishPATENT.No.Patent781,1762. MAJESTY'S MAJESTY'S appearing Christopherappearing Quebec

"Patent Medicines." England.London, England.London, England.London, JamesHanna. Delaware. Patent."

November September January April Date October 1762 1762 May1763 1763 1768 1769 1771 1771 1771 1767 June January

Form Citation SPECIFICATION of PEPPER-MINTPEPPER-MINT PEPPER-MINT JUNIPER'SESSENCEof ESSENCEof ESSENCEof ESSENCEof PEPPERMINT Essenceof Essenceof Essenceof pepper-mint Essenceof Essenceof Mint of PepperEssence Peppermint. peprmt peppermint peppermint

This content downloaded from 209.129.30.134 on Fri, 20 Feb 2015 20:25:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Pottery. Gazette.. Wilson106;1959: Wilson1959:112; 1959:Youngand 2The Wilson112;SmithRosamund Gazette Clifford-Pemberton10,71790: SmithRosamundcomm. Smithcomm. 1959: comm. 30 Vol. 1800: 1790: 1969: Montreal pers. pers. pers.Landing 1010, Youngand1711959: 3661895: 1977, Rosamund1977, Times 1977, Fig. Griffenhagen Papers Griffenhagen 1768 [Day] 171

Is doz. Stopper 38/-doz.EnglishAmerican10/6 Medicine:bottles2s9d;at dWiat Medicine: Medicine: 3/6 dozen22/6 16/ single gross Vials:per phialseach

book.druggistAmericanAccountmanufacturing Advertisementby forP.J.Juniper's toJuniperandthatwarnseachbottleofhisgenuine Essence in shouldbenotedbottlesthat someinthis list such SavannahAdvertiser,Savannah,Georgia.Appears ofPeppermint.thattheheHeathisstatessuccessor andwarrantedEnglish,Genuine,inpatentvialsby Manufactory,Dudley,theirWorcestershire."It Godfrey'sDaffy's,Bateman's,and offeredaswere Advertisement inThe AugustaChronicle HeathAdvertisement inThe AugustaChronicleMass.EssencePepperMint, "Also,ofAmerican thesingle,dozen,orgrossthousand.MintCordial hisEssenceofPeppermintversionandatown 1771SameDaypricespennedcatalogwithas appearing OrderforvialsemptysenttoLondonbyRantoul, Advertisement appearingSun, The Pittsfield, isforPhiladelphia.Invoiceincludesbottlesand Flint ofGlass"PricebyTho.Geo.Hawkes,Atand in''green"glasswhichnotcontainmayora AdvertisementinColumbian appearingMuseum& GazetteandofState.theAugusta,Georgia. andState,oftheGazetteGeorgia.Augusta, AdvertisementbyDavidMontreal,of bottlesforEnglishpatentothermedicines. Englishthetimeofferingversion.samean InvoiceforfromRoebuckBristolshipto appearing Listedunder Medicines." significantquantityoxide.oflead isbyhismedicinesignedhand.own "Patent under Medicines." a Beverly,druggist. 1790.forPhiladelphia. "Patent Mass.

Gallon."bythe Salem,Mass. Quebec.

November September November December June1788 late 1780s June1790 1790 1794 1797 June1798 1799 June1800 1800 1800

[EssenceVials]Peppermints Essenceof peppermint Essenceof Essenceof Peppermint Essenceof Peppermint Essenceof "Essenceof Peppermint" Essenceof Peppermint Essenceof Essenceof PepperMint peppermint peppermintEssence Peppermint

Peppermint

This content downloaded from 209.129.30.134 on Fri, 20 Feb 2015 20:25:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Reference Wilson1968:191-93 VanRensselaer 1971,comm.;pers. 1959:Youngand Smithcomm. quoted inWhite 1771975: GlassPricesof 1803Goods... 1966:1, Ellison Morcom pers. Dempsey Rosamund1977, Cruikshank1571929: 911969: 1973:35,40 1942:259 Richard Porter 173 504

Griffenhagen

Price

MANUFACTURERS,to Cummings (merchant) Februaryin Georgia. Ontario.near"A preparationgross 2 18/doz. at forits1 /121 virtues .25 per bottle Advertisement appears in Augusta, Medicine: Appendix(continued) Herald, A Niagara, Astor for saleknown and trade northwest coast. Vi doz. /75 OtherEnglish patent theon list.at 16/- doz. well Invoiceofmerchandise byJohn JacobMedicine: "PricesofGlass SoldbyGoodstheInvoice ENGLAND: fromdifferent Auldjo, Vials:Co.,& per MontrealMedicine: the Rantoul of Beverly, moldedinthe toglass. forEssence ofPepper ordered vialsforI. Peck &medicinesCo., ? Listed under"Patent Augusta AccountNewcastlebooksshippedof upon Bewick,Beilby and MoldTyne.ordered engravers by Price in? and At least two mintinLondon:formula wereFormula bottles66book.recovered inDec. 1801, ? MountainMaitland House in24cases of cholic, retching,bottles sicknesseachof on 15th,Comments Vialsthe1803." List 1794 Handbill"Fresh OrderDrugs fortheBurlington.Company. Columbia&Hawkes Medicines"MadeDepartment,? Thompson by orderedNorthpriceWestatRocky ? Thompson region. oftheInventory Company,WestNorth ofand Montana goods.? Two bot Filled the Imported 1, flatulencies,supplies fromthesiteofof which the were Glassworks, notMass. theto"by KingsPatent" David examples Gloucester have No. the stomach, etc." resembles appetite,of Co.,glass Moldcost 12/-. year.Also Turlington's. makers. ordered loss

Jersey. 202bottles1803.inJune, New tles of Peppermint. Clemonton, Medicines."

list.

1800 1811 1825 ca. 1808

FormDate of [EssenceFebruary ESSENCEJanuaryOF Citation vials] 1809PEPPER-MINT Ess.OctoberPepermint 1807 1811peppermint" ? 1802 March1812 of 1803 1803 Mayof 1806 "Peppermint" Mayof T. Augustpeppermint [Essence]Peppermint Juniper's Heath Peppermint" Ess'ce "bottles "Essence by B. peppermint Peppermin*sold

This content downloaded from 209.129.30.134 on Fri, 20 Feb 2015 20:25:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions SmithRosamund VanRensselaer Putnam24;1968: MontrealHerald Ellison1975:173 1970:21 comm.SmithRosamund comm. McKearin1972, TheTimes1821:4 FlintPricesof Glass1815... Landing1969: FlintPricesof Glass1815... 1969:168;see McKearinalso pers. pers. 1971Krause Krause1971 McKearin 1977, 1977, pers.comm. 1814:4 23,24 451970:

doz.for2 $4.50 $3.74Vidoz.1 Medicine: Medicine: Medicines:2/9;W20vV4\ pergross Vials:per gross17s Vials: 22s6d

&Thos.bottom:Geo.Hawkes,Dudley; H.A.Y.StaterCo.,&Philadelphia.Agents,Joseph Simons. Glassware."listsBothandunder"Flintother &Geo.Hawkes,Dudley,Stater&H.Co.A.Y. Listedtwice,"Patentundermedicinesetc."once 1815NewcastleTyne.uponorderedMoldbyNorth Junedozenpeppermints""2passingportthroughtheat Furniture:Printed1815."list.Handwrittenat JanuaryAccountbooksBeilbyBewick,ofandinengravers 18151815."Printedlist.Handwrittenbottom:Thos.at 1815FlintGlassforExportation:of"PricesDruggist's 1815DetroitfromCanada.Customsdutyatassessed 1817EstateinventoryforSamuelBenjaminVierling, JerseyThomasDr.andassociatedwithDyott. 1831EssencePeppermintTurlingtonofandvials. Salem,OldCarolina.Northapothecary, 1818andGloucesterglassfactoriesinsouthernNew 1821-RecordsHudson'sBaytheofCompanyitshow 1831importing peppermintthebypoundofessenceor 1824-RecordsBayCompanyHudson'slistboththeof OctoberAdvertisementSamuelbyDavid,Montreal,of April12,GlassFlintforExportation,Aprilof12,"Prices FebruaryAdvertisementforemptyvialsbytheUnion,Olive includeEnglishotherpatentmedicines.DecemberAdvertisementbyE.Edward'slistingseveral dozen.Afterimported1831by thedozen. 17/6.GlassMoldumberlandCo.cost 1815AdvertisementinPittsburghbynewspaper 1820AdvertisementDyott's"Catalog"ofca.orwares.

just1814fromLondon.goodsarrived Dr.ThomasDyott. 1817Vierlinglist.estatesales [Philadelphia.] 1821patentmedicines. $1.35.

Ess.Peppermint Peppermint'speppermints PeppermintsPeppermint, peppermint""Peppermint Essenceof Peppermint Peppermint Essenceof Essenceof Peppermint Essenceof Essenceof Essenceof Peppermint Peppermint PeppermintJuniperEss. "Essence of Ess.of Essence Essence Pepperm. vials"

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Reference S. DonHarris1972, SkinnerJ.L.1976, England McKearin1970: 1839:38; Ross1976:1384, SocietyHistoricalMontana1966:of Collection,Dudley ClarkBeatson,andCompany1951:20 Dyott1833:53 1969:13 1969:17 Rae1953:309 file,Brierleyon Borough, LandingLanding Metropolitan pers.comm. Stevensand Maw comm. Williams HillGlass 1415 217 38 pers.

inFig.4 10/6Perdoz. 1/6doz(S.30 Price Vials:gross Medicine:3 Medicine: Medicine: Vials:seeprices $0.44bottles $1.75doz. ?9/9Total 1/2doz.7/ $2.\2V2 gross?1 14/ 91-gross Vials Vials: doz.

(continued) A Glassworks,RotherhamYorkshire.Pricelist,vials ColumbiaDepartment 1845 bythe Hudson's CaledoniaCompany,Hudson'sDistrictBayNew Bay18Company.dozenEssencePeppermint.of roominventory,MoldStevensandWilliams,glass 4'Appendix Prices Current. theof Philadelphia andOutfit: 1/2 doz. Outfit (FigureTurlingtons 12) Pattern hand1/6FortUnion,doz.atInventoryincludes and numberedlistedDalby's,withunder"Glass-Sundries"along pages, DruggistSupplies. under"Patent InvoicefromofgoodsshippedLondoncost.. Rae'sMedicine Property Artie Landby includesof Norway PierreHouse makers,Stourbridge, England.Entryforone1/2 Jr. loose& Co. U.M.O. on Kensington Vial wareFACTORIES." Ledger,PurchasebypeddlerstwofromJasperwholesaler,a Bement,and Dr. Ashfield,Listed FortandreceivedatVancouverin1844forthe (Figure 4) CircularGlassrevising thetariff Dr.Dyott on glassware.to CongressCatalogLondonMaw,S.ofwholesalera on Expedition CommentsDyott.OtherBOTTLE medicines on apothecaries'the list. Joseph Invoice sheets, patentfrom Chouteau and

Wholesalers.Mass. Opodeldoc. Opodeldocs,Godfreys. other Turlington, 1/12doz.Inventory. English. Ashfield,Mass. mold.oz. probably medicines. brass Bottles."

Date mid19th mid19th April 1846 century century 1824 1832 1836 18391839 1839 1844 1845 1868 March 1850-1

CitationFormof Ess. PeppermintESSENCEOF PEPPERMINT Peppermint "essenceof Essenceof Essenceof Peppermint essenceof EssencePepperm* [VIALS], PeppermintPeppermint of Essence peppermint" Peppermints peppermint Peppermint Peppermint [VIALS], Essce.

This content downloaded from 209.129.30.134 on Fri, 20 Feb 2015 20:25:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions VanRensselaer Carpenter1852: 1852:Carpenter Carpenter1854: Carpenter1854: Canada.Public Canada.Public 1864:.edge.. & Knowl Vienneau1969: Dictionaryof MedicalandSurgical S.Son Beatson&Co. Archives Archives 16,[1867]: 54,56 54,56 1969:136 1866:182 523 Maw Fig.91 60 60 30

Vial:grossper Medicine:32.50 Medicine: 8/ $2.25gross doz..50doz. doz..50 1/291oz. 12/1oz. Vials:

Vial:gross

ListDrugsMedicinesforCountryofandStore Listdruggistforisofarticleswhostartingbusiness. Listed butMedicines"included under"Patentnot Robin&Co.,Paspebiac.includedAlsoSteersare Robin&Co., Paspebiac.AlsoincludedSteersare Catalog&BeatsonRotherham.ListedofCo.,under justListdruggistforofarticlesstartingbusiness. Listed butMedicines" under"Patentnotunder fromBillClareLymans,&CharlesMontrealCo.,to fromBillClareLymans,& CharlesMontrealtoCo., sidewellMINTasassquareview.baseOneofthe inGlassware"Turlingtons,"Druggistalthough BritishOil,Godfreys,inplaces.bothetc.appear Glassware"Turlingtons,"Druggistalthough CountrybystockedStorekeepers.Listed under ListedPatentMedicine."Alsounder"Bottles,on ListDrugsMedicinesbeofandwhichshould listedPhiladelphia;Medicinesunder"Patentand in"Dissolvedspiritsofgreenwine,stainedand [essentialitwithparsley,oil]themakes essence ofpeppermint, inextensivelysoldstampedso CompilationfromBelcher'sFarmersAlmanac. illustrated,PEPPER"Glass-Sundries," showing justkeepersbeginningbusiness;listedunder GlassmakerslistpricefromWhitneyBrothers, othervials"alongwithotherEnglishpatent rareoccurrenceswherebothaV2andoz.1 Opodeldoc,ParegoricElixir.3doz. bottlelistisaforEssenceof Pennyroyal. Dalby'setc.places.appearinboth Opodeldoc,Friar'sBalsam.1doz. Medicines"Patentetc." PatentMedicinesetc.".''

isindicated.size medicines. bottles."

1852 1852 1854 1854 1862 1862 1863 1864 1866 1867 [1867]

PEPPERMINTS Peppermint Peppermint" Essenceof Peppermint Peppermint Essenceof Peppermint Peppermint PeppermintEssenceof Peppermint Essenceof Peppermint "Essenceof EssencePmint Essence ESSENCE

Ess. Ess.

This content downloaded from 209.129.30.134 on Fri, 20 Feb 2015 20:25:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Reference 39 1976,L.J. 1897;1919;1971;BrothersHagerty PublicCanada. Thompson1882: 257Allen [n.d.]:Smalley J.1976,L. 2251976:Innes TatumWhitallandCo.1887; Allen2461882: 1876; Companyand S. [n.d.]: Co.& [1892]:27-28 pers.comm. 229 Son& comm.Beatson Skinner 1967 Archives Skinner James [n.d.]: Maw pers. 47; 447

Price

8/ gross

under "Green glassware Medicines. and gross $3.75 CatalogofBeatson & Co. Listed underVial: gross 4 'GreenCatalogofWm.Glass McCully &Pittsburg. Ware . Listed. Vial: and. Othergross under $3.75"Greenglass . . . Medicineand Othergross$1.88 Rotherham. MINTsideaswellassquarebase view. Both1/2 oz.1 oz.10/3 Appendix(continued) "GreenMedicineglassware . . and. Othergross $3.75 A Co., York. Listed under . . . PatentMedicine grossPatent $3.75 MawCatalog under Patent Medicine."Vial: Patent "Sundries-Glass," showing PEPPER- 1/2 oz. 8/3 CatalogsofWhitall Philadelphia.CatalogofHagerty Listed Vial:Invoice U.S.A. forPatentRobin C. Listed &Paspebiacunder Vial:Maw Company from glasswarebookMedicine:Catalog ofof Allen listed York.underNew ? Listed underVial: "Bottles: Tatum, Brothers, Co., "Greenillustrations, Company,Catalog PatentofSmalley Boston. ListedVial: under "Patent Vials,etc." gross $4.50 "Glassbottles, jarsetc." Noother patent Company, (Figure5) Catalog Company,Allenof NewVial:pomade and 1Maw Companyoz. sizeillustrations.book ? Vialare for Essence of J.W. Brayley, doz.6 the 6 doz.$6.00 of illustrated, Comments Medicine Montreal. indicated. othervials." does not change. Pennyroyal illustrated. Price MedicinesVials."other also and is included. medicines

Vials." Vials." Vials".

Date ca.1876 ca.1887 After 1868 1875 1876 1882 1882 1891 18761880 1887 1897 1886 [1892]

Form Citation of PEPPERMINTPEPPERMINT PEPPERMINT PEPPERMINT PEPPERMINT ESSENCE Essenceof PepptEss PeppermintPeppermint Peppermint (illustration)

Peppermint Peppermint

This content downloaded from 209.129.30.134 on Fri, 20 Feb 2015 20:25:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions &SonSonsMawS. GlassCumberland Company[n.d.]: CompanyLimited Limited AmericanFlint [n.d.]:Union23 20 FlintAmerican Union1904:26 ManufacturingGlassDominion GlassDominion GlassWorkersFlint WorkersGlass 1903: GlassWorkers Company 45 1621903: [n.d.]: 701926: American Union 26

ListedMedicinesunderPatentalongwithother18th.58gross (Figure11)Mawillustrations.bookofcompany? ListedMedicinesPatentDalbys,underwithgross.58 Jersey.PatentMedicineunderListedgrossVials.$6.25 ListedPatentMedicinesundergrosswithalong.58 CatalogCumberlandGlasstheVials:ofCompany,New Illustration bottleletteringshowswithoutsquareal InventoryofmoldequipmentDominionfrom?Glass listPriceforBlast1900-1901.tankWages:glass:of forlistPriceBlastglass:1903-04.tankofWages: onother18thside.NocenturyEnglishpatent forPricelistBlastglass;1903-04.tankWages: of TurlingtonsthoughbothandLiquidOpodeldocare (Figure3)CatalogGlassDominionofCompany, ? illustrated medicinevialscenturypatentinare Montreal.ListedExtracts.18thunderotherNo Company.1/2handStock2625.No.mold,oz. IllustrationbottlePEPPERMINTofwithmolded Turlingtons,Godfreys,Dalbys,etc. Englishpatentmedicines.century

medicinesareincluded. Godfreys,Turlingtons.

thiscatalog. lettered.

1900-01 after 1903 1903 1904 1911 1913 1926

PEPPERMINTSPEPPERMINTS PEPPERMINTS PEPPERMINT (illustration) Peppermint Peppermint Peppermint Essence Essence

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DeslauriersHelene Reference Moussette1977, 1978,comm.pers. 1980,;comm.pers. 1980,comm.pers. RichardPolhemus1976,comm.;pers. John1980, TedLofstrom pers. pers.comm.; 83-84;142-43 Light Karklins Carlson1979: Jones1975 pers.comm.; 1977, Marcel EllenLee, Karlis 1973,comm. 1979

1 Commentsfromlatrine,British1850s.andofficers'postonea hospital 1814blue-green176Functionsandcolorlessofexamples. temporary(ca. Figures6examples(seela, 8c-g);7,3frompossible 1840-1860);(ca.1dumpfrom storehouse/1812?area 1 canal from storehouse/fill. Some of 3examples;2examplesfrompossible barracks.This contexts; 2 from (seefrom89);Figure2examplespostoccupation (1776-1783)from but (appearsblacksmithbeto2fromsecondaryusage); lOfrom1855;(1825-ca.1850);Sutler'sStore3from fragmentsbuildingswherewerefoundcouldnotbe quartersdatecould19thmaterialto2fromearlycentury; Quarters; 17[ROY]ALBase-bodyhavesherdside.mayoneon examples; 4 living/storagestructuresoutsidefort,belongingto fromlatrine dated 1839-1842,1827-1831,1842-18461845and from layers areas fromdisturbed3examples,twocontextswere not directly with officers'militarystructures. Alsoafurtrade5post.examples. from1British 1 from fur trade positively fragmentsofficers'military came fromstoresthesemayafterdatetheperiod.military 1796-1814); 1 from Other 1789-1820s); (ca. furbybutpossiblytradersusedmilitary. officers' Sutler'senclosurewalledtoStore.close (1798-1802); identified. associated bakehouse casemates;guardhouse.1from building sitetradealsohadastore.

AppendixB EvidencetheforUseEssenceofPeppermint

Affiliation NorthWestCompany, Fur Independent Canadian American Canadian American American French French French British, traders British British British British

of Occupation 1870-present Dates 1661-17591871-present 1755-1833 ca.1850 17601870 1796-18121813-1828 1794-1807 1789 1759-1760- 1820 1759-1871 1820-1827 1751-1755

Site Fort4Coteau-du-Lac 3FortBeausejour/ 8TellicoBlockhouse FortAtkinson2 Cumberland FortSt.6Joseph 7FortSnelling Park1 Fort5Lennox Artillery Military

This content downloaded from 209.129.30.134 on Fri, 20 Feb 2015 20:25:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 3-5,30-31,Fig.2 1977comm.;pers. 1974,comm.pers. 1971,comm.pers. 1971,comm.pers. 1972,comm.pers. AlanWoolworth1970, comm.;pers. 1980,comm.:pers. 1974,comm.pers. Jack Fig.82131-32, comm. 1968: comm.J. Grabert1968: Steinbring Kidd1970: Billington1962: RichardMorlanChrisStevens WatsonG.C. DalePerry Snowpers. NicksJohnpers. Lofstrom1974 1967 1977, LesterRoss 1972,BrunelloM. 1561980: Thompson Mackie Elizabeth 157; 45,56

31frags;blacksmith'sfrom1ashop,exterior 3examples,almostoneexamplecomplete recovered (ca.from1829-1836).fragmentprivypitBase-body PeppermintUseEssence1833ofspecific.asa fragmentarykitchen5fromexamplesstructure. a

1forfinish.completeexceptexample labelledofshed'TradingStore." base-body1fragment fromsurface. fromprivy 1880s). Completeexceptforfinish. (1850s-early SeeinMilitary.above1 fragment16).(Figure

67orvessels. Fragment.Fragment. 1example. fragment.1

CanadianPacificRailway CompanyNorthWestHudson'sBayCompany NorthWestCompany BayHudson'sCompany CompanyNorthWest Hudson'sBayCompany CompanyNorthWest CompanyNorthWest NorthWestCompany Hudson'sBayCompany CompagnieduNord CompanyHudson'sBay AmericanFurCompany Hudson'sBayCompany CompanyNorthWest CompanyNorthWest Hudson'sBayCompany CompanyNorthWest Hudson'sBayCompany PacificFurCompany

1821-present 1880-present 1811-18131813-18211821-1830s 1792-1821 1821-early ca.18001824-1856 1790-1823 17991791- 1806-1821 1770s-18211821-1902 least1851 1829-18601810-1813 1800-1821 1821-1880 1785-1802 1900s1792 1828-at

22LapierreHouseIII1860s 9FortOkanoganAstor (FortAlexander) NationalMonument 13FortProvidence St.Fort6Joseph 16FortTimiskaming 18FortVancouver 19FortWhiteEarth 10Fortbasdeau laRiviere 14FortRiviere Tremblente St.15FortJames TradingPost 21GrandPortage Fort11George Fort12Pellyl Fort17Union 20FortWilliam FurTrade

This content downloaded from 209.129.30.134 on Fri, 20 Feb 2015 20:25:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Reference 156 1966:192 Krause1972:81 comm. 110 comm. Webb321962: 81;Bass,Evans& Quimby1974: comm. ChismJamesV. 1966: 1972:Krause Tolmie1963: Klippel pers.Coues1897: 1, SteerDon pers. Herrick1958: Quimby pers. 1977, 1977, Fig.9,16 1971:47^8, 1973, 142^6 Jantz Bishop Walter Vol. 294 120

EssenceofPeppermint sickemployeeto fromfragmentspitbody2cellarof'trader's"a'hut;a (Oct. 1800). fromfragmentBase-body1thevillagesite;complete Kings Own Patent'' from this site in the a Dr. William1 example Tolmie PeppermintbyEssence,bottlestraded1884In2were embossed of Pepermintof Peppermint toBy the 1complete(Figureexamplelc, found10)inaprivy 2 examples from fromburial.Example1examplehasPmissingonea example has a P missingEssence ESSENCEOF/PEPPERMINT/KINGSPATEN" Alexander Henry, administereed one theHudson's IndiansBayto inthe reported Company wasfrom historic inOmahaDakotah County younger, burials; gave "Esense burial the examplefrom cemetery. inchild a sickIndian. (Notin Figure17.) Big burial located associated House (1880s). 1 example embossedNebraska. (NotinFigure "BLYTHE/17). a located the recorded 1 zone. 1 example settlement. with plough 1burial.fromexamplea OsnaburghHousearea. from fragment from inPEPERMINT. in Burial. 1930s.

(continued) PEPERMINT. B

Appendix

Comments Affiliation BayHudson'sCompany North NorthWestCompanyHudson'sBayCompany BayHudson'sCompany Company

West PascagoulaPotawatomi 1834 Omaha Ottawa Bella Bella

1800-1832ca.Arikara Kickapooca. ChippewaOjibwa1786-present 1760-1820 of DatesOccupation 1803-1840 ca.1820 1800-1812 18201850 1775 1835-1861House ca. ca. ca.

23Lower Garry1830-1911 Fort 25Rocky 7-1820 ~ [Omahan.d. Mountain Burials] Site 24 PostPark1800-? Village River River28Des SiteFerry27Colfax ~Kokwietoch Plaines 30Island Osnaburgh31House 29 Madeline Site32Rhoads SitesNativeSite26Ada Leavenworth

This content downloaded from 209.129.30.134 on Fri, 20 Feb 2015 20:25:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions MarcelMoussette comm. comm. comm. comm.2021965:Innes Craig Jon Sheldonpers.Harristo pers. HarrisJane pers. pers. 1976,D. 1977, 1973, Jouppien1977,

Completeexample found inof house Dennis1980: 5-6 11971:DuringthisKelso21periodhousesiteearlyexample.awas brickwork

Completeexample from occupiedareafor many yearsveterinarya surgeon. 1 example from Village associated residential/commercial by house. Simcoe,Mrs.theLieutenant-Governorofwife 2 examples from domestic19th period.UpperCanada,tookEssencePeppermintofto Straitheadache.BelleIsle,ofrelieveSept.20,a withassociatedbuildings.Laterbecameitawayside labourer'slarge3examplesfrompitsopen usedasrefuse century from3potteryexamplessite.houseanda

17%.(Not inFigure 17.) located (Not inlocatedFigure 17.)

in withironworks. City.

Quebec dumps. inn.

American ? French English BritishCanadian British British Canadian

Canadian1820s-1850s Americanca. 1729-1762FrenchBritish 1713-presentFrench

ca.1840 1780s-1830s 1790- 17thtoc. present 1830s-? 1762-1863

referNote:Numberstolocationonmap,Figure17.

Brunswick,Georgia. Domestic/Commercial34ForgesSt.duMaurice 36JordonSitePottery House,Erpinham,England RenewalArea, Norwich, 33StreetBayUrban 38TravelersRest Louisbourg Fortress35of 37PlaceRoyale, City - Quebec Pearl

This content downloaded from 209.129.30.134 on Fri, 20 Feb 2015 20:25:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions PEPPERMINT,glass-tippedand spelledincorrectly;blowpipe Blowpipemummini marks;vessel (Carlson17estimatevesselmum Glass-tippedpontilmarks,mini (Carlson6 high;PATENTis8.5pontilmm at thebottle.PEPERMINTis pontil Lettering CommaafterESSENCE;Pin basebottle;isPEPERMINTspelled of the Lettering theat LargerESSENCEcapitalson base isfilledbottlepontil;with a stickythatdoessubstancenot of have apeppermintsmell. the estimate Pontilpresent.mark starts starts 83-84,231).1979: Lettersarethin. 1979:84,231). markpresent. pontil.

leadcolorless leadcolorless colorlesslead ? lightnonleadgreen blue-? green colorless

????? two piececolorless lead

mold piecetwomold piecetwo piecetwobottlemold piecetwo bottlemold mold flanged bottle flangedbottlemold mold bottle bottle bottle foldedin,4.06.07.04.4piecetwocolorlesslead 10.08.0folded6.46.6twoin,piececolorless? CAppendix CatalogPeppermintEssenceVialsof flanged

flanged h Z w

11.0? ?7.1

Sblte/8? 5'5^J2-2o.5 eo o 7.47.29.86.0 c;tP/.2.2Pc?w-2PH.SPcESPZs??e

| | ?2z as ?h Provenience>DCujDCcuKqq3:^puQOUO2qqoqU ? 20.7 X20.7 8.06.4? 9.9 5.7

74.020.0x20.0?V*oz. ?? 20.0x ? 20.4x ?19.8x21.6 ? 20.0Type74.01Vixoz.

18G30K2-120.5x? 74.519.0x20.0 ?

18G33A11-27Q FortBeausejour/ Atkinson:Fort Cumberland: 18G30T173.0? 2E16R14-11 Park 2E16Q2-16 Artillery 2Type 2E2E1

2E19B9-9

This content downloaded from 209.129.30.134 on Fri, 20 Feb 2015 20:25:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions la, ESSENCE half ; theother mm high 7); Pontil z mark; bulgedarched body. blowpipe(Figuremark ^ on incorrectly; pontil mark m pontil base; OF bottleismoldPATENTtootofaintmeasure;? (Figure bulgedbase;body.arched pontil O mark. 5 mold;KINGSPATENT/ blowpipe present. bottle moldpontil PATENTP present.mark> are 11.8 q bottlemold blowpipe pontil mark bottle mold mark present. p318-416-14; 9).co blowpipe of pontil bottle (Figuremold green lead bottlemoldleadbodybulgespartofoutwards;qgreen body ^ KINGSbulges outwards; ^ bottlemoldgreenleadMINT/BYTHEonehalfofonthe 8c-g). in side; bottlemold lead bulged body.^ part base;

2E20P4-8?______?_ colorless leadBurned. ^ 5G70C3 ? 21.0x21.0 ? 7.2 7.5 ? ? 9G7A2-217?20.4x20.4 ?7.3 6.510.1? ? ? two piece non-light Bottlerests onfourcorners; lowerco two piece lead May have ROY[AL] on PATENT O colorless

bottlemoldpresent._? mark. 9G7B1-144?20.0x20.0 ?5.1 5.110.15.0 ?piece two blue-non- Bottle restsonfour corners; lower o 2E19G3-5 ? 20.0x20.0 2E19U1--44 ? 7.5? 20.0x20.06.0 ? 9.0 9.1 ? 9.0 ? ? ? ? colorlesscolorless leadlead Pontil M318-416-14 markin MINTpresent.? 20.0x20.0 is_____ ^ 8.6 _ moldmmtwo high;pale non-z Blowpipepontil mark; PEPPER bottlemold piece piece bottlepiece two two 9G9G2-21 73.3 20.9x20.9 15.3 ml 8.1 9.0 10.2 318-413-18.9 68.0 19.5x19.5? 11.3 ml ? ? flangedbottlemoldand?^ colorless? flanged lead Comma colorlessafter lead?ESSENCE: SameK and mold arrangement as piecetwo piecetwo ?? ? Blowpipepontilflangedlightblue318-393-178.0arched20.5piecemark;21.519.4mltwoxnon- ? pontilblowpipePartly318-444-14lead?19.0piece19.0xmelted;colorlesstwo? ? ? ? faint;ispontilLetteringlead9G6A1-13821.0x21.0mark9.06.5piece7.1colorless two ? 5G48C1-9220.0x20.05.5?5.0Pontilqfoldedleadinpresent.markpiececolorlesstwo

2E25A4-22colorlesslead______

FortLofstromSnelling(Tedcomm.):pers.1975,

Fort z Coteau-du-lac: FortLennox:D

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AsinSS186-18. AsinSS186-18. AsinSS186-18. AsinSS186-18. inAs SS-186-18.Bodysherd. Bodysherd. bulgedbody. Bodysherd. E E o U

i2 o lead lead lead lead lead lead lead lead lead lead lead lead

lightbluenon lightbluenon lightbluenon lightbluenon lightbluenon lightnon lightbluenon lightbluenon lightbluenon lightbluenon blue greennon nongreen

H o piecetwo twopiece piecetwomold piecetwo mold piecetwo mold piecetwo mold piecetwo mold piecetwo bottlemold twopiecebottlemold mold mold bottle bottle bottle bottle bottle bottle bottle

C continued in folded Appendix ?? ? in ? flanged? foldedflat H z w H < 00y

W s > XCQ o

DC a,?x: GO 3COh -I O

O w 2 2

e O> 82.5 18.5 ? ? ? ? flanged 19.0ml

x20.0 B s ?18.520.0 x ? ?19.020.0 x ?18.520.0 x ?19.020.0 x 21.0x21.0? ?21.0x22.0 83.519.5x

18.0x19.5

X o CQ

SS: SS: SS:WE11-10 Provenience 40-1WE WE-118-12 SS186-18 SS 144-40 SS162-2060-33 130-16 96-64 120-14 SS-160-79 SS-160-75 Site/ SS SS SS SS SS-81-38

This content downloaded from 209.129.30.134 on Fri, 20 Feb 2015 20:25:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions MinisPEPPERMINTslightly P inPATENT is8.0pontilmm; Nopontilslightlylargermark; Nopontillargercapitalsmark;on (FigureESSENCEOF16).side inPEPPERPEPPERMINT;M mark Ross 1971, (PolhemusBlowpipepontilmark KINGSESSENCE,PATENT, Pontil (J.present (FigureM. (John lc, Stewart Glass pontil mark Brunello pers.comm.). ESSENCE,PEPPERMINT;10);. . . high.ENmm (Lester KINGSPATENT,capitalson 6.4 presentFragmenthas...ERSon mark ... Completetofinish. isMINTalsolarger. 1980:156). 1972, 1980, (Steinbringtipped comm.). 1979:167). pers. 160, comm.). pers.

larger.

27% oxide lead

colorlesslead lead colorlesslead leadlead colorless? colorless? colorless? colorless colorless colorless colorless

twopiece twopiecemold twopiecemold twopiece two piecetwomold thirdwith mold mold piecemold piecemold part bottle bottle bottle bottle body base two bottle bottle

foldedin? flanged?

?7.45.77.96.5 ?7.5 6.86.16.28.2 15G4N2-9??7.0 ? colorlesslead #1749_22.0x27.0?7.29.5 6.56.6 colorless?? 21.4x21.417ml7.08.86.0V-shaped

?7.0

20.0x 74.021.0x21.0

RT-297576.021.5x21.5

BottleTypeC62.021.0x21.0 est. est. 78.0 est.

FortbasdelaRiviere:au RockyMountainHouse: FortRiviereTremblente: LowerFortGarry: TellicoBlockhouse: FortTemiskaming: 1K1P1-14074.0 FortSt.James: FortVancouver: FortWilliam: ? FA-1-215? SS-148-60 15R16F1? 16R4G5? 3T19A33T27B2 3T34A2

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fallshalfTHEoffhalftheon, (Jane1973,Harristerspers. inPATENT,PEPPERMINTM (Craigpontilmarkpresentward; leadwidemmbevels;noserifsonlet Sheldon1976,topers.comm. non-Nopontilmark;cornershave2 green(Bass,?Evans,Jantz 1971:47^8, isKINGSisSinbackalsolarger; Blowpipeblue-?pontilmark;arched bulgedbasebody;lowerEinandgreen lead(JaneHarris1973,pers.comm.). KINGSPEPPERMINT, (HerrickPontilpresentcolorlessmark? KINGSPATENTNoserifsnon-on Largercolorless?capitalsonESSENCE, DonHarris).

9).1956: colorlessPontil?present.mark 6 B oU base. 120). comm.).

a

c/3O au green blue green blue

o a >>H piecetwowith basethird body flanged mold bottle part foldedin?;twopiece CAppendixcontinued

? ? flanged H Z w H < Cm - 00y *tt.s a 'C W XCQ O 53>

H Z Cm XCm ?5.5

PuO W [JJ-C 2^

6 O> 11.06.3? 20.0x20.0

70.0 ? ? ? ? 20.0x 76.021.0x21.0 x21.0 80.021.0x23.0 18.0x19.0 2L11T1 20.0 21.0 20.0x ? o CQ

StreetUrbanBayRenewalArea,

Brunswick,Georgia: LouisbourgFortressof

Provenience Leavenworth: 75 75 75 Site:Ada Burial25 699 699 No.563 2L9S1 No. No. Site/

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leadbodywithgreen leadbodywithgreen leadbodywithgreen body leadwith green

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76.0flanged21.0x21.0?Vioz.two?piececolorless??

69.2 20.5 x20.5 ? 5.8 5.6 9.6rounded twopiece green non 5.6 1QU2150 73.0 21.0x 21.0 71.24.16? 76.06.5 19.0x 19.0 foldedin7.0 12ml 7.0 6.670.021.7x21.717ml6.010.26.5two pieceroundedlightnon two piecefoldedand colorless twopiece? colorless lead 6.0 6.1 7.8 8.1 X.72.59.3370.821.3x21.3?5.65.86.210.3twopiecerounded lightnon X.72.52.3468.020.8x20.8?5.85.44.910.0twopieceroundednonlight

72.36.468.621.0x21.016ml5.55.09.35.3roundedtwopiecelightnon

NationalSitesHistoricParksand

RosewarneCollection ThomsonCollection NoProvenience: Jones Erpinham, Collection Collections PlaceRoyale,City: House, Reserve

Quebec England:

This content downloaded from 209.129.30.134 on Fri, 20 Feb 2015 20:25:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 52 HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY, VOLUME 15, NUMBER 2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Stevens and Williams, Brierley Hill, Worcester; Dr. A. W. Clark, President, Beatson Clark and Company, Rotherham, Yorkshire; Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Over the years many people have helped to locate docu Philadelphia; American Philosophical Society, Philadel mentary references to Essence of Peppermint. As these H. J. Haden, Greenfield and references were brief and scattered Iwould never have phia; Stourbridge; Village Henry Ford Museum, Dearborn, Michigan; L. J. Skinner, found many of them without help and Iwould like to thank Special Projects Manager, S. Maw Son and Sons Ltd., the following: Don Harris, formerly of the Fortress of New Barnett, Herts.; Public Archives of Canada, Ottawa. Louisbourg, Nova Scotia; Arlene Palmer, formerly Assis I am indebted to Jane Moussette for the drawings, to tant Curator at the Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur George Van der Vlught forthe photographs and toSteve Museum, Delaware; Herbert Woodward, formerly Chief Epps for the map. Librarian at the Brierley Hill Library, Worcester, England; Alan Woolworth, Chief Archaeologist with the Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul; Rosamund Smith, Assistant Curator, Old Salem, North Carolina. REFERENCES Iwould also like to thank several people who patiently looked foranswers tomy many questions: D. Jones, Libra Allen, Henry s Glass rian, Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, London; A. 1882 Henry Allen Catalogue of Druggists' etc. J. M. Henstock, Archivist, Nottinghamshire Record Office, ware, Sundries, Fancy Goods, Henry Allen, New York. on Museum of Nottingham; K. C. Harrison, City Librarian, Westminster Copy file, Corning Glass. City Libraries, London; Agnes Lothian Short, Middlesex; List Glassware and Sundries. Helen McKearin, Hoosick Falls, New York; G. Thompson, n.d. Price of Druggists' New York. Dates after on Librarian, Guildhall Library, London; George B. Henry Allen, 1886, internal evidence. on file. Griffenhagen, American Pharmaceutical Association, Copy Corning Museum of Glass. Washington. have also of Essence Many people brought examples Alpe, E. N. of vials to my attention and have Peppermint willingly 1888 Handy Book of Medicine Stamp Duty with the me with details of the vials and/or their contexts. supplied Statutes and Appendices. The Chemist and Particular thanks go to Ted Lofstrom of the Minnesota Druggist, London. Historical Society for studying so carefully the vials exca American Flint Glass Workers' Union vated at Fort Snelling. Iwould also like to thank: Jane n.d. Price List for Tank Glass Adopted by the Harris, formerly at the Fortress of Louisbourg, Nova American Flint Glass Workers' Union. For the Scotia; J. M. Brunello, formerly with the Fort William Blast of 1900-1901. Pittsburgh. Archaeological Project, Thunder Bay, Ontario; Lester 1903 Price List for Tank Glass Adopted by the Ameri Ross, formerly with the National Park Service at Fort can Flint Glass Workers' Union for the Blast of Vancouver; Dale Perry, formerly at the University of 1903 and 1904. Pittsburgh. Saskatchewan, Saskatoon; Jack Steinbring, University of 1904 Price List and Rules for Tank Glass Adopted by Winnipeg, Winnipeg; Richard Morcom, University of the American Flint Glass Workers' Union for Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; G. C. Watson, Saskatchewan the Blast of 1903 and 1904. Pittsburgh. Museum of Natural History, Regina; John Nicks, Provin cial Museum and Archives of Alberta, Edmonton; Walter Bass, William M., David R. Evans, and Richard L. Klippel, Illinois State Museum, Springfield; Richard Jantz Morlan, National Museums of Canada, Ottawa; Chris 1971 The Leavenworth Site Cemetery: Archaeology Stevens, formerly at the National Museums of Canada; and Physical Anthropology. University of Craig Sheldon, West Georgia College, Carrollton; Richard Kansas Publications in Anthropology, 2. Polhemus, University of Tennessee, Knoxville; and finally, Beatson and co. Carol Whitfield, Lynne Sussman, James V. Chism, Vic [1867] Rotherham Glass Works. List of Prices. Beatson Pelletier, Marcel Moussette, Elizabeth Snow, Donald and Co., Rotherham. Copy on file, Beatson, Steer, Helene Deslauriers, Ellen Lee, Karlis Karklins, John Clark & Company, Rotherham. Stewart, John Light, and Jon-Karl Jouppien, present or [1892] Rotherham Glass Works [Catalog]. Beatson & former employees, Parks Canada. Co., Rotherham. Copy on file, Beatson, Clark & For their willingness to share their research material: M. Company, Rotherham. Thomson and the late R. Rosewarne for loaning Essence and Co. of Peppermint vials; Corning Museum of Glass, Corning, Beatson, Clark Glass Bottles & Sundries Used in New York; Domglass Company, Montreal; Charles 1916 Catalogue of Clark & Co., Hajdamach, Dudley Museum, Dudley, Worcester; Medicine and Pharmacy. Beatson,

This content downloaded from 209.129.30.134 on Fri, 20 Feb 2015 20:25:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ESSENCE OF PEPPERMINT, A HISTORY OF THE MEDICINE AND ITSBOTTLE 53

Papers Rotherham. Copy on file, Beatson, Clark & Clifford-Pemberton 10 November 1790. Clifford-Pemberton Company, Rotherham. Invoice, Papers 10:7. Manuscript on file, Historical Soci Beatson , Clark and Company ety of Pennsylvania. 1951 The Glass Works, Rotherham 1751-1915. Cooley, Arnold James Beatson, Clark & Company, Rotherham, York 1855 A Six Thousand Practical shire. Cyclopaedia of Receipts, and Collateral Information in the Billington, Ray Allen Arts, Manufactures, and Trades, Including 1962 The Far Western Frontier 1830-1860. Harper Medicine, Pharmacy, and Domestic Economy and Row, New York. Designed as a Compendious Book of Reference for the Manufacturer, Tradesman, Amateur, Binford, Lewis R. and Heads of Families. D. Appleton and Co., 1968 In New Perspec Archeological Perspectives. New York. tives in Archeology, Edited by Sally R. Binford 1970 The Toilet in Ancient and Modern Times with a and Lewis R. Binford, pp. 5-32. Aldine Publish Review of the Different Theories of Beauty and ing Company, Chicago. Copious Allied Information Social, Hygienic, 1971 Mortuary Practices: Their Study and Their and Medical. Reprint of 1866 edition. Burt Potential. In Approaches to the Social Dimen Franklin, New York. sions ofMortuary Practises, Edited by James A. Brown. Memoirs of the Society for American Coues, Elliot Alexander Archeology 25:6-29. 1897 The Manuscript Journals of Henry and of David Thompson 1799-1814: Exploration Charles A. Bishop, and Adventure among the Indians on the Red, 1974 The Northern and the Fur Trade: an Ojibwa Saskatchewan, Missouri, and Columbia Rivers. Historical and Study. Holt, Rinehart Ecological Francis P. Harper, New York. 3 vols. and Winston of Canada, Toronto. Crellin, J. K., and J. R. Scott Buckley, Francis 1970 Pharmaceutical History and its Sources in the 1933 ~?ld English Glass. Patent Medicine Bottles. Wellcome Collections; HI. Fluid Medicines, Glass 10:234-35. Prescription Reform and Posology 1700-1900. Medical History 14(2): 132-53. Canada. Public Archives Invoice from Lymans, Clare & Co. to Charles Cruikshank, E. A. Robin & Co., 17 July 1862. 1929 A Country Merchant in Upper Canada. 1800 Invoice from Lymans, Clare & Co. to Charles 1812. Ontario Historical Society Papers and Robin & Co., 25 July 1863. Records 25:145-90. Invoice from J.W. to C. Robin & Co., 22 Brayley Cumberland Glass Manufacturing Company July 1878. n.d. Illustrated Catalogue and Price List of Bottles Jars. of 1911 Cantlie, Neil Fruit and Battery Reprint catalog. 1974 A History of the Army Medical Department Day , John and Company Churchill London. (Vol. 1). Livingstone, 1771 Catalogue of Drugs, Chymical and Galenical Preparations, Shop Furniture, Patent Medi Carlson, Gayle F. cines, and Surgical Instruments. John Dunlop, 1979 Archeological Investigations at Fort Atkinson Philadelphia. Copy on file, American Philo (25WN9) Washington County, Nebraska 1956 sophical Society, Philadelphia. 1971. Nebraska State Historical Society Publi cations in 8. Anthropology [Day , John and Company] 1790 Price Book. [Catalog of Drugs, Chymical and Carpenter, George W., and Company Galenical Preparations, Shop Furniture, Patent 1852 Circular to the Physicians and Druggists of the Medicines, and Surgical Instruments]. [John United States. George W. Carpenter & Co., Dunlop, Philadelphia]. Copy on file, American Philadelphia. Copy on file, Pennsylvania Philosophical Society, Philadelphia. Historical Society. 1854 Circular to the Physicians and Druggists of the Dempsey, Hugh A. United States. George W. Carpenter & Co., 1973 A History of Rocky Mountain House. Canadian Philadelphia. Copy on file, Pennsylvania Historic Sites: Occasional Papers in Archae Historical Society. ology and History 6:4-53.

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Denis, Leonard G. Great Britain. Patent Office. 1980 Letter to the Editor. Antique Bottle Collecting 1856 Essence of Peppermint, Juniper s Specification, 6(4):5-6. A.D., 1762, NO. 781. Printed by George Eyre and William Spottiswoode, London. The Dictionary of Medical and Surgical Knowledge and Complete Practical Guide inHealth and Great Britain. Commission of Enquiry Into the Disease for Families , Emigrants , and Excise Establishment, and Into the Colonists. Management and Collection of the Excise 1864 As above. Houlston and Wright, London. Revenue Throughout the United Kingdom. Glass Branch. Dow, George F. 1835 Report Number 13. HMSO, London. 1927 The Arts and Crafts inNew England, 1704-1775; Gleanings from Boston Newspapers Relating to Griffenhagen, George B. Painting, Engraving, Silversmiths, Pewterers, 1955 The Day-Dunlap 1771 Pharmaceutical Catalog. Clockmakers, Furniture, Pottery, Old Houses, American Journal of Pharmacy 127:296-302. Trades and etc. etc. etc. Costume, Occupations Griffenhagen, George B., and James Harvey Young etc. etc. The Wayside Press, Topsfield, Massa 1959 Old English Patent Medicines in America. chusetts. Contributions from the Museum of History and Dominion Glass Company Limited Technology 218, Paper 10. n.d. No. 11. Domin Packers' Glassware Catalogue Hagerty Brothers and Company ion Glass Company Limited, Montreal. on Copy [1876] [Catalog]. Hagerty Brothers and Company. Copy file, Public Archives of Canada. on file, Corning Museum of Glass. 1926 Record of Mould Equipment. Unpublished Henkel, Alice manuscript. 1905 Peppermint. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Dukes, M. N. G. Bureau of Plant Industry. Bulletin 90, Part III. 1963 Patent Medicines and Autotherapy in Society. Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur Museum Drukkerij Pasmans, Den Haag, Holland. Joseph Downs Manuscript Collection, No. 61 x Dyott, Thomas W. 35. Christopher and Charles Marshall Account 1833 An Exposition of the System of Moral and Books 1765-1772. Mental Labour, Established at the Glass Fac Herrick, Ruth tory of Dyottville, in the Country of Philadel 1958 A Report on the Ada Site, Kent County, phia; Embracing a Description of the Glass Michigan. Michigan Archaeologist 4(1): 1-27. Factory, together with the System of Industry Therein Pursued, with the Report of the Com Herst, Diann and J. D. Swannack to mittee Chosen Investigate the Internal Regu 1970 Fort Beausejour: Historical and Archaeological lations of the Place. Dyott, Philadelphia. Summary Report. Manuscript on file, National Historic Parks and Sites Parks Canada, Ellison, Margaret Branch, Ottawa. 1975 The Tyne Glasshouses and Beilby and Bewick Workshop. Archaeologia Aeliana, Fifth series Historical Society of Montana 3:143-93. 1966 The Fort Benton Journal. 1854-1856. and the Fort Journal. 1855-1856. Contributions to the Gazetteer and London Daily Adverstiser Sarpy Historical Montana 10. 1762 Advertisements. 22 November, p. 1; 27 Novem Society of ber, p. 1. hoerr, N. L., and A. OSEL, eds. 1763 Advertisements. 7 May, p. 1; 20 September, p. 1. 1956 Blakistons New Gould Medical Dictionary. 2nd ed., McGraw Hill, Toronto. Gazetteer and New Daily Advertiser (London) 1767 Advertisement. 1 January, p. 3. Holmes, E. M. 1885 Britannica, 9th ed. Grabert, G. F. Peppermint. Encyclopaedia 18:517-19. 1968 The Astor Fort Okanogan: A Final Report on Salvage Archaeology in the Wells Reservoir? Part II. University of Washington Reports in Innes, Lowell 1797-1891. A and Archaeology 2. 1976 Pittsburgh Glass History Guide for Collectors. Houghton Mifflin, Boston. Graham, Andrew 1969 Andrew Graham's Observations on Hudson's Innes, Mary Quayle, ed. Mrs. Simcoe's Macmillan of Bay 1767-91. Edited by Glyndwr Williams. 1965 Diary. Company Hudson's Bay Record Society, London. Canada, Toronto.

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James, D., ed. pany's Depot, Grand Portage, Minnesota, in 1967 Drug, Perfume and Chemical Bottles 1902. 1970-1971 by the Minnesota Historical Society. Edited reprint Whitall Tatum 1902 Catalog. D. Manuscript on file, Minnesota Historical James, Signal Mountain, Tennessee. Society, St. Paul.

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Jones, Olive 1677-1799. Group 1. 1800-1855. 2. 1971 Glass Bottle Push-ups and Pontil Marks. His Group torical Archaeology 5:62-73. Lysons, Daniel 1975 of the Glass Bottles and Other Miscel Catalogue 1810 The Environs of London: being an Historical laneous Glassware Excavated at Coteau-du-Lac, Account of the Towns, Villages, and Hamlets, on file, National Historic Quebec. Manuscript Within Twelve Miles of that Capital: Inter Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa. spersed with Biographical Anecdotes. 2nd ed. 1982 London Mustard Bottles. Historical Archae (Vol. I). T. Cadell and W. Davies, London. ology 16. In Press. Mackie, Hugh Journal of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy 1967 Preliminary Report; Archaeological Excavations 1833 Art. VI?Patent Medicines. Journal the of of Fort Riviere Tremblente (N.W.C. 1791-1798). 5:20-31. Philadelphia College of Pharmacy Manuscript on file, University of Manitoba, Kelso, William M. Winnipeg.

1971 Historical Archaeology in Georgia, 1968: Two Maw, S. Nineteenth Sites. The on Century Conference 1839 A Catalogue of Surgical Instruments, Pharma Historic Site 1969 16 Archaeology Papers 4(1): ceutical Implements, Dispensary Utensils & 25. Vessels, in Glass, Earthenware, Metal etc. Kidd, Robert S. Boxes, in Paper, Wood, etc. Machine Spread Labels etc. etc. 1970 Fort George and the Early Fur Trade inAlberta. Plasters, Including nearly every the or Provincial Museum and Archives of Alberta. Requisite for Surgery, Dispensary, Drug Publication 2. Department. S. Maw, London. Private collec tion. Krause, Eric R. Maw, S. and Son 1971 Information on Essence of Peppermint and 1866 A Instruments & Mustard. Manuscript on file, National Historic Catalogue of Surgeons' Appli Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa. ances: also of the Apparatus, Implements, Utensils, and Other Requisites Employed in Krause, Richard A. Pharmacy, the Dispensing of Medicines, etc., 1972 The Leavenworth Site: Archaeology of an His Medical Glass and Earthenware, Medicine toric Ankara Community. University of Kansas Chests, Show Cases, Proprietary Articles, Per Publications in Anthropology 3. fumery, and Druggists' Sundries of all Kinds. S. Lafleche, Andre Maw & Son, London. Private collection. 1979 Hudson's Part 3: a List Bay Company Suppliers, Maw, S., Son & Sons' of British of Goods and Services to the Suppliers 1903 Book of Illustrations to S. Maw, Son & Sons' Hudson's Bay Company, 1820-75. Manuscript Quarterly Price-List. S. Maw, Son, & Sons, on file. National Historic Parks and Sites London. Copy on file, Pharmaceutical Society of Branch, Parks Ottawa. Canada, Great Britain. James E. Landing, Maw, S., Son & Thompson 1969 American Essence: a the History of Peppermint 1882 Book of Illustrations to S. Maw, Son & and in the United States. Spearmint Industry Thompson's Quarterly Price-current. S. Maw, Kalamazoo Public Museum, Kalamazoo, Michi Son, & Thompson, London. Copy on file, gan. Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. Lofstrom, Edward Mayhew, Henry 1974 Glass Containers from the Kitchen Structure at 1968 London Labour and the London Poor. 4 vols. Grand Portage in Alan R. Wool worth Archae (Vol. 1). Reprint of 1860-61 ed. with new intro ological Excavations at the North West Com duction. Dover, New York.

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McKearin, Helen at Their Manufactory, Dudley, Worcestershire. 1970 Bottles, Flasks and Dr. Dyott. Crown Pub Reprint 1794 price list (May 1), pp. 366-67. lishers, New York. Prices of Glass Goods, Sold by the Different McKearin, Helen and Kenneth M. Wilson Manufacturers, in England: February 15th, 1978 American Bottles & Flasks and Their Ancestry. 1803. Crown Publishers, New York. Private Collection.

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Smalley. A. G. Edited by J. Edmund Edwards. J. Edmund n.d. [Illustrated catalog], n.p. Boston. Internal evi Edwards, Stratford, Connecticut. dence indicates a 1887 date. post publishing VlENNEAU, AZOR on file. Museum of Glass. Copy Corning 1969 The Bottle Collector. Petheric Press, Halifax, Steinbring, Jack Nova Scotia. 1980 An Introduction to on the Archaeology Winnipeg Walker. Williston River. Papers inManitoba Archaeology, Miscel 1902 The Sandemanians of New England. Annual laneous Paper No. 9. Report of the American Historical Association Stevens and Williams for the Year 1901 1:133-62. Stock of Glass to Dec. 31st 1846. Book includes Warren. Thomas T. P. B. entries to 1865. Ms. on file, Stevens and up 1864-65 On the Cultivation of Medicinal Plants at Williams Ltd., Works, Royal Brierley Crystal Mitcham. Pharmaceutical Journal, 2nd series Hill, West Midlands. Brierley 6:256-59. Stille, Alfred and John M. Maisch Webb. Clarence H. 1879 The National Dispensatory. Containing the 1962 Early 19th Century Trade Material from the Natural History, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Actions Colfax Ferry Site Natchitoches Parish, Louisi and Uses of Medicines. Including those Recog ana. Newsletter of the Southeastern Archae nized in the Pharmacopoeias of the United ological Conference 9( 1):30?33. States, Great Britain, and Germany, with Whitall, Tatum and Co. Numerous References to the French Codex. 2nd 1876 on file. ed. Henry C. Lea, Philadelphia. [Catalog]. Philadelphia. Copy Corning Museum of Glass. Syme, John T. B., Editor 1887, 1897, 1919 Annual Price List. Philadelphia. Copy 1873 English Botany; or Coloured Figures of British on file, Corning Museum of Glass. Plants. 3rd ed. (Vol. VII). Bell and Sons, George 1971 Whitall, Tatum and Co. 1880: Flint Glassware, London. Blue Ware, Perfume and Cologne Bottles, Show Thompson, Erwin N. Bottles and Globes, Green Glassware, Stoppers, 1968 Fort Union Trading Post Historic Structures Druggists' Sundries. Reprint of 1880 Catalog. Report, Part II. Historical Data Section. Pyne Press, Princeton. N.J. National Parks Service, Washington. White. M. Catherine The Times (London) 1942 Saleesh House, the First Trading Post among the 1800 Advertisement. Wednesday, 18 June, p. 2. Flathead. The Pacific Northwest Quarterly 33 1821 Advertisement. Friday, 28 December, p. 4. (3):251-63.

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