USQ Laboratory & Workshop Safety Manual V2.3 June 2021

University of Southern Queensland | USQ Laboratory and Workshop Manual 1

University of Southern Queensland | Laboratory & Workshop Safety Manual – Issued 2018 1

Contents

V2.3 June 2021 ...... 1 1. Preface ...... 1 2. Introduction ...... 2 3. Purpose ...... 3 4. Abbreviations ...... 3 5. Glossary ...... 4 6. Health and Safety Responsibilities ...... 10 All Staff (Continuing, Fixed Term and Casual) and Students ...... 10 Executive Deans, Heads of School, Executive Directors and Directors of Centres ...... 11 Academics (Program, Course Coordination) ...... 11 Academics (Continuing, Fixed Term and Casual) with teaching responsibilities 12 Researchers ...... 12 Research Supervisors ...... 13 Senior Coordinating Technical Officers and Research Operations Officers .... 14 Technical Staff (Continuing, Fixed Term and Casual) ...... 15 Appointed Facility Officer ...... 15 Facility Technical Support Officer ...... 16 Campus Services Staff ...... 16 Undergraduate Students ...... 17 Honours and Postgraduate Students ...... 17 Contractors ...... 18 Visitors ...... 18 Duty of Care ...... 18 Work Health & Safety Policy ...... 19 How to Manage Health and Safety Risks ...... 19 Induction, Information, Training and Supervision ...... 19 7. Security Management ...... 21 Introduction ...... 21 Key Aspects of Security Management ...... 21 People ...... 21 Buildings ...... 22

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Contents of Buildings ...... 22 Reporting Breaches of Security ...... 23 8. Emergency Management ...... 24 Introduction ...... 24 Emergency Management Plan ...... 24 Responsibility for Developing, Implementing & Testing of Plans ...... 24 Staff Involvement in Implementing Emergency Management Plans ...... 25 Testing of Laboratory Emergency Management Plans ...... 25 Emergency Contact Numbers ...... 25 Dangerous Goods Emergencies ...... 25 Needle-Stick Injuries and Other Biological Hazard Exposures ...... 27 Spills Management ...... 27 General Requirements ...... 27 Emergency Spill Procedure ...... 27 Maintenance and Supply of Spill Kits ...... 28 Chemical Spills ...... 29 Chemical Spills in Fume Cupboards ...... 30 Clean Up Procedures for Small Chemical Spills Less than 500 ML ...... 30 Mercury Spills ...... 31 Radiation Spills ...... 31 Biological Spills ...... 31 9. First Aid ...... 32 10. Safety Equipment ...... 32 Introduction ...... 32 Fixed Safety Equipment ...... 32 Safety Showers and Eyewash Facilities ...... 33 Fire Extinguishers, Fire Blankets and Fire Hoses ...... 33 Introduction ...... 33 Servicing, Checking and Replacement ...... 33 Signage and Placards ...... 33 Portable Safety Equipment ...... 34 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) ...... 34 Supply & Maintenance of PPE ...... 35 11. Safety Risk Management ...... 37 Introduction ...... 37

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Laboratory Risk Management ...... 37 Sample Laboratory Safety Risk Management Plans ...... 38 Risk Assessments for Undergraduate Students ...... 38 Chemical Risk Management Plans ...... 39 Introduction ...... 39 Risk Management Plans for Hazardous Chemicals ...... 39 Risk Management Plans for Dangerous Goods ...... 39 Approval and Consultation ...... 40 12. General Workshop Management ...... 43 13. Laboratory Safety Inductions ...... 44 Introduction ...... 44 Undergraduate Students ...... 44 Staff and Postgraduate Students ...... 44 Casual Staff ...... 45 Contractors Working Within Laboratories...... 45 Visitors ...... 45 14. General Laboratory Safety Rules ...... 46 General ...... 46 Access to Laboratories and Associated Facilities ...... 46 Regulations for After Hours Work ...... 47 Working Alone or In Isolation ...... 47 Introduction ...... 47 Risk Control ...... 48 Unattended Work In Progress...... 49 Overnight Work In Progress ...... 49 Housekeeping ...... 50 Glassware (General) ...... 51 Glassware- Purchasing, End User Declarations, Recording and Disposal . 51 Handling and Disposal of Sharps ...... 52 Introduction ...... 52 Broken Glass (Clean and Contaminated) ...... 52 Handling and Disposal of Other Sharps ...... 52 Injury with Sharps Contaminated with Blood or Other Biological Material53 Ergonomics in Your Work Space ...... 53 Computer/Office Workstation ...... 53

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Laboratory Ergonomics ...... 53 Pipetting ...... 53 Microscope ...... 54 Laboratory Hoods ...... 54 Other Laboratory Tasks ...... 55 Hazardous Manual Tasks ...... 55 Pregnancy ...... 56 Immunisation ...... 57 Field Trip Safety...... 57 Essential Planning ...... 57 Communications ...... 58 Vehicle Usage for Field Trips ...... 59 Driving alone ...... 59 General driving advice ...... 59 Poor light driving ...... 60 Vehicle weight & speed ...... 60 Blind spots ...... 60 Water crossings ...... 60 Equipment ...... 60 Tyre changing ...... 60 Under the bonnet ...... 61 Run out of fuel ...... 61 Jump start ...... 61 Vehicle recovery ...... 61 Remote Campuses –Mt Kent ...... 61 Introduction...... 61 Access and Use of Facility ...... 62 Simulated Practice Rooms ...... 62 General Safety ...... 62 Attire and other Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) ...... 62 Equipment and Materials ...... 63 Sharps and Needles ...... 63 After Hours Safety ...... 64 Handling of Blood, Products Contaminated with Blood or Body Fluids .... 64 Incidents, Hazards, Near Misses and Medical Emergency ...... 64

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Responsibility of Supervisors ...... 65 Sport and Exercise ...... 65 Laser and Gas Detection Laboratory ...... 65 Laboratory Signage ...... 66 15. Gas Cylinders ...... 71 Introduction ...... 71 General Precautions ...... 71 Storage Facilities...... 71 Moving Gas Cylinders ...... 71 Indoor Storage of Gas Cylinders ...... 72 16. Cryogenic Fluids ...... 73 Introduction ...... 73 General Procedures ...... 73 Storage ...... 74 Transferring Cryogenic Liquids ...... 74 Working at Reduced Pressure ...... 75 Special Precautions ...... 75 17. Chemical Safety ...... 79 Introduction ...... 79 Purchasing ...... 80 Register of Hazardous Chemicals and Dangerous Goods ...... 80 Introduction ...... 80 Master Register...... 80 Local Registers ...... 80 Safety Data Sheets ...... 81 Introduction ...... 81 Obtaining an SDS ...... 81 Updating an SDS ...... 82 Labelling ...... 82 Introduction ...... 82 Procedure ...... 82 Labelling Non-Hazardous Chemicals ...... 82 Labelling Hazardous Chemicals — General ...... 82 Labelling Hazardous Chemicals — Small Container ...... 83 Labelling Hazardous Chemicals—decanted or transferred Chemicals ...... 83

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Storage & Handling of Chemicals ...... 84 Introduction ...... 84 General Requirements ...... 84 Procedure for Use of Z5 Hazardous Chemicals Storage Compound ...... 85 Responsibility-Access and Management ...... 85 Transportation of Chemicals to and from Z5 ...... 85 SDS and Storage ...... 87 Contacts ...... 87 Induction and Training ...... 87 Dangerous Goods ...... 88 Introduction ...... 88 Classification ...... 88 Packing Groups ...... 89 Legal Obligations ...... 89 Plant, Equipment and Containers ...... 90 Hazardous Chemicals ...... 90 Introduction ...... 90 Legal Obligations ...... 91 Carcinogenic, Mutagenic and Highly Toxic Chemicals ...... 92 Introduction ...... 92 Legal Obligations ...... 93 Restricted Carcinogens ...... 93 Prohibited Carcinogens ...... 93 Application for Authorisation to Use, Handle or Store Prohibited and Restricted Carcinogens ...... 94 General Safety ...... 94 Storage and Labelling of Carcinogens ...... 95 Contamination with Carcinogens ...... 96 Monitoring for Carcinogens...... 96 Disposal of Carcinogens ...... 96 Poisons & Drugs ...... 97 Health Monitoring ...... 97 Regulation of Security Sensitive Ammonium Nitrate (SSAN) ...... 98 Introduction ...... 98 Licensing Requirements ...... 99

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Licensing Exemptions ...... 99 Flammable Liquids ...... 100 Chemical Spills ...... 101 Introduction ...... 101 18. Biological Safety ...... 103 19. Radiation Safety ...... 103 Introduction to Radiation ...... 103 Ionising Radiation ...... 103 Artificial sources of Ionising Radiation ...... 103 Non-Ionising Radiation ...... 103 USQ Radiation Safety Guidelines ...... 104 Guidelines ...... 104 Radioactive Waste ...... 104 Radiation Safety Officer ...... 105 Training Requirements ...... 105 20. Disposal of Laboratory Wastes ...... 106 Introduction ...... 106 Waste Classification and Tracking Requirements ...... 107 Clinical Waste ...... 107 Sharps Waste ...... 107 Sharps Disposal at USQ ...... 107 Human Tissue Waste ...... 108 Related Waste ...... 108 Segregation of Clinical and Related Waste ...... 108 Segregation of Laboratory Waste ...... 109 Hazardous and Liquid Waste ...... 110 Responsibility for Laboratory Waste ...... 111 Disposal of Laboratory Waste ...... 111 Chemical and Solvent Waste ...... 112 Introduction ...... 112 Treatment of Chemical Waste ...... 112 Segregation of Chemical Waste ...... 112 Segregation of Carcinogenic and Cyanide Waste ...... 112 Storage and Disposal ...... 112 General Procedures for Chemical Waste Storage and Disposal ...... 113

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Liquid Waste Storage ...... 113 Solid Waste Storage ...... 113 Labelling of Waste Containers ...... 113 Compatibility ...... 113 Segregation of Waste Containers ...... 114 Clinical and Biological Waste ...... 114 Cytotoxic Waste ...... 114 Waste Containers Bags and Bins ...... 114 Radiation Waste ...... 115 Mixed Waste ...... 115 21. Laboratory Animals ...... 116 Introduction ...... 116 Use of Laboratory Animals at USQ ...... 116 22. Plant and Equipment ...... 118 General Equipment ...... 118 Fume Cupboards ...... 118 Introduction ...... 118 Design and Location...... 118 Maintenance and Testing ...... 119 Guidelines Covering Effective Operation ...... 135 Fume Cupboards for Use with Perchloric Acid ...... 135 Fume Cupboards for Use with Hydrofluoric Acid ...... 136 Risk Management Plans for Use of Fume Cupboards ...... 136 Autoclaves and other Pressure Equipment ...... 141 Introduction ...... 141 Safe Use of Pressure Equipment ...... 142 Legal Obligations ...... 142 Biosafety Cabinets ...... 142 Centrifuges ...... 142 Introduction ...... 142 Safety Requirements ...... 142 Freeze-Dryers ...... 143 Introduction ...... 143 Safety Requirements ...... 143 Refrigeration ...... 144

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Plant Isolation, Safety Tag and Lockout Procedures...... 144 Out of Service Tags ...... 145 Personal Danger Tags ...... 146 Robotics ...... 146 Machinery and Hand Tools ...... 148 23. Nanotechnology ...... 158 Introduction ...... 158 Safety Considerations ...... 159 Controls for Potential Nanotechnology Risks ...... 159 24. Termination of Laboratory Work ...... 161 Introduction ...... 161 Termination of Laboratory Work Procedures for Hazardous Materials in Laboratories ...... 161 Chemicals ...... 162 Regulated Hazardous Substances (e.g. carcinogens, poisons) ...... 162 Gas Cylinders ...... 162 Radioactive Materials ...... 163 Mixed Hazards ...... 163 Equipment ...... 163 Shared Storage Areas ...... 163 Termination Checklist ...... 163 25. Noise ...... 163 26. General Electrical Safety in Workplaces ...... 165 Electrical Laboratories – (Engineering) ...... 165 Laboratory Work ...... 166 Using Instruments in Electrical Laboratories ...... 167 Residual Current Devices in Laboratories ...... 168 Labelling of RCD outlets ...... 168 Legal Obligations ...... 168 Maintenance of Records ...... 169 27. Plant and Structures ...... 170 Provision of Safe Plant – Purchasing and Hiring of Plant ...... 170 Machinery Installation ...... 170 Hazard Identification, Risk Assessments and Controls ...... 170 High Risk Work (Licensing) ...... 171

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Guarding ...... 171 Registered Plant ...... 173 28. Fork Lift Trucks, Elevating Work Platforms (EWP), Scissor Lifts, Pedestrian Operated Forklifts (POF) and Pallet Jacks ...... 173 Fork Lift Trucks ...... 173 Safe Operating Procedures ...... 174 Operating in Confined Spaces ...... 175 Working around overhead electrical powerlines ...... 175 Operating in flammable atmospheres and handling flammable materials 175 Operating in Hazardous areas...... 176 Elevating Work Platforms ...... 178 Using an EWP to work at height ...... 179 Falls prevention when working on an EWP ...... 180 Safe operation of an EWP ...... 180 Worker/operator obligations ...... 180 Operating instruction plate or label ...... 181 Operating an EWP in the vicinity of Overhead powerlines ...... 181 Recordkeeping ...... 181 Maintenance, inspection and repair of elevating working platforms (EWPs) 182 Inspection type, frequency and recordkeeping ...... 182 Pre-operational or daily checks ...... 183 Design registration of EWPs ...... 183 Scissor lifts ...... 183 Pedestrian Operated Forklifts ...... 183 Operation...... 183 Pallet Jacks ...... 184 Operation...... 184 Maintenance and Servicing ...... 185 Record Keeping ...... 185 29. Signage and Placarding ...... 186 30. Essential Supporting Information ...... 186 31. Further Information...... 187

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1. Preface

This Manual has been designed to be used most effectively in an on-line format. When accessed electronically, direct links are provided throughout the document for specific sections. These links are underlined and are in blue font. Please note the USQ Library maintains licenses to the Standards On-Line Premium Database with access to more than 6000 Australian Standards. USQ Staff and Students can use this service to search and select specific standards. The ‘Table of Contents’ can also link directly to specific sections in the Manual. This is a generic Manual to cover most Laboratories and Workshops in USQ, individual Laboratories and Workshops have specific instructions and these instructions are a precursor to the information provided within this Manual.

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2. Introduction

The purpose of this Manual is to provide practical Work Health and Safety (WHS) instruction for all who may be required to work, learn or visit in any Laboratory or Workshop that is under the control of the University of Southern Queensland. The Manual has been developed to complement other safety risk management information contained in: • Workplace Health & Safety Queensland publications and Codes of Practice applicable to safety within the workplace; • Australian Standards that are applicable to the design, construction, maintenance and safe operation of laboratories as amended; and • USQ Policies, Procedures and Guidelines including, but not limited to, Work Health and Safety Policy, Biosafety Procedure and Work Health and Safety Management System Procedure. The University must ultimately accept responsibility for health and safety of persons who visit, work or learn in the Laboratories, Workshops and Sections under its control. The University nonetheless recognises that certain key stakeholders can, more so than others, have a significant impact on establishing, implementing and maintaining safety standards within Laboratories, Workshops or other Research Facilities. The content of this Manual therefore, is especially directed to those key stakeholders, who are: • Executive Deans of Faculties; • Heads of School; • Heads of Research Institutes and Centres; • Continuing, Fixed Term and Casual Academics with teaching, course/site coordination, supervisory and/or managerial responsibilities; • Researchers and Research Supervisors; • Senior Coordinating Technical Officers or Research Operations Officers; • Technical Staff; • Campus Services Staff responsible for overseeing the design, construction, maintenance and security of Laboratories and associated Facilities; • Campus Services Directors; • Undergraduate, Honours and Postgraduate Students; • Visitors, visiting Scholars, Research Partners, Research Affiliates and holders of Honorary or Adjunct positons; and • Contractors engaged by the University to undertake work within a Laboratory, workshop or associated Facility. As this Manual covers basic Laboratory safety requirements it is expected that individual Faculties, Schools, Centres and Sections will develop and implement local safety instructions that are designed to meet their specific needs but remain compatible with not only this manual but the relevant Work Health and Safety Policies and Procedures. It should be noted that there may be a need for exclusion from certain requirements of this Manual by certain Laboratories and/or associated Facilities.

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These exclusions should be determined by each individual Faculty, School, Centre or Section by the risk management process, and then be communicated to all relevant persons and documented in local safety instructions and procedures.

3. Purpose

The purpose of this document is to assist University employees and the users of Workshop and Laboratory facilities to eliminate or minimise risks to health and safety of individuals/persons working within a Workshop/Laboratory environment. It is to be used in addition to, and not as a substitute for, general safety principles applicable to all types of Workshops and Laboratories, e.g. fire precautions, correct use of personal protective equipment (PPE), hygiene standards, safety risk management, Workshop noise and hazardous manual tasks.

4. Abbreviations

Abbreviation Full Title AS/NZS Australian/New Zealand Standard dB (a) Decibel A weighted PCBU Person Conducting a Business or Undertaking PPE Personal Protective Equipment SDS Safety Data Sheet SOP Safe Operating Procedure SWP Safe Work Procedure SWMS Safe Work Method Statement WHS Work Health & Safety

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5. Glossary

In the context of this document:

Term Definition Academic A person who is required to undertake a teaching, course coordination or program coordination role as part of the delivery of an academic program. Act Queensland Work Health & Safety Act 2011. Advisory Body A reputable body which has been formed for the purpose of providing reliable and impartial advice and assistance to employers, employees, government, unions or other interested parties. Australian A document published by Standards Australia for the purpose of Standard establishing national benchmarks for products and services so as to enhance quality of life and industry efficiency. Australian Standards are advisory but can be cited under legislative arrangements as legal standards of compliance. Appointed Appointed person, either Academic, Professional or Technical Facility Staff member responsible for a particular Laboratory and or Officer associated Facility or teaching space Authorised A person who has permission, qualified, licensed and/or Person competent for the task at hand.

Casual A person who is employed by the University on a casual basis to Academic teach in Laboratory practicums as an Academic Supervisor or Demonstrator. Chemical A chemical is defined as any element, chemical compound or mixture of elements and/or compounds where chemicals are distributed. Chemicals may be in solid, liquid, gas or plasma. Chemical Spill A chemical spill is taken to have occurred when any quantity of chemical drops, leaks, overflows or by any other means touches any place other than the place intended for the chemical. Code of An advisory document developed for the purpose of assisting Practice (CoP) employers and employees to meet legal requirements under specific Federal or State legislation. Codes of Practice can be regarded as stand-alone documents or can be approved under legislation. Failure by an employer to comply with a recognised code can constitute a clear-cut case that the duty of care has not been fully met. Contractor An organisation (company) or person engaged by the University under a contract for service to undertake work and/or provide a service on a ‘one off’ or as part of an on-going contract agreement

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Term Definition Control In relation to a risk to health and safety, means a measure to Measure eliminate or minimise the risk. Course An Academic who has the overall responsibility for the Examiner development, design and delivery of a course in consultation with a Course Moderator. Duty of Care An employer’s legal responsibilities under the Act for the occupational health and safety of employees. These responsibilities are flexible and complex, are not transferable and arise out of a contract of service. Employees have a responsibility to take reasonable care of the health and safety of themselves and others, and must cooperate with employers in their efforts to comply with requirements of the Act. Hazard A characteristic that is inherent in the work or has the potential to cause death or injury to persons and/or interrupt or interfere with the work process or activity. Hazardous A hazardous chemical means any substance, mixture or article that Chemical satisfies the criteria for a hazard class in the Globally Harmonised System of Classification and labelling of Chemicals (GHS) including a classification referred to in Schedule 6 of the WHS Regulation, but does not include a substance, mixture or article that satisfies the criteria solely for one of the following hazard classes: • acute toxicity - oral - Category 5; • acute toxicity - dermal - Category 5; • acute toxicity - inhalation - Category 5; • skin corrosion/irritation - Category 3; • serious eye damage/eye irritation - Category 2B; • aspiration hazard - Category 2; • flammable gas - Category 2; • acute hazard to the aquatic environment – Category 1, 2 or 3; • chronic hazard to the aquatic environment - Category 1, 2, 3 or 4; or • hazardous to the ozone layer. Genetically Gene Technology Regulations 2001 and corresponding State or Modified Territory Legislation. Organism (GMO) Health Of a person, means monitoring the person to identify changes in Monitoring the person’s health status because of exposure to a particular substance or organism. Hierarchy of A list of control measures, in priority order that can be used to Control eliminate or minimise exposure to hazards. Principle

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Term Definition Laboratory A building or any part of a building that is used or may be used for practical or scientific work or processes. The term Laboratory includes associated Facilities and support areas such as preparation areas, instrument rooms and stores. The term Laboratory may also equate with a Workshop in some engineering areas, as well as Animal and Plant Houses. Laboratory Staff who manage, work in or have responsibility for a Laboratory Staff and/or associated Facility e.g. Coordinating Technical Officer, Technical Officer, Research Operations Officer, Researcher, Research Fellow, Postdoctoral Fellow or Research Supervisor. At certain times may also refer to Academic Staff supervising practical classes or Academic Staff supervising student research in Laboratories and or associated Facilities. Must Means mandatory i.e. non-negotiable, either because USQ is obliged by statute or it is the policy of USQ.

Personal Equipment that must be worn by persons who enter, work or learn Protective in Laboratories and associated Facilities. The type of PPE required Equipment will be determined by the type of facility, nature of the work and (PPE) the risk management process. Plant Plant relates to and includes any machinery, equipment, appliance, container, implement or tool, including any component or anything fitted or connected to any of those items. Plant includes items as diverse as hoists, cranes, computers, machinery, vehicles, power tools, etc. (as per the Code of Practice-Managing Risks of Plant in the Workplace 2013). Post Graduate Work undertaken in a Laboratory or associated Facility by a higher Work degree research student completing honours, masters or doctoral studies. This work is usually conducted under the supervision of the Research Supervisor. The inclusion of honours students in post graduate work is deliberate for the purpose of this Manual.

Project Experimental, practical or scientific work undertaken in a Laboratory or associated Facility that requires a risk management plan to be conducted before work can proceed. Such work may include use of chemicals, biological materials, radiation, machinery and electrical or mechanical processes. Regulation (in A type of delegated legislation, including such legislation designed law) to regulate particular hazards e.g. radiation, plant/equipment (e.g. cranes), processes (e.g. welding) or workplaces (e.g. Laboratories). Remote or In relation to a worker, means work that is isolated from the Isolated Work assistance of other persons because of location, time or the nature (other than of the work. (WHS Regulation 2011, Sect 48) field work) Research Refers to activities that result in the creation of new knowledge Activities and/or the use of existing knowledge in a new and creative way as to generate new concepts, methodologies and understandings. This could include synthesis and analysis of previous research to the extent that it leads to new and creative outcomes.

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Term Definition Researcher/ Primary person involved in research that is undertaken by, at, or on behalf of USQ in any of its Laboratories or associated Facilities. Principal Researchers have a responsibility to implement measures to Investigator ensure the safety of all those associated with the research as outlined in the Australian Code for the Responsible Conduct of Research, the USQ Research Code of Conduct Policy and the USQ Work Health & Safety Policy and Procedure. Research Data The data, records, files or other evidence, irrespective of their content or form (e.g. in print, digital, physical or other forms), that compromise research observations, findings or outcomes, including primary materials and analysed data. Research A USQ registered Supervisor of higher degree students conducting Supervisor postgraduate work with responsibilities as outlined in the USQ Policy and Procedure. Research Any person involved in Research activities on behalf of the Worker University. (Note: this includes, but is not limited to employees, students, visiting Scholars, Research Partners, Research Affiliates, holders of Honorary or Adjunct positions and Research Ethics Committee members). Research Refers to activities that result in the creation of new knowledge Work/Activities and/or the use of existing knowledge in a new and creative way so as to generate new concepts, methodologies and understandings. This could include synthesis and analysis of previous research to the extent that it leads to new and creative outcomes. Risk Risk is defined as the exposure to occurrences that will have an impact, either positive or negative, on USQ's organisational objectives. Risk arises out of uncertainty and has two elements: • the frequency/likelihood of something happening; and • the severity/impact of the consequences arising from the event. Risk Risk Management is a systematic process for addressing Management hazards within the workplace. It is a four step process involving: • identification of the risk; • assessing the risk; • controlling the risk; and • reviewing the implemented control measures to ensure they are effective in eliminating or reducing the risk of the hazard. Risk A written plan to identify risks and document control measures, to Management ensure the risk to health and safety is eliminated so far as is Plan (RMP) reasonably practicable, and if that is not possible, minimising the risks so far as is reasonably practicable. Eliminating a hazard will also eliminate any risks associated with that hazard.

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Term Definition Safety Data A SDS is a document prepared by the vendor Sheet (SDS) (manufacturer/importer/supplier) of a chemical which describes uses, chemical and physical properties, health hazard information, precautions for use, safe handling and emergency information. It is a legislative requirement for the vendor to supply a copy of the SDS for each chemical to the end user. An SDS for each chemical must be available to all Staff and students using that particular substance. Safe Work A SWMS is to help supervisors, workers and any other persons at Method the workplace to understand the requirements that have been Statement established to carry out high risk construction work in a safe and (SWMS) healthy manner in accordance with (s) 299 Work Health & Safety Regulation 2011. Sharps/Needle An injury caused by a non-sterile sharp object, such as a needle or Stick Injury scalpel blade, penetrating the skin. (Note: Injuries caused by a sterile object e.g. sterile needle used in injection training may not be considered a “needle stick injury”). Safe Operating Safe Operating Procedures (SOPs) are written instructions that Procedures outline the safest and most preferred method of undertaking a particular task, work practice, process, manipulation, or technique (including operation of machinery or equipment). They should include all potential hazards associated with the task, the risks posed by these hazards and the appropriate control measures required to eliminate or reduce the risks. Their purpose is to ensure the safety, quality and uniformity of a task among different people.

Should Means recommended but not mandatory i.e. ought to be done but need not be followed if a safer alternative is available and is practical given circumstances prevailing at the time.

Simulated Purpose built teaching and learning spaces to replicate clinical Practice Room scenarios to achieve educational goals through experiential and experimental learning.

Source Material Material that, following an investigation, is taken to have been the material that is the sole cause of injury, illness or damage due to contact, contamination, inhalation or other form of exposure.

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Term Definition Standard Precautions designed to reduce the risk of injury, illness, Precautions contamination or infection when handling human blood and body (formerly fluids or other materials contaminated with these. Standard Universal Precautions should be used to develop Safe or Standard Precautions) Operating procedures appropriate to the type of work or learning carried out within a Laboratory or associated Facility. Refer to National Code of Practice for the Control of Work-related Exposure to Hepatitis and HIV (Blood-borne) Viruses [NOHSC:2010(2003)] 2nd Ed. Statutory Duty A legal obligation owed under legislative arrangements. Student A person who has been admitted or enrolled at the University, but has not yet graduated from their academic program. Systems of The totality of the methods adopted for carrying out the Work operations required in a particular workplace. It covers all facets of the employment situation, including the organisation of work processes, the methods of using plant and equipment, job training and instruction about aspects of safety in the workplace. Senior The person or persons who have overall responsibility for Coordinating overseeing the day to day management of a Laboratory or Technical Workshop and/or associated Facility. Officer/ Research Operations Officer/Team Leader Technical University Staff undertaking work within a Laboratory or Officers associated Facility who report to a Senior Coordinating Technical Officer. Visitor A visitor is any person not permanently authorised by the University to be in, work or learn in a particular Laboratory, Workshop or associated Facility. This may include work experience students, HDR students from other universities and Academic or Professional Staff from varying departments. Worker Worker means any person carrying out work in any capacity for the University, including but not limited to, University employee, contractor, subcontractor and their employee, apprentice or trainee, student gaining work experience, and volunteer. Workplace Workplace means a place where work is carried out for the University and includes any place a worker goes, or is likely to be while at work. This may include, but is not limited to, Laboratories, Workshops, training rooms, on-site recreational facilities, vehicles or vessels, on field trips, in teaching facilities, in offices, in rural environments and any area of industry operations. Workplace A State Government Regulator who is responsible for improving Health and workplace health and safety in Queensland and helping reduce the Safety Qld risk of workers being killed or injured on the job. WHSQ enforces (WHSQ) work health and safety laws, investigates workplace fatalities, serious injuries, prosecutes breaches of legislation, and educates employees and employers on their legal obligations.

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6. Health and Safety Responsibilities

Whereas the responsibility for implementation of this Manual primarily rests with Management it is recognised that Workplace Health & Safety (WHS) Committees are well placed to provide advice and feedback on the: • appropriateness of the material contained in the Manual; • effectiveness of the risk control measures outlined in the Manual when applied to the work being carried out within a Laboratory or Workshop setting; and • practicalities of implementing the Manual within Laboratories and Workshops, and how well these recommendations improve workability and layout of a Laboratory, Workshop and associated Facilities.

All Staff (Continuing, Fixed Term and Casual) and Students

All Staff (continuing, fixed term and casual) and students who are required to undertake work and/or learning in Laboratories/Research and associated Facilities are to comply with this Manual. Failure to comply with this Manual may result in disciplinary action being taken by the University. Staff and/or students must take personal responsibility for ensuring their own safety and the safety of others by: • taking the action(s) necessary to eliminate or minimise any hazards over which they have control; • complying with Safety Instructions, Policies, and Procedures including Departmental Safety Manuals; • have completed the appropriate Laboratory Safety Induction and training to enable them to undertake their work safely; • making proper use of all safety devices and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE); • complying with the instructions given by emergency response personnel such as Emergency Wardens and First Aiders; • not wilfully placing at risk the health and safety of any other person; • seeking information or advice where necessary before carrying out new or unfamiliar work; • maintaining dress standards appropriate for the work being done. Appropriate protective clothing and footwear must be worn at all times; • only consuming or storing food and drink in designated areas; • being familiar with Emergency and Evacuation Procedures and the location of, and if appropriately trained, the use of, emergency equipment; and • reporting all Incidents, Hazards and ‘Near Miss’ Incidents on the UniHIRTS system.

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Executive Deans, Heads of School, Executive Directors and Directors of Centres

Executive Deans, Heads of School, Executive Directors and Directors of Centres are primarily responsible for ensuring that the occupational health and safety standards and practices set out in this Manual are fully implemented and followed within Laboratories and associated Facilities. To achieve compliance with this Manual, Executive Deans, Heads of School, Executive Directors and Directors of Centres should ensure that: • All Academics, research and teaching, Research Operations Officers and Senior Coordinating Technical Officers have resources to develop, implement and monitor the strategies, systems and procedures necessary to ensure that this Manual can be fully implemented in Laboratories or associated Facilities. • Academics, both research and teaching, Research Operations Officers and Senior Coordinating Technical Officers within Schools and/or Centres fully implement the Manual within Laboratories under their control and monitor compliance. • Staff and students receive the appropriate information, instruction and training necessary for them to learn and work in accordance with the Manual. • Any behaviour on the part of any person that amounts to a failure to comply with this Manual is dealt with in accordance with University’s disciplinary Policies and Procedures.

Academics (Program, Course Coordination)

Academics with course or program coordination responsibilities must ensure that: • Academics with teaching responsibilities are made aware of and are fulfilling the WHS responsibilities set out in Section 6.4 below; • Continuing, Fixed Term or Casual Academics with supervisor or demonstrator responsibilities are made aware of and are fulfilling the WHS responsibilities set out in Section 6.4 below; • course and unit outlines contain a specific reference to and information about how to access a copy of this Laboratory Safety Manual; • they conduct a formal risk management plan in conjunction with the design, development and implementation of any practicum(s) that are included as part of the learning; and • they make available a copy of all Risk Management Plans relevant to the practicum(s) to all Academics or Casual Academics, and Technical Staff, who are involved in the preparation, teaching, supervision and/or demonstration of the practicum.

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Academics (Continuing, Fixed Term and Casual) with teaching responsibilities

Academics who are responsible for the teaching of the learning outcomes contained in a Course or Program Outline are required to ensure that: • they are familiar with all formal Risk Management Plans applicable to any practicum(s) that are included as part of the learning and ensure that all control measures are implemented; • their chosen method(s) of achieving the learning outcomes do not lead to a contravention of this Manual; • hazardous wastes and materials are disposed of appropriately; • Students have received the appropriate Laboratory Safety Induction to enable them to undertake their learning safely; • Students are formally advised that failure to comply with University Policy & Procedures may result in disciplinary action being taken by the University; • Students have access to and wear the Personal Protective Equipment required to undertake their learning safely; • Students are formally advised that unauthorised experimentation is strictly forbidden; • Students are formally advised that they are required to take personal responsibility for ensuring their own safety and the safety of others; and • all Incidents, Hazards and ‘Near Miss’ Incidents are notified to the relevant Supervisor i.e. Academic in charge of the class and reported using UniHIRTS.

Researchers

Researchers are the primary persons involved in research projects in Schools or Research Centres and as such have a responsibility to implement measures to ensure the safety of all those associated with the research. In particular researchers are required to ensure that: • they fulfil their responsibilities as outlined in the USQ Research Code of Practice Policy and Procedure; • Staff and Students associated with the research are made aware of and are fulfilling their WHS responsibilities; • they conduct formal risk management plans on all work that is included as part of the research program and ensure that all control measures are implemented; • Staff and Students associated with the research have received the appropriate Laboratory Safety Induction and training to enable them to undertake their work safely; • Staff and Students associated with the research are formally advised that failure to comply with this Manual may result in disciplinary action being taken by the University;

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• Staff and Students associated with the research have access to and wear the PPE required to undertake their work safely; • all Incidents, Hazards and ‘Near Miss’ Incidents are reported using UniHIRTS; • Staff and Students associated with the research are formally advised that unauthorised experimentation is strictly forbidden and any new work must not proceed until a formal risk management plan is conducted; • Staff and Students associated with the research are formally advised that all original/raw research data is the property of the University and must be kept in accordance with the USQ Research Code of Conduct Policy and Procedure; and • Staff and Students associated with the research are formally advised that they are required to take personal responsibility for ensuring their own safety and the safety of others.

Research Supervisors

A Research Supervisor of Honours and Postgraduate Students is required to ensure that: • they fulfil their responsibilities as outlined in the USQ Research Code of Conduct Policy and Procedure; • Students are made aware of and are fulfilling the WHS responsibilities set out in Section 6.12 below; • in conjunction with their students, they conduct formal Risk Management Plans on all work that is included as part of the postgraduate research program and ensure that all control measures are implemented; • Students have received the appropriate Laboratory Safety Induction and training to enable them to undertake their work safely; • Students are formally advised that failure to comply with this Manual may result in disciplinary action being taken by the University; • Students have access to and wear the PPE required to undertake their work safely; • all Incidents, Hazards and ‘Near Miss’ Incidents are notified to the Research Supervisor and reported using UniHIRTS; • Students are formally advised that unauthorised experimentation is strictly forbidden and any new work must not proceed until a formal risk management plan is conducted with the Supervisor; • Students are formally advised that all original/raw research data is the property of the University and must be kept in accordance with the USQ Research Code of Conduct Policy and Procedure; and • Students are formally advised that they are required to take personal responsibility for ensuring their own safety and the safety of others.

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Senior Coordinating Technical Officers and Research Operations Officers

Senior Coordinating Technical Officers and Research Operations Officers are required to ensure that: • effective strategies, systems and procedures are developed, implemented and monitored to ensure that work and learning in Laboratories and or associated Facilities is undertaken strictly in accordance with this Manual; • the Technical Staff they supervise receive the appropriate information, instruction, Laboratory Safety Induction and training to carry out their work in accordance with this Manual; • Risk Management Plans are completed, documented and maintained for all Hazardous Substances and Dangerous Goods under their control and for the work conducted by any Technical Staff they supervise; • the Technical Staff they supervise are fully conversant with this Manual and understand their role in monitoring compliance; • a failure on the part of any person to comply with this Manual is reported to the Executive Deans, Heads of School, Executive Directors and Directors of Centres as the case may be; • work relating to the (re)design, modification, repair and/or upkeep of Laboratories or associated Facilities is undertaken in a manner that does not compromise the safety of person(s) or property or contravene this Manual; • ensure appropriate Emergency Management Plans are developed, implemented and regularly tested by the appropriate section; • Staff and students are trained in what action(s) they must take should an emergency arise within a Laboratory; • Students have received the appropriate Laboratory Safety Induction prior to commencing Laboratory work; • Staff and students have access to and wear the appropriate PPE whilst in a Laboratory or associated Facility; • Students are formally advised that they are required to take personal responsibility for ensuring their own safety and the safety of others; • effective protocols are developed, implemented and monitored for the handling, storage, transport and disposal of hazardous equipment, materials, substances and wastes; and • all Incidents, Hazards and ‘Near Miss’ Incidents are reported using UniHIRTS.

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Technical Staff (Continuing, Fixed Term and Casual)

Technical Staff are required to: • monitor compliance with this Manual within their work area(s) and report instances of non-compliance to the Senior Coordinating Technical Officer and or Research Operations Officer; • establish, monitor and maintain appropriate levels of hygiene and housekeeping within Laboratories and associated Facilities; • assist Academics to implement the risk control measures they have outlined in their course Risk Management Plans; • in consultation with the Senior Coordinating Technical Officer and/or Research Operations Officer complete Safety Risk Management Plans on the work that they perform in the Laboratory, Workshop and associated Facility (e.g. equipment setup, practical class preparation, waste disposal, etc); • regularly check, test and document the serviceability of specific Laboratory Emergency Equipment not under the control of Campus Services; • oversee the proper segregation, storage and disposal of hazardous wastes; • clean, prepare, isolate Laboratory equipment prior to handover for maintenance to ensure that the maintenance work can be carried out safely by a person(s) other than Technical Staff; • monitor the serviceability of fixtures, portable equipment and apparatus and facilitate repair and/or replacement as required; • ensure that all chemicals and hazardous substances are stored, labelled and used in accordance with legislation and advice contained in Safety Data Sheets (SDS); • ensure all Laboratory safety equipment (fixed and portable) is properly installed and remains in a serviceable condition; • ensure SDS are current, legible, readily available and retained appropriately; • remain abreast of any legislative or industry changes that may materially affect health and safety management within a Laboratory or Workshop setting; • all Incidents, Hazards and ‘Near Miss’ Incidents are reported using UniHIRTS; and • ensure emergency management information is prominently displayed in each Laboratory.

Appointed Facility Officer The Appointed Facility Officer is a person appointed by the relevant delegate to provide WH&S oversight for a particular facility. They act in a monitoring and advisory role to ensure that: • Staff and Students are complying with their obligations and responsibilities as defined in this manual. This includes regular checking that Staff and Students: o are undertaking the relevant induction processes for that facility;

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o have an approved Risk Management Plan for their activities; o are maintaining appropriate records or inventories as required; and o are demonstrating good housekeeping practices in the space. • Equipment in the facility is being maintained in a serviceable condition including: o checking that safety and First Aid equipment within the facility is being tested and maintained in a serviceable condition eg. Safety Shower inspections, First Aid kit restocking, electrical testing & tagging etc.; and o equipment maintenance is being carried out as per the relevant schedule. The Appointed Facility Officer has the authority to stop or delay activities in that space whilst they seek further advice from Faculty management, USQ Safety and Wellbeing, or other relevant authorities. They can refer issues of non-compliance to the relevant supervisor/manager for action. The role of the Appointed Facility Officer does not in any way negate users from undertaking any of their responsibilities as defined in the Manual. The name of the Appointed Facility Officer can be found on the Hazard Information Poster located at the entry door to the Facility.

Facility Technical Support Officer

The Facility Technical Support Officer is a person appointed by the relevant delegate to be responsible for providing technical support for a particular Laboratory or associated Facility or teaching space. The name of an individual Facility Technical Support Officer can generally be found on the hazard information poster on the entry door to the facility.

Campus Services Staff

Campus Services (CS) Staff responsible for overseeing, coordinating, facilitating or delegating contractual work relating to the (re)design, modification, repair and/or upkeep of a Laboratory or associated Facility are required to ensure that: • the relevant Laboratory Staff are fully appraised of any work prior to commencement; and • contractors have completed a USQ WHS and Laboratory Induction prior to commencing work and understand the nature of the working environment;

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Undergraduate Students

Undergraduate students’ practicums represent a major proportion of the work undertaken in Laboratories. It is essential therefore that undergraduate students; • are always supervised in any Laboratory by an appropriate person at all times. They must never be left alone to perform any work; • are fully conversant with this Manual, any safety procedures that apply to their practical work in particular and the Laboratory in general; • understand the Safety Risk Management Plans that are relevant to their practical work and are able to implement the risk control measures that are acceptable to the University; • adhere to the Safe Work Procedures at all times; which includes not entering Laboratories unsupervised; • have completed appropriate Laboratory Safety inductions prior to commencing Laboratory work; • adhere to acceptable housekeeping standards; • correctly use any equipment provided; • understand that unsatisfactory behaviour will be dealt with as a disciplinary matter; and • report all Incidents and or ‘Near Misses’ to the Academic or Supervisor responsible for their practicum so that an appropriate investigation can be carried out.

Honours and Postgraduate Students

Honours and Postgraduate Students who conduct their research work in USQ laboratories and associated facilities are required to ensure that they: • are fully conversant with this Manual and any safety procedures that apply to their research work in particular and the Laboratory or associated Facility in general; • carry out formal Risk Management Plans in conjunction with their research supervisor prior to commencing work in a Laboratory or associated Facility; • understand the Risk Management Plans and risk controls that are relevant to their research work and are able to implement the risk control measures that are acceptable to the University; • do not operate equipment or undertake procedures that they are not trained in; • do not undertake any new research work in a Laboratory or associated Facility that is not included in a current risk management plan, without consultation with their Supervisor and completion of a formal Risk Management Plan; • adhere to the Standard Work Procedures at all times; • have completed appropriate Laboratory Safety Induction training prior to commencing their research work; • undertake all necessary training and instruction relevant to their work;

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• adhere to acceptable housekeeping standards; • correctly use and maintain any safety equipment provided; • understand that unsatisfactory behaviour will be dealt with as a disciplinary matter; and • immediately report all Incidents, Hazards and ‘Near Miss’ Incidents to their Research Supervisor for submission on UniHIRTS.

Contractors

Contractors are required to: • strictly adhere to any conditions or requirements imposed by the University in contracts, agreements, scopes of work, specifications, variations, permits to work, risk management plans, work method statements or that may be part of any workplace induction program, orientation, inspection, handover or be required under legislation; • log in with Security prior to commencing work; • contact the Facility Officer/s prior to entry into a Workshop or Laboratory; • comply with any reasonable direction given by Laboratory/Workshop Staff in the interests of health, safety and welfare; and • immediately report any Incident, Hazard or any unexpected occurrence to Laboratory Staff.

Visitors

All visitors are required to comply with any reasonable directions that may be given by Laboratory Staff in the interests of promoting and maintaining health, safety and wellbeing within Laboratories and Facilities. A visitor is any person who is not permanently authorised by the University to work or learn in the Laboratory, Workshop or associated Facility concerned and who has not received appropriate Laboratory Induction training. Visitors may include but not necessarily be limited to other USQ Staff, visiting Academics, Students, Clients, Contractors and members of the public. Children are not allowed in any Laboratory, Workshop or Simulated Practice Room except during USQ organised work experience for school students, open day or on guided tours.

During these organised events children must be supervised at all times and receive appropriate Laboratory/Workshop induction training relevant to their attendance in the Workshop or Laboratory.

Duty of Care

Primary duty of care – The person conducting a business or undertaking (PCBU) must ensure, so far as reasonably practicable the health and safety of all persons engaged in or influenced by the person’s activities, by eliminating or minimising the exposure to hazards and risks.

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Workers and others – while at work, a worker must take reasonable care for their own health and safety whilst also taking all reasonable measures that their acts or omissions do not adversely affect the health and safety of other persons. The worker must comply and cooperate with any reasonable policy or procedure relating to health or safety at the workplace.

Work Health & Safety Policy

The University has an obligation to ensure the health and safety of its employees and to ensure that its employees including students, contractors, visitors and other persons to a University Site or Workplace are, as far as reasonably practicable, not exposed to risks to their health and safety arising out of the University's activities.

The University is committed to achieving and maintaining a standard of excellence in the field of health and safety and aims to be recognised as a leader in safety performance within the higher education sector by providing a safe environment to work and study.

The University will manage workplace health and safety through its Safety Management System.

The Safety Management System will also provide a process of continuous improvement with a focus on managing workplace safety risks.

How to Manage Health and Safety Risks

It is the responsibility of all employees to identify any hazards and ensure they are reported to Supervisors or Management so the effective controls can be implemented. Employees are encouraged to attend Safety Risk Management Training and to read the USQ Risk Management Policy and Procedure. This document will provide information relating to: • Duty of Care; • Duty to identify hazards; • Managing risks to health and safety; • Hierarchy of control measures; and • Maintenance of control measures;

Induction, Information, Training and Supervision

For the application of safe practices involved in Laboratory and Workshop activities, supervisors, employees and others should be formally trained and have the required knowledge and authorisation to use workshop plant and equipment. This is particularly important for new employees or inexperienced Staff and/or students.

Information, training and instructions provided, must be suitable and relevant to the nature of the work carried out by the employee, and the nature of risks and control measures associated with the work.

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Information or instructions should be delivered in a way that is readily understandable by any person to whom it is provided.

Induction, training and instruction should include: • Laboratory and Workshop Safety Procedures; • Emergency Procedures; • correct and safe operating of plant and/or equipment; • Risk Management; • wearing and caring of PPE; • good housekeeping; and • other statutory requirements.

For further information on the training requirements for Biosafety related activities. Refer to the Biosafety Procedure.

References Work Health & Safety Act (QLD) 2011 Work Health & Safety Regulation (QLD) 2011 University of Southern Queensland (USQ) Incident & Hazard Reporting & Tracking System (UniHIRTS) University of Southern Queensland Code of Conduct University of Southern Queensland Research Code of Conduct Policy and Procedure

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7. Security Management

Introduction

Many substances, equipment and materials contained in a Laboratory require specific hazard control measures to ensure that individuals and the community are not exposed to unreasonable levels of risk. Laboratory security plays an important role in ensuring that unauthorised persons cannot readily access hazardous equipment, materials and substances. Security must be maintained within all Laboratories at USQ at all times to ensure that the University’s Laboratories are not readily accessible to unauthorised persons.

Key Aspects of Security Management

At USQ effective Laboratory security measures should focus on the following key areas: • people; • buildings; and • contents of buildings.

People People security means that only authorised people should be permitted to enter and/or remain in Laboratories and associated Facilities. Any member of Staff who has reason to believe that there is an unauthorised person in a Laboratory and/or associated Facilities should immediately inform the Senior Coordinating Technical Officer(s) and or Research Operations Officer(s) and contact Security Officers. All Staff should carry an appropriate identification card and actively monitor the overall security status of the Laboratory and/or associated Facilities. Any person who has been provided with a pin code, card, pass key, lock combination or otherwise granted access to a Laboratory and/or associated Facility by the University MUST NOT, under any circumstances, share their means of access with a third party. People who are behaving in a manner that could compromise security or safety within a Laboratory and/or associated Facility should be requested to leave. In the event of the person refusing to leave Security Officers should be contacted immediately. Access by Contractors to a Laboratory and/or associated Facilities is conditional upon the Contractor following all the security requirements relating to the Laboratory and/or associated Facilities. Contractors who provide routine cleaning and maintenance services must complete the ‘Contractor Induction Training’ course coordinated through Campus Services prior to commencing work in a Laboratory and/or associated Facilities. A visitor pass must be issued to external service personnel who require access to a Laboratory and/or associated Facilities on a casual or one-off basis. The visitor pass must be issued by Security. The contractor must check with the Senior Coordinating Technical Officer(s) and Research Operations Officer(s) or the person

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responsible for the Facility where work is to be conducted before commencement of any work. Access should be limited to times when trained Laboratory Staff are present unless an emergency has occurred.

For specific information on access requirements for Physical Containment Laboratories please refer to the Biosafety Procedure.

Buildings

Building design and construction is critical to maintaining the security of a Laboratory and its contents. In most cases buildings have alarms installed to alert Security Officers that an event requires a particular emergency response e.g. a fire alarm has been activated. Staff must familiarise themselves with all alarm systems within the Laboratory to ensure that they can respond effectively and without delay. The windows and doors of all Laboratories must be kept locked and secure at all times when the Laboratory is not occupied. The windows in the PC2 Laboratories must be secured and locked at all times. Swipe card readers, automatic door closers, self-locking doors and other forms of building security equipment must be maintained to a serviceable operating standard. Staff are required to report any unserviceable or malfunctioning equipment to Campus Services and/or the Senior Coordinating Technical Officer(s) and or Research Operations Officer(s) for rectification. Under no circumstances should security, fire or self-locking doors be chocked open.

Contents of Buildings As discussed earlier Laboratories contain a range of ‘at higher risk’ substances, materials and equipment that require different levels of secure storage. Particular area(s) of a Laboratory e.g. store rooms, flammable liquid cabinets, cool rooms, fridges, freezers and steel cages, have been designed, constructed and installed to improve security of these substances, materials and equipment. The storage facilities should therefore be kept locked at all times when not in use. Staff must also ensure that ‘at higher risk’ chemicals, materials and equipment are handled and stored correctly at all times so that the risk of injury to persons and/or theft from a Laboratory is reduced to a minimum. An up-to-date inventory of all ‘at higher risk’ chemicals (Chemicals of Security concern and , Security Sensitive Ammonium Nitrate SSAN), materials and equipment should be kept, maintained and regularly audited by Staff in control of these items, to ensure they are fully accounted for, safe, secure and not accessible to unauthorised persons. Only the minimum quantities of ‘at higher risk’ substances, materials and equipment should be left in the general work area of the Laboratory for the period of time required to achieve the desired research or learning outcome(s).

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Reporting Breaches of Security All breaches of Laboratory security (including suspected breaches) should be reported to the relevant Supervisor, Head of School or Centre and Manager, Security & Emergency.

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8. Emergency Management

Introduction

Emergency Management is a critical aspect of people and property safety at USQ and the University has developed a comprehensive Emergency Management Procedure to enable Management and Staff to quickly and decisively respond to any emergency, which could: • threaten the safety of persons, property or the environment; and/or • interrupt or significantly diminish the capability of the University to undertake its usual business operations. All Laboratory Staff or persons with management or control of a workplace must ensure: • relevant emergency procedures are communicated to all Laboratory users prior to an emergency; and • activated and followed during and after an emergency.

Emergency Management Plan

USQ has an Emergency Management Plan in place to ensure the safety of the University community. The plan provides the framework for the effective response to emergencies and/or disasters, and management of the return to business as usual. As a result, Chief Wardens/Wardens should ensure: • that an Evacuation Diagram/s for the building is displayed in a prominent position/s throughout the building; • ensure a level of preparedness within the building by having a sufficient number of Wardens (ECO members); • participate in Emergency Evacuation Exercise training and drills; • develop an area specific ‘Action Plan’ relevant to the risks, taking into account assistance to mobility impaired students and visitors; and • ensure clear access and egress to emergency exits at all times.

Responsibility for Developing, Implementing & Testing of Plans

The Manager, Security and Emergency, Chief Wardens, with the assistance of Senior Coordinating Technical Officer(s), Research Operations Officer(s) and other relevant Laboratory and Workshop Staff are responsible for ensuring that measures are taken to assess the nature and extent of the risks posed by the hazards and processes carried out in their Laboratory/Workshop and ensure that an effective Emergency Management Plan is developed and implemented. The Manager, Security and Emergency, Chief Wardens, Senior Coordinating Technical Officer(s) & Research Operations Officer(s) must ensure that the Laboratory/Workshop Emergency Management Plan is compatible with the University’s overall Emergency Management Plan.

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Staff Involvement in Implementing Emergency Management Plans

The Manager, Security and Emergency, Chief Warden, Senior Coordinating Technical Officer(s), Research Operations Officer(s) and other relevant Laboratory and Workshop Staff are required to be familiar with and take an active role in the implementation of the Laboratory/Workshop Emergency Management Plan should the need arise. Key Laboratory and Workshop Staff e.g. Wardens, First Aid Officers and Academics in charge of classes may be required to carry out a critical role in an emergency to ensure that an emergency response is timely, appropriate and effective. It is particularly important for these key Staff to be identified and receive training as part of the emergency planning process.

Testing of Laboratory Emergency Management Plans

The Manager, Security and Emergency, and Chief Warden are responsible for ensuring that Emergency Management Plans are tested on a regular basis. The primary purpose of the testing is to ensure that: • USQ Staff responsible for initiating emergency management systems, utilising emergency equipment and coordinating the emergency response can respond confidently and effectively so that people and property are not exposed to unnecessary risk; • Laboratory/Workshop Emergency Management Plans and Systems are compatible with the response provided by Security Officers and other Essential Services e.g. fire, ambulance; and • the University’s Laboratory/Workshop Emergency Management Plans and Systems are regularly reviewed and modified as required.

Emergency Contact Numbers

Relevant emergency contact numbers need to be displayed in prominent locations or provided to workers (e.g. on an emergency response card). USQ Internal Emergency – dial 2222 or 46312222 from a mobile device to be connected directly to Switch and/or Security Staff on the Campus from which you are calling.

Dangerous Goods Emergencies

Dangerous Goods Emergencies usually involve the spill, leakage or escape of a Dangerous Good(s) thereby creating additional risk for persons in the immediate area and/or Emergency Management Teams. All workplaces must make arrangements for these Emergencies, regardless of the quantities of Dangerous Goods. Emergency Procedures should be developed on the basis of the needs indicated by the risk management plan (see also Section 8.8 Spills Management).

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This would include an assessment of: • the nature and quantity of the Dangerous Goods stored or handled; • the types and likelihood of Emergencies; • the fire protection and other emergency equipment provided; • the physical features of the premises; • access to the premises by Emergency Services; and • the number of people likely to be on the premises or adjoining premises.

Specific management information (e.g. drain covers and absorbent materials) for the containment of the Emergency may need to be provided. It is the responsibility of the Senior Coordinating Technical Officer(s) and Research Operations Officer(s), in consultation with other Staff, to ensure that such information and material is readily available, prominently displayed and properly maintained. As a minimum, Emergency Procedures should include instructions on: • how to raise the alarm, including how to contact the appropriate Emergency Services Authorities; • any actions to be taken by workers in an Emergency to ensure the safety and health of all persons at the workplace to minimise risks, damage to property as well as the environment; and • any actions to be taken by prescribed persons such as Fire Wardens, for example how to evacuate the workplace or use fire extinguishers. The Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand Handbook, SAA/SNZ HB 76:2010 ‘Dangerous Goods – Initial Emergency Response Guide’ recommends a six-step approach for dangerous goods incidents: • raise the alarm; • secure the area; • approach with care; • identify products; • assess the situation; and • respond accordingly. To manage Dangerous Goods Emergencies effectively, the ‘first responder’ should consider the following points when at an accident site involving Dangerous Goods: • Always advise someone else of the Emergency before attempting to control the situation; • Identify the hazards and products involved from storage containers, DG class labels or placards in the area. Seek additional help from SDS and other available documents (e.g. Register, SOPs); • Assess the situation using available information and documents. Knowing the physical and chemical properties of the product will determine the appropriate response and evacuation procedures; • Remember that many harmful chemicals are colourless and/or odourless, including gases, which can be also heavier than air and accumulate in low lying areas; • Minimise exposure to the hazards by wearing the appropriate PPE and avoiding inhalation of gases, fumes and smoke. Work upwind if the Emergency is in a ventilated or outdoor area;

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• If you cannot determine the nature of the material and its hazards, secure the area and contact the emergency number 2222, with details of spill; • Decontaminate equipment, clothing and persons, including any victims, on site if safe to do so; • Safely dispose of contaminated materials or seek specialist advice on disposal from the manufacturer or the local government authority (EPA); • If human exposure has occurred seek medical assistance immediately and provide full details of exposure; • All Incidents, Hazards and ‘Near Miss’ incidents involving dangerous goods must be reported to Laboratory/Workshop Staff and an Incident report completed on UniHIRTS.

Needle-Stick Injuries and Other Biological Hazard Exposures

Please refer to the Biosafety Procedure for further information.

Spills Management

General Requirements

Spills in the Laboratory may range from a minor incident to a significant hazardous event that may result in a person(s) and/or the environment being harmed. Spills Emergency Plans must be developed and personnel trained in how to implement the plan(s) and any specific procedures that must be followed.

All spills must be reported to the Supervisor. Safety Data Sheets must be readily accessible for all chemicals used in the Laboratory and/or Workshop. Information regarding how to manage spills should be read and understood by all who work or learn in a Laboratory and Workshop. The method(s) and material(s) used for spill containment will be dependent upon a number of key factors. These include but may not be limited to the: • toxicity of the substance; • nature and type of substance; • size of the spill; • location of the spill; • consequences of the spill; • compatibility with other goods that could be spilt; and • ready availability or otherwise of Emergency Services.

Emergency Spill Procedure

If a spill occurs, the following procedure should be followed: • implement immediate measures to minimise exposure of persons (including

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own self) to the material that has been spilt by evacuating the immediate area of the Laboratory or Workshop; • ensure that a person(s) is posted outside the entrance(s) to the Laboratory/Workshop area to prevent people from entering the contaminated area; • alert Senior Coordinating Technical Officer(s) or Research Operations Officer(s) to the emergency situation as soon as possible; • do not attempt to clean-up the spill unless effective risk control measures can be implemented e.g. the nature of the material is known, the correct method of clean-up is understood and PPE is available; • determine if the spill can be managed at the local level using information on the nature of the material, the extent of the spill, and the resources available to contain and/or treat the spill; • if the emergency management information contained in the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) is unclear or the SDS cannot be accessed for any reason, contact USQ Safety and Wellbeing; • ensure that all absorbent or contaminated material is placed in sealed containers, labelled and appropriately disposed of as contaminated waste at the completion of the clean-up; • Any dangerous or major spills should be treated as an emergency and USQ emergency procedures are to be followed by ringing 2222; and • all incidents involving major spills must be reported to Laboratory or Workshop Staff and an Incident Report completed on UniHIRTS.

Maintenance and Supply of Spill Kits

All Laboratories and Workshops should have kits that are appropriate for controlling the risks associated with a spill of the type of hazardous material(s) being used. Laboratory and Workshop Staff are responsible for ensuring that all spill kits are appropriately located, maintained and are readily accessible at all times. The content of the Kits will be determined depending on the outcome of the Laboratory/Workshop Spill Risk Management Plan. Commercially available kits may be purchased for specific hazards, or may be prepared after referring to Safety Data Sheets. Kits should be placed in the appropriate area(s) before the hazardous material(s) is used and may include: • suitable PPE (including clothing, chemically resistant gloves and boots, safety glasses/face shields, respiratory equipment); • material to contain the spill (e.g. clean, dry sand or a commercial product); • material to absorb the spill (e.g. clean, dry sand or vermiculite, absorbent towels or a commercial product); • warning placards and barriers (e.g. Do Not Enter, Biohazard); • approved containers to contain leaking packages and store waste materials; • materials for decontamination procedures (e.g. Sodium hypochlorite, Ethanol); • neutralising agents (e.g. Soda Ash); • hand tools such as mops, buckets, squeegees and bins; and • portable ventilation equipment.

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NOTE: Proprietary Spill Kits and sponges are available for most Hazardous Substances. There are few universal absorbents available so the absorbent needs to be compatible with, and suitable for, the spilled material.

Chemical Spills Chemical spills may be converted to a less harmful form by neutralisation, oxidation or reduction. When decontaminating spills, care must be taken to ensure that the spill and/or resultant product: • does not contaminate the environment; • does not enter the sewerage or drainage system; and • is disposed of appropriately. In the event that decontamination is not an option and/or the spill is too large and/or the person is not trained in Chemical Spills Management, the first priority then is to follow the Emergency Spill Procedure and report the incident immediately to the relevant Laboratory Staff. It is preferred that neutralisation is not attempted. If it does need to occur only experienced Laboratory Staff should conduct procedure. Contact the Research Operations Officer or Senior Coordinating Technical Officer for assistance. Neutralisation decontamination procedures may be used for spills of acids and bases. The following criteria must be taken into account when determining the procedure to be used: • the identity and concentration of the acid or base; • the possible violence of the neutralisation reaction; • the surface material to be decontaminated; and • the quantity of the spill. To neutralise a spill: • contain the spill by surrounding it with a non-combustible material e.g. sand, • neutralise acid spills with Lime, Soda Ash, Calcium carbonate, Sodium bicarbonate or Limestone, • use only dry products with acid spills as water reacts violently with concentrated acids, • neutralise alkali spills with a dilute solution of Hydrochloric or Acetic acid, • after the neutralisation reaction is complete, collect the end-product by absorbing with a non-combustible material and then scoop up the material and seal material in an appropriate container prior to disposal. Qualified and expert professionals should handle concentrated spills of greater than one (1) litre. In cases when the spill exceeds or is suspected to exceed one (1) litre, the contaminated area/Facility should be evacuated and Emergency Services contacted. Emergency Services must be contacted if Staff have had contact with or are affected by the spill. Oxidation decontamination may be used to treat spills of aqueous cyanides, phenols and other organic substances. This type of decontamination procedure should not be undertaken by Laboratory Staff for large spills (greater than one (1) litre) as the reaction may generate excessive amounts of heat and toxic products and therefore be difficult to control. Expert assistance should be sought to deal with such spills.

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Reduction decontamination may be used to treat spills of heavy metal solutions (e.g. lead or Mercury). These reactions may also be difficult to control and generate large amounts of heat and toxic products. As a result, Laboratory Staff should not perform such procedures in response to large spills (greater than one (1) litre), but rather seek expert assistance from Emergency Services. For other chemical substances refer to the SDS for specific spill procedures or seek advice from the Senior Coordinating Technical Officer(s) and Research Operations Officer(s).

Chemical Spills in Fume Cupboards The basic steps for chemical spills in fume cupboards are: • Use standard work procedures for chemical spills e.g. use appropriate PPE etc. • Always leave the fume cupboard exhaust running while cleaning up spills. • Small liquid chemical spills should be contained and absorbed with absorbent towel, pads or mats. Leave the absorbent material in the fume cupboard to allow fumes to extract before disposing of appropriately. • Solid spills should be cleaned by wet mopping or using vacuum cleaning. • Refer to chemical SDS for detailed spills management information. • In the event of a fire or large liquid chemical spill, immediately activate the emergency isolator button, to isolate all electrical or gas services, and leave the exhaust running. Allow sufficient time for fumes to extract before cleaning up the spill. • Refer to the Manufacturer’s Manual for directions on how to clean and decontaminate the work surface and the sump area under the fume cupboard work platform. See also section 22.2 Fume Cupboard.

Clean Up Procedures for Small Chemical Spills Less than 500 ML

The following general procedures can be used: • Acids-The spillage should be contained with earth or sand and neutralised carefully with Soda ash or Sodium bicarbonate. Warning do not use rags or sawdust to clean-up spills of oxidising acids; • Alkalis-For spillages of alkalis, the spoilage should be contained using sand or earth. Citric acid or other dilute acid may be used to neutralise the alkali before clean-up. Residual alkali should be washed with water ensuring no contact occurs between washings and any aluminium or zinc containers; • Volatile liquids and organic solvents-Spillages of organic solvents should be absorbed using diatomaceous earth, activated charcoal or a proprietary product suitable for the absorption of the liquid. Many organic solvents are volatile and, as such, respiratory protection may be needed. Spills of flammable solvents will require control of ignition sources; and • Toxic chemicals-Spillages of toxic chemicals should be cleaned up with methods that recognise the hazards of the spilled material, in particular those contained in Appendix G of AS/NZS 2243.2:2006. All materials used for cleaning should be disposed of in a safe manner, taking into account the hazards of the spilled material. Mercury can be removed using a proprietary University of Southern Queensland | Laboratory & Workshop Safety Manual – Issued 2021 30

Mercury spill kit, Mercury sponges, a specially designed vacuum and suction apparatus or a combination of these. All spill incidents must be reported to the Senior Coordinating Technical Officer and/or Research Operations Officers so that the circumstances that led to the spill can be determined and remedial measures implemented to prevent a recurrence.

Mercury Spills

All Laboratory areas using Mercury or Mercury-filled equipment should ensure that appropriate spill kits are readily accessible, and personnel have been trained in the proper procedure to follow in the event of a Mercury spill. Commercial Mercury clean up kits are available for purchase and should be seriously considered in Laboratories where Mercury is used. After a Mercury spill, the immediate area should be isolated and the clean-up procedure commenced. Consider evacuating the area if a large area of the Laboratory and/or its equipment has been contaminated, or if ventilation is inadequate. All personnel involved in the clean-up should use the appropriate PPE e.g. impervious disposable gloves (PVC or rubber). A Mercury vapour respirator should be used for large spills. If the spill is of only a few droplets, the Mercury may be picked up on wet towelling, adhesive tape, or by pasteur pipette or vacuum pump. More significant spills should first involve collecting the large droplets, using a scraper or piece of cardboard. The resulting pool should be collected using a special vacuum pump or an industrial vacuum cleaner fitted with a charcoal filter trap. Large spills should be handled by experts as decontamination of work surfaces and environmental monitoring may also be required. Metallic Mercury waste should be placed in an approved container, labelled and disposed of appropriately. Always refer to the supplier’s SDS for specific procedures for handling spills.

Radiation Spills

Secure the area and contact the Radiation Safety Officer immediately (x2096). Do not attempt to clean up the spill prior to contacting the Radiation Safety Officer.

Biological Spills

Please refer to the Biosafety Procedure for further information.

References SAA/SNZ HB 76:2010 ‘Dangerous Goods – Initial Emergency Response Guide’ University of Southern Queensland (USQ) Incident & Hazard Reporting and Tracking System (UniHIRTS)

USQ Emergency Procedurescontact numbers

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9. First Aid

Executive Deans, Heads of School, Executive Directors, Directors of Centres, Technical Staff, nominated First Aid Officers and persons in charge of field trips should be familiar with their responsibilities for providing First Aid services, equipment and facilities as outlined in the USQ First Aid Procedure.

All Laboratories and Workshops are to have appropriate first aid equipment available and accessible. The number of first aid kits and their contents is to be based on a risk assessment of the Workshop activities, and will be maintained by the nominated First Aid Officer.

As part of a person’s induction to the Laboratory and/or Workshop they should be advised of the location of: • the First Aid equipment; and • the nominated First Aid Officers.

Where fixed or portable eye wash and shower equipment is provided, it is to be serviced and maintained in accordance with AS 4775:2007-Emergency eyewash and shower equipment.

Further information can be obtained from the USQ First Aid Procedure and the First Aid in the Workplace Code of Practice 2014. 10. Safety Equipment

Introduction

All Laboratories are required to have safety equipment installed and/or available to manage the residual risk(s) that cannot be entirely eliminated by: • effective building design and construction measures; • limiting the use of Hazardous Substances or work practices; and • implementing fixed guarding or other engineered hazard containment measures. Safety equipment falls into three key categories i.e. fixed, portable and PPE.

Fixed Safety Equipment

The number, location and type(s) of fixed equipment will be determined by Campus Services in consultation with Senior Coordinating Technical Officers and Research Operations Officers having regard to relevant Australian Standards, Building Codes and best industry practice. Fixed safety equipment can include but may not be limited to: • Safety Showers with/without eye wash facilities (for further information see AS/NZS 2982:2010); • bench mounted fume extraction systems;

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• Fume Cupboards, see Section 22.2 Fume Cupboards; • drainage pits; and • approved storage cabinets.

Safety Showers and Eyewash Facilities Safety Showers with/without eye wash stations must be made available in all Laboratory areas where there is a risk of personal contamination. Access to Safety Showers should be unobstructed and within 10 metres of the work area. Where eyewash facilities are not incorporated in a Safety Shower, they should be provided separately and in accordance with AS/NZS 2982:2010. In older Laboratories that have not been built to comply with AS/NZS 2982:2010, single use packs of sterile eye irrigation fluids should be provided rather than refillable eyewash bottles, because of the danger of growth of microorganisms in multiple use eye irrigation fluids.

Safety Showers and Eyewash facilities are subject to a regular service schedule coordinated by Campus Services. All Safety Shower and Eyewash facilities should be kept clean with clear access at all times. For specifications and installation requirements refer to AS/NZS 2982:2010 and AS 4775:2007.

Fire Extinguishers, Fire Blankets and Fire Hoses

Introduction

Fire extinguishers, fire blankets and fire hose reels can be regarded as a type of emergency equipment. In the case of fire, the use of fire extinguishers, blankets and hose reels should not be preferred ahead of an effective building evacuation. Before using a fire extinguisher, read the instructions to ensure that it is appropriate to the type of fire.

Servicing, Checking and Replacement

Fire extinguishers, fire blankets and fire hose reels are serviced, checked and replaced under a contract that is overseen by Campus Services. Fire extinguishers that have been discharged, either partially or completely, should be reported to Campus Services so that a replacement can be arranged. Under no circumstances is a used extinguisher to be returned to its wall mount.

Signage and Placards

All fire extinguishers and hose reels must be signed and placarded with correctly installed Australian Standards approved symbols. Any signs and/or placards that are not clearly legible must be reported to Campus Services so that replacements can be arranged.

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Portable Safety Equipment

The number, location and type(s) of portable safety equipment will be determined based upon the particular hazards and risks that are associated with the work and/or learning activities undertaken. Portable safety equipment can include, but may not necessarily be limited to: • eye wash sprays; • first aid kits; • spill kits; • trolleys; • approved storage containers and cabinets e.g. Dangerous Goods cabinets; and • protective shields.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

PPE is considered to be the last line of defense to protect people after other control measures have been implemented.

PPE is used: • in combination with other control measures to provide the best solution; and • as an interim measure until a more effective way of controlling the risk can be established. PPE equipment is required to be worn by all who work in, learn in, visit or are otherwise contracted to undertake work in a Laboratory or Workshop (see USQ Laboratory Safety Rules and the Minimum Standards of Dress and PPE procedure). Only PPE that complies with Australian Standards is to be worn in a Laboratory or Research Facility under the control of the University (Refer to AS/NZS 2243.1:2005). The type of PPE that must be worn will be determined by the nature of the work being conducted and the outcomes of the Laboratory/Workshop Risk Management process. Refer to Section 11: Risk Management. At the very least, the following PPE must be worn at all times in the Laboratory or Research Facility unless lesser requirements can be justified by a risk management plan: • A properly fastened Laboratory coat that protects the arms and body. Long- sleeved cotton or cotton/polyester Laboratory coats or wrap-around gowns are recommended for general Laboratory work (AS/NZS 2243.1:2005 clause 4.2.2). • An appropriate disposable Laboratory coat must be worn for all operations involving unscreened human blood and body fluids, (refer to USQ IBC ‘Standard Operating Procedures for Dealing with Specimens of Human Origin and/or Potentially Infectious and/or Hazardous Agents including animal blood or tissues’). • Non-slip, closed-in shoes that cover the toes, upper surface of the foot and

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the heel. Thongs, sandals, sling backs, shoes with open sections or bare feet are not permitted. • Australian Standards approved safety glasses, goggles or eye protection appropriate to the type of work performed. Contact lenses or prescription glasses are not a suitable substitute for normal eye safety protection which should be worn in addition to these. • Appropriate gloves chosen to suit the particular application or work.

When conducting work outdoors or in a Workshop it must be ensured that any required PPE is: • appropriate for the task; • correct and comfortable fit; • clean and in good repair; and • is maintained and stored correctly in accordance with manufacturers’ instruction. Class Supervisors must complete Risk Management Plans for all activities undertaken in Laboratories and Workshops; this will determine what, if any additional PPE is required. The Supervisor must advise students of the requirement to wear any additional PPE. The required PPE must be available for Student use.

PPE shall be selected and used in accordance with Australian Standards as follows: • coats (AS/NZS 2243.1: 2005 4.2.2); • eye and face protection (safety glasses, spectacles, goggles etc). (AS/NZS 2243.1: 4.2.2 and AS/NZS 1336, 1337:2014 & 1337.1:2010; • respiratory protection (masks, respirators, etc). (AS/NZS 1715:2009 and 1716:2012) gloves (AS/NZS 2161:2016); • hearing protection (AS/NZS 1270:2002); and • footwear (AS/NZS 2210:2010).

Supply & Maintenance of PPE

In accordance with legislation, the University must provide Staff and Students with: • the necessary Australian Standards approved PPE (free of charge) to undertake their work in a safe manner; • training in the correct use of the equipment; and • the means to maintain the equipment to a serviceable standard. Staff and Students are required to use the equipment appropriately and to take reasonable care of and maintain the equipment during its working life. Protective clothing worn in a Laboratory must not be laundered domestically. USQ has a Washing Machine and Dryer available for use, contact the Research Operations Officer for further information. For all purchases of PPE, delegated Purchasing Officers must ensure that the proposed PPE complies with Australian design standards for their intended use. Further advice on the appropriateness of the proposed PPE can be obtained from USQ Safety and Wellbeing. The University reserves its right to refuse any Student(s) and/or other persons entry to a Laboratory or Workshop when the requisite PPE is not

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being worn. Visiting a Laboratory or Workshop is conditional upon PPE being worn. The University may, in certain circumstances provide disposable PPE e.g. gloves, face-masks, earplugs. All Contractors are responsible for supplying and maintaining their own PPE. All Contractors undertaking work in a Laboratory must wear the requisite Australian Standards approved PPE. All Laboratory coats are provided by the individual Laboratories to prevent contamination.

References AS/NZS 1270:2002 (R2014) - Acoustics – Hearing protectors AS/NZS 1336: 2014 – Eye & Face Protection Guidelines AS/NZS 1337.0:2014 – Personal eye protection -Eye and face protection AS/NZS 1715:2009 - Selection, use and maintenance of respiratory protective equipment AS/NZS 1716:2012 - Respiratory protective devices AS/NZS 2161:1:2016 - Occupationally protective gloves Selection use and maintenance AS/NZS 2210.1:2010 – Safety, protective and occupational footwear – Guide to selection, care and use AS/NZS 2243.1:2005 - Safety in laboratories – Planning and operational aspects AS/NZS2982:2010 Laboratory design and construction Work Health & Safety Regulation 2011

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11. Safety Risk Management

Introduction

Chapter 3 of the QLD WHS Regulation 2011 imposes obligations on a PCBU to manage risks to health and safety. A PCBU must identify reasonably foreseeable hazards that could give rise to risks to health and safety. A PCBU must also eliminate risks to health and safety so far as is reasonably practicable; and if it is not reasonably practicable to eliminate risks to health and safety; minimise those risks so far as is reasonably practicable. This should be taken to mean that when a workplace hazard has been identified, the risk assessment process, in consultation with workers, must involve identifying what control measures need to be implemented to eliminate the risk in the first instance, or if this is not possible, deciding on appropriate control options to minimise the risk.

Laboratory Risk Management

USQ has an established Risk Management and Policy and related specific Work Health & Safety Risk Management Procedure that outlines the basic steps to be followed when conducting risk management. A “Safety Risk Management System” for the creation, filing and archiving of all Safety Risk Management Plans is located in SharePoint. The responsibility for conducting Risk Management Plans is detailed in Section 6 Responsibilities. The Senior Technical Officer or Research Operations Officer can be contacted for assistance. Laboratories and Workshops are deemed by the University to be high-risk areas due to the hazardous activities undertaken therein when compared to other work areas. Laboratory/Workshop Risk Management plans must be completed and signed by the relevant supervisor for all work that is undertaken in a Laboratory, Workshop or associated Facility. For specific guidance on Risk Management Plans for Biological materials, refer to the Biosafety Procedure. Work in a Laboratory, Workshop or associated Facility includes but may not be limited to: • research projects, • experiments, • training, • demonstrations, • erection, use and dismantling of apparatus, • operating equipment, • use of hazardous substances and dangerous goods, and • changes to Laboratory design, construction and/or layout.

Note: Lectures or tutorials that do not require the use of University of Southern Queensland | Laboratory & Workshop Safety Manual – Issued 2021 37

Laboratory/Workshop facilities or equipment must not be scheduled in these spaces.

Managing work health and safety risks is an ongoing process that is triggered when any changes affect work activities. The risk management process must be followed when: • before new projects; either research or undergraduate classwork are introduced; • changing work practices, procedures or the work environment; • purchasing new or used equipment or plant; • using hazardous and or new substances; • new information about workplace risks becomes available; • responding to workplace Incidents (even if they have caused no injury); • responding to concerns raised by workers, health and safety representatives or others at the workplace; and • required by the WHS Regulation for specific hazards. It is also important to use the risk management approach when designing and planning products, processes or places used for work, because it is often easier and more effective to eliminate hazards before they are introduced into a workplace by incorporating safety features at the design stage. For the purpose of this Manual, Safety Risk Management Plans relate directly to any work or learning activity that is to be undertaken in a Laboratory or associated Facility.

Sample Laboratory Safety Risk Management Plans

Sample Laboratory Safety Risk Management Plans are provided on the Safety Risk Management System, as a guide to completing a new Safety Risk Management Plan. If further assistance is required, contact the Senior Coordinating Technical Officer, Research Operations Officer or USQ Safety.

Risk Assessments for Undergraduate Students

Undergraduate Students should also be made aware of their risk management responsibilities when working in Laboratory environments. This can form part of their Laboratory practical experience, and can be facilitated through the use of a simple ‘undergraduate safety checklist’ that could be completed as part of their pre- Laboratory work for each practical class. The use of a simple safety checklist would allow undergraduates to quickly identify the major hazards and the risk control measures that have been put in place following the formal risk assessment process previously undertaken by the Academic responsible for the practicum.

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Chemical Risk Management Plans

Introduction

Risk Management Plans are required for all Hazardous Chemicals and Dangerous Goods stored and used in the University. The legal obligations for hazard identification and risk assessment for Hazardous Chemicals can be found in section 351 of the WHS Regulation 2011. The sections below cover Risk Management Plans for Hazardous Chemicals and Dangerous Goods in storage and used as individual items. If however you plan to conduct work with a number of these Chemicals and Goods, as is commonly the case in Laboratory environments, then a separate Risk Management Plan must be completed for each application. Safety Risk Management Plans must be reviewed once every five (5) years or at other times as required by legislation.

Risk Management Plans for Hazardous Chemicals

Risk Management Plans for Hazardous Chemicals relate to the purchase, storage and use of the Hazardous Chemical. Results of Risk Management Plans must be recorded in a local register by: • making a notation to follow the SDS if the Hazardous Chemicals kept and used, have no additional control measures necessary to control the risks associated with exposure to the Hazardous Chemical other than those outlined in the SDS; or • preparing a Risk Management Plan if additional measures are required to control the risks associated with exposure to the Hazardous Chemicals, and attaching it to the register. Any Risk Management Plans prepared for Hazardous Chemicals in a designated work area must be readily accessible to all persons working with or with the potential for exposure to the Hazardous Chemical. In addition to the above requirement for a Risk Management Plan to be attached to the register for all Hazardous Chemicals, a Risk Management Plan must also be completed for each application where a Hazardous Chemical is used.

Risk Management Plans for Dangerous Goods

Risks associated with Dangerous Goods will be proportional to the overall quantity of Dangerous Goods stored or handled. Therefore Safety Risk Management Plans will depend on the total quantities of each Class of Dangerous Goods stored or handled. Dangerous Goods stored or handled in a designated work area must have the results of a Risk Management Plan or any review of a Risk Management Plan recorded in a local register. Refer to Section 17.3 Register of Hazardous Chemicals and Dangerous Goods:

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• making a notation to follow the SDS if the storage and use of the Dangerous Good is in line with the manufacturer’s recommendations; or • preparing a Safety Risk Management Plan if additional measures are necessary to control the risks associated with the storage or handling of the Dangerous Goods, and attaching it to the register. Any Risk Management Plans prepared for Dangerous Goods in a designated work area must be readily accessible to all persons storing and handling the Dangerous Goods. In addition to the above requirement for a Risk Management Plan to be attached to the register for all Dangerous Goods, an additional Risk Management Plan must be completed for each application where Dangerous Goods are used.

Approval and Consultation

It is important when undertaking a Risk Management Plan that other people are consulted. This can include but is not limited to stakeholders, other project team members, subject matter experts and USQ Safety. Approvals are required for many Research Projects. This ensures USQ has met all legal obligations for health and safety. Work must not commence until approval is gained: • All projects using material of human origin (including human cell lines) must have written approval of the Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC); • All projects using material of animal origin must have written approval of the Animal Ethics Committee; • All projects using material involving Genetic Modification or material of biological origin must follow the requirements outlined in the Biosafety Procedure.

References Safety Risk Management System Work Health & Safety Regulation (QLD) 2011 Undergraduate Safety Checklist (for undergraduate student use) Work Health and Safety Risk Management Procedure.

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12. General Workshop Management

The following principals apply to all individuals working within University Workshops: • Keep the workshop clean, organised and tidy at all times; • Staff and/or Students must not operate plant/equipment unless they are qualified and/or trained to do so; • Always seek instruction before using new or an unfamiliar piece of equipment. • Only use tools and machines for the intended purpose; • Wear suitable attire (including long pants) for operating machinery and/or equipment; • Safety glasses must be worn in accordance with Workshop procedures; • Safety footwear must be worn when working in the Workshop; • Fully enclosed footwear may be acceptable in some Arts Workshops depending on the activities being conducted; • Always use the appropriate PPE; • Report any damaged equipment and remove it from use until it has been repaired by a competent person; • Where machine guards are provided they must be kept in place; • Never distract the attention of another Staff member when they are operating equipment; • No chemicals must be brought into the workshop without a current SDS; • Report all hazards, unsafe conditions and work practices to the Senior Coordinating Technical Officer, Workshop and or relevant workshop Supervisor; • Compressed air should only be used for cleaning clothing and/or machinery if no other cleaning methods are available and on a low pressure setting with eye protection worn; • Visitors must remain within marked walkways; and • The last person leaving the workshop at any time must ensure that equipment is turned off and the workshop is locked to prevent unauthorised entry. No Staff member or other unauthorised persons are to enter the workshops out of hours, unless access has been approved by the relevant Supervisor, and Security is advised of the out of hours work.

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13. Laboratory Safety Inductions

Introduction

Any person, excluding visitors, entering Laboratory facilities, must undergo the appropriate Laboratory Safety Induction training. The level and detail of the safety induction training should depend upon the work or activities to be undertaken whilst in the facilities. Safety Inductions and training for Staff and Students must be conducted before Laboratory work can commence. It is the responsibility of the Faculty/School/Centre to appoint the person responsible for conducting the safety induction. The Faculty/School/Centre must also establish and maintain a record of any person who has attended the training. Records must be kept for at least 5 years.

Undergraduate Students

Undergraduate Students must complete Laboratory Safety Inductions prior to commencing Laboratory practicums. These should be specific to each Laboratory area and include site-specific emergency information. The Laboratory Safety Induction should be conducted by the Academic responsible for the teaching of the Laboratory practicums in conjunction with the Senior Coordinating Technical Officer or other Laboratory Staff who are in control of the Laboratory(ies) where practicums are to be conducted. The Laboratory Safety Induction Checklist (available on Health and Safety Resources webpage) for Undergraduate Students provides guidance for the core information that should be covered during a typical safety induction. This checklist may be modified to make it more applicable to individual Laboratory areas.

Staff and Postgraduate Students

New Staff and Postgraduate Students must complete appropriate site-specific Laboratory Safety Induction training prior to commencing their work or research. The Laboratory Safety Induction should be conducted by the Supervisor or Research Supervisor in conjunction with the Senior Coordinating Technical Officer and Research Operations Officer and/or designated Laboratory Staff in control of specific Laboratory areas. Each Laboratory has a Laboratory Safety Induction Checklist for Staff and Postgraduate Students to provide guidance for the core information that should be covered during a typical safety induction. This checklist may be modified to make it more applicable to individual Laboratory areas. Student Inductions for the Engineering Electrical, Electronic, Computer Networking, Electrical Construction & Manufacturing, and Laser & Gas Detection Laboratories will be provided by the Academic in charge of the class.

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Casual Staff

The requirements of this Manual apply in their entirety to any casual Staff who may, for any period of time, be required to work in, visit or learn in any Laboratory or associated Facility to which this Manual applies.

Contractors Working Within Laboratories

Contractors are required to undergo a General Safety Induction Program prior to carrying out any work on a University site. All contractors who are required to work within a Laboratory facility will require an additional Laboratory specific Safety Induction. If it is not reasonably practicable to do the Laboratory specific Safety Induction the contractor must be supervised whenever they are in the Laboratory facility. The Senior Coordinating Technical Officer and Research Operations Officer in consultation with relevant stakeholders will determine the nature, timing, content and extent of the Laboratory-specific Safety Induction and ensure that such training is provided to the contractor before the contractor undertakes any work within the Laboratory. Prior to entering a Laboratory, Contractors are to call the Senior Coordinating Technical Officer or the Research Operations Officer. This is to assist with ensuring that the Laboratory is in a safe condition for the Contractors to enter.

Visitors

Visitors and/or clients must report to the Senior Coordinating Technical Officer, Research Operations Officer or relevant Supervisor to undergo appropriate site- specific Safety Induction training prior to entering Laboratory Facilities. Visitors and/or clients should be supervised at all times and must comply with all reasonable directions given to them by Laboratory Staff. The Laboratory is a potentially hazardous place to work. Strict adherence to the Laboratory Safety Manual can greatly reduce the risks associated with any potential hazards.

References USQ Laboratory Safety Induction Checklist General Laboratory Safety

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14. General Laboratory Safety Rules

The Laboratory is a potentially hazardous place to work. Strict adherence to the Laboratory & Workshop Safety Manual can greatly reduce the risks associated with any potential hazards.

General

It is a condition of entry that all persons, whilst in a Laboratory and/or any associated Facilities, must understand the General Laboratory Safety Rules and accept their responsibility under the WH&S legislation to adhere to the Safety Rules at all times. For specific rules related to work with Biological materials please refer to the Biosafety Procedure. Persons who act contrary to the USQ General Laboratory Safety Rules may be asked to leave. Individual Schools and Centres should develop and implement local Laboratory Safety Procedures that are designed to meet their specific needs but remain compatible with these rules. There may also be a need for exclusion of certain rules depending on the nature of the work being conducted e.g. consumption of water during exercise physiology testing in Exercise and Sports Laboratories, or the wearing of Laboratory coats in certain Physics Laboratories. These exclusions should be determined by each individual Faculty, School or Centre through the risk management process and be communicated to all relevant persons and documented in local Laboratory Safety Procedures. The staff to student ratio for Laboratory/practical activities should be maintained at a maximum of 1 Staff member : 16 Students, unless otherwise outlined in the Risk Management Plans.

Access to Laboratories and Associated Facilities

Laboratories usually operate between the normal working hours of 8:00 am to 6:00pm Monday to Friday. If evening undergraduate Laboratory classes are timetabled, they are considered to be within normal working hours for the teaching and any support Staff involved. Teaching Laboratories are not opened outside of the normal working hours. Any person who is granted permission to access Research Laboratories outside the normal working hours must follow the ‘Regulations for After Hours Work’ (see below). After hours work is defined as being work conducted in laboratories and associated facilities on: • Weekdays: 6.00pm – 7.00am; • Weekends: Friday 6.00pm – Monday 7.00am (Public holidays are included as weekends). Schools or Centres may also specify ‘After Hours Work’ local procedures or other

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directives. Staff and Students should refer to their School or Centre’s local procedures or directives for any additional information, details and requirements with regard to ‘After Hours Work’.

Regulations for After Hours Work

• Workshops or Laboratories will not be considered to be ‘after hours’ if they are under the control and supervision of authorised Staff; • Supervisors may give permission for access to Buildings/Laboratories outside normal working hours, provided that signing-in and out regulations are adhered to; • Signing-in and out of a building or Laboratory should be done using an ‘After Hours Building/Laboratory Access Log Book’. This book should include details of name, arrival and departure times, intended location and contact number. Contact the relevant Supervisor for the location of the After Hours Building/Laboratory Access Log Book for the area being worked in; • It is recommended that at least two people be within close proximity when after-hours work is being performed; • When working after hours, Security Officers at the relevant campus must be notified of the presence, location and expected time of departure of each person. Security must also be notified once personnel have left the lab; • Personnel working after hours should regularly check the well-being of co- workers in nearby Laboratories (e.g. every 30 minutes); • In the event of an accident or emergency, contact Campus Security on ext 2222 or 46312222 (mobile device); and • Security Officers must also be notified when you sign out to leave campus.

Working Alone or In Isolation

Introduction

At USQ people often work and/or learn alone. Working and/or learning alone should not be regarded as an inherently unsafe practice but rather as a practice that can be safely undertaken provided adequate risk control measures are implemented. AS/NZS 2243.1 however identifies a number of high-risk hazards, and stipulates that a person not be exposed to such hazards while working alone or in isolation. These hazards include but are not necessarily restricted to: • operating equipment or machinery, including workshop machinery capable of inflicting serious injury, such as chainsaws, firearms, lathes and power saws; • handling venomous reptiles, insects, arthropods or fish; • working with, or near, highly toxic or corrosive substances where there is a significant risk of exposure to the substance, taking into account the volume used; • working with animals other than for feeding or observation; • using apparatus that could result in explosion, implosion, or the release of high

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energy fragments or significant amounts of toxic or environmentally damaging hazardous material; • climbing towers or high ladders; • working with microorganisms of Risk Group 3 or higher, or those which require the use of Containment Level 3 facility of higher in accordance with AS/NZS 2243.3; • operating lasers of Class 3 and above; and • working with exposed energised electrical or electronic systems with powers exceeding 100 VA and voltages exceeding 40 V.

Risk Control

All working/learning alone situations should be the subject of a Risk Management Plan before any work or learning activities commence. Key criteria that may be taken into consideration when conducting the risk management plan can include but not necessarily be limited to the: • experience and training of the individual; • nature and degree of hazard associated with the work; • availability of control measures; • effectiveness of the control measures; • criticality of the work to be undertaken; and • likely harm that may result should an incident occur. If work in isolation is permitted, then appropriate risk control measures should be incorporated into the local Standard/Safe Work Procedures e.g. emergency contacts, pagers, alarm triggers, work plans etc. The table below identifies typical working alone situations with examples of appropriate risk control strategies for implementation.

Situation Risk Control Strategy(ies)

Work area is remote from other work • Advise a work colleague or areas e.g. a Laboratory in another Security Staff of where you unoccupied building. are and what you will be doing. Ask Security to check on you if you have not either sent a text or contacted them every hour or at an arranged time. Work area is isolated from other work • Advise a work colleague or areas e.g. a Laboratory that is Security Officer of where you specifically isolated and/or locked are and what you will be doing because of the classification of the and that you will phone every Laboratory. hour to report that you are ok. Work to be carried out will not be • Park vehicle closer to place completed until late at night where work is to be carried out necessitating a long walk in the dark to during daylight hours so the a motor vehicle. length of the walk is reduced.

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• Contact Security Officers and request an escort to vehicle at completion of work. Work to be undertaken is relatively • Organise for another person to high-risk e.g. person is to perform a be available for the time that it high-risk experiment using toxic takes to complete the substance. experiment as opposed to the setting up time etc.

Unattended Work In Progress

A ‘Notice of Experimental Activity Card’ must accompany experimental work in progress that is unattended for any length of time. The card must provide information that is appropriate and relevant to the type of work in progress and (as a minimum) provide the following information: • the nature of the work in progress; • key safety and emergency information; • an emergency contact number(s); and • critical first aid information if required. Shorthand information and abbreviations on work in progress cards is not acceptable. The card must be prominently displayed in the immediate vicinity of where the work is being undertaken, and it remains the responsibility of the person undertaking the work to ensure that the card remains displayed at all times whilst the work is in progress.

Overnight Work In Progress

All experimental work involving potentially hazardous material, that is unattended between 6:00 pm and 8:00am, must be set up in an area that will render it safe and contain any potential spills (e.g. set up of a chemical reaction in a fume cupboard). The person responsible for setting up the work in progress or work that runs overnight must ensure that a ‘Notification of Experiment Activity Card’ is completed and displayed as required (see above). In addition, they must contact Security and advise that the work in progress will run overnight. If services such as air conditioning are required to be left on overnight/weekend, the person must request Security to also advise the relevant department in Campus Services. In addition, any equipment and fume cupboards that are critical to the work and need to be left on after hours must carry a ‘Please Leave On’ notice with name and after-hours telephone number of the person(s) responsible for undertaking the work so that they can be contacted in the event of an Emergency.

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Housekeeping

Cleanliness and tidiness is widely recognised as an essential and effective risk control measure within a Laboratory and Workshop environment. The checklist below provides essential and practical information aimed at helping Staff and Students ensure that their work area is maintained in a clean and tidy condition within a Laboratory environment. USQ Laboratory Housekeeping Checklist: • Keep your work area free from clutter and organise materials and equipment so as not to present a hazard; • Plan new work carefully and use the risk management process to consider necessary safety precautions or control measures that may be required prior to commencing work; • Tidy work area and clean-up work surfaces after each project or at the end of each day; • Clean up equipment after use to ensure it is kept in good working order; • Ensure that any chemicals, materials or equipment not in immediate use are properly stored; • Ensure that all Laboratory wastes (e.g. chemical, radioactive, sharps or mixed) are properly segregated and disposed of at point of use in accordance with Laboratory Waste Management Procedures; • Ensure that biological waste is managed in accordance with the Biosafety Procedure; • Avoid the accumulation of paper/cardboard waste as it provides a ready source of fuel for fire; • Clean up spills immediately and thoroughly using appropriate equipment, materials or spill kits. Refer to Spills Management Section 8.8.2 Emergency Spill Procedures; • Access to eyewash stations and safety showers must be kept clear.

The following precautions are to be taken to ensure the safety of personnel within the workshop environment:

• Floors are to be kept tidy and dry; • Benches are to be kept clean and free from chemicals and apparatus that are not being used; • Aisles and exits are to be kept free from obstructions; • Access to all emergency equipment (fire extinguishers, first aid kits) is to be kept free from obstruction; • Work areas and equipment to be thoroughly cleaned after use; • If contractors are working in your area, make known to them any hazards that may exist in your area i.e. flammable liquids, dusts and combustible materials.

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Glassware (General)

Broken Laboratory glassware may cause injuries to Laboratory workers. The following guidelines apply to the handling and use of glassware:

• glassware must be securely stored so as to minimise the risk of breakage; • glass tubing should have the ends flame polished; • do not use broken or chipped glassware; • protective gloves should be worn when cleaning glassware; • commercial agents may be used however Chromic acid should only be used as a last resort; • all broken glass is to be placed in approved SharpSmart containers; • glassware modification by glass blowing is not permitted; and • eye protection should be worn when conducting procedures involving the manipulation of glass.

Glassware- Purchasing, End User Declarations, Recording and Disposal

The following is a list of Glassware/Apparatus that may require an End-User Declaration (EUD) when purchasing. If dealing with a new company or supplier there will be requirement to complete a EUD. A list of drug precursors, reagents and an example of an EUD is available in the Code of Practice for Supply Diversion into Illicit Drug Manufacture (Appendix 2). Glassware • round bottom reaction flask: capacity 500ml or greater (including the repair or modification); • condenser: joint size B19 or greater Splash Heads and Distillation Heads. Scientific Apparatus • heating mantles: capacity 500ml or greater (including the repair or supply of parts); • Pill presses: manual or mechanical; and • rotary Evaporators. The above Glassware and or Apparatus must be stored in a secure locked area. If Glassware and or Apparatus cannot be accounted for, notify the Senior Coordinating Technical Officer or Research Operations Officer immediately. If Glassware or Apparatus listed above are broken, the items must be recorded before disposal.

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Handling and Disposal of Sharps

Introduction

Sharps can be classified as any object or device having corners, edges, points or protuberances that have the potential to cut or puncture the skin e.g. broken glass, scalpel blades, razor blades, hypodermic needles, intravenous sets, pasteur pipettes etc. Sharps, like other Laboratory wastes, should be segregated on the basis of the primary hazard they pose. In addition, if secondary hazards are present, then the persons handling Sharps and/or generating Sharps waste need to make an assessment as to whether further segregation is required in order to ensure that any secondary hazards associated with handling the waste are properly identified and controlled. Laboratory Staff can provide additional help and/or advice.

Broken Glass (Clean and Contaminated)

Broken glassware should be placed in approved Sharps containers (eg. SharpSmart) whether clean or contaminated. Persons handling the glassware are responsible for its segregation, decontamination (if required) and correct disposal at the time of generation. It is strongly recommended that broken glass is handled as little as possible. All broken glass should be treated as contaminated to ensure safety. All broken glass should be dealt with in the following manner: • broken glass may be collected into a SharpSmart (or similar) container. When full, the container should be sealed to prevent injury to persons handling the container and be transferred to the nearest industrial waste bin for disposal; • where a glass recycling service exists, then the sealed container may be transferred to the recycling bin. Borosilicate glassware such as Pyrex is not suitable for recycling; • where the broken glass is too large to fit into the Sharps container, it should be decontaminated in the most appropriate manner. Submit a maintenance request to organise removal and disposal. • fluorescent tubes should be placed directly into industrial waste bins.

Handling and Disposal of Other Sharps

For sharps other than broken glass: • all Sharps must be handled with care as they present a high risk of injury; • Staff must be trained on how to deal with accidents/incidents involving Sharps; • Students must be instructed on how to handle and dispose of Sharps correctly; • immediately after use, all Sharps should be discarded into an approved ‘Sharps Container’ that conforms to AS 4031; • needles should not be purposely bent or removed from syringes, or recapped after use;

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• disposable needle/syringe sets should be discarded as a single unit; • syringes and needles, even if ‘clean’, must be disposed directly into a Sharps Container to protect the community at large from misuse; • sharps containers shall be located at the point of use and not overfilled; • all general rubbish bins located in areas where Sharps are used, should be labeled “Not for Sharps Disposal” and checked at the end of the day by trained Laboratory Staff for inappropriately discarded Sharps; • the person using the Sharps is responsible for its proper disposal; • where Sharps are found, the person finding the Sharps is responsible for its proper disposal; and • Sharps Containers shall be sealed, secured and placed in a lockable contaminated waste bin prior to pick up by a licensed waste disposal Contractor for incineration. Refer to Section 20 Disposal of Laboratory Waste. UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES SHOULD THE CONTENTS OF SHARPS CONTAINERS BE EMPTIED INTO GENERAL GARBAGE BINS OR INDUSTRIAL WASTE BINS, NOR BE EMPTIED and RE-USED.

Injury with Sharps Contaminated with Blood or Other Biological Material

Refer to the Biosafety Procedure for further information.

Ergonomics in Your Work Space

Having an ergonomic workspace is important to lessen the likelihood or workplace injury and provide an environment where people are at their most productive.

Computer/Office Workstation

The USQ Computer Workstation Ergonomics Guide and instructional video will provide helpful hints and advice for setting up your desk area, computer and chair.

Laboratory Ergonomics

Similar principles apply when working in the Laboratory. Tasks which require frequent awkward posture are the most common causes of Occupational Overuse Syndrome (OOS) or Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI). Pipetting, microscope work, pouring plates and hood work are generally the most repetitive tasks in Laboratory work and are therefore likely to be associated with reported injuries.

Pipetting

The manual plunger-operated pipette can cause OOS and other muscle strains. Some tips when choosing and using the pipette: University of Southern Queensland | Laboratory & Workshop Safety Manual – Issued 2021 53

• ensure pipettes are comfortable by checking the size, weight, shape and positon of mechanisms, try different brands and models if the pipette does not feel comfortable; • replace a manual plunge-operated pipette with an electronic multi or single channel pipette whenever possible, particularly for periods of extended use; • if a manual plunge-operated pipette needs to be used; take regular breaks and try to swap hands or fingers using the plunger; • try not to rotate your wrist while pipetting and hold a relaxed grip using minimal force; and • position your containers/ tubes/waste in such a way that you do not have to over-reach, twist or bend repetitively to complete the task.

Microscope

Operating a microscope for long hours can cause strains in the neck, shoulders, eyes, back, arms and wrists. The likelihood of such strains occurring can be greatly reduced by: • setting the microscope at the right height; • positon the microscope towards the edge of the bench allowing adequate forearm support. Ensure there is adequate legroom directly under the microscope; • adjust the height of the microscope so that when you are sitting straight backed in your chair and looking straight ahead, the eye pieces are the same height as your eyes and angled 30-45° below your line of sight. If the height of the microscope is not adjustable, stack blocks of solid material under the scope to achieve the desired height; • take regular breaks. Get up and move around every 30-60 minutes. Set a timer to remind yourself; • rest your eyes. Focus on something distant at least every 15 minutes. Close your eyes to rest them from the light for a minute. Do not rub your eyes; and • check the surrounding environment for sources of excessive glare/reflection and reduce them accordingly. Excessive glare/reflection results in using more illumination when using the microscope and can cause eye strain.

Laboratory Hoods

The forward head and extended arm positions required to work in a Fume Hood, Laminar Flow or Biosafety Cabinet can cause neck, shoulder, back and arm injuries. To minimise the risks of strain: • position the materials in a way that avoids excessive reaching (without compromising the containment of the cabinet); • if sitting, use a fully adjustable chair and adjust it to a supportive position. Use a foot rest (not the ring of the chair) to provide stable support when leaning forward to work;

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• if standing, use an anti-fatigue mat and wear supportive shoes; • keep the viewing window clean and unobstructed; and • take frequent breaks.

Other Laboratory Tasks

Although Laboratory tasks vary, follow the basic guidelines below to reduce risk of injury: • set up your work space ergonomically specific to your needs e.g. stature, posture, support; • try to reduce twisting and awkward positions by strategically placing materials; and • take frequent breaks. If you need further information or would like to arrange a personal ergonomic assessment refer to Computer Workstation Ergonomics on the Human Resources site.

Hazardous Manual Tasks

A Hazardous Manual Task means a task that requires a person to lift, lower, push pull, carry or otherwise move, hold or restrain any person, animal or thing involving one or more of the following: • repetitive or restrained force, • high or sudden force, • repetitive movement, • sustained or awkward posture, and • exposure to vibration. These factors (known as characteristics of a Hazardous Manual Task) directly stress the body and can lead to injury.

Laboratory and Workshop design and layout, correct working positions and techniques, and mechanical aids should be considered to eliminate or minimise risks (conduct a risk assessment) prior to performing Hazardous Manual Tasks. Ways to avoid injuries from Hazardous Manual Tasks: • identify Hazardous Manual Tasks, • complete a Risk Management Plan, • control any risks identified, and • attend Manual Tasks training. If you need further information or would like to organise a site specific assessment contact Human Resources.

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Pregnancy

The University has a responsibility to advise all University Members of any health and safety risks relevant to their practical class, where they cannot be eliminated or controlled out. University Members who are pregnant may be at higher risk from exposure to certain chemicals and other hazards. When the individual commences work at the University, the Supervisor should advise if there is any known risk of exposure to teratogenic or reproductive hazards. This ensures that suitable arrangements or modifications can be made to minimise their exposure, if they are pregnant or trying to fall pregnant. This also applies to males where some substances and hazards are known to affect male reproductive organs. At the start of each semester, the person running Laboratory practical classes should advise Undergraduate Students to contact their Course Coordinators if they are pregnant or trying to become pregnant. This ensures that suitable arrangements or modifications can be made to minimise the Student’s exposure if at risk. The following procedures should be in place in practical classes which use chemicals: • a Risk Management Plan should be conducted by the Tutor/Lecturer/Course Coordinator for all chemicals or biological materials which are used during practical classes; • chemicals which are known to have reproductive, teratogenic or carcinogenic effects should not be used in undergraduate practical classes; • should chemicals having effects of a reproductive, teratogenic or carcinogenic nature be used during practical classes, because there is no safer alternative, control measures to reduce exposures to acceptable levels should be employed. In addition to this, all Students must be advised at the start of the semester and at the start of each practical class that these chemicals are known to have these types of effects. Consideration to exclude the Student from the class should be made carefully and should involve discussion with Student Services and USQ Safety and Wellbeing; and • any Student who knows they are pregnant or are trying to fall pregnant should advise the person running the practical as soon as they are aware so that additional precautions can be exercised during this period.

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Immunisation

Immunisation: • all Staff and Students should be up-to-date for Tetanus immunisation; • Staff and Students who come in contact with human blood or blood products are strongly advised to have a course of Hepatitis B immunisation (some areas may mandate this); • Staff and Students who may come into contact with sheep, goats, cattle or feral animals must be immunised against Q Fever. This includes a skin test, serology and vaccination if required; and • Staff and Students in contact with any other infectious diseases that have a vaccine available should be immunised in accordance with the relevant Health guidelines.

Field Trip Safety

Field work in rural and remote locations can form an essential part of teaching and research functions at the University of Southern Queensland. These tasks and activities may be carried out in unfamiliar surroundings with different risks from those that are well known and controlled whilst on University Campus. All Schools and Centres must follow University procedures for all field trips.

Essential Planning

Field Work will always have associated hazards, in order for the University to fulfil its WHS responsibilities towards Staff and Students it is essential that all details of proposed Field Trips are documented and sent to the Supervisor as well as the Head of School and/or Centre. This will allow the University to: • alert participants to any external emergencies such as bad weather, floods or fire; • notify participants of any personal or work related emergencies; and • raise an alarm if the participants fail to return at the scheduled time and/or take other appropriate action to ensure the safety of participants. Before beginning any field trip, a written risk management plan must be completed and approved by the relevant Supervisor. The assessment should include a map showing the location of the field site(s). If necessary, a preliminary assessment can be completed, and further maps and/or procedures appended to it as the project develops. It is essential that you record the full details for each Field Trip, including the exact destination(s) and expected date/time of return both via email to the Supervisor along with the car booking details. A nominated contact person must be organised for each trip and the details included with destination details to the Supervisor. This may be either a work colleague or a personal contact such as a partner, parent or housemate. If participants will be away overnight the organiser should arrange to phone their

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contact person at an agreed time each day. The contact person should know their exact location and their expected date/time of return. They should also know what to do including whom to contact (details of University Staff) if the organiser fails to return or call in at the scheduled time or if there are any incidents. Satellite tracking systems or devices may also have the capability of sending messages as part of a scheduled call in system, and have distress or alert functions. Training, information and instruction Workers need training to prepare them for working alone and, where relevant, in remote locations. For example, training in dealing with potentially aggressive clients, using communications systems, administering First Aid, obtaining emergency assistance, driving off-road vehicles or bush survival.

Communications

The type of system chosen will depend on the distance from the base and the environment in which the worker will be located or through which he or she will be travelling. Expert advice and local knowledge may be needed to assist with the selection of an effective communication system. If a worker is working alone in a workplace that has a telephone, communication via the telephone is adequate, provided the worker is able to reach the telephone in an Emergency. In situations where a telephone is not available, a method of communication that will allow a worker to call for help in the event of an Emergency at any time should be chosen, for example: • personal security systems, being wireless and portable, are suitable for people moving around or checking otherwise deserted workplaces. Some personal security systems include a non-movement sensor that will automatically activate an alarm transmission if the transmitter or transceiver has not moved within a certain time; • radio communication systems enable communication between two mobile users in different vehicles or from a mobile vehicle and a fixed station. These systems are dependent upon a number of factors such as frequency, power and distance from or between broadcasters; • satellite communication systems enable communication with workers in geographically remote locations. Satellite phones allow voice transmission during transit, but their operation can be affected by damage to aerials, failure of vehicle power supplies, or vehicle damage; • distress beacons should be provided where life-threatening emergencies may occur, to pinpoint location and to indicate by activation of the beacon that an emergency exists. Distress beacons include Emergency Position Indication Radio Beacons (EPIRB) used in ships and boats, Emergency Locator Transmitters (ELT) used in aircraft and Personal Locator Beacons (PLB) for personal use; • mobile phones cannot be relied upon as an effective means of communication in many locations. Coverage in the area where the worker will work should be

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confirmed before work commences. Geographical features may impede the use of mobile phones, especially at the edge of the coverage area, and different models have different capabilities in terms of effective range from the base station. Consult the provider if there is any doubt about the capability of a particular phone to sustain a signal for the entire period the worker is alone. If any gaps in coverage are likely, other methods of communication should be considered. It is important that batteries are kept charged and a spare is available.

Vehicle Usage for Field Trips

Driving alone

Driving alone is generally not recommended for many safety and support reasons. Driver fatigue is particularly dangerous because it affects everyone, no matter how experienced a driver is. Fatigue is one of the leading factors contributing to road crashes and having a secondary driver is always preferable. Long-haul driving trips alone must be discussed with the Supervisor before approval will be granted. For such trips the Supervisor must be provided a journey plan with a predetermined communication plan for call back. If concerns arise, approval for driving alone trips must be referred to the Head of School or Research Centre. Please refer to the Join the Drive or Qld Police Events and Alerts for more information about safe driving and fatigue. It is the responsibility of the inducted drivers and/or fieldtrip team leader to perform a check of the vehicle before the Field Trip to ensure the vehicle is suitable and equipped for the work and terrain to be encountered. All vehicles undergo regular safety checks, maintenance and service, however, during a field excursion, basic daily checks of oil, fuel, tyre pressure, engine temperature, secure equipment and emergency supplies should be performed. For a long-haul driving Field Trip to be approved one or more back up drivers must accompany the primary driver and a travel plan indicating rest stops will be required.

General driving advice All drivers and vehicle operators must comply with the University procedures on alcohol and drug use and motor vehicle travel fatigue. Drivers are reminded that driving periods must not exceed two hours before either a change of driver or a half an hour rest period occurs incorporating some light activity e.g. walking, tea break. Rest stops must be made on the first onset of fatigue. The University encourages drivers to be aware of the welfare of their fellow passengers. In turn, passengers should express concerns if uncomfortable with the driver’s control. Driving time plus non-driving duties must not normally exceed a total of twelve hours in any twenty-four hour period and the total time spent driving, inclusive of breaks, must not normally exceed ten hours in any twenty-four hour period. This

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applies to a single driver or where the driving is shared by two or more employees.

Poor light driving

Care must be taken when driving at dawn, dusk & night particularly in areas of wildlife activity. If a collision with an animal can’t be avoided, impact must be straight & central to avoid rollover. Encourage use of the front passenger as spotter for any hazards ahead.

Vehicle weight & speed

Drivers need to be aware that greater stopping distances are required particularly when the vehicle is fully laden. Higher road clearance reduces vehicle stability particularly when cornering. Speed reduction & changing down through the gears when approaching curves & corners must be emphasised.

Blind spots Drivers need to be aware of blind spots of the vehicle & care with stowage of poles, spades & sharp objects. All drivers are encouraged to take care when parking the vehicles & use a passenger if present to assist with guiding. When driving in thick vegetation, mirrors need to be pulled in & aerials lowered.

Water crossings Depth limitation applies for water crossings, no deeper than the centre of the hub of the wheels. Under no circumstances should flooded roads be crossed except under direction of local Emergency Authorities.

Equipment Ensure first aid kits, torches, night visibility reflector vests, roadside assistance details, vehicle manufacturer’s instructions, jumper leads as well as jack & tyre change tools are provided in every vehicle.

Tyre changing Drivers should ensure they are capable of changing a tyre in their field vehicle especially when travelling in remote areas where support may be difficult. Each vehicle model will store tyre changing equipment in a different compartment and drivers should ensure they are familiar with their location. Drivers need to take extreme care when changing tyres on a vehicle, particularly avoid carrying out this procedure on busy roads, highways & freeways. Any passengers not involved with tyre changing should stay well clear of the vehicle and act as spotters for oncoming traffic. Passengers are not to roam across the road to take photos. Care must be taken to avoid injury, particularly to backs when lifting equipment, or avoiding hot surfaces beneath the car. Tyre changing procedures should follow the information provided in the manufacturer’s vehicle manual as well as details given during the vehicle induction process. NEVER PUT ANY PART OF YOUR BODY UNDER A VEHICLE SUPPORTED BY ONLY A JACK.

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Under the bonnet Drivers are to refill the washer reservoirs as required with diluted window washer solution. If driving in dusty locations for long periods, remove the air filter & blow off any dust & foreign material as well as hose through the radiator grill to remove blockages. This should be covered in the vehicle induction process but seek professional mechanical advice on how this is done.

Run out of fuel

Drivers must be aware that for vehicles fitted with aftermarket long range fuel tanks, the fuel gauge is not calibrated to the volume present in the fuel tank. Therefore it is recommended safe practice that drivers should refuel all vehicles when the fuel gauge indicates that a half tank has been reached. If down to a quarter tank, refueling must be carried out as soon as possible. Extra care needs to be taken with calculating remaining fuel for long distance travel.

Jump start

Drivers have to always check that all lights are switched off when leaving the vehicle. If the battery is flat, follow the directions of the vehicle manufacturer’s manual, e.g. connect jumper leads positive from the good battery to positive of the flat, negative to the engine hook or nearest metallic object in the engine bay. Never connect negative to negative as the battery could blow up or damage to power circuits may occur.

Vehicle recovery

If the situation arises that a vehicle needs recovering, additional risks will exist. The potential for such a situation should be disclosed to the relevant Supervisor during the Trip application process as this may affect the approval if the participants do not have the correct level of training or experience to recover a vehicle safely. If such situations are predicted to occur, the Supervisor should request demonstration of skill or a 4WD vehicle recovery course to supplement. Recovery may only proceed in the field if the Fieldwork Leader assesses the risks on site and determines that controls are appropriate to safely manage the operation with personnel on hand. Should recovery not be deemed safe, external assistance should be sought immediately. Driving whilst under the influence of alcohol or drugs is not permitted under any circumstance. The University will commence disciplinary action against any person who is found to be driving under the influence of either alcohol or drugs.

Remote Campuses –Mt Kent

Introduction

Officially opened in July 1996 as part of the Photoelectric Photometry 5 conference, the Mt Kent Observatory now operates as a robotic and remote-access Facility for

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astronomical education, research, research training, and outreach.

Access and Use of Facility

Before visiting Mt Kent a Site/User’s Induction must be organised with the Research Operations Officer, Research and Innovation. The induction will be completed by the appropriate personnel on site. All Contractors must be accompanied by USQ Staff at all times while on site. For more specific information and location details of the Research Facility please access the Mt Kent User’s Guide.

Simulated Practice Rooms

General Safety

Access to Simulated Practice Rooms will only be allowed under the supervision of, or with the approval of, the relevant Academic. A Student or University Employee may be refused entry or asked to leave Simulated Practice Rooms if their behavior, dress or conduct either contravenes safety procedures, or is considered to be unsafe by the Student or Employee’s Supervisor. Cleanliness and tidiness is widely recognised as an essential and effective risk control measure within a work/practice environment. All practice rooms/areas are to be kept in a clean and tidy condition. Refer to the checklist Section 14.7 Housekeeping. All Employees must complete the relevant Safety Inductions before beginning any work in the Simulated Practice Rooms. Undergraduate Students must receive a Safety Induction before commencing in any Simulated Practice Room. Undergraduate Students have a legal obligation to take all necessary safety precautions to ensure their own personal safety and the safety of others in the Simulated Practice Room. See Section 6.4 for Academic/Supervisor responsibilities. Academics (Continuing, Fixed Term and Casual) with teaching responsibilities. Academics must complete a Risk Management Plan and implement strategies to manage any identified risks associated with practical work before introducing it into Simulated Practice Rooms. This must include the documentation of all Risk Management Plans. Food and beverages, including chewing gum and lollies must not to be consumed in any Simulated Practice Room.

Attire and other Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Staff and Students must be suitably dressed to ensure their own safety and the safety of other people in the Simulated Practice Rooms. Hair must be tied back. Jewellery is not to be worn on hands and wrists or to be dangling in a way that can interfere with a procedure, equipment or with simulated patients.

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Fully enclosed footwear (closed shoes that cover the top, sides and back of the foot) with a non-slip sole must be worn at all times in Simulated Practice Rooms.

Students/Staff wearing incorrect footwear will not be permitted to enter the Simulated Practice Room. Disposable gloves should be used where appropriate or as directed by the Academic in charge of the Simulated Practice Room session. Latex free disposable gloves will be supplied for Staff/students with latex allergies. The Supervisor of the practical session is responsible for ensuring that their students and other Staff/Visitors have access to and are wearing the necessary PPE in accordance with identified risk control measures. If a Student is inappropriately attired due to temporary injury (e.g. unable to wear closed-in shoes due to leg injury and/or requires the use of crutches) participation in the Simulated Practice Room session depends on the nature of activities being undertaken and at the discretion of the session Supervisor.

Equipment and Materials

No equipment or materials are to be removed from the Simulated Practice Rooms without permission from the Supervisor or Senior Coordinating Technical Officer. A person may not operate any medium to high-risk equipment unless they have been properly trained and the training documented. All equipment must be operated in accordance with the training notes provided and, where applicable, the appropriate Safe Operating Procedure (SOP). It is the responsibility of Supervisors to ensure their Staff or students are properly trained in the use of any equipment. Medium to high-risk items or equipment (e.g. lifting hoists) that is not already part of the official safety training program must be added immediately. This is the responsibility of the Supervisor of the area in which the equipment is being used. Any breakage or malfunction of equipment must be reported immediately to the Supervisor or Senior Coordinating Technical Officer who will isolate and tag the equipment. Tags are only to be removed by a qualified Electrician/Maintenance Technician or relevant person. Students working on projects are responsible for obtaining the necessary equipment from the Practice Room Staff. Equipment should be used carefully and promptly returned to the Practice Room Staff in the same condition it was loaned, i.e. all items should be clean and functional on return. Deliberate misuse or willful damage of equipment will result in expulsion from the Simulated Practice Room and lead to further action as dictated by the by-laws of the University.

Sharps and Needles

The person who has used the Sharp is responsible for its immediate safe disposal following use, preferably at the point of use. Needles should not be recapped, bent or broken by hand, removed from disposable syringes or otherwise manipulated by hand. If practicable, conventional needles and syringes should be replaced with

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retractable syringes with pre-attached needle or similar type.

Used disposable needles and other sharp items must be placed into puncture resistant sharps containers for disposal. Sharps or needles must NEVER be placed into autoclave or biohazard bags or general rubbish bins. In the case of inappropriately disposed Sharps, a Sharps Container should be taken to the location, the Sharp handled and disposed of in a manner to avoid injury, and hands washed following disposal (inappropriate disposal of a Sharp must also be reported to the Supervisor). Sharps containers must only be filled to the level indicated on the container, and when full the lid closed securely and removed to the appropriate area ready for disposal. Needles should not be bent, broken or otherwise manipulated by hand. Skin pricks from a sterile needle or other needle stick injuries should always be reported to the Supervisor immediately. Follow up haematological testing will only be undertaken if a second person has sustained injury from the same needle, or if the origin or sterility of the needle is in doubt. Any Sharps too large for the provided sharps containers (e.g. broken glass ware etc.) must be wrapped in 3 layers of newspaper, bagged securely and disposed of in the industrial waste. If glassware is contaminated with blood or body fluids it must be decontaminated by using an appropriate method before disposal. Refer to Section 14.9.2 Broken glass (Clean and Contaminated). Scalpel blades must never be removed by hand. A scalpel blade removal system must be installed in all areas where scalpel blades are used.

After Hours Safety

Honours/Postgraduate Students working in the Simulated Practice Rooms after hours must adhere to Section 14.3 Regulations for after-hours work and 14.4 Working alone or in isolation. Staff working in Simulated Practice Rooms after hours must know the Emergency Procedures for the area including the location of the nearest accessible telephone. Undergraduate Students should never work alone or unsupervised.

Handling of Blood, Products Contaminated with Blood or Body Fluids

Sharps that are contaminated with blood products (e.g. lancets) must be placed in a sharps container. Refer to Section 14.9 Handling and Disposal of Sharps.

For further information please refer to the Biosafety Procedure.

Incidents, Hazards, Near Misses and Medical Emergency

It is the responsibility of all Staff and Students to be conscious of potential

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hazards. If a hazard or potential hazard is identified by a Student it must be reported immediately to their Supervisor or Practice Room Staff. Staff should report the Hazard via UniHIRTS. All Incidents involving personal injury (e.g. cuts) must be reported immediately to the Supervisor as soon as possible. Individuals should familiarise themselves with the University Incident or Injury Reporting Procedure. UniHIRTS is available for online Incident and Hazard reporting and for conducting follow-up actions from these reports. Staff will require their USQ username and password to use this system. Incidents that have been averted or considered a ‘Near Miss’ must also be reported in the same manner. All Incidents and ‘Near Misses’ will be investigated. This investigation is not to apportion blame but to identify where the procedures have broken down and to prevent a recurrence. In the event of a medical Emergency within a Simulated Practice Room the priorities should be to raise the alarm by dialing x2222, remain calm and provide First Aid as able. Ensure someone remains with the casualty and remove non- essential by-standers.

Responsibility of Supervisors

The University Work Health & Safety Policy & Procedure states “The University has an obligation to ensure the health & safety of its employees and to ensure that its employees including Students, Contractors, Visitors and other persons to a University Site or Workplace are, as far as reasonably practicable, not exposed to risks to their health and safety arising out of the University’s activities”. For further information regarding all responsibilities refer to Section 6.3 Academic (Program, Course Coordination and 6.4 Academics (Continuing, Fixed Term and Casual) with teach responsibilities.

Sport and Exercise

The course examiner should be informed of any medical conditions which may be exacerbated by involvement in physical activity. Students need to wear clothing and athletic shoes appropriate to the conditions. In many cases, the practical sessions will be run in an outdoor environment. Students are required to use appropriate sun safety behaviours and to wear protective clothing – shirts with sleeves, headwear, sunscreen, and sunglasses. Arrival in inappropriate attire will be considered as non- participation. Students need to be aware of the physical environment that they will be using particularly with regards to surfaces being used and any nearby objects that may compromise safety in an active situation. Care will be taken during the activity to ensure that any physical contact between Students is minimised and controlled.

Laser and Gas Detection Laboratory

Only trained and authorised personnel are to access this Laboratory. A Laboratory specific induction must be undertaken prior to conducting any work or observation within the Laboratory.

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This Laboratory contains infrared radiation which is invisible. All safety guidelines are to be followed at all times. Each substantially different equipment set up must have a corresponding Risk Management Plan completed. Appropriate PPE is to be worn whilst using the equipment within the Laboratory. Beam enclosures and Room Interlocks are to be used as required during operation of the lasers. Refer to the relevant Australian Standards for further information on Laser Safety guidelines and requirements. The Gas Detection system is to have its connection and condition checked prior to use. All user instructions are to be followed and only trained and authorised personnel are to have access to the system. The Gas Detection system is not to be left on if the Laboratory is unattended.

Laboratory Signage

Equipment, activities and materials of a hazardous nature should be identified with legible messages, appropriate signage, labelling and placarding displayed in prominent locations to alert persons to the dangers. Examples of types of signage: • Mandatory signs-indicate that an instruction must be carried out (e.g. use of PPE); • Warning signs-warning of a non-life threatening hazard (e.g. slippery floor); • Prohibition signs-indicate restricted areas or actions or activities are not permitted (e.g. no eating or drinking); and • Danger signs-warning of a particular hazard or hazardous condition that is likely to be life threatening (e.g. explosive materials). The signs should be placed as close as practicable to the observer’s line of sight and should be sighted in relation to the particular hazard as to allow the worker ample time, after first viewing the sign, to heed the warning. All persons (including visitors) must comply with the requirements of the Laboratory signage.

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References Code of Practice 2011, Hazardous Manual Tasks AS/NZS 2243.1:2005 - Safety in laboratories Part 1 Planning and operational aspects AS/NZS 2243.3:2010 - Safety in laboratories Part 3 Microbiological safety and containment AS 4031:1992/Amdt 1-1996- Non-reusable containers for the collection of sharp medical items used in health care areas AS/NZS IEC 60825.14:2011 – Safety of laser products – a user’s guide AS/NZS IEC 60825.1: 2011 – Safety of laser products – equipment classification and requirements AS/NZS 2243.5:2004 – Safety in laboratories Part 5 – non-ionising radiations- electromagnetic, sound and ultrasound AS/NZS 1338.3:2012 – Filters for eye-protectors – filters for protection against infrared radiation Emergency procedures USQ General Laboratory Safety Rules USQ Working off Campus Procedures Mt Kent User’s Guide Queensland Electrical Safety Act 2002 Queensland Electrical Safety Regulation 2013 Queensland Work Health and Safety Act 2011 Queensland Work Health and Safety Regulation 2011 Queensland Environmental Protection Act 1994 Queensland Environmental Protection Regulation 2008 Codes of Practice – (Under ESA 2013) Electrical Safety Code of Practice 2010, Electrical equipment rural industry Electrical Safety Code of Practice 2013, Managing electrical risks in the workplace Electrical Safety Code of Practice 2010, Working near overhead and underground electric lines Electrical Safety Code of Practice 2010 Works

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15. Gas Cylinders

Introduction

USQ uses a range of products that are delivered in gas cylinders that are designed and constructed to meet Australian Standards. All persons working with gas cylinders should familiarise themselves with AS 4332:2004 to obtain more information about the storage and handling of gases in cylinders.

General Precautions

The following general precautions shall be observed for minor storage and handling of gas cylinders: • gas cylinders are to be kept away from artificial sources of heat, i.e. radiators, boilers or steam pipes and internal combustion engines; • gas cylinders shall be provided with adequate ventilation at all times; • classes of gas cylinders shall be segregated within the store, but need not be separated by physical barriers, providing that all incompatible gases are stored 3 metres apart; • outdoor storage of Class 2 cylinders shall be separated from other dangerous goods by 3 metres; • gas cylinders shall not be stored less than 1 m from any door, window, air vent or duct; and • all gas cylinders shall be secured in the upright position by chain (coated to prevent cylinder damage) or other means to prevent falling.

Storage Facilities

All facilities intended for storage or for venting of cylinders will be specifically designed, approved, located and constructed to meet legislative and AS 4332 requirements.

Moving Gas Cylinders

Statistics confirm that the majority of accidents involving gas cylinders occur while moving a cylinder from one location to another. At USQ the following risk control measures must be used when moving gas cylinders: • only properly trained personnel are permitted to move gas cylinders; • only purpose-built and serviceable trolleys are to be used for gas cylinder transportation;

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• gas cylinder isolation valves are to be closed or isolated and not leaking prior to movement; and • all associated distribution equipment is to be disconnected and removed before moving the cylinder.

Indoor Storage of Gas Cylinders

Any proposal to incorporate indoor storage of gas cylinders shall be subject to the outcome of a formal Risk Management Plan. Notwithstanding the outcome of any Risk Management Plan, the following requirements will govern the indoor storage of gas cylinders: • the total capacity of gas in cylinders allowed for in any particular indoor location shall include cylinders in use, spare cylinders not in use, and used cylinders awaiting removal; • the total capacity of the gases kept shall not exceed one minor storage quantity per 200 m2 of floor area; (see below) • where the floor area exceeds 200 m2 a further Safety Risk Management Plan will be undertaken prior to creating another storage area; • indoor minor stores of gases in cylinders shall be separated from other minor stores of gases or other Dangerous Goods stores by a minimum distance of 5 m; • there shall be no indoor storage in basements; and • where cylinders are kept inside a confined area (e.g. a large cabinet or store) the area shall be adequately ventilated by natural air movement. The guidelines for the storage of gas cylinders are detailed in AS 4332. The following table outlines the quantities described as ‘minor storage’ of gases in cylinders.

Type of Gas Class of Gas Maximum aggregate water capacity (L) Flammable Gases 2.1 500 Non-Flammable, Non-Toxic 2.2 2000 Gases Non-Flammable, Oxidising 2.2 (with class 5.1 1000 Gases Subsidiary risk) Toxic Gases 2.3 50

Where gases of mixed classes are kept in minor storage, the aggregate quantity of all gases shall not exceed 2000L and the quantity of each subclass shall not exceed that given in the table above.

References

AS 4332-2004/Amdt 1-2005 - The storage and handling of gases in cylinders

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16. Cryogenic Fluids

Introduction

Cryogenic liquids are liquefied gases that are kept in their liquid state at very low temperatures. The word “cryogenic” means “producing or relating to, low temperatures,” and all cryogenic liquids are extremely cold. Cryogenics liquids have boiling points below -150°C at atmospheric pressure (Carbon dioxide and Nitrous oxide, which have slightly higher boiling points are sometimes included in this category). All cryogenic liquids are gases at normal temperatures and pressures. These gases must be cooled down below room temperature before an increase in pressure can liquefy. Different cryogens become liquids under different conditions of temperature and pressure, but all have two properties in common: they are extremely cold, and small amounts of liquid can expand into very large volumes of gas. Cold contact burns, frost bite, suffocation, lung disorder and general body cooling can result from exposure to cryogenic fluids. Common examples of cryogenic fluids used in the Laboratory include Helium, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Fluorine, Argon, Oxygen and Methane. Liquid Oxygen and Liquid Hydrogen also present a significant fire hazard and although Liquid Nitrogen is not itself flammable, it is sufficiently cold to condense oxygen out of the atmosphere thereby creating a greater fire hazard. Everyone who works with cryogenic liquids must be aware of their hazards and know how to safely work with them. The following procedures should be followed when handling cryogenic liquids.

General Procedures

All systems of work that involve the handling, storage and use of cryogenic liquids will be the subject of a Risk Management Plan. Under no circumstances will cryogenic liquids be handled by any person without appropriate eye and hand protection including: • full-face shield or goggles at any time when spraying or splashing may occur (e.g. transfer of liquids, immersion of objects); • using clean dry insulated gloves when carrying cryogenic fluids in containers and during transfer operations; • using appropriate safety clothing that minimises the formation of traps capable of holding liquid near the skin; and • wearing fully enclosed footwear. Bulk pressurised storage units containing cryogenic liquids should be kept in a locked compound with access restricted to trained Staff. Emergency, safety and transfer instructions should be clearly displayed near the units.

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The need to implement additional safety precautions and/or protection will be dependent upon the outcome of the Risk Management Plan, the particular operation being carried out and the quantity of liquid involved. Typical additional safety precautions and/or protection may include but not necessarily be limited to: • modifying an experiment or practicum so that the need to use cryogenic liquids can be eliminated entirely, or the volume of cryogenic fluids is reduced to the lowest possible level; • reducing the number of Staff and/or students who need to be exposed to cryogenic liquids by conducting a single demonstration rather than several independent experiments or practicums that require the use of cryogenic fluids; • using suitable tongs and gloves when withdrawing objects immersed in cryogenic liquids; • hold cold equipment for a short time only, even when using gloves; • never allow bare skin or thinly protected skin to touch uninsulated pipes or vessels containing cryogenic liquids; • using stable trolleys to transport larger storage vessels; and • using cryogenic liquids in a well-ventilated area.

Storage

Only containers specifically designed for holding cryogenic liquids should be used for storage (e.g. Dewar flasks). Recommended safety precautions and instructions from manufacturers of such vessels should always be consulted and followed. Vessels should be handled with care to avoid bumping and jarring. Depending on the nature of the cryogenic material, containers should be left open or protected by a vent or other safety device to allow vapours to escape and thus prevent excessive gas pressure. Vents should be regularly checked to ensure that a plug of frozen material has not formed. If a frozen plug has formed it should only be removed by a person skilled in the procedure. Small containers should be stored so as to prevent contact with rain or moisture. Areas where cryogenic liquids are stored and/or used shall be well ventilated to prevent the accumulation of gas or vapour that may evaporate from the liquid and reduce the oxygen content of the surrounding air to potentially dangerous levels.

Transferring Cryogenic Liquids

Techniques for transferring cryogenic fluids must be considered as part of any Risk Management Plan.

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Notwithstanding the outcome of a Risk Management Plan, the following transfer techniques must be taken into consideration as hazard control strategies when transferring cryogenic liquids to secondary containers: • pressurisation (conventional method) for transferring from a storage container to another vessel - using pressure created by heat leak into the storage container, by a heat source within the container, or by pressurisation with a gas corresponding to the liquid product. Always refer to the manufacturer’s instructions; • submersible electrically operated pump for the transfer of Liquid Nitrogen, though precautions will be required to prevent condensate entering and freezing in the pump, especially when changing containers. This method is not recommended for liquid oxygen transfers; • the use of transfer tubes approved by the supplier of the cryogenic container(s); • if pouring, use a filling funnel with the top of the funnel partly covered to reduce splashing; and • transfer of cryogenic liquids must be carried out in a well ventilated area. All equipment such as cryostats and liquefiers must always be operated and maintained in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.

Working at Reduced Pressure

Should the pressure on a cryogenic liquid be reduced below atmospheric, the following additional precautions will be taken: • check that the system is vacuum-tight to prevent moist air being drawn in and forming ice plugs; • provide a protective screen when working with glass dewar flasks; • carefully control initial pumping speed to avoid pressure oscillation and liquid entrapment; and • prevent violent boiling of superheated liquid by inserting boiling centres, compatible with the liquid in use, inside the dewar flask. This precaution is especially necessary when working with nitrogen in a glass system.

Special Precautions

Special requirements for some cryogenic liquids are set out as follows: Oxygen High concentrations of Oxygen support violent combustion. Liquid Oxygen must not come into contact with organic material or flammable substances. Nitrogen Liquid Nitrogen may become contaminated with atmospheric Oxygen that has condensed from the air. Oxygen enrichment may be indicated by a blue tinge in the

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liquid. If the Oxygen content of Liquid Nitrogen becomes appreciable, the precautions for Liquid Oxygen should be followed. For additional information refer to AS 1894-1997, AS/NZS 2243.10 and section 4.4 of AS/NZS 2243.2

References AS 1894-1997/Amdt No. 1-1999: The storage and handling of non-flammable cryogenic and refrigerated liquids AS/NZS 2243.2:2006: Safety in laboratories, Part 2: Chemical aspects

AS/NZS 2243.10:2004: Safety in laboratories, Part 10: Storage of chemicals

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17. Chemical Safety

Introduction

USQ has certain legal obligations under the WHS Regulation 2011 relating to Chemical Management and in particular the management of Hazardous Chemicals and Dangerous Goods in the workplace. Under the WHS Regulation, a Hazardous Chemical is any substance, mixture or article that satisfies the criteria of one or more Globally Harmonised System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) hazard classes, including a classification in Schedule 6 of the WHS Regulation. Most substances and mixtures that are Dangerous Goods under the ADG code are Hazardous Chemicals, except those that have only radioactive hazards (Class 7 Dangerous Goods), infectious substances (Division 6.2) and most Class 9 (Miscellaneous) Dangerous Goods. Under the WHS Act a PCBU has the primary duty to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, that the health and safety of workers and other persons are not put at risk from work carried out as part of the conduct of the business or undertaking. This includes ensuring the safe use, handling and storage of substances. The following steps must be followed to ensure legislative compliance: • a register of hazardous chemicals used, handled or stored at the workplace is prepared and kept at the workplace (see Section 346 Hazardous Chemicals Register) Qld WHS Regulation 2011; • the Register is maintained to ensure the information in the Register is up to date; • the Register must include a list of Hazardous Chemicals used, handled or stored; • the current Australian, GHS Compliant SDS (not older than 5 years and from the manufacturer or supplier) for each Hazardous Chemical and Dangerous Good listed must be readily available; • the register is readily accessible to a worker involved in using, handling or storing a Hazardous Chemical; and • anyone else who is likely to be affected by a Hazardous Chemical at the workplace; • Risk Management Plans for each Hazardous Chemical and Dangerous Good detailing appropriate risk control measures are completed. (Refer WHS Regulation 2011); • all Containers are labelled appropriately in accordance with the WHS Regulation Section 335 Labelling Hazardous Chemicals; • appropriate Emergency Procedures are in place; • requirements for health monitoring are identified and monitoring carried out; • appropriate containers are used and labelled correctly; • appropriate spill kits are available and maintained; • adequate ventilation/extractor systems are available and used; and • correct signage and placarding is in place.

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Purchasing

In accordance with USQ Procurement and Purchasing Procedure Section 4.21.5: University Delegated Purchasing Officers must be aware there may be Work Health and Safety (WH&S) considerations when procuring Goods and Services and they are responsible for requesting a current Safety Data Sheet (SDS) at the time of purchase. Managers of Faculties, Research Centres or Schools requesting the ordering of Hazardous Substances and/or equipment are responsible for complying with all University and legislated WH&S requirements including the retention of the SDS. Hazardous equipment may include: • Dangerous Goods; • pressurised vessels; • laser equipment; and • plant and equipment. When requesting licensable materials be ordered, Managers are responsible for meeting legislative requirements and ensuring the correct licenses and documentation, as required, are held within the area.

Delivery of purchased substances can only be made to a supervised site such as central stores. In some instances substances can be delivered to cost centres. For further information contact the Research Operations Officer or the Senior Coordinating Technical Officer.

Register of Hazardous Chemicals and Dangerous Goods

Introduction

The University is required to establish and maintain a Register of any Hazardous Chemicals and Dangerous Goods used in the workplace. To meet the Work Health and Safety QLD requirements a consolidated Master Register is maintained on Chemwatch Refer to Section 17.10.2 Legal Obligations.

Master Register.

To facilitate the establishment and ongoing maintenance of the consolidated Master Register, Faculties/Schools/Research Centres etc. must designate a person who will remain responsible for developing and maintaining a local register of Hazardous Chemicals and Dangerous Goods.

Local Registers

All local registers of Hazardous Chemicals and Dangerous Goods must be readily accessible to all persons who may come into contact with these substances. Registers held by Schools/Research Centres etc. must be reviewed and updated annually. The ‘Hazardous Substances and Dangerous Goods’ register template sets out the

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information a register must contain. A copy of the template is also available from Laboratory Staff. Every register must contain the following information: • product name and/or common name; • proper shipping name; • Hazardous Substance and/or Dangerous Goods Class classification; • UN Number; • packing Group; • the relevant SDS; • normal quantity held; • storage location; • storage (depot) type; and • the relevant risk assessment for each substance – refer to Section 11.5 Chemical Risk Management Plans.

Safety Data Sheets

Introduction

A Safety Data Sheet (SDS) provides critical information required for the safe handling of chemicals used in the workplace, including chemical and physical properties, health hazard information, emergency procedures and safe storage, use, handling and disposal procedures. It is mandatory that there is a relevant current, GHS compliant SDS for every Chemical; hazardous or non-hazardous, and Dangerous Goods used in the workplace and that they are readily accessible to persons working with these substances. Any person required to access and refer to a SDS should be trained in how to do so.

Obtaining an SDS

It is recommended that prior to the first purchase of a Hazardous Chemical or Dangerous Good for use within the University, an SDS be obtained from the supplier or manufacturer of the substance. This will allow preliminary assessment of the health risks posed by the chemical, and suitability for use within the University. SDS obtained from a Manufacturer or Supplier must be produced in the approved format as detailed in the Work Health & Safety Regulation 2011. A Safety Data Sheet must be provided with all first purchases or deliveries of Hazardous Chemicals and Dangerous Goods. There is no need to include an SDS with every delivery, unless the information contained in the SDS has been revised. All first purchase orders placed shall include an instruction ‘SDS to be supplied’. A replacement or updated SDS should be requested as required. Human Resources provide access to a chemical management system called Chemwatch. The USQ subscription permits access to a database of independently reviewed SDS rather than original unedited SDS from suppliers.

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Updating an SDS

It is a legal requirement for SDS to be updated at least every five years, and whenever new information about the substance becomes available. Do not accept SDS where the issue date is greater than five years or it is not GHS compliant. Copies of manufacturer’s and importer’s SDS must be readily available to all that are required to use or handle the substance. Computerised SDS databases can be electronic e.g. Chemwatch, but a back-up means for providing SDS has to also be provided e.g. access may include paper copies. SDS should also be readily accessible to Emergency Services. For further information refer to Workplace Health & Safety QLD, Preparation of Safety Data Sheets for Hazardous Chemicals Code of Practice 2011.

Labelling

Introduction

All containers used for the storage of chemicals, solutions and reagents must be labelled in accordance with the relevant regulations. Under no circumstances are food containers to be used to contain chemicals. This applies to all University areas.

Procedure

The protocol to be followed when labelling containers for the storage of chemicals is described in the WHS Regulation, 2011 (s) 335 and part 3 of Sched 9 and Workplace Health & Safety QLD, Labelling of workplace hazardous chemicals, Code of Practice 2011. All labels must be written in English, be easy to read, in good condition and visible, be appropriate to size of container, may have one or more panels and must display the correct information as outlined in sections 17.5.4, 17.5.5 and 17.5.6. In addition USQ requires the owner’s name and contact details to be identified on all labelled substances.

Labelling Non-Hazardous Chemicals

All non-hazardous chemicals and solutions must also have a label detailing the solution name, hazard classification (eg. non-hazardous), owner’s name and owner’s contact details.

Labelling Hazardous Chemicals — General

A Hazardous Chemical is correctly labelled if the chemical is packed in a container that has a label in English including the following: • the product identifier;

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• the name, and the Australian address and business telephone number of— o the manufacturer; or o the importer, who must reside in Australia; • for each ingredient of the chemical—the identity and proportion disclosed in accordance with schedule 8; • any hazard pictogram consistent with the correct classification of the chemical; • any hazard statement, signal word and precautionary statement consistent with the correct classification of the chemical; • any information about the hazards, first aid and emergency procedures relevant to the chemical, not otherwise included in the hazard statement or precautionary statement mentioned in paragraph (e); and • if the chemical has an expiry date—the expiry date; • the label may include any other information that does not contradict or cast doubt on the matters mentioned above such as the owner’s name and contact details.

Labelling Hazardous Chemicals — Small Container

This section applies if a Hazardous Chemical is packed in a container that is too small for a label attached to it to include all the information mentioned in 17.5.4. The hazardous chemical is correctly labelled if the chemical is packed in a container that has a label in English including the following: • the product identifier; • the name, and the Australian address and business telephone number of— o the manufacturer; or o the importer, who must reside in Australia; • a hazard pictogram or hazard statement consistent with the correct classification of the chemical; and • any other information mentioned in section 3(1) that it is reasonably practicable to include.

Labelling Hazardous Chemicals—decanted or transferred Chemicals

This section applies if: • a Hazardous Chemical is decanted or transferred from the container in which it is packed; and • either: o will not be used immediately; or o is supplied to someone else. The Hazardous Chemical is correctly labelled if the chemical is packed in a container that has a label in English including the following: • the product identifier; and • a hazard pictogram or hazard statement consistent with the correct University of Southern Queensland | Laboratory & Workshop Safety Manual – Issued 2021 83

classification of the chemical. In the case of test tubes or other small containers (e.g. rack of test tubes containing the same material) a tag with the appropriate information attached to the rack is sufficient.

Storage & Handling of Chemicals

Introduction

The University uses a wide range of chemicals for the purpose of conducting Laboratory experiments for either research and or teaching activities. Quantities of chemicals kept in Laboratories should be sufficient for day-to-day use and every effort should be made to minimise the amount of chemicals that are stored in Laboratories.

General Requirements

At USQ the following general requirements shall apply to the storage and handling of chemicals in Laboratories: • chemicals shall be segregated according to their Dangerous Goods Class and stored separately to minimise risk of interaction; • ensure that incompatible chemicals are stored and/or handled separately in order to prevent interaction; (refer to SDS to identify incompatible goods, for further information refer to the Segregation tool, Work, Health & Safety QLD); • Safety Data Sheets (SDS) for all Hazardous and Non-Hazardous Chemicals and Dangerous Goods must be readily available to all personnel; • all chemicals shall be kept in a secure lockable storage area which is suitably identified and not exposed to direct light or heat; • all chemical storage containers should be appropriately labelled; • special storage requirements as recommended in SDS shall be followed; • volatile and toxic materials may require special storage (refer to SDS for details); • Class 8 Dangerous Goods (corrosive substances) should be stored in approved corrosives or acid cabinets; • Class 3 Dangerous Goods (flammable substances) should be stored in approved flammable cabinets; • small quantities of acids may be stored on suitable spill capture trays in under- bench storage; • most other chemicals can be stored on shelves in a designated chemical storage area. Spill containment trays should be used for storage of chemicals on shelves; • measures must be put in place to control the risks arising from a potential spill or leak of chemicals. Appropriate containment should be considered for any location where Dangerous Goods or Hazardous Chemicals are stored or University of Southern Queensland | Laboratory & Workshop Safety Manual – Issued 2021 84

handled; • all containers of liquids should be stored on lower shelves; • refrigerated storage of chemicals may be required, however, domestic refrigerators must not be used for the storage of flammable chemicals; • poisons and drugs should be stored according to relevant statutory requirements; • storage facilities shall be designed and constructed of a suitable material in accordance with Australian Standard design and construction criteria; and • when transporting Dangerous Goods they must be packaged in approved containers that are in good condition and properly closed to prevent leakage, spillage or shifting during transport. Transfer operations must eliminate or control the risks associated with possible: • spills and/or leaks; • static electricity; and • vapour generation. Waste chemicals to be labeled in accordance with Laboratory requirements i.e. fluorescent pink label with the following information: • chemical name or Main Component (if mixture); • container size; • actual amount of chemical to be disposed of; • DG & packaging class if applicable; • School/Centre generating the waste; • contact phone number; and • University of Southern Queensland, West Street, Toowoomba 4350.

Procedure for Use of Z5 Hazardous Chemicals Storage Compound

Responsibility-Access and Management

USQ Safety and Wellbeing maintains responsibility for the overall access and storage management of the Z5 Hazardous Chemicals Storage Compound. Access to Z5 for chemical retrieval or storage can be organised through the Research Operations Officer, Senior Coordinating Technical Officer or Laboratory Staff located on Level 2 of W Block, or USQ Safety and Wellbeing if Laboratory Staff are not available.

Transportation of Chemicals to and from Z5

The following processes must be followed when transporting chemicals to and from the Z5 chemical storage compound: • Any person visiting the Hazardous Chemical Storage Compound must be

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accompanied by an Authorised Person (key holder). No personnel should enter Z5 unaccompanied; • Turn off any mobile telephones or other electronic devices prior to entering the Z5 gate. An emergency telephone is located inside the Facility entrance if required; • The user log book (located in the red filing cabinet) must be completed by the key holder and users for every entry into Z5 whether chemicals are being returned or removed. All details must be completed for chemicals that are returned, removed or stored initially; • Any chemicals to be stored or currently being stored in Z5, including waste, must be correctly labelled. (For further information on waste labelling, refer to Labelling); • The purchase of large amounts i.e. greater than 20 litres of Flammable and or Dangerous Goods products must be discussed with the Senior Coordinating Technical Officer/Research Operations Officer and/or USQ Safety and Wellbeing to ensure that there is storage space available in the bulk store for large quantities; • Unpack chemicals into the relevant cabinets and or shelving. Check the SDS to ensure storage compatibility is maintained before locating items; • A regular stocktake, minimum at least annually, must be carried out and the Local and Master Chemical Registers reviewed and updated; • Do not decant Ethanol or Xylene from bulk containers unless appropriate training has been received. Ensure drums are earthed before decanting. If Xylene is being decanted follow the additional procedures below: o Xylene must be moved into a well ventilated space before decanting. o All P.P.E. in accordance with the SDS must be provided for anyone decanting Xylene this includes a respirator, type A, Chemical goggles/glasses and appropriate gloves; o The containers to hold the decanted substance must be an appropriate recommended container to hold Xylene and must be labelled in accordance with the Work Health & Safety Regulation 2011 and must not hold more than 2.5 litres in volume; and o Decant using the appropriate pump and complete the details in the relevant users’ logbook before leaving the area. • Spillage of any kind must be cleaned up immediately using the provided spill kit if it is safe to do so. If it is a large spill or a particularly hazardous chemical, move to a safe area and call 2222 or 4631 2222 (from a mobile device) for assistance. Evacuate the area and notify USQ Safety and Wellbeing and the Senior Coordinating Technical Officer and/or Research Operations Officer; • Report all spills to USQ Safety and Wellbeing and the Senior Coordinating Technical Officer or Research Operations Support Officer as soon as possible. Complete an Incident Report on UniHIRTS on return to your work area; • Containers, of any size, must not be stored in access/walkways. Large containers must not be stored on shelving above waist height. If containers not belonging to your section are left in walkways, please contact either, the

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Senior Coordinating Technical Officer, the Research Operations Officer or USQ Safety and Wellbeing; • When using the Z5 storage facility, please familiarise yourself with the relevant safety equipment e.g. fire extinguishers, spill kits, emergency telephone, and all emergency exits; • On leaving Z5, ensure that it is in a clean and tidy state. Report any instances of poor housekeeping to the Senior Coordinating Technical Officer, the Research Operations Officer and or USQ Safety and Wellbeing; and • Ensure all cabinets, doors and main gate are locked on leaving the Compound.

SDS and Storage

All substances stored in the Z5 compound must have an accompanying Safety Data Sheet. All SDS should be stored in the red filing cabinet on site, reviewed annually and updated as required. Each Section must keep current accurate records of the quantities of chemicals stored in Z5 using the Chemwatch database.

Contacts

Manager, USQ Safety & Wellbeing 2194 0439 765 398 Senior Safety Advisor 1128 0412 174 780 Senior Safety Advisor 1196 0437 259 457 Senior Coordinating Technical 5573 0423 609 659 Officer HES Senior Technical Officer HES 2219 Research Operations Officer 1949 0472 720 753

Induction and Training

Induction and training is to be provided to all Staff and postgraduate students whose work potentially exposes them to Hazardous Chemicals and Dangerous Goods in the workplace. The relevant Supervisor, Research Supervisor or Research Operations Officer is responsible for the induction and training of Staff and/or students in their area of control. The induction program is to include: • storage and handling of Hazardous Chemicals and Dangerous Goods, including Z5 procedures; • labelling of chemicals and containers; • SDS availability and information about Hazardous Chemicals and Dangerous Goods; • details on the risk management process; • work practices and procedures for all stages in the use of Hazardous Chemicals and Dangerous Goods; • control measures;

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• correct use of PPE; • Emergency Procedures; • First Aid and Incident Reporting; • details of monitoring and health surveillance (refer to (s) 368 WHS Regulation 2011); and • other details regarding the rights and obligations of employees and students using the chemicals. Records of training must be kept by the relevant person(s) in control of the work area, and should include the names of those who have received the training, an outline of the course content, and the names of those providing the training. These records are required to be kept for at least five (5) years after the date of the creation of the record.

Dangerous Goods

Introduction

Dangerous Goods are substances, mixtures or articles that because of their physical, chemical (physiochemical) or acute toxicity properties, present an immediate hazard to people, property or the environment. Types of substances that are classified as Dangerous Goods include: • Explosives; • Flammable Liquids and Gases; • Corrosives; and • chemically reactive or acutely (highly) toxic Substances. The Australian Dangerous Goods Code (see ADG Code Edition 7.5 2017) for the Transport of Dangerous Goods by Road or Rail establishes a hazard recognition system for Dangerous Goods with recommendations for the classification of dangerous goods based on the following criteria: • the predominant hazard of the material (Dangerous Goods Class); • a labelling and placarding system for identifying hazards that is internationally recognised; • a numbering system (UN number) that uniquely identifies specific chemicals or groups of products with the same hazards; • the division into three hazard groups (packing group) in order to recognise the degree of danger or risk; and • the requirements for the use of approved packaging and storage containers.

Classification

There are 9 Classes of Dangerous goods with a particular category of hazard: • Class 1 Explosives; • Class 2 Gases; • Class 3 Flammable Liquids; University of Southern Queensland | Laboratory & Workshop Safety Manual – Issued 2021 88

• Class 4 Flammable Solids; • Class 5 Oxidising Substances and Organic Peroxides; • Class 6 Toxic or Infectious Substances; • Class 7 Radioactive Substances; • Class 8 Corrosive Substances; and • Class 9 Miscellaneous Dangerous Goods Each Dangerous Goods Class has a coloured hazard label that is denoted by a Dangerous Goods hazard ‘diamond’ or Class Label, containing a diagram or symbol of the class hazard, class name and class number. Some Dangerous Goods may also possess additional hazard characteristics (subsidiary risks) that can also be displayed using a second smaller diamond. Refer to Safe Work Australia Globally Harmonised System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS).

Packing Groups

Some Dangerous Goods Classes (Classes 3, 4, 5, 6.1, 8 and 9) are divided into three Packing Groups designated in decreasing order of risk: • Packing Group I Substances presenting high danger; • Packing Group II Substances presenting medium danger; and • Packing Group III Substances presenting low danger.

Legal Obligations

The storage and handling of Dangerous Goods is regulated by the WHS Regulation 2011 and The Australian Code for the Transport or Dangerous Goods by road and rail (ADG Code), Edition 7.5 2017. The new legislation adopts a risk management approach to the storage and handling of Dangerous Goods in the workplace. The Workplace Health & Safety, QLD, Managing Risks of Hazardous Chemicals, 2013 Code of Practice, describes the steps that should be taken in order to comply with the regulation. There are additional requirements regarding placarding, manifests and notification to Workplace Health & Safety QLD, dependent on the quantities of Dangerous Goods stored or handled at each campus of USQ. ‘Placard Quantities’ and ‘Manifest Quantities’ can be found in (s) 349 Placards of the WHS QLD Regulation 2011. Placards (designed in accordance with (s) 349(2) & (s) 350(2)(Schedule 13 of the WHS QLD Regulation 2011, must be displayed at: • all road entrances to USQ premises if the total quantity of Dangerous Goods stored or handled at that premises exceeds the “placard quantity” for any item; • each location where Dangerous Goods are found in bulk (for gases – a container of more than 500L ‘water capacity’; for liquids - a container of more than 450L or 450kg capacity; for solids – more than 450kg or 450L container capacity; and

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• each location where packages of Dangerous Goods are stored and handled, if the total quantity in that location exceeds the ‘placard quantity’. Additional requirements exist for premises where Dangerous Goods are stored and handled above ‘Manifest Quantities’. This involves notification to Work Health & Safety QLD by the submission of Form 73 (WHS QLD site), a manifest, plan of premises and a written emergency plan. USQ Safety and Wellbeing will determine if manifest quantities of Dangerous Goods exist at any campus of the University, using the USQ register (refer to Section 17.3 Register of Hazardous Substances and Dangerous Goods), and liaise directly with persons in control of these Dangerous Goods in the preparation of the notification to Work Health & Safety QLD. Further general obligations required under the Dangerous Goods Regulation are described in Section 17 Chemical Safety.

Plant, Equipment and Containers

If Dangerous Goods are to be used with plant or equipment, refer to the manufacturer’s instructions for the plant or equipment provided by the supplier. Hazards and risks associated with the plant itself that could impinge on safety with Dangerous Goods must be assessed and controlled. Any plant, equipment or container used in connection with Dangerous Goods that: • is to be disposed of; or • has not had Dangerous Goods placed in it or taken from it for a continuous period of 12 months, is to be made free from the Dangerous Goods or made safe. Any Dangerous Goods container that has been made free from Dangerous Goods, and is to be reused for another purpose, must have all references, signs, or warnings relating to the Dangerous Goods removed or obliterated.

Hazardous Chemicals

Introduction

A Hazardous Chemical means a substance, mixture or article that satisfies the criteria for a hazard class in the GHS (including a classification referred to in Schedule 6) but does not include a substance, mixture or article that satisfies the criteria solely for the following Hazard Classes: • Acute toxicity – oral, dermal and inhalation – Category 5; • Skin corrosion/irritation – Category 3; • Serious eye damage/eye irritation – Category 2B; • Aspiration hazard – Category 2; • Flammable gas – Category 2; • Acute hazard to the aquatic environment – Categories 1, 2 and 3; • Chronic hazard to the aquatic environment – Categories 1, 2, 3 and 4; and University of Southern Queensland | Laboratory & Workshop Safety Manual – Issued 2021 90

• Hazardous to the ozone layer. A Hazardous Chemical can be a single chemical entity or a mixture; it can be purchased from a manufacturer or supplier or produced at the workplace by chemical processes. The criteria for identifying Hazardous Chemicals are detailed in the Globally Harmonised System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) Seventh revised Edition, 2017. A list of common Hazardous Chemicals can be found at the Hazardous Chemical Information System (HCIS), an internet resource of the national statutory agency. The HCIS contains information on each Hazardous Substance as well as national exposure standards declared under the NOHSC Adopted National Exposure Standards for Atmospheric Contaminants in the Occupational Environment [NOHSC:1003 (1995)] or subsequent updates.

Legal Obligations

The Work Health & Safety Act QLD 2011 and the Work Health & Safety Regulation 2011 provides for the management of Hazardous Chemicals in the workplace. General obligations for Hazardous Chemicals and Dangerous Goods required under the Regulation are described in Section 17 Chemical Safety. There are additional obligations when using Hazardous Chemicals in the workplace: • health surveillance, if required as a result of a risk assessment, must be performed in accordance with (s) 368 of the Work Health & Safety Regulation QLD 2011; • health surveillance must be provided to employees exposed to a Hazardous Chemical if there is a risk to the health of that Employee as a result of exposure; • the Hazardous Chemical is listed in Schedule 14, table 14.1, column 3 of the Work Health & Safety Regulation, QLD 2011; and • the exposure to any other Hazardous Chemical is such that an identifiable disease or health effect may be related to the exposure, and there is a reasonable likelihood that the disease or health effect may occur under the particular conditions of work, and there is a valid technique for detecting indication of the disease or the effect.

The following hazardous substances have restricted use provisions in accordance with the WHS Regulation 2011: • Antimony and its compounds; • Arsenic and or its compounds; • Asbestos; • Benzene (benzol) if the substance contains more than 1% by volume; • Beryllium and its compounds; • Cadmium and its compounds; • Carbon disulphide (Carbon disulphide); • Chromate; University of Southern Queensland | Laboratory & Workshop Safety Manual – Issued 2021 91

• Chromium and its compounds; • Cobalt and its compounds; • Free Silica (crystalline silicone dioxide) (sand); • Lead and its compounds; • Lead carbonate; • Methanol (methyl alcohol), if the substance contains more than 1% by volume; • Nickel and its compounds; • Nitrates; • Nitrites; • Radioactive substance of any kind where the level of radiation exceeds 1Bq/g; • Tetrachloroethane; • Tetrachloromethane (carbon tetrachloride); and • Tributyl tin. Certain records must be retained as follows: • Risk Management Plans indicating a need for atmospheric monitoring or health surveillance, and the results thereof must be kept for 30 years after the date of the last entry; and • Records associated with the use of Prohibited or Notifiable Carcinogenic Substances must be kept for 30 years after the last entry date.

Carcinogenic, Mutagenic and Highly Toxic Chemicals

Introduction

Carcinogenic substances are Hazardous Chemicals that are capable of inducing cancer in humans. Highly toxic chemicals include Mutagens (substances that permanently alter the amount or structure of the genetic material in an organism), Teratogens (substances capable of producing malformation in the developing embryo or foetus) and Cytotoxic Drugs (agents that are known to be toxic to cells). Every effort must be made to use non-carcinogenic, non-mutagenic, non- teratogenic or less toxic substances in the workplace. The Work Health & Safety QLD Regulation 2011 and the Managing Risks of Hazardous Chemicals in the Workplace Code of Practice 2013 establishes provisions to minimise risks to health arising from any work involving Hazardous Chemicals. All such provisions apply to carcinogenic and other highly toxic substances as for all Hazardous Chemicals. The guidelines for the use of carcinogenic chemicals below may also be applied to the use of other highly toxic substances, such as mutagens, teratogens or cytotoxic drugs.

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Legal Obligations

The Approved Criteria for Classifying Hazardous Substances [NOHSC: 1008 (2004)] have identified carcinogenic substances and placed them into three categories: • Category 1 - Substances known to be carcinogenic to humans; • Category 2 - Substances that should be regarded as if they are carcinogenic to humans; and • Category 3 - Substances that cause concern for humans owing to their possible carcinogenic effects but in respect of which the available information is not adequate for making a satisfactory assessment. There is some evidence from appropriate animal studies, but there is insufficient evidence to place the chemical in Category 2. Some carcinogenic substances have been ‘scheduled’ and are subject to prohibition and notification requirements in order to eliminate or minimise risks to health and impose stricter controls on their use at work. These requirements are established in the Work Health & Safety QLD Regulation 2011. Practical guidance on how to comply with the prohibition and notification requirements for scheduled carcinogenic substances is explained in the Workplace Health & Safety QLD, Managing Risks of Hazardous Chemicals in the Workplace, Code of Practice, 2013. This Code of Practice also explains the specific requirements for assessment and control of risks arising from work with scheduled carcinogenic substances, and the specific requirements for record keeping. Before proposing to purchase and conduct work involving the use, production, handling, storage, transport or disposal of a carcinogenic substance, a rigorous Risk Management Plan must be completed. The Risk Management Plan must take into consideration the likely routes of exposure and the potential effectiveness of available control measures. There are two types of listed carcinogens under the WHS Regulation which require approval from the Regulator.

Restricted Carcinogens

A PCBU must not use, handle or store, direct or allow a worker at the workplace to use, handle or store, a restricted carcinogen mentioned in an item in Schedule 10, table 10.2, Column 2 for a purpose mentioned in Column 3 for the item unless the regulator has authorised the use, handling or storage of the restricted carcinogen under Section 384.

Prohibited Carcinogens

A PCBU must not use, handle or store, direct or allow a worker at the workplace to use, handle or store, a prohibited carcinogen mentioned in Schedule 10, table 10.1, Column 2 unless—

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• the prohibited carcinogen is used, handled or stored for genuine research or analysis; and • the regulator has authorised the use, handling or storage of the prohibited carcinogen under Section 384. Note: See Section 43 of the Work Health & Safety Act, QLD 2011.

Application for Authorisation to Use, Handle or Store Prohibited and Restricted Carcinogens

A PCBU may apply in writing to the regulator for authorisation to use, handle or store a prohibited carcinogen or restricted carcinogen mentioned in schedule 10 at the workplace. See Section 383 of the WHS Regulation, QLD 2011 for more details. Records must be kept in respect of employees who are exposed to prohibited or notifiable carcinogenic substances in accordance with section 388 of the WHS Regulation, QLD 2011 Any records relating to work using carcinogens that require health surveillance of personnel or workplace monitoring must be kept for at least 30 years. Such work must also be notified to the Head of Centre/School or Executive Deans of Faculties and the relevant Research Operations Officer. A review of any Risk Management Plans involving carcinogens should be undertaken at least every five (5) years and Workplace Health & Safety QLD should be informed of any such review. When a carcinogenic substance(s) is acquired a register must be established that details the following information: • the initial acquirer’s name and contact number; • the date the initial quantity of the substance was first acquired by the person; • the initial quantity of the substance acquired by the person; • the date(s) of any subsequent uses of the substance by any person(s); • the name(s) of any person(s) using the substance subsequent to its initial acquisition; and • the quantity(ies) of substance used by the person(s) on each subsequent occasion the substance is used.

General Safety

For all work using carcinogens and other highly toxic substances, the Laboratory/Research/Academic Supervisor is responsible for ensuring that: • the risk control measures called for in the Risk Management Plan are strictly adhered to; • anyone working with carcinogens understands the nature of the hazard and the likely adverse health effects that may occur from exposure; • the specific hazard control measures that they are to adopt to eliminate or minimise exposure; • adequate training is provided to enable any person using the substance to do

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so safely; and • a register is kept, which records the acquisition, use and disposal of the substance(s) Refer to 17.11.2 Legal obligations. If possible, carcinogenic substances should only be used in Laboratory areas specifically designed for that purpose. Access to those areas should be limited to persons directly involved in the work. Warning signs displaying the following information should be placed on doors leading to the work area: • a general warning (eg: ‘Caution – Limited Access. Chemical Carcinogen In Use’); and • the name and contact details of an appropriate person who can be contacted in an emergency. Work using carcinogens should be conducted on a spill tray, and all working surfaces covered with a plastic-backed absorbent material. The protective material should be replaced regularly or immediately after a spill. Facilities for dispensing carcinogens and other highly toxic substances should be available in the same area where the chemicals are stored. Only the minimum amount required should be taken, and the aliquot taken should be recorded and clearly labelled. Biological Safety Cabinets MUST NOT be used for work with carcinogens. Work that may generate dust, vapour or aerosols should be performed in a suitably modified fume cupboard (refer to AS/NZS 2243.8) or in a cytotoxic cabinet (refer to AS 2252.5:2017) Appropriate PPE must be used when handling carcinogens. Refer to the relevant SDS for guidance. The PPE should be stored near the work area and used only for the intended purpose. Laboratory coats should be removed before leaving the Laboratory. Laboratory coats should be cleaned regularly. Any maintenance work to be conducted in a Laboratory facility where carcinogenic substances are stored or used must be notified to the appropriate Coordinating Technical Officer or Supervisor for the appropriate safety induction training prior to commencement of the work.

Storage and Labelling of Carcinogens

All carcinogenic chemicals must not be transferred or decanted to secondary containers. Any carcinogenic chemicals used in a mixture must be labelled in accordance with legislative requirements, refer to Section 17.6 Labelling. The primary container should be stored and at all times transported in an appropriately labelled secondary container with: • chemical name; • physical form; • date of acquisition; • nature of hazard; and • appropriate risk label.

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Carcinogenic chemicals should be stored in a secure area separate from the general chemical store and be separated from other chemicals whilst in the Laboratory.

Contamination with Carcinogens

All persons should, after using carcinogens, wash hands in cold water, followed by warm water and soap. Accidental skin contact should be treated immediately by rinsing with cold running water for at least 5 minutes, followed by a thorough wash with soap and warm water. Eyes should be irrigated with running water for at least 15 minutes. Glassware and equipment should be decontaminated with the appropriate chemical treatment or washed with a suitable chemical solvent. This should be followed by a rinse in cold running water, a wash and brush in hot water and detergent, and the Laboratory’s routine washing procedure. Work surfaces, although protected by absorbent material, should be regularly wiped with cold water, followed by warm water with detergent. PPE, including Laboratory coats, should be cleaned and laundered separately and appropriately.

Monitoring for Carcinogens

The need for biological monitoring, environmental and/or medical examination of personnel must be considered as part of the Risk Management Plan. If biological monitoring, environmental and/or medical examination of personnel is required then systems must be established before any work with carcinogenic substances commences. The results of workplace monitoring and medical surveillance should be kept for at least 30 years. For further information refer to Guidelines for Health Surveillance [NOHSC: 7039 (1995)] and Work Health & Safety Regulation QLD 2011.

Disposal of Carcinogens

Liquid wastes containing carcinogenic chemicals should be collected in approved disposal containers that are sealed and secured, labelled appropriately, and placed in a secondary labelled container. Contaminated solid wastes, including disposable PPE, absorbent paper, residue from spills, exhaust air filters, animal carcasses and associated material, should be double-bagged, appropriately labelled and stored prior to disposal. All waste contaminated with carcinogens should be disposed of through an approved waste disposal contractor. Refer to Section 20 Disposal of Laboratory Wastes.

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Poisons & Drugs

Poisonous Substances and Drugs are regulated through the Queensland Health Act 1937 and Health (Drugs and Poisons) Regulation 1996, reprinted October 2012, that specifies a ‘Poisons List’ and allocates Poisons and Drugs into one of nine ‘Schedules’ according to factors such as toxicity, danger to life, potential for abuse, safety, etc. The Poisons Standard is the legal title of the Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons (SUSMP). They are issued at least annually and updated frequently (usually every three months). Contact the Research Operations Officer for the current SUSMP or search https://www.legislation.gov.au/. If a substance is listed in a schedule, it is deemed to be a ‘Poison’ or a ‘Drug’ and is therefore bound by the Act and Regulation. The schedules determine the degree of control over the listed substances including their availability to the public, requirements for labelling and appropriate containers. The controls increase with the schedule number so that Schedule 9 substances ‘Restricted Drugs of Dependency’ should only be available for research and other defined restricted purposes. It is an offence under the Health (Drugs and Poisons) Regulation 1996 for a person to manufacture, obtain, dispense, prescribe, sell, possess or dispose of a Scheduled Substance unless the person has an approval to do so or is otherwise endorsed (licenced or exempt). Scheduled Substance Officers have obtained a number of general approvals to ‘purchase, possess, issue and use’ Scheduled Substances at USQ in research and teaching. Contact the Research Operations Officer for further information. Finance has copies of all relevant licences. Permits are name specific, and cannot be used by other people, without their permission, as their use must meet all auditing and legal requirements. USQ has a Scheduled Substance Management Plan (SSMP), which sets out the procedures for managing known and foreseeable risks associated with Scheduled Substance use. It also outlines the University’s processes for the purchasing, storage, handling, use, record-keeping and disposal of Scheduled Substances. Most poisons in Schedules 5, 6 and 7 are also Hazardous Chemicals and therefore their purchase, storage, labelling, handling and disposal is bound by the Hazardous Chemicals legislation. Refer to 17.10 Hazardous Chemicals. For further information on Hazardous Chemicals including carcinogens contact USQ Safety and Wellbeing and or refer to the following publications: • Guidelines for Health Surveillance [NOHSC: 7039 (1995)]; and • Workplace Health & Safety Queensland, Managing risks of hazardous chemicals in the workplace, Code of Practice 2013

Health Monitoring

Health monitoring is required by the WHS Regulation, for employees who have been identified in the workplace assessment if:

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• the worker is carrying out ongoing work at a workplace using, handling, generating or storing Hazardous Chemicals and there is a significant risk to the worker’s health because of exposure to a Hazardous Chemical mentioned in schedule 14, table 14.1, column 2; or • the person identifies that because of ongoing work carried out by a worker using, handling, generating or storing Hazardous Chemicals there is a significant risk that the worker will be exposed to a Hazardous Chemical (other than a Hazardous Chemical mentioned in schedule 14, table 14.1) and either: o valid techniques are available to detect the effect on the worker’s health; or o a valid way of determining biological exposure to the Hazardous Chemical is available and it is uncertain, on reasonable grounds, whether the exposure to the Hazardous Chemical has resulted in the biological exposure standard being exceeded. USQ is responsible for ensuring that health monitoring that has been established as a result of the assessment process is carried out by or under the supervision of a registered medical practitioner. USQ has the responsibility to pay for any expenses and ensure that the health records are maintained as a confidential record. USQ must inform workers and others of the purpose of the health monitoring, and to make acceptable arrangements for workers to participate in the program. USQ must provide the following information to the medical practitioner: • the name and address of the person conducting the business or undertaking; • the name and date of birth of the worker; • the work that the worker is, or will be, carrying out that has triggered the requirement for health monitoring; • if the worker has started that work—how long the worker has been carrying out that work; and • the substance used, copy of SDS, Risk Management Plans etc. Monitoring requirements are based on a risk assessment where process, frequency and quantities exposed to are taken into consideration. Records of all health monitoring must be kept confidential, identified as a record in relation to the worker and maintained for a period of at least thirty years in accordance with the Regulation. Employees also have a responsibility to co-operate with the Employer in regards to undertaking health monitoring. For further information refer to the WHS Regulation, Division 6 Health Monitoring.

Regulation of Security Sensitive Ammonium Nitrate (SSAN)

Introduction

Ammonium nitrate, a Hazardous Chemical and Dangerous Good (Class 5.1 Oxidising Agent), is commonly used as an explosive ingredient in the mining industry. In Queensland, approximately 99% of Ammonium nitrate (SSAN) is used as an explosive in mining operations; the remainder is used for making fertiliser. Ammonium nitrate is stable in solid, molten or in solution. However, it can become University of Southern Queensland | Laboratory & Workshop Safety Manual – Issued 2021 98

less resistant to detonation/initiation due to the presence of contaminates or on exposure to high temperatures (e.g. fire or radiant heat). Similar names for Ammonium nitrate include: • Nitric acid ammonium salt; • Detapril; and • Nitropril. Ammonium nitrate has been identified as a ‘Security Sensitive Dangerous Substance’ (SSDS) by COAG and is classified as ‘Security Sensitive Ammonium Nitrate’ (SSAN). In QLD, SSAN is regulated through the Queensland Explosives Act 1999 (current as at 9 May 2018) and Explosives Regulation 2017. The controls will apply to SSAN, which consists of Ammonium nitrate (i.e. 100%, pure Ammonium nitrate), Ammonium nitrate emulsions and Ammonium nitrate mixtures containing greater than 45% Ammonium nitrate. Ammonium nitrate solutions are excluded. For further information refer to Workplace Health & Safety QLD and the Department of Natural Resources and Mines “Ammonium nitrate controls”. To ensure ongoing public safety and security, COAG will examine other substances of security concern that could be used as explosives precursors, to determine what security controls are warranted regarding their handling and use. Other chemicals, biological agents and radiological materials may be identified in the future for government regulation through this process.

Licensing Requirements

In QLD, the Department of Natural Resources and Mines has established a licencing regime for the import, export storage, transport, sale, supply, purchase, acquisition, use and disposal of SSAN. It is illegal to purchase, possess or use SSAN until the licensing requirements of the Department of Natural Resources and Mines have been met and an official licence obtained. The licensing requirements are set out in the Ammonium Nitrate controls information bulletin produced by the Department of Natural Resources and Mines. The licencing requirements are quite stringent and include licence fees for each activity, security plans, secure storage, police and security checks of authorised personnel, record keeping, reporting of loss or theft to authorities etc. This should be a major consideration in the design stage and risk management process of any work where SSAN is planned to be used in the University. Whilst the University does not prohibit the use of SSAN, it strongly recommends that SSAN products be substituted for non-regulated products such as fertilizers with less than 45% Ammonium nitrate and other non-regulated chemicals used in teaching and research.

Licensing Exemptions

The Explosives Legislation allows an exemption from licencing for educational, research or analytical purposes at a university or research institution, if the amount of SSAN stored and used does not exceed 3 kg. For USQ this amount is the limit University of Southern Queensland | Laboratory & Workshop Safety Manual – Issued 2021 99

for any one site. The following conditions apply if you plan to use SSAN: • USQ is not permitted to use SSAN other than for research purposes; and • USQ is not permitted to have >3Kg of SSAN on campus at any one time. If quantities greater than 3kg are required, a ‘Licence to Use SSAN’ is required and the Senior Coordinating Technical Officer or Research Operations Officer must be contacted to facilitate the licence. • USQ will apply for a licence to increase the University’s holdings if the research requirements increase to need a greater amount than the allowable 3kg holding; • SSAN can ONLY be purchased if a Risk Assessment has been completed and approved by the Head of Centre and/or Head of School; • To use SSAN in the manufacture of explosives or for explosive blasting, you, or a nominated person on behalf of USQ, must have an unsupervised handling license and either a licence to manufacture explosives or a blasting explosion user’s licence. If this is required, contact Research Operations Officer or Senior Coordinating Technical Officer; • A Risk Assessment must be completed for each task SSAN is required for as well as for the storage and handling aspects. SSAN must be kept in a locked cabinet with usage tracked; and • Any missing or unaccounted for SSAN must be reported to the relevant Supervisor immediately. If you currently use or plan to use SSAN, the Senior Coordinating Technical Officer (t) or Research Operations Officer (s) must be contacted immediately so that licencing implications can be assessed if total quantities of SSAN exceed 3kg at any one storage facility.

Flammable Liquids

The following general rules apply to the storage, handling and use of Flammable Liquids: • All work and learning that involves the handling, storage and use of Flammable Liquids must be subject to a Risk Management Plan; • Quantities of Flammable Liquids are to be kept to an absolute minimum; • The recommended day-to-day working allowance of Flammable Liquids in laboratories is considered ‘minor storage’. Minor storage limits are defined in AS 1940:2017 -The storage and handling of flammable and combustible liquids; • Potential sources of ignition are to be identified as part of the Risk Management Plan and measures implemented to ensure that Flammable Liquids do not inadvertently come into contact with an ignition source; • All electrical equipment used near or in conjunction with Flammable Liquids is to be spark proof; • Flammable Liquids must never be stored in a domestic refrigerator as

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sparks from the internal light or motor may cause an explosion. Use an approved ‘explosion proof’ or ‘spark proof’ refrigerator for such storage; • Where a domestic refrigerator is installed, a warning sign is to be displayed on the door indicating that ‘Flammable Liquids must not be stored in this refrigerator’; • When heating Flammable Liquids, use only steam or water baths or heating mantles. Extreme care must be exercised to ensure that there is no source of ignition; • Appropriate spill kits, fire extinguishers and fire blankets must be easily accessible when handling Flammable Liquids; • Flammable Liquids should not be stored in fume cupboards. AS/NZS 2243.8:2014 - Safety in Laboratories – Fume Cupboards sets out a risk management process for the use of Flammable Liquids in Fume Cupboards. • Flammable Liquids should be stored in an approved flammable liquid storage cabinet constructed in accordance with AS 1940:2017; • Flammable Liquids of PGI (high danger) and PGII (medium danger), in containers larger than 2.5 Litres, must not be kept in minor storage (labs are considered to be minor storage) unless they are essential for daily operations and then handled only by trained personnel; • Quantities of Flammable Liquids PGI or PGII must be kept to the minimum quantity of 50 litres per 50 m2 of floor space, or 50 litres in a room of up to 50 m2 of floor space; and • Storage of Dangerous Goods Class 3 that exceeds ‘placard’ quantities is subject to placard and signage requirements as detailed in (s) 349 Placards of the WHS QLD Regulation 2011 (Refer to Section 17.9.4 Legal Obligations) or for additional information refer to AS/NZS 2243.2 and AS/NZS 2243.10.

Chemical Spills

Introduction Any person(s) in control of premises where chemicals are stored or handled must ensure that provisions are made for the containment of potential spills or leaks. This includes the provision of appropriate spill kits, Spill Clean-up Teams, Emergency Spills procedures etc. Refer to Section 8.8.4 Spills Management – Chemical Spills. All chemical spills and leaks must be contained safely within a limited area of the premises as far as is reasonably practicable. Any area or receptacle intended to contain spills or leaks must not be shared with any other substances that are not compatible with the chemical to be contained. Immediate action is to be taken (by the person(s) noticing the spill) to implement an effective clean up protocol as detailed in Section 8.8 Spills Management. In the event of a spill or leak: • any risk associated with the spill or leak must be immediately reduced; and • the chemicals and resulting effluent are cleaned up and disposed of or made safe as far as is reasonably practicable. University of Southern Queensland | Laboratory & Workshop Safety Manual – Issued 2021 101

References Approved Criteria for Classifying Hazardous Substances [NOHSC:1008(2004) The Australian Dangerous Goods Code 7th edition AS 1216-2006- Class Labels for Dangerous Goods. AS 1940:2017 - The storage and handling of flammable and combustible liquids AS 2252.5:2017 – Controlled environments – Cytotoxic drug safety cabinets (CDSC) – Design, construction, installation, testing and use AS/NZS 2243.2:2006: – Safety in Laboratories – Chemical Aspects AS/NZS 2243.8:2014: - Safety in Laboratories - Fume Cupboards AS/NZS 2243.10:2004 – Safety in Laboratories – Storage of Chemicals AS/NZS 3833:2007 - The storage and handling of mixed classes of dangerous goods in packages and intermediate bulk containers Explosives Act 1999 QLD Explosives Regulation 2017 QLD Guidelines for Health Surveillance [NOHSC:7039 (1995)] Workplace Health & Safety Regulation 2011 Safe Work Australia Workplace Health & Safety QLD Managing risks of hazardous chemicals in the workplace, Code of Practice 2013 Workplace Health & Safety QLD Labelling of Workplace hazardous chemicals Code of Practice 2011 Workplace Health & Safety QLD Preparation of Safety Data Sheets for hazardous chemicals, Code of Practice 2011 Workplace Health & Safety QLD Guide Ammonium Nitrate Guidance Storage and Handling QLD Department of Natural Resources Explosives Information bulletin no. 46 Ammonium nitrate controls Workplace Health & Safety QLD Application for authorization to use, handle or store prohibited or restricted carcinogens. (s) 383 WHS Regulation 2011

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18. Biological Safety

Please refer to the Biosafety Procedure for more information.

19. Radiation Safety

Introduction to Radiation

Radiation can be described as energy travelling as waves or particles. There are two types of Radiation; Ionising and Non-Ionising. Ionising Radiation has enough energy to change the chemical composition of matter. Non-Ionising Radiation has less energy but can still excite molecules and atoms causing them to vibrate.

Ionising Radiation

What are some natural sources of Ionising Radiation? Ionising Radiation is the energy produced from natural and artificial radioactive materials. It is present in the environment because of naturally occurring radioactive minerals remaining from the very early formation of the planet. This leads to exposure to gamma rays and radioactive radon gas from certain rocks and from radioactive material in our food and drink. We are also exposed to natural Ionising Radiation that comes from outer space and passes through the atmosphere of the planet, which is also known as Cosmic Radiation.

Artificial sources of Ionising Radiation

What are some artificial sources of Ionising Radiation? There are three main sources of artificial Ionising Radiation. They are: • medical uses including diagnosis on many diseases and treatment of cancer; • industrial uses, mainly in measurement and scientific research; and • fallout from nuclear weapons testing and accidents around the world.

Non-Ionising Radiation

What are some examples of Non-Ionising Radiation? Solar Radiation consists of several different forms of Non-Ionising Radiation and many modern technologies such as powerlines, electrical equipment and mobile phone systems also produce forms of Non-Ionising Radiation.

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USQ Radiation Safety Guidelines

All matters relating to Radiation Safety at USQ are covered in the General Radiation Safety Guidelines.

Guidelines

• All Staff or Students who will use radiation apparatus or handle radioactive sources must undergo appropriate training as recommended by the Radiation Safety Officer; • Do not eat, drink or smoke in radiation use, storage or disposal areas. "Eating" includes gum, candy, beverages and chewing tobacco; • Do not apply cosmetics in the Laboratory; • Do not consume medication in Radioisotope Laboratories; • Do not dispose of food, empty food wrappers or containers anywhere in the Laboratories; • Laboratories must not be used for food storage, particularly refrigerators; • Gloves should be worn during any and all operations in which contamination of the hands is possible; • Never pipette radioactive liquids by mouth; • Store and transport radioactive materials in containers, which will prevent breakage and spillage. Secondary containment is important; when transporting radioactive materials, use trays and carts; • Use ventilation hoods or glove boxes if the radioactivity may become airborne and for high activity uses, such as stock solution; • The individual(s) responsible for any contamination will be required to decontaminate the area of concern. In the case of undergraduate students, the supervisor will be responsible; • Regularly check your hands, clothing and shoes for contamination prior to leaving the work area after working with radioactive material. All Laboratory workers should wash their hands prior to leaving the Laboratory; • Always dispose of radioactive waste in a radioactive waste container; • Always wear your assigned radiation detection badge(s) when working with radioactive materials; • Wear Laboratory coats when working with radioactive materials. Lab coats should be buttoned up, not worn open; and • Laboratory workers using high-energy beta or gamma nuclides should wear eye protection, such as safety glasses or eyeglasses.

Radioactive Waste

Radioactive waste shall be treated in accordance with AS 2243.4 and Australian Commonwealth and State requirements. The method used for the treatment and disposal of radioactive infectious waste depends on the isotope being used and whether the waste is solid or liquid. Seek advice from the Radiation Safety Officer (RSO) x2096 prior to treating or disposing of any radioactive waste.

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Radiation Safety Officer

The Radiation Safety Officer (RSO) x2096 must be consulted if undertaking any work or purchase of equipment that may expose Staff to Ionising Radiation of any form.

Training Requirements

All Staff and Students that will be interacting with radiation sources at USQ must also participate in radiation safety training provided by USQ. After initial training, refresher training sessions will be run every year, which Staff and Students must attend. This is dictated by the relevant Radiation Safety and Protection Plan. In experimental undergraduate courses where non-licensed sources are handled by Students and licensed sources are observed under the supervision of a licenced user, the course instructor will include the relevant safety information to the Students. The Radiation Safety Officer (RSO) x2096 is to be contacted for all training enquiries.

References Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA) Radiation Safety Standards, QLD Health Radiation Safety Act 1999 Radiation Safety Regulation 2010 Radiation Safety and Protection Plan 114011 – For use of X-ray analytical radiation apparatus and enclosed “special application” X-ray equipment used for teaching. Radiation Safety and Protection Plan 71811 – Radiation Sources Used for Teaching Radiation Safety and Protection Plan 864584 – Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry

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20. Disposal of Laboratory Wastes

Introduction

Waste Management Procedures must be adopted by USQ waste generators to protect the health and safety of persons in control of, or exposed to hazardous waste in the workplace, and the community in general. The appropriate control measures adopted should be environmentally responsible and comply with relevant Federal and State legislation and any other Local Government regulatory requirements. The procedures in place should minimise the amount of Laboratory waste generated in the first instance by implementing waste minimisation strategies. This is outlined in the following hierarchy for managing waste, from most desirable to least desirable, and meets the objectives of the Queensland Waste Reduction and Recycling Act 2011 (WRR Act) and Queensland Waste Reduction and Recycling Regulation 2011 (WRR Reg). Hierarchy for managing waste: • avoid unnecessary resource consumption e.g. reduce quantities purchased, reduce scale of experiments; • recover resources including reuse, reprocessing, recycling, transfer and exchange, energy recovery; and • disposal (a last resort). Generators of Laboratory waste should be made aware of the great difficulty and/or expense associated with the disposal of some types of wastes (e.g. heavy metals, chlorinated solvents, long half-life radioactive isotopes). All Laboratories must determine types of waste and implement a waste disposal procedure for particular wastes identified in those areas. Laboratory Waste Disposal Procedures should clearly outline: • who is responsible; • training requirements including contract cleaners; • the categories into which waste is to be sorted or segregated; • the temporary facilities for waste storage; • the collection schedule; and • the final disposal arrangements with an approved Environment Protection Authority (EPA) waste disposal Contractor. The initial segregation and disposal of waste into approved waste disposal containers or bags must be conducted in the area where the waste is generated. All personnel handling bagged Laboratory wastes must not: • compress bags; • not place hands inside the bag; • not hold bags close to their body; • not hold bags by the base; • not overfill bags (ensure approx. 2/3 full); and • not tape or seal bags if they are to be autoclaved. University of Southern Queensland | Laboratory & Workshop Safety Manual – Issued 2021 106

Waste Classification and Tracking Requirements

Clinical Waste

Please refer to the Biosafety Procedure for more information.

Sharps Waste

A Sharp is an object or device having sharp points, protuberances or cutting edges that are capable of causing a penetrating injury to humans. This waste includes used hypodermic, intravenous or other medical needles, Pasteur pipettes, disposable dental picks and drill bits, scalpel blades, lancets, scissors, glass slides and broken Laboratory glass. In order for an item to be defined as a Sharp, it does not have to have been in contact with human blood, body fluids or an infectious agent. However, the area of Sharps generation can influence how the waste is managed for disposal. For instance, a hypodermic needle that has been used to inject an animal would be disposed of in a yellow coloured sharps container for clinical waste. However, a Sharp generated from oncology research which had been used to inject cytotoxic drugs would be disposed of as cytotoxic waste and a Sharp which had contained radioactive material would be disposed of as radioactive waste. When disposing of Sharps, safe work practices require the minimum amount of handling. Immediately after use: • Sharps should be placed into a dedicated and secure sharps container which is clearly labelled for this purpose and which complies with AS 4031; • Disposable needles should not be recapped or bent and disposable needle/syringe sets should be discarded as a single unit into an approved sharps container; • Sharps containers once filled, should be sealed and secured and disposed of in accordance with Section 20.2.4. They must not be emptied or reused under any circumstances; • In most Laboratories, broken glass is usually contaminated with either chemical or biological products. If broken glass cannot be decontaminated, it should be disposed of in suitable containers that are large enough to hold broken glassware, are rigid, impenetrable, and able to be sealed and clearly labelled any other labelling should refer to the contamination. Refer to Section 14.9 Handling and Disposal of Sharps; Sharps produced by premises generating clinical or related waste must be placed into a rigid-walled, puncture-resistant container that meets the relevant Australian Standard for the type of container, and is appropriate colour for the type of Sharp.

Sharps Disposal at USQ

Sharps must be collected in a rigid, puncture proof container (see AS 4301) that is also capable of withstanding pressure steam sterilisation without losing its integrity. Once sharps containers have been sealed and secured, they are stored in the user’s area until 20kg has accumulated. Staff in the area must then contact the Senior University of Southern Queensland | Laboratory & Workshop Safety Manual – Issued 2021 107

Coordinating Technical or Research Operations Officer to organise a collection with the relevant Contractors. The Senior Coordinating Technical or Research Operations Officer will advise the Staff of the collection date and provide a key to unlock the collection bin. Staff must transport the sharps containers to the bin in a secondary container and, if required, on a trolley. The sealed sharps containers are then packed into the appropriate bin. The bin must be locked and the key returned to the relevant Staff on completion of task.

Human Tissue Waste

Please refer to the Biosafety Procedure for further information.

Related Waste

Related waste means waste that constitutes, or is contaminated with chemicals, cytotoxic drugs, human body parts, pharmaceutical products or radioactive substances. Chemical waste means waste generated from the use of chemicals in medical, dental, veterinary and Laboratory procedures, including, for example, Mercury, formalin and glutaraldehyde. Cytotoxic drugs are drugs known to have carcinogenic, mutagenic or teratogenic potential. In Queensland, pharmaceutical products are Restricted Drugs under the Health (Drugs and Poisons) Regulation 1996. A Restricted Drug means an S4 substance other than solasodine, and alkaloids and alkaloidal glycosides of plants of the genus solanum for human therapeutic use.

Segregation of Clinical and Related Waste

In accordance with legislative requirements, a person who operates premises at which clinical or related waste is generated must ensure the waste is segregated into: • The following categories of clinical waste: o animal waste; o discarded sharps; o human tissue waste; and o Laboratory and associated waste directly resulting from the processing of specimens. • The following categories of related waste: o chemical waste; o waste constituted by, or contaminated with, cytotoxic drugs; o human body parts; o pharmaceutical waste; and o radioactive waste. • General waste.

For further information on Biological related wastes, please refer to the Biosafety Procedure.

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Segregation of Laboratory Waste

Many different types of wastes are generated in Laboratories and associated facilities. Each category of waste (such as chemical, biological, clinical/sharps and radioactive waste) requires segregation prior to storage and disposal. At USQ this must be completed in accordance with AS/NZS 2243.1 Safety in laboratories, Part 1: Planning and operational aspects. Laboratory wastes must be at least sorted into the following categories as outlined in AS/NZS 2243.1, Sect 4.10: • non-contaminated paper and plastics may be collected in a single layer plastic bag and disposed of as general waste (waste paper bins). Refer to AS/NZS 2243.3; • broken glass, into a container specifically designed for that purpose and labelled accordingly. Refer to Section 14.9 Handling and Disposal of Sharps; • if broken glass is contaminated. Refer to Section 14.9.2 Broken glass (clean and contaminated); • Sharps, refer to AS/NZS 2243.3 and AS 4031; • chemical waste, refer to AS/NZS2243.2; • clinical and biological waste, refer to the Biosafety Procedure; • cytotoxic waste; • animal carcasses, refer to the Biosafety Procedure; • radioactive waste, refer to Section 19.6 Radioactive Waste and AS/NZS 2243.4; and • drugs of addiction, refer to National and/or State Guidelines.

Some mixed streams, e.g. biological and radioactive, infectious material and animal carcasses or cytotoxic material and animal carcasses, may not require segregation. However an assessment of each situation must be conducted before combining wastes prior to storage or disposal. Not segregating waste is an offence under the Waste Reduction and Recycling Act and Regulation (2011) and can result in fines for a Corporation.

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Table 1: Clinical and related waste design rules.

Waste Container Symbol colour Symbol Identification

Clinical Yellow Black Biohazard Clinical waste symbol

Cytotoxic Purple White Cell in Cytotoxic waste- telophase incinerate at 1100° C

Radioactive Red Black Radioactive Radioactive Waste Symbol

Hazardous and Liquid Waste

Some wastes have properties that make them hazardous or potentially harmful to human health or the environment. Some liquid wastes can also be hazardous. Waste can be classified as hazardous if it is a Dangerous Good under the following classes or divisions of the Australian Code for the Transport of Dangerous Good by Road and Rail: • Class 1: Explosives; • Class 2: Gases (compressed, liquefied or dissolved under pressure); • Class 3: Flammable liquids; • Class 4: Flammable solids: o Division 4.2: Substances liable to spontaneous combustion (excluding garden waste, natural organic fibrous material and wood waste, and all physical forms of carbon such as activated carbon and graphite); and o Division 4.3: Substances which in contact with water emit flammable gases. • Class 5: Oxidizing Substances: o Division 5.1: Oxidising agents; and o Division 5.2: Organic peroxides. • Class 6: Toxic and Infectious Substances: o Division 6.1: Toxic substances; and

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o Division 6.2 Infectious substances. • Class 7: Radioactive material; • Class 8: Corrosive substances; and • Class 9: Miscellaneous dangerous substances and articles, including environmentally hazardous substances. Many of the substances assigned to Classes 1 to 9 are deemed, without additional labelling, as being environmentally hazardous. Wastes must be transported under the requirements of the appropriate class considering their hazards and the criteria in this Code. Waste products in any of these classifications are considered to be regulated wastes and must be disposed of by a licensed specialist contractor (contact the Senior Coordinating Technical or Research Operations Officer).

Responsibility for Laboratory Waste

Person(s) in control of a workplace/area where hazardous wastes are generated are responsible for ensuring that: • Employees/students are fully aware of and adequately trained in waste management procedures and there are safe work procedures in place; • materials and procedures are in place for containing wastes and cleaning up spills; • waste is kept to a minimum by adopting good work practices and purchasing materials that will reduce waste production; • adequate resources are available for waste management; • unwanted or used substances are suitably disposed of or transferred to other areas with higher usage; • all relevant licenses and permits required by statutory authorities for discharge and disposal of waste are current; • each area maintains a record of waste products, including details of quantities and identification of waste generated, analysis of unknowns and verification of disposal; and If a specialist Contractor is utilised to pick up and dispose of waste, the selected Contractor should: (a) be fully licensed to transport and dispose of the category of waste by the relevant authority (refer to QLD EPA regulations); (b) supply written confirmation of the final disposal of the waste.

Disposal of Laboratory Waste

At USQ all types of contaminated or potentially contaminated wastes, both liquid and solid, must be disposed of in accordance with the Biosafety Procedure.

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Chemical and Solvent Waste

Introduction

Chemical Waste Management Procedures should include guidelines for the treatment, packing and segregation of chemical and solvent waste.

Treatment of Chemical Waste

Chemical waste is not to be treated prior to disposal. All waste is to be collected and taken to the Chemical Bunker to await disposal by qualified contractors.

Segregation of Chemical Waste

The following chemical and solvent wastes should be segregated prior to disposal: • halogenated solvents (e.g. chloroform, carbon tetrachloride); • non-halogenated solvents (e.g. xylene, methanol, acetone, toluene); • mineral acids (e.g. hydrochloric, perchloric, sulfuric); • organic acids (e.g. acetic, trichloroacetic); • bases (e.g. sodium hydroxide, photographic developer); • oxidizing agents (e.g. sodium nitrate, organic peroxides, potassium permanganate); • heavy metals (e.g. arsenic, lead, silver, Mercury, chromium); • poisons (e.g. cyanides, sulfides); • water-reactive materials (e.g. sodium, potassium); • carcinogens (e.g. polycyclic hydrocarbons, aromatic amines, nitrosamines); and • cytotoxic drugs.

Segregation of Carcinogenic and Cyanide Waste

Carcinogens, cyanide compounds and other highly toxic chemicals must be packaged separately, placed in a secondary leak-proof container and specifically labelled prior to disposal.

Storage and Disposal

Quantities of chemical waste products stored in Laboratory areas must be kept to a minimum. Once bulk amounts, approximately 10 litres, have been produced the waste products must be transferred to the Z5 facility. All chemical wastes must be placed in appropriate containers, labelled in accordance with Section 17.6.2 or 20.5.9 before transporting to Z5. Appropriate containers can be sourced from the Research Operations Officer or the Senior Coordinating Technical Officer. Waste must be placed in the nominated waste area and be segregated in accordance with statutory requirements. The Senior Coordinating Technical Officer, HES, will organise an annual disposal of

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all waste chemicals from the Z5 Hazardous Chemical store and Laboratories. Each School or Centre will be responsible for all associated disposal costs of their waste chemicals.

General Procedures for Chemical Waste Storage and Disposal

The following general procedures apply for chemical and solvent waste.

Liquid Waste Storage

Liquid wastes such as solvents, organics or acids are to be stored in containers approved by the statutory authority. The container should be: • resistant to the chemical contents; • able to be sealed; • suitable for transport; • not more than 10 litres capacity. Commonly, 1L, 2.5L and 5L Australian Dangerous Goods approved plastic drums are used at USQ; and • labelled in accordance with Section 17.6.2 or Section 20.5.9.

Solid Waste Storage

Solid waste and small quantities of hazardous liquid waste should be stored in their original containers with the appropriate disposal label prior to disposal.

Labelling of Waste Containers

Waste containers must be clearly labelled with the correct fluorescent pink label and contain the following: • chemical name and or main component of mixtures; • container size; • amount to be disposed of; • DG Class if applicable; • Packaging Group if applicable; • the School/Department/Unit generating the waste; • contact phone number; and • University of Southern Queensland, West Street, Toowoomba, 4350.

Compatibility

Only compatible substances should be packed in the same outer container.

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Segregation of Waste Containers

When storing hazardous waste containers ensure they are segregated and stored in accordance with statutory requirements. Waste materials are counted in the overall Laboratory chemical holding capacity, the allowable limit may be exceeded if large amounts of waste are allowed to accumulate.

Clinical and Biological Waste

For further information please refer to the Biosafety Procedure.

Cytotoxic Waste

Cytotoxic waste must be segregated from other clinical or biological waste and be placed in appropriate “purple cytotoxic waste bags” or “cytotoxic sharps containers” displaying the telophase cytotoxic symbol with the following words “Cytotoxic Waste – Incinerate at 1100 Celsius”. These must then be placed into a purple Cytotoxic Clinical Waste bin for contractor disposal by incineration at 1100°C. Arrange disposal with the relevant Senior Technical Coordinating Officer or Research Operations Officer.

Waste Containers Bags and Bins

All contaminated waste containers/bags should be placed into dedicated rigid- walled storage bins that are: • hygienic, able to contain spills, lockable and labelled for such storage; • usually supplied by a licensed waste disposal contractor, authorised by Facilities Management; and • held in a suitably sited and sign-posted area that is kept secure at all times, prior to collection by the approved waste disposal contactor. All solid contaminated waste should be collected and disposed of by high temperature incineration by a DECC authorised waste disposal Contractor. Appropriate records of waste disposal must be kept by the waste generator for a period of at least three years as follows: • name, address and license number of the authorised Contractor; • copy of agreement for waste disposal; • accurate identity of waste type and advice to authorised Contractor of details for each load; • date of collection; and • receipt of waste disposal or incineration from the authorised Contractor for each load.

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Radiation Waste

For management of radioactive waste refer to USQ Radiation Safety Guidelines and contact the Radiation Safety Officer (x2096). See Section 19.6 Radioactive Waste.

Mixed Waste

The following strategies should be considered when dealing with mixed wastes: • endeavor to minimise the production of mixed wastes; • assess the risks associated with the hazards; • minimise the hazard – e.g. use water-based chemicals instead of solvent- based chemicals; • choose an appropriate disposal option, and if possible a single option; • identify multiple statutory requirements; and • ensure that Laboratory Staff are adequately trained in waste management. Treatment and disposal of mixed waste must ensure that all hazards are appropriately addressed.

References AS 4031:1992/Amdt 1-1996 - Non-reusable containers for the collection of sharp medical items used in health care areas AS/NZS 2243.1:2005 - Safety in laboratories – Planning and operational aspects AS/NZS 2243.2:2006 - Safety in laboratories – Chemical aspects AS/NZS 2243.4:1998 - Safety in laboratories – Ionizing radiations AS/NZS 3816:1998 - Management of Clinical and Related Waste and

QLD Department of Environment & Heritage Waste Reduction and Recycling Act 2011 QLD Department of Environment & Heritage Waste Reduction and Recycling Regulation 2011 QLD Environmental Protection Act 1994 (current as at 10 May 2018) QLD Environmental Protection (Waste Management) Regulation 2000 QLD Department of Environment & Heritage Protection, Management of Regulated wastes QLD Department of Environment & Heritage Protection, Guideline: Managing Waste tracking in Queensland Australian Code for the Transport of Dangerous Goods by Road & Rail Edition 7.5 2017. www.ntc.gov.au

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21. Laboratory Animals

Introduction

The Animal Care and Protection Act 2001 (Qld) requires that any person using animals for scientific purposes for research or teaching must: • first obtain approval from an Animal Ethics Committee; • comply with the Australian Code for the Care and Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes, 8th Edition, 2013 (the Code); • ensure adequate records are maintained for a minimum of seven years following any AEC approved project (·Record keeping for investigators and teachers); and • submit annual progress reports, project completion reports and unexpected and/ or adverse event reports as appropriate. Commencing a project without prior written approval from an Animal Ethics Committee may be subject to criminal prosecution under the Animal Care and Protection Act 2001 (Qld). Applications for animal ethics approval are administered by the Office of Research.

Use of Laboratory Animals at USQ

At USQ, all research or teaching proposals involving the use of animals must have the approval of the USQ Animal Ethics Committee (AEC) before it can proceed. Refer to the USQ Office of Research, Animal Ethics for application forms, training resources, legislative requirements, etc. The Terms of Reference for the operation and membership of the USQ AEC are outlined in the Australian Code for the Care and Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes. The Code is also the principle point of reference for the Animal Ethics Committee when considering applications to undertake scientific research or teaching activities involving animals, in particular clauses 1.5 and 1.6 (see below). Clause 1.5 Evidence to support a case to use animals must demonstrate that: • the project has scientific or educational merit, and has potential benefit for humans, animals or the environment; • the use of animals is essential to achieve the stated aims, and suitable alternatives to replace the use of animals to achieve the stated aims are not available; • the project involves the minimum number of animals required to obtain valid data; and • the project involves the minimum adverse impact on the wellbeing of the animals involved.

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Clause 1.6 Projects must only be undertaken: • to obtain and establish significant information relevant to the understanding of humans and/or animals; or • to maintain and improve human and/or animal health and welfare, or • to improve animal management or production; or • to obtain and establish significant information relevant to the understanding, maintenance or improvement of the natural environment; or • to achieve educational outcomes in science, as specified in the relevant curriculum or competency requirements. Regulatory and guidance information can be found at: • Australian Code of Practice for the Care and Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes 8th edition (2013); • Animal Care and Protection Act 2001 (Qld); • Guidelines to promote the wellbeing of animals used for scientific purposes: The assessment and alleviation of pain and distress in research animals (2008); and • AS/NZS 2243.3:2010 - Section 6 Animal containment facilities. The following related documents are available on the USQ Animal Ethics site: • USQ Animal Wellbeing and Ethics Policy; and • Animal Ethics forms and resources. For further information about animal ethics, application process and Animal Ethics Committee, please email [email protected].

References Animal Care and Protection Act 2001 (Qld) AS/NZS 2243.3:2010 - Section 6 Animals and animal containment facilities National Health and Medical Research Council (2008). Guidelines to promote the wellbeing of animals used for scientific purposes: The assessment and alleviation of pain and distress in research animals. National Health and Medical Research Council. Canberra. National Health and Medical Research Council (NH & MRC) (2013). Australian code for the care and use of animals for scientific purposes, 8th edition. Canberra: National Health and Medical Research Council. USQ Animal Ethics Committee [email protected] USQ Animal Wellbeing and Ethics Policy

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22. Plant and Equipment

General Equipment

All general equipment falls within the definition of Plant and Equipment and as such is subject to USQ Policies and Procedures for purchasing, installation, training, maintenance and risk assessment. Workplace Health and Safety Qld provides advice relating to the use of plant in the workplace this can be found in Managing Risks of Plant in the Workplace Code of Practice 2013. There are certain types of Plant and Equipment that are specific to Laboratory environments and as such require more stringent levels of operation and management. Such Plant and Equipment in use at the University is considered in the following sections.

Fume Cupboards

Introduction

Fume Cupboards are a safety device used within a Laboratory to ensure that persons are not exposed to toxic fumes during experimentation and/or while other related work such as decanting is undertaken. Fume Cupboards should be used for all operations that have the potential to generate fumes, mists or dusts of a hazardous nature. Work involving microorganisms, specimens of human and animal origin, and recombinant DNA should not be carried out in Fume Cupboards. This type of work should be undertaken in accordance with the Biosafety Procedure. The purpose of the Fume Cupboard is to capture, dilute and ultimately discharge fumes in a safe manner to the outside atmosphere. Air that has been extracted from Fume Cupboards should not be recirculated to any other rooms. The serviceability, reliability and performance of Fume Cupboards is regarded as critical to ensuring effective hazard management within a Laboratory. Fume Cupboards are classified as hazardous areas (see AS/NZS 60079.10.1:2009) and must be designed and located according to AS/NZS 2243.8:2014 Safety in Laboratories Part 8: Fume Cupboards: Section 4.1.

Design and Location

Summary of Design Requirements: • materials used in the construction of Fume Cupboards are to be resistant to the substances being used, wherever possible fire retardant, easy to clean and have a smooth finish to allow for safe manual washing of the interior; • services within the Fume Cupboard such as gas, electricity and water, should be positioned appropriately to minimise the risk of fire or explosion; • emergency isolation switches for gas and electrical power should be appropriately labelled and adequately identified;

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• power supply to the Fume Cupboard exhaust system should not be interrupted in the event of emergency power isolation, but be separate and visually and audibly alarmed in the event of failure; • lighting within the Fume Cupboards should give adequate illumination of the work area; • a warning label located on the Fume Cupboard should specify the maximum spill containment volume of each unit, with a direction for activation of the emergency isolation switch in the event of a spill; and • Fume Cupboards should have a unique identification label which includes the manufacturer’s details, model number and any special features incorporated in the design (e.g. scrubbers for perchloric acid use).

Maintenance and Testing

All Fume Cupboards, including the ductwork and exhaust stacks, should be regularly inspected and a regular maintenance program should be in place, in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations, statutory requirements and relevant standards. The University, through Campus Services, engages a licensed Contractor for programmed preventative maintenance, performance testing and servicing, and breakdown maintenance of all Fume Cupboards throughout USQ. All performance tests and measurements relating to the performance characteristics of Fume Cupboards must be carried out in accordance with the AS 2243.8, Appendix A & B. Prior to any maintenance of Fume Cupboards, the Laboratory Supervisor e.g. Senior Coordinating Technical Officer and/or Research Operations Officers must ensure that all equipment, hazardous materials and chemicals are removed from the Fume Cupboard. The Senior Coordinating Technical Officer and/or Research Operations Officers should ensure that Contractors who are required to access a Laboratory area to perform maintenance or service work are made aware of the hazardous nature of materials and equipment contained within that area, as well as the necessary emergency and decontamination procedures. Contractors if working unsupervised must have completed a Laboratory Safety Induction. During maintenance the Fume Cupboard should be locked out in accordance with Managing Risks of Plant in the Workplace, Code of Practice 2013. After completion of Fume Cupboard testing for compliance with the relevant standards by the Contractor, a self-adhesive label must be attached indicating the inspection date, name of inspector and report number, overall test result (pass or fail) and the date the next inspection is due.

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Guidelines Covering Effective Operation

To ensure that Fume Cupboards provide and maintain the highest level of hazard control the following guidelines shall apply: • substances that are highly toxic, volatile, corrosive, flammable, explosive, odiferous, chemically active or noxious must be used in Fume Cupboards; • Fume Cupboards must not be used as storage facilities for Hazardous Chemicals or experimental equipment; • excess materials used in the Fume Cupboard during experimental work may interfere with airflow and compromise the efficiency of operation of the Fume Cupboard; • materials and equipment should be kept to a minimum and positioned at the back of the Fume Cupboard to reduce disturbance to airflow. If large amounts of equipment is to be used in Fume Cupboards, then it should be placed on a platform that has a 2-5cm clearance from the bench surface to allow for balanced airflow and fume containment; • when using the Fume Cupboard, the sash should be lowered as far as practicable to improve fume containment; • drafts from windows and doors and other room air turbulence (e.g. fans) can affect the performance of the Fume Cupboard and should therefore be reduced in order to minimise the risk of exposing the user to contaminants; • only solid Laboratory apparatus or equipment may be stored under Fume Cupboards; and • after completion of experiment/work all materials and equipment should be cleaned and removed, and the Fume Cupboard should be cleaned and decontaminated.

Fume Cupboards for Use with Perchloric Acid

Perchloric acid reacts with a wide variety of organic materials and the resultant compounds may detonate violently without warning. Any work using Perchloric acid should only be carried out in a suitably designed Fume Cupboard. Fume Cupboard design and use should: • include wash-down facilities to prevent build-up of dust deposits that may react with Perchloric acid. On completion of the operation with Perchloric acid this facility must be operated for 15 minutes; • allow for any condensate, spills or dust deposits to be manually washed from the interior of the Fume Cupboard with a hand-held gentle spray of cold water; • ensure that construction materials of the Fume Cupboard and the immediate adjacent areas are chemically resistant to Perchloric acid; and • ensure the fume-scrubbing facility be run continuously during operations using Perchloric acid.

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Fume Cupboards for Use with Hydrofluoric Acid

Many of the main features of Fume Cupboard construction required for Perchloric acid as set out in AS/NZS 2243.8:2014 also apply for Hydrofluoric acid except that its hazard arises more from dermal exposure (skin contamination) than from explosion. Additional requirements include: • The interior shall be crevice-free with smooth surfaces for easy decontamination; • a hand-held shower on a flexible hose is very useful for washing down the interior surfaces of the Fume Cupboard; and • Hydrofluoric acid etches glass and ceramics so this needs to be considered when selecting the Fume Cupboard sash material. The use of Hydrofluoric acid may be fatal if dermal exposure occurs. It must be removed immediately by flushing with a safety shower at full pressure, neutralised with Calcium Gluconate Gel and the affected person taken promptly to a hospital accident and emergency department. Injections of sterile Calcium Gluconate under the skin into the affected tissues are usually necessary. Hydrofluoric acid shall not be used unless there is appropriate safety information displayed nearby and Calcium Gluconate Gel (in current date) immediately available within easy reach of the work area.

Risk Management Plans for Use of Fume Cupboards All Fume Cupboards used in the University should have a spillage containment volume stated on the warning label affixed to the fume cupboard. The warning label provides the limits for the volume of liquids to be allowed in the Fume Cupboard at any one time. This is not the maximum volume of liquids to be allowed in the Fume Cupboard at any one time. This should be determined by the Risk Management process. Factors to be considered in the Risk Management Plan process before determining the maximum volume of liquids allowed in the Fume Cupboard for use at any one time include: • spillage containment volume of the Fume Cupboard (designated on Fume Cupboard warning label); • type of liquids, and their properties, being used; • volumes of each type of liquid being used; • processes to be used e.g. heating, distillation etc; • likelihood of a spill; • the potential of reactions between spills and other chemicals in the Fume Cupboard; and • the risk to the operator if the spill is not contained within the Fume Cupboard. The volume of Flammable Liquids to be used in a Fume Cupboard should be assessed in relation to: • physicochemical properties such as flashpoint, volatility and boiling point;

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• the processes to be used, e.g. heating, mixing methods which may cause aerosols or increased vapour, distillation or evaporation; and • risk of spread of fire or flame if a container or a spill ignites. For some Flammable Liquids the volume which may cause explosion or fire is quite small, e.g. millilitres, whereas others may be regarded as not requiring a limit using the risk assessment process above. In accordance with AS/NZS 2243.8:2014, the maximum volume of Flammable Liquid that may be placed in a Fume Cupboard at any one time for use should be 7.5L/m2 of bunded base area.

Autoclaves and other Pressure Equipment

Introduction

Autoclaves, also known as ‘steam-under-pressure sterilisers’, are pressure vessels that fall under the definition of pressure equipment. They are usually located in biological science Laboratories and are used for sterilisation of media and equipment required for the culture of microorganisms, and/or the decontamination of discarded cultures, or biological, clinical or GMO waste materials. Other types of pressure vessels that may be used in the University include reactors, pressurised storage vessels, process vessels and pressurised sterilisers. Pressure equipment also includes pressure piping, boilers (e.g. water-tube, electric and hot water heaters, fired pressure cookers etc) and air compressors. Pressure equipment in this section does not include gas cylinders (refer to AS 2030 and Section 11 Gas Cylinders. Almost all pressure equipment is hazardous, i.e. has the potential to cause harm, injury or illness, or damage to plant, property and the environment. Therefore all work involving the use of high pressure equipment is also potentially hazardous due to the risks associated with the generation of high levels of pressure and high temperatures during operation. Serious accidents may occur if this type of plant or equipment is not designed, constructed, operated and maintained in accordance with strict codes and standards administered by the relevant Statutory Authority. The following Australian Standards give minimum requirements and guidance on the design, manufacture, examination, testing, safe operation, inspection, maintenance, repair and disposal of pressure equipment: • AS 1210-2010 Pressure vessels, • AS 1228:2016 Pressure equipment – Boilers, • AS 4458-1997 Pressure equipment – Manufacture, • AS 4037-1999 Pressure equipment – Examination and Testing, • AS 3873-2001 Pressure equipment – Operation and Maintenance, • AS 4343:2014 Pressure equipment – Hazard Levels, • AS 2192-2002 Sterilisers – Steam – Downward-displacement, • AS 2182-1998 Sterilizers – Steam – Bench-top, • AS 2593-2004 Boilers – Safety management and supervision systems, • AS 3892-2001 Pressure equipment – Installation

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• AS/NZS 1200:2015 Pressure equipment, • AS/NZS 3788:2006 Pressure equipment – In-service inspection, • AS/NZS 2243.6:2010 Safety in laboratories: Plant and equipment aspects, • AS/NZS 2243.3:2010 Safety in laboratories: Microbiological safety and containment.

Safe Use of Pressure Equipment

Safe Operating Procedures should be developed by Centres or Schools to manage the use and operation of pressure equipment. Suitable Work Practices should be implemented and periodically reviewed, and operation and maintenance procedures audited for legislative compliance. All persons involved in the use or operation of pressure equipment must be trained prior to its use. Training should include awareness of the hazards associated with high pressures and temperatures, Safe Operating Procedures, Emergency Procedures, and the appropriate control measures required to ensure protection of personnel, equipment and the environment. Safety requirements for the use of high pressure equipment are specified in AS 2243.6: • only materials and equipment designed to withstand high pressures shall be used in its manufacture; • if equipment includes a boiler (e.g. steam autoclaves), then the boiler shall have fitted an appropriate safety valve, water level alarm and fusible plug (in conjunction with a temperature gauge); • safety valves and other methods of pressure release, and remote methods of power cut-off, shall be sited so that their operation cannot injure people or damage equipment; • safety valves incorporating a means of manual release shall be operated regularly, to ensure correct operation. They shall not be adjusted by unauthorised persons and, where provision is made for locking, shall be kept locked; • regular inspection and certification of pressure vessels by an independent inspector is mandatory, as specified in AS 1200:2015; and • if glass apparatus is to be pressurised, it shall be screened, and full-face protection shall be worn by the operator.

Legal Obligations

There are a number of legislative requirements that must be met for the safe management of pressure equipment used within Laboratories at USQ: • Periodic in-service inspection and certification of boilers and pressure vessels must be conducted by an independent and accredited Inspector who is external to that of the organisation or the manufacturer. This will assist in assuring safe operation until the next scheduled inspection; o inspection periods are detailed in Table 4.1 of AS/NZS 3788:2006. Steam pressure vessels (e.g. autoclaves) require inspection every 2 years;

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o the Inspector must issue a signed certificate or report of inspection to the owner for required record keeping; and o Pressure Vessels that are categorised as hazard level A, B or C according to the criteria in section 2.1 of AS 4343:2014 must be registered with Workplace Health and Safety Queensland. • A competent member of Staff should be nominated to organise and oversee a suitable maintenance and inspection program for pressure equipment in their designated area, as outlined below: o arrange for the regular (periodic and annual) maintenance of pressure equipment by an authorised manufacturer (or their nominated person) with appropriate experience in the design and manufacture of the pressure equipment and its safety systems; o arrange for periodic in-service inspections of boilers or pressure vessels, by an accredited Inspector, in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations and other requirements necessary for the safe and secure operation of the equipment; o arrange for regular checking, testing and maintenance of boilers as specified in AS 2593:2004; o ensure that appropriate measures are provided to prevent, as far as practicable, unauthorised persons from interfering with pressure equipment and its controls; o ensure that incidents, damages, faults or defects with pressure equipment are reported, recorded and rectified; o notify the in-service Inspector of incidents or changes that could affect the integrity of the pressure equipment; o ensure that records of in-service inspection, certification, in-house testing, maintenance, repair and operation activities are maintained and easily accessible (e.g. in a logbook) and be available for review by a certified Inspector or Regulatory Authority; and o supervise the general safety of pressure equipment to ensure that it is operated in a safe manner and without risk to the health and safety of Staff, Students and Others in accordance with the QLD WHS Act 2011. • Safety Risk Management Plans shall be performed in order to: o identify Hazards which could arise from the interaction of individual pressure equipment with other equipment in the facility, and events that could result in personnel injury or damage to plant or the environment (e.g. potential for equipment rupture leading to risk of blast and projectiles, loss of containment leading to risk of infection, suffocation, fire, explosion or burns); o assess the risks to personnel, property and the environment that could result; o implement appropriate controls to reduce the risks to the lowest practicable level; and o review Operational and Maintenance Procedures, and Risk Management Plans on a regular basis and record the reviews.

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• Appropriate Emergency Procedures must be in place to deal with accidents/incidents involving pressure equipment e.g. emergency evacuation, communication/signage in the event of equipment failure, fire extinguishers and any other apparatus or measures that are identified in the risk assessment; and • All person(s) operating pressure equipment must be adequately trained, provided with appropriate safety information, and supervised to the extent necessary to ensure their health and safety when using pressure equipment. Records of training must be kept and be readily accessible.

Biosafety Cabinets

For further information please refer to the Biosafety Procedure.

Centrifuges

Introduction

There are many types of Centrifuges in use in USQ Laboratories e.g. Microfuges, medium and high speed Centrifuges, Ultracentrifuges and refrigerated Centrifuges. Due to the nature of their function and operation, Centrifuges can present a hazard to the User, to other Laboratory Staff, to the experimental work and to the Laboratory environment. Unbalanced loads, rotor failure, or tube or bucket breakage can cause high speed ejection and scattering of infectious or hazardous material. Therefore there are a number of safety issues that should be considered in the first instance when planning to purchase Centrifuges. Preference should be given to: • Units with sealed bucket and/or sealed rotor units if working with infectious/biohazardous materials; • special units designed for handling flammable materials (e.g. fitted with flameproof motor); • models with minimum vibration and noise, and lightweight rotors; • adequate shielding against rotor assembly failure; • an interlocking system that prevents starting unless the lid is properly closed and locked, and also prevents access to the rotor whilst it is in motion; and • automatic controls to switch off the unit when excessive vibration occurs.

Safety Requirements

The following requirements apply to the safe use of Centrifuges: • Training - Persons required to operate Centrifuges must receive adequate training in the correct use of the Centrifuge including the necessity for precise rotor balancing, correct use of centrifuge tubes and cleanliness/decontamination of the Centrifuge; • Vibration - Medium and high speed bench top Centrifuges must be securely anchored to prevent movement caused by vibration; • Excessive speed relative to the mass being centrifuged must not be used; University of Southern Queensland | Laboratory & Workshop Safety Manual – Issued 2021 142

• Location - The centrifuge should be located where vibration will not cause additional hazards, such as glassware or equipment to fall from shelves; • Centrifuges must not be placed in Class I or II Biosafety Cabinets as this may cause air turbulence that will compromise the containment of the Cabinet; • Centrifuge rotors and tubes must be inspected before use. Any tubes showing damage must be discarded and damaged rotors replaced; • Logbooks of usage must be kept for medium and high speed Centrifuges to ensure timely maintenance and safety inspection of the rotors; and • The manufacturer’s instructions should always be followed, and a preventative inspection and maintenance program should be implemented. Refer to AS 2243.3 (Section 6.3) for additional safety requirements for sealed- bucket and sealed-rotor centrifuges.

Freeze-Dryers

Introduction

Freeze-dryers are used for the freeze-drying, or lyophilisation (dehydration) of biological samples. The dehydration process of freeze-drying is different to other dehydration techniques in that it takes place while the sample is in a frozen state and under a vacuum. These conditions stabilise the sample, minimising the effects of oxidation and other degradation processes. Freeze-drying is used at USQ for the preparation of plant matter, fungi and some bacteria (Risk Group 1) for long term storage. It is therefore a potentially hazardous operation that can affect people, property and the environment.

Safety Requirements

The following requirements apply to the safe use of Freeze-Dryers: • Freeze-drying must be carried out in a suitable containment area that is appropriate for the risk group of microorganism being handled (e.g. PC2 for microorganisms of Risk Group 2); • The manufacturer’s instructions should always be followed when operating the freeze-dryer; • The freeze-dryer should be fitted with a 0.2 um hydrophobic membrane filter in the chamber exhaust line to protect the vacuum pump oil from contamination; • Ampoules containing freeze-dried samples should be opened carefully in a Biosafety Cabinet unless it is known that the microorganism is non-pathogenic (Risk Group 1); • Care should be taken when breaking ampoules to protect the operator from being cut; • Unwanted ampoules should be sterilised by heating to 160°C for 2 hours, prior to disposal or be discarded into a sharps container for incineration; • Appropriate procedures should be developed and used when working with cryogenic agents used in the freezing process (e.g. liquid nitrogen, dry ice in University of Southern Queensland | Laboratory & Workshop Safety Manual – Issued 2021 143

ethanol); and • A preventative inspection and maintenance program should be implemented.

Refrigeration

Refrigeration used in a Laboratory should be purpose designed, built and dedicated to ensure that any specimens and other materials can be safely stored and maintained at the desirable temperature. The following general safety requirements apply to ALL refrigeration used within Laboratories at USQ: • Flammable Liquids requiring refrigeration MUST be stored in an approved ‘explosion proof’ or ‘spark proof’ refrigerator, refer to Section 17.15 Flammable Liquids; • where a domestic refrigerator is installed in a Laboratory a warning sign is to be displayed on the door indicating that ‘Flammable liquids or food must not be stored in this refrigerator’; • cold rooms must have door fittings that enable the doors to be opened from the inside; and • an emergency light or luminous sign indicating the position of the door should be fitted to the inside of the cold room.

Plant Isolation, Safety Tag and Lockout Procedures. USQ has adopted an isolation system comprising of authorised tags, locks and competency based training to inform Staff of the isolation process, ensuring the safety of workers who install, maintain or repair plant at USQ. The Plant Isolation, Safety Lock and Tag Out Procedures are a minimum procedure and are not intended to replace existing procedures designed for complex (non-routine) work that may occur in various workplaces. In accordance with the Code of Practice Managing Risks of Plant in the Workplace, 2013: Plant includes any machinery, equipment, appliance, container, implement and tool, and includes any component or anything fitted or connected to any of those things. Plant includes items as diverse as lifts, cranes, computers, machinery, conveyors, forklifts, vehicles, power tools and amusement devices. Safety tags and lockout procedures are required where plant: • is in dangerous condition; • is being worked on; • has not been completely installed; and • is out of service for repair or alteration.

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Out of Service Tags

Plant is taken “Out of Service” because it is unsafe to operate or there is a risk of causing damage to materials, plant or personnel if operated. Workers or others must not attempt to operate out of service plant until the fault has been rectified and Out-of-Service Tags or Personal Danger Tags and Locks removed. Out of Service Tags identify plant removed from service because a fault makes the plant unsafe to operate. It does not indicate that the plant is safe to work on for maintenance or repair. The Out of Service Tag has black lettering on a yellow background with a caution symbol and complies with AS1319. See Fig. 1. Anyone can place an Out of Service Tag on equipment if they consider it to be unsafe or unserviceable and are required to immediately advise the appropriate supervisor. The Out of Service Tag must be fully completed, signed/dated and indicate why the plant has been taken from service. The Tag is attached in a suitable location to prevent the operation of faulty or unsafe plant e.g. a faulty electrical appliance would have a Tag placed within 300mm of its plugged end. Only the person originally attaching the Out of Service Tag or a ‘Competent Person’ is permitted to remove an Out of Service Tag e.g. an electrician would be a ‘Competent Person”.

Fig 1. Fig 2. Out of Service Tag Danger Tag (yellow and black) (white, red and black)

Back Front Back Front

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Personal Danger Tags

The Personal Danger Tag is coloured red and black on a white background and complies with AS1319. See Fig 2. & 3. It indicates that the plant to which the Tag is attached is being worked on by the individual whose name appears on the Tag and the plant cannot be operated. The Tag must be completely filled in, signed/dated and indicate why the plant must not be operated. Fig 3 Personal Danger Tags (white, red and black)

Back Front

Robotics

Robotics if used in University Laboratories are mainly associated with engineering applications. They can range from small units of limited power to large, very powerful and very fast units that can have many hazards and risks associated with their design and use. Robotics should be safeguarded by one or a combination of the following: • guarding, to prevent access by personnel to restricted space; • presence-sensing devices; and • other safe-guarding equipment that complies with relevant regulations. Guarding should be incorporated into the design and construction of the robot. The guards should be fixed with no moving parts associated with, or dependent on, the mechanism of the robot. Robots must also be fitted with an Emergency Stop button and be constructed or mounted to prevent unintentional operation. Robotic systems should be designed to eliminate associated hazards or provide protection against the hazards. Their design and usage should be in accordance with AS 4024.3301:2017 Safety of machinery – Robots and robotic devices - Safety requirements for industrial robots - Robots. Centres or Schools using or proposing to use robotics systems should develop and have documented safety systems and Standard Work Procedures for the design, location, usage and maintenance of robotics under their control. University of Southern Queensland | Laboratory & Workshop Safety Manual – Issued 2021 146

There are a number of additional Australian Standards that should be considered in the design and usage of robotic systems: • AS 1210:2010 Pressure Vessels, • AS 1345:1995 Identification of contents of pipes, conduits and ducts, • AS 2671:2002 Hydraulic fluid power – General requirements for systems, • AS 2788:2002 Pneumatic fluid power – General requirements for systems, • AS 2243.6:2010 Safety in laboratories- Plant and equipment aspects, • AS 2243.7:1991 Safety in laboratories- Electrical aspects, • AS/NZS 1200:2015 Pressure Equipment, • AS/NZS 2381.1:2005 Electrical equipment for explosive atmospheres Selection, installation and maintenance, • AS/NZS 3000:2007 Electrical installations (known as the Australian/New Zealand Wiring Rules), • AS/NZS 3112:2017 Approval and test specifications – Plugs and socket- outlets, • AS 60204.1-2005 Safety of machinery – Electrical equipment of machines – General requirements, and • AS/NZS 60079.10.1:2009 Explosive Atmospheres- Classification of Areas- Explosive gas atmospheres.

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Machinery and Hand Tools

There are many machines and hand tools used in Laboratories and associated facilities throughout the University. The safe management of these rests with the person(s) in control of the work area in which they are located or used. When working with machinery, equipment or hand tools of any type, the manufacturer’s instructions must be followed as they provide detailed information on safe operating instructions and maintenance requirements that can be used to develop local Safe Operating Procedures (SOP) and maintenance schedules. The following may be useful as a checklist for machinery or hand tools: • Are SOPs and safety signs adequate and clearly displayed? • Are emergency stop buttons accessible, clearly labelled and painted red? • Do all machines have anti-start protection? • Are all areas where PPE is required clearly signposted? • Is appropriate PPE readily available? • Is adequate guarding available on all machinery and moving parts? • Are machines and equipment free from obstruction? • Are machines and equipment located away from main thoroughfares? • Is there adequate separation between? • Are electrical connections, switches etc in good working order? • Is plug-in mechanical equipment and hand tools checked, tested and tagged? (Refer to Section 22.8 Electrical Equipment). • Are appropriate fire extinguishers readily available? • Are work areas clear of obstruction, clean and tidy?

References AS 1210:2010 - Pressure vessels AS 1228:2016 - Pressure equipment – Boilers AS 1319:1994 - Safety signs for the occupational environment AS 1345:1995 - Identification of contents of pipes, conduits and ducts AS 1807.0:2000 - Cleanrooms, workstations, safety cabinets and pharmaceutical isolators - Methods of test-List of methods and apparatus AS 2182:1998 - Sterilizers – Steam – Bench-top AS 2192:2002 - Sterilizers – Steam – Downward-displacement AS 2252.1:2002 - Biological safety cabinets (Class I) for personnel and environment protection AS 2252.2-2009 - Controlled environments – Biological safety cabinets Class II - Design AS 2252.5:2017 – Controlled environments – Cytotoxic drug safety cabinets (CDSC) – Design, construction, installation, testing and use AS 2593:2004 - Boilers – Safety management and supervision systems AS 2788:2002 - Pneumatic fluid power – General requirements for systems

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References cont. AS 2671:2002 - Hydraulic fluid power – General requirements for systems AS/NZS 3000:2007 - Electrical installations (known as the Australian/New Zealand Wiring Rules) AS 3873:2001 - Pressure equipment – Operation and Maintenance AS 4024.1:2014– Safety of Machinery (Series) AS 4024.3301-2017 – Safety of machinery – Robots for industrial environments – Safety requirements AS 4037:1999 - Pressure equipment – Examination and Testing AS 4273:1999 - Design, installation and use of pharmaceutical isolators AS 4343:2014 - Pressure equipment – Hazard Levels AS 4458:1997 - Pressure equipment – Manufacture AS/NZS 1200:2015 - Pressure equipment

AS/NZS 2243.3:2010 - Safety in laboratories: Microbiological safety and containment

AS/NZS 2243.6:2010 - Safety in laboratories-Plant and equipment aspects

AS/NZS 2243.7:1991 - Safety in laboratories- Electrical aspects AS/NZS 2243.8:2014 - Safety in laboratories – Fume Cupboards AS/NZS 2381.1:2005 - Electrical equipment for explosive atmospheres – Selection, installation and maintenance – General requirements AS/NZS 2982:2010 – Laboratory design and construction AS/NZS 3112:2017 - Approval and test specifications – Plugs and socket-outlets AS/NZS 3760:2010 - In-service safety inspection and testing of electrical equipment AS/NZS 3788:2006 - Pressure equipment – In-service inspection AS 3892:2001 - Pressure equipment – Installation AS/NZS 60079.10.1:2009 – Explosive atmospheres - Classification of areas – Explosive gas atmospheres AS 60204.1-2005 – Safety of machinery - Electrical equipment of machines – General requirements QLD WHS Act 2011 QLD WHS Regulation 2011 USQ Equipment, Inspection, Testing and Tagging Procedure

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23. Nanotechnology

Introduction

Nanotechnology refers to devices, engineered structures and systems that are too small to be seen by the naked eye. It uses manufactured particles, called nanoparticles and nanotubes, with at least one dimension measured in nanometers - one billionth of a metre or 1/10,0000th (the thickness of a human hair). Whilst the rapid growth of this new technology is leading to the development of new synthetic materials, devices and processes for the electronic, energy, manufacturing, agriculture and pharmaceutical industry (e.g. in cleaning products, cosmetics, sunscreens, etc.), and in medical applications (e.g. nanoparticles used in imaging, drug delivery, advanced radiation therapy etc.), the potential health and environmental benefits lie far beyond our current understanding of its effects on humans and the environment. Nanotechnology evolved when scientists discovered ways to manipulate matter, such as carbon, zinc and gold molecules, into microscopic clusters. At these scales, materials start to have unique properties that affect physical, chemical and biological behaviour. Harnessing these properties is at the core of nanotechnology. Small size alone is not the critical factor in the potential toxicity of nanoparticles. The overall number and thus the total surface area (i.e. the dose) are also important. As particles get smaller they gain larger surface area compared to their mass, which can provide greater durability and flexibility, but it can also make them more toxic than larger particles on a mass to mass basis. Nanoparticles also have the potential to release free-radicals that can be potentially toxic to those exposed. However, the risks of nanoparticles must be managed by a level-headed approach as most of the population and workers in many industries are already exposed to “natural” nanoparticles in polluted air, without significant harm. However, scientists are still trying to understand how synthetic or manufactured nanomaterials would travel through the human body, interact physiologically and chemically with the body’s systems, and whether these interactions could cause acute or chronic adverse health effects. There is currently no regulatory control of nanotechnology in Australia, and limited international or national research data on bioaccumulation and long-term toxic effects of nanoparticles on humans and the environment. There is also no agreement on how to measure exposure of workers to manufactured nanoparticles currently used in research laboratories, manufacturing processes, or the environment. The emerging field of nanotechnology poses potential WHS risks in some circumstances, many of which are still unknown or unexplored. Work has begun on Australia’s national nanotechnology strategy with a national taskforce working towards developing options for the control of nanotechnology in consultation with regulatory agencies, industry, science and ethicists.

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Safety Considerations

Although little is known about exposure routes for nanoparticles or nanotubes, the potential routes for exposure are based on current and potential future applications (refer to report on “Nanotechnology and Nanoscience” Nanotechnology and Nanoscience by UK-based Royal Society and the Royal Academy of Engineering). In general, Nano-particles of 70 nm can enter the lungs while a 50 nm particle can enter cells and a 30 nm particle can pass through the blood/brain barrier. Not only can such tiny particles go undetected by the body's immune system, they also exhibit properties not found at the macro-scale. Personnel can potentially be exposed to nanoparticles through inhalation, skin contact or ingestion. Studies have shown that inhaled nanoparticles can accumulate in the nasal cavities, lungs and brains of rats, and the buildup could lead to harmful inflammation and the risk of brain damage and central nervous system disorders. A known risk can be associated with the use of Titanium dioxide nanoparticles as used in certain types of self-cleaning windows. These nanoparticles produce large amounts of free radicals which can damage DNA if they are absorbed into skin cells. Until the appropriate regulation and legislative controls are in place, there is a need for interim control of the manufacture, use and disposal of nanoparticles and nanotechnology to prevent harm to people and the environment. This control should involve a risk management approach, where potential hazards are identified, an assessment of the potential risks of exposure determined, and control measures implemented, using all the currently available information. (Refer to Section 11. Safety Risk Management)

Controls for Potential Nanotechnology Risks

It is strongly advised that a precautionary approach should be taken by persons involved in any form of nanotechnology research and development. By limiting exposure through inhalation, skin contact or ingestion, the potential and often unknown risks that may be posed by nanoparticles can be reasonably managed. Controls should be identified through the risk assessment process, by making the best possible decisions, given that there is incomplete or inconclusive data on nanoparticles and their health effects. Control measures to limit exposure should be the same as those involving work with other particles and include: • high standards of occupational hygiene; • physical containment of plant and equipment; • working under ventilation; and • use of suitable PPE to avoid inhalation and dermal contact (e.g. Laboratory coats, safety glasses, gloves, respiratory protection etc).

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References Nanotechnology and Work Health and Safety, Safe Work Australia Nanotechnology – Enabling technologies for Australian innovative industries, March 2005, prepared by an independent working group for the Prime Minister’s Science, Engineering & Innovation Council (PMSEIC) Nanotechnology and nanoscience: opportunities and uncertainties, July 2004, The Royal Society & The Royal Academy of Engineering (website) Too small for concern? Public Health and nanotechnology, Bowman, Diana M. Fitzharris, Michael, Monash University, Sage Publications 2007

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24. Termination of Laboratory Work

Introduction

The proper termination of Laboratory work by Staff and students of the University of Southern Queensland is a critical risk control measure and is a key component of the University’s Laboratory Risk Management Program. Laboratory work can be terminated for a number of reasons. The reasons may include but not necessarily be limited to: • completion of a degree, research and/or an experiment; • the cessation of funding; • a direction from the University, or • transfer to a different Laboratory. A critical aspect of proper termination is hazardous materials management, the responsibility for which lies with each School or Research Centre. Whereas each School or Research Centre is required to develop and implement effective hazardous materials management systems, the ultimate responsibility for the proper disposal of all hazardous materials used in Laboratory work rests, in the first instance, with the Principal Investigator or Researcher who is undertaking the work. If hazardous materials at termination of Laboratory work need to be removed by services of an Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) approved contractor the School or Research Centre will be charged for this service. Any failure on the part of any person(s) to correctly terminate their Laboratory work could, in certain circumstances, lead to disciplinary action by the University and/or the imposition of fines by the appropriate regulator(s) e.g. OGTR or EPA. In cases of negligence and where the failure gives rise to injury or property damage the person(s) concerned may also be exposed to common law legal action(s) by third parties. Any regulatory action(s) e.g. fines, notices etc that are imposed as a result of improper management, poor Laboratory termination practice and/or the disposal of hazardous materials may accrue to both the individual and the School/Department/Research Centre.

Termination of Laboratory Work Procedures for Hazardous Materials in Laboratories

The following procedures should be completed when an individual (Staff or Student) terminates their Laboratory work. For specific information on the termination of work protocol for Biosafety related activities, please refer to the Biosafety Procedure.

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Chemicals

Procedure for disposal or dispersal to new owner: • Ensure that all containers of chemicals are labelled with the appropriate information. All containers must be securely closed. Beakers, flasks, evaporating dishes, etc. should be emptied. Hazardous chemical wastes must not be emptied down sinks or trashed. Disposal must be organised in accordance with Section 20 Disposal of Laboratory Waste; • Check refrigerators, freezers, Fume Cupboards and bench tops as well as storage cabinets for chemical containers; • Determine which chemicals are useable and transfer responsibility for these materials to another party who is willing to take charge of them. If a new user cannot be found, the materials should be disposed of appropriately; • All other chemicals should be prepared for disposal. This process may take quite some time and should be started at least a month before departure from the Laboratory (refer to 20.2 Waste Classification and Tracking Requirements.) Chemical pick up should be completed before the Laboratory is vacated; • Decontaminate and clean fume cupboard surfaces and counter tops; and • Notify Supervisor and Research Operations Officer or Senior Coordinating Technical Officer when the Laboratory has been cleared.

Regulated Hazardous Substances (e.g. carcinogens, poisons)

Procedure for disposal: • Abandonment of a Controlled Substance is a violation of the permit under which it was held; • Permission to transfer ownership of a Controlled Substance to another individual outside the University must be received from the relevant Regulatory Authority; • Controlled Substances being held by a licensed individual can be disposed via the Research Operations Officer or Senior Coordinating Technical Officer; and • If Controlled Substances for which the licensee is unknown are found, contact the Research Operations Officer or Senior Coordinating Technical Officer.

Gas Cylinders

Remove gas connections, replace cylinder caps and return cylinders to the gas store and notify Research Operations Officer or Senior Coordinating Technical Officer of this return.

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Radioactive Materials

Contact the Radiation Safety Officer (x2096) and refer to the Radiation Safety Guidelines. See Section 19: Radiation Safety for further details.

Mixed Hazards

Occasionally it is necessary to dispose of materials that contain more than one of these hazards. Contact the Research Operations Officer or Senior Coordinating Technical Officer for chemical, radioactive or biological agent assistance. If the materials contain radioactive agents then the Radiation Safety Officer must also be contacted. If the materials contain biological material then the Senior Biosafety Advisor must also be contacted.

Equipment

If Laboratory equipment is to be left for the next occupant, decontaminate and clean it before departing the Laboratory. If exhaust or filtration equipment (e.g. Fume Cupboards, Biosafety Cabinets) has been used with extremely hazardous substances or organisms, alert the Research Operations Officer or Senior Coordinating Technical Officer. If Laboratory equipment is to be discarded, be aware that capacitors, transformers, Mercury switches, Mercury thermometers, radioactive sources and chemicals must be removed before disposal. Contact the Research Operations Officer or Senior Coordinating Technical Officer for assistance. For any radioactive substances the Radiation Safety Officer must also be contacted.

Shared Storage Areas

One of the most problematic situations is the sharing of storage units such as refrigerators, freezers, cold rooms, stock rooms, waste collection areas, etc, particularly if no one has been assigned to manage the unit. Departing Staff and students must carefully survey any shared facility in order to locate and appropriately dispose of their hazardous materials.

Termination Checklist

A USQ ‘Termination of Laboratory Work Checklist’ must be completed, signed by designated persons and forwarded to the Appointed Facility Officer before vacating the Laboratory and/or leaving USQ.

25. Noise

Noise is defined as all sound in the workplace, either wanted or unwanted and is one of the most common Workplace Health and Safety Hazards and is found in many different environments. Prolonged exposure to noise, vibration and certain ototoxic agents can cause either gradual hearing loss over a period of time or a noise can be

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so loud that it causes immediate hearing loss. High noise levels can destroy the ability to hear clearly and can also make it more difficult to hear sounds necessary for working safely, such as instructions and warning signals. In accordance with the Work Health & Safety Regulation 2011(WHS Regs), USQ must ensure that its workers are not exposed to a noise greater than the noise exposure standard, which is an average of 85 dB(A) for 8 hours, or to any instantaneous noise in excess of 140 dB(C). Note that noise exposure approximately doubles with every 3 dB. For example, the noise exposure standard is exceeded after 4hours at 88 dB(A) or 15 minutes at 100 dB(A).

Preventative measures may include: • identification of sources of noise, vibration or ototoxic agents that may cause or contribute to hearing loss; • minimise periods of exposure to noise levels exceeding 85dB(A) and 140dB (C); and • eliminate or isolate activities and machinery associated with high noise outputs wherever possible.

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26. General Electrical Safety in Workplaces

Electricity has a great potential to injure or kill people in the workplace. In accordance with the legislative requirements of the Electrical Safety Act 2002, the University has a responsibility to ensure that all electrical equipment or plant connected to the electricity supply is: • fit for purpose; • safe to use; • regularly inspected, tested and maintained to ensure it remains safe; • repaired or replaced if unsafe; and • not used in conditions likely to give rise to electrical hazards.

All equipment must comply with the relevant legislative requirements and the AS 60204.1-2005 Safety of Machinery-Electrical equipment of machines. Supervisors must implement a safe system of work to deal with potentially unsafe electrical equipment at the workplace. Specific requirements and recommended practices relating to Electrical Safety and Electrical Equipment in Laboratories are specified in AS 2243.7.

Workers should: • undertake a check of the physical condition of the electrical equipment, including lead and plug connection prior to use; • not use electrical equipment if in doubt of its safety; • if taking a piece of electrical equipment out of service due to damage, defects, or safety concerns, tag the item with the appropriate signage and notify the Supervisor so that it is reported, documented, serviced or decommissioned; • ensure testing and tagging of electrical equipment within the workshop is conducted at regular intervals in accordance with legislative and USQ Equipment, Inspection, Testing and Tagging Procedure requirements.

To facilitate the implementation of the legislative requirements, USQ has an established Equipment Inspection, Testing and Tagging Procedure. These procedures are written to comply with Electrical Safety Act 2002, Electrical Safety Regulation 2013, WHS Act 2011, WHS Regulation 2011 and relevant Australian Standards.

Refer to the USQ Procedures for detailed information on electrical equipment used in the various Classes of Work.

Electrical Laboratories – (Engineering)

The University is committed to providing an environment for the safe use of electricity and safe work practices. To achieve this, Management, employees and students have a responsibility to eliminate or minimise Hazards and perform all electrical work in a safe manner. The University will provide systems including Policy, Procedures and Training to manage electrical risks. Every Incident must be reported and investigated in accordance with University Policies and Procedures.

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Any electrical related tasks, including student practicals, associated with University of Southern Queensland owned or leased property shall be performed in accordance with all current and relevant State and Commonwealth Acts, Regulations, Codes of Practice and Australian Standards, including, but not limited to, the following: • Queensland Electrical Safety Act 2002; • Queensland Electrical Safety Regulation 2013; • Queensland Work Health and Safety Act 2011; • Queensland Work Health and Safety Regulation 2011; • Queensland Environmental Protection Act 1994; • Queensland Environmental Protection Regulation 2008; and • Codes of Practice – (Under ESA 2013): o Electrical Safety Code of Practice 2010, Electrical equipment rural industry; o Electrical Safety Code of Practice 2013, Managing electrical risks in the workplace; o Electrical Safety Code of Practice 2010, Working near overhead and underground electric lines; and o Electrical Safety Code of Practice 2010, Works.

Laboratory Work

All Staff and students accessing/working in the Engineering Electrical Laboratories must complete a Laboratory Safety Induction before starting any work in the area. When working in the Laboratory Staff/students must not: • enter lab without covered footwear; • leave your energised circuit unattended; • wear jewellery that hangs e.g. chains or bracelets; • hold metallic rulers and pens near live circuits; • touch any bare conductors, terminals or rotating parts; • pull or twist power cables; • touch or shift hot lamps resistors; • meddle with equipment and or notices; • indulge in practical jokes in the Laboratory; • kick or push objects or push buttons with their feet (unless designed for that purpose); • tap, shake, drag or drop instruments; • rest arms or feet on equipment; • place paper pads over ventilating screens; • lean over panels, trolleys or persons; and • place equipment on the floor or standing space. When connecting leads Staff/students must not: • use test-leads and connecting cables with damaged insulation or loose terminations; • connect more than two leads to any terminal; • spread cables over rotating or hot parts; University of Southern Queensland | Laboratory & Workshop Safety Manual – Issued 2021 166

• over-tighten terminals, screw and nuts (finger-tightness is sufficient); • join or piggy back connecting leads to obtain extended connection. (use a single cable of adequate length); • overload cables by applying excessive currents. (Use thicker cables for currents in excess of 7A, thin cables for currents up to 7A and thinner cables for currents less than 1A); and • plug or unplug connector cables when the supply is switched on. Staff/students must advise their Supervisor of the following: • if you have any form of colour blindness; or • hearing problems; or • dexterity issues; or • inability to stand comfortably during practical classes; or • if you are currently taking any medication or drugs, prescribed or otherwise, which may impair the ability to concentrate, to follow instructions, or to operate the Laboratory equipment safely; and/or • any other condition that may affect the ability to work safely during practical classes. Any information disclosed will be held in confidence.

Using Instruments in Electrical Laboratories

Staff/students must inspect all instruments before use. If damaged or faulty do not use the equipment; report to the Supervisor or Laboratory Staff immediately. Do not use a multimeter with test prongs on energised circuits. Do not switch on power without checking range setting of meters and controls. Staff/students must handle all instruments with care. Before using any equipment Staff/students must: • read the instruction manual and be familiar with its operation; • double check meter usage and the correct method of connections; • check the correct positioning of the instrument, most Laboratory instruments are positioned flat on the table; • position the meter in front so that their scales can be read correctly and read with ease. Do not place meters close to the edge of the table or on the floor; • check zero errors before using the instruments; if the mechanical zero requires resetting, ask the Supervisor to do it for you. Do not use coins, blunt screw drivers etc. on Set-Zero screw; • check accuracy class of the instrument, scale multiplying factors and subdivisions of scale graduations for the range connected; • ascertain and observe the polarity markings of terminals; and • use DC meters in DC circuits and AC meters in AC circuits. Staff/students must not: • jar or drag instruments on bench tops; or University of Southern Queensland | Laboratory & Workshop Safety Manual – Issued 2021 167

• pull wires connected to meters; or • tap on the meter or subject it to vibration; or • write on the meter or use ball point pen on the glass; or • use meter terminals as junction posts; or • over-tighten terminals.

Residual Current Devices in Laboratories

A Residual Current Device (RCD) is an electrical safety device specifically designed to immediately switch off electricity when electrical current “leakage” to earth is detected at a level that is harmful to a person using plug-in electrical equipment. An RCD offers a high level of personal protection from electric shock. Fuses or over- current circuit breakers do not offer the same level of personal protection against faults involving current/electricity flow to earth. RCDs are also known as earth leakage circuit breakers (ELCB), or safety switches. RCDs can be installed at the electrical supply distribution board of a Laboratory area or building, or within fixed power socket outlets inside the Laboratory.

Labelling of RCD outlets

Power outlets fitted with RCDs can be identified by a label displayed at the outlet. RCD protection at the electrical supply distribution board must be identified by a notice displayed near the distribution board. At USQ, Campus Services (CS) are responsible for the labelling of power outlets and distribution boards.

Legal Obligations

AS/NZS 3000:2007 details the regulations relating to electrical wiring and services installation in Laboratories. They require that all general power socket outlets throughout Laboratories be located as required by AS 60079.10 and be fitted with residual power protection (i.e. RCD). Selected outlets may be unprotected and may be necessary for equipment requiring high reliability for experimental or operational circumstances (e.g. overnight electrophoresis, freezer operation). In such circumstances a management plan and administrative controls and procedures (e.g. Staff/Student induction and training) need to be in place for the safe management of these Laboratory areas. Laboratories built prior to the latest edition of the Australian Standards above are required to comply with the legislative requirements in place at the time of the original construction. Major refits or renovations to such Laboratories, however, will require upgrading of electrical supply to comply with current legislation. It should also be noted that WH&S legislation encourages the installation of RCDs in existing circuits to provide a safe workplace. Senior Coordinating Technical Officers and/or Supervisors must inform all persons using the Laboratory if and where RCD protection is provided and the necessary control measures in place for the safe operation of electrical equipment.

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Queensland Electrical Safety Regulation 2013, WHS Act 2011, WHS Regulation 2011 and relevant Australian Standards. Refer to the USQ Procedures above for detailed information on electrical equipment used in the various Classes of Work. The methodology of the inspection and testing schedule is specified in AS/NZS 3760:2010 - In-service safety inspection and testing of electrical equipment as determined by Risk Management Plans. The frequency of testing is based on the environment in which the equipment is used. Laboratories and associated facilities are by their nature considered to be high risk environments and therefore classified as “hostile environments” according to the Australian Standard AS/NZS 3760:2010. All electrical equipment located and used in Laboratory environments is either Class I or Class II equipment and is subject to a system of inspection, testing and tagging as set out in the USQ Equipment, Inspection, Testing and Tagging Procedure. Specifically, all new, hand-held, portable, in-service, fixed or stationary equipment, including power cords, cord sets and power boards, used in Laboratory environments are subject to routine in-service electrical testing in accordance with the testing schedule as set out in Table 4 of the Australian Standard. The Australian Standard’s testing schedule indicates an interval of twelve months between inspection and testing of Class I (protectively earthed) and Class II (double insulated) equipment, as well as cord sets and power boards. Residual current devices (RCDs) are also subject to an inspection and testing schedule as detailed in Table 4 of AS/NZS 3760:2010. Only a ‘competent person’ trained in the use of an RCD tester is allowed to test a fixed RCD in accordance with the Standard. If the RCD is located in an electrical supply distribution board, then it must be tested by a licensed electrician.

Maintenance of Records

Records of inspection, testing and tagging and maintenance of faulty equipment must be established and maintained by Campus Services, Centres and Schools in control of any plug-in electrical equipment. Campus Services, Centres and/or Schools must retain the Records for seven (7) years or as required by specific regulations. The following information should be recorded and kept: • a register of all plug-in electrical equipment in the Laboratory; • date of inspection, or testing and tagging, or maintenance carried out; • result or outcome of the inspection, test or maintenance; • name of person who inspected, or carried out test or maintenance; • date by which the next inspection and test must be carried out.

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27. Plant and Structures

All general equipment falls within the definition of Plant and Equipment and as such is subject to USQ Policies and Procedures for purchasing, installation, training, maintenance and risk assessment. Workplace Health and Safety Qld provides advice relating to the use of plant in the workplace. This advice can be found in Managing Risks of Plant in the Workplace Code of Practice 2013. There are certain types of Plant and Equipment that are specific to Workshop environments and as such require more stringent levels of operation and management. Such Plant and Equipment in use at the University is considered in the following sections. Only trained, competent and authorised personnel shall operate workshop equipment and/or machinery, and each tradesperson is to be familiar with the use of tools specific to their trade. Staff members are not to use tools other than those provided by USQ. Workers must ensure that all tools and machinery within the workshop are regularly inspected and in good working order at all times.

Provision of Safe Plant – Purchasing and Hiring of Plant

When considering hiring or provision of new Plant, the USQ Procurement and Purchasing Policy and Procedure must be followed.

Machinery Installation

Machinery, Plant and Equipment must be inspected upon delivery by the Supervisor to ensure that the safety features comply with the Australian and University Standards and purpose of use. Machinery, Plant and Equipment must be relocated or installed by competent or qualified persons only. Machinery, Plant and Equipment must be installed so as to ensure that sufficient space is allowed during normal operation and for adjustment or maintenance and repairs.

Hazard Identification, Risk Assessments and Controls

The requirement for hazard identification and risk controls has been discussed early in this document. In regard to the use of machinery some examples of control measures are provided below: University of Southern Queensland | Laboratory & Workshop Safety Manual – Issued 2021 170

• At all times seek instruction before using an unfamiliar piece of equipment; • Read the Manufacturer’s Instruction Manual or SOP carefully before operating any machinery for the first time; • Apply Standard/Safe Working Procedures; • Use tools and machines only for their intended purpose; • Ensure that lighting, extraction and ventilation is adequate; • Turn off equipment if it produces an unfamiliar vibration or noise; • Tie back long hair, cover long/flowing beards, roll up sleeves and avoid wearing loose-fitting clothes; • Remove rings and other jewellery that can be caught in moving parts; and • Consider the interaction between people and machine, taking into account possible ergonomic factors in the risk assessment.

Safety Risk Management - is about exercising responsibility to ensure workers and other persons are properly protected. The University Safety Risk Management System allows you to complete and store Risk Management Plans. The system will assist with recording of identified hazards and associated risks, and the development and documentation of an action plan to implement control measures. High Risk Work (Licensing)

The licensing of workers ensures that high risk work is performed safely, reducing health and safety risks to the workers and other persons in the workplace. Workers should ensure their licence/s is current, valid and of the correct class type. For further information refer to Workplace Health & Safety QLD- High Risk Work (HRW) licence.

Guarding

Machine guards are fitted to protect both the operator and passing traffic. Each machine should be inspected by the operator prior to commencement of work (pre-start check) to ensure that all guards are fitted and correctly positioned. A guard is a physical or other barrier that can perform several functions including: • preventing contact with moving parts or controlling access to dangerous areas of plant; • screening harmful emissions such as radiation; • minimising noise through the application of sound-absorbing materials; and • preventing ejected parts or off-cuts from striking people.

WHS Regulation Section 208: If guarding is used, the person with management and control must ensure that:

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• if access to the area of plant requiring guarding is not necessary during operation, maintenance or cleaning, the guarding is a permanently fixed barrier; • if access to the areas requiring guarding is necessary during operation, maintenance or cleaning, the guarding is an interlocked physical barrier; • if it is not reasonably practicable to use a permanently fixed barrier or an interlocked physical barrier, the guarding is a physical barrier that can only be altered or removed using a tool; or • if it is not reasonably practicable to use a permanently fixed barrier, an interlocked physical barrier or a physical barrier fixed in position, the guarding includes a presence-sensing safeguarding system that eliminates any risk arising from the area of the plant requiring guarding while a person or any part of a person is in the area being guarded.

Guarding must: • be of solid construction and securely mounted so as to resist impact or shock; • prevent by-passing or disabling of the guard; • not create a risk in itself (for example it must not obstruct operator visibility, weaken the plant, cause discomfort to operators or introduce new hazards such as pinch points, rough or sharp edges); • be properly maintained; • control any risk from potential broken or ejected parts and work pieces; • allow for servicing, maintenance and repair to be undertaken with relative ease; and • if guarding is removed the plant cannot be restarted unless the guarding is replaced. Start-stop controls of the push button type are to be easily visible, readily accessible and incorporating both no-volt and overload release. This type of control must be easily accessible to the operator from the normal operating position. Emergency stop buttons of the mushroom-head type, should be installed at selected positions throughout the workshop. They must be located in a prominent position and suitably labelled, so that pressing any one of the buttons will immediately operate the circuit breaker and disconnect the power supply to the machines. A lock and key should be provided and be arranged that once isolated, only authorised persons or contractor may reset the circuit breaker. “Guard” also applies to interlocks where the machine cannot be started or operated unless the guard is in position. All Plant which has the potential to harm, must be adequately guarded in accordance with Managing Risks of Plant in the Workplace, Code of Practice 2013 and AS 4024.1601:2014 Safety of Machinery- design controls, interlocks and guarding.

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Registered Plant

Certain items of plant and types of plant designs are required to be registered. A list of items can be found in Appendix A of the Code of Practice-Managing Risks on Plant in the Workplace 2013.

28. Fork Lift Trucks, Elevating Work Platforms (EWP), Scissor Lifts, Pedestrian Operated Forklifts (POF) and Pallet Jacks

Fork Lift Trucks

Forklift trucks refer to an industrial lift truck equipped with a vertically elevating load carriage frame. Horizontal load forks (or a similar lifting mechanism) project from the front of the frame. Forklift trucks can be powered by electric motors or internal combustion engines running on petrol, diesel or LPG fuels. Forklift trucks are controlled by an onboard operator who must hold a licence. Trainee operators must work under the supervision of an employer-appointed competent, certified forklift operator. Operation The following guidelines must be observed when using a forklift truck: • Use the forklift truck only for the purpose for which it was designed; • Hold a high risk work licence to operate a forklift truck or be an authorised trainee; • Do not operate a forklift truck if you are fatigued; • Wear a seatbelt where one is provided. The only exception is if a risk assessment advises otherwise, for example when operating a forklift truck on a wharf; • Operate the forklift truck strictly in accordance with manufacturer's specifications; • Ensure that loads are within the rated load capacity of the forklift truck. Carry loads as close to the ground as possible; • Operate the forklift truck with the load placed fully against the truck carriage or back rest. The mast should be tilted sufficiently backward to safeguard the load; • Use a forklift truck to raise a person only if the truck is designed for this purpose or there is an approved work platform attached; • Maintain a clear view ahead and behind (via a correctly adjusted rear view mirror) and give clear indication of your intentions; • Maintain a safe distance from other vehicles; • Observe speed limits and ensure you can make a safe stop at any time. Avoid rapid acceleration, deceleration and quick turns; • Drive carefully on wet or slippery surfaces or when pedestrians are near;

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• Reduce speed when making a turn. Take care that the tip of the fork (or load) or the rear side of the forklift truck does not touch a nearby person or object; • Drive in reverse if vision is obscured by a bulky load; • Ensure that the load leads when driving up gradients. On gradients, tilt the mast back sufficiently to safeguard the load and raise the forks so they clear the ground; • When travelling on an incline with no load, place the forks on the downhill side of the forklift truck; • Before driving a forklift truck onto a truck, trailer or rail wagon, check that the brakes of the receiving vehicle are set and the wheels are chocked; • Remove the ignition/starter switch key when you leave the forklift truck. Ensure the controls are in neutral, the power is shut off, the park brakes are applied and the forks fully lowered; and • Never park or leave the forklift in any way that it obstructs or impedes the access/egress to doorways, entrances, emergency exits or fire extinguishing equipment.

Safe Operating Procedures

It is necessary that a set of Safe Operating Procedures is implemented for every workplace device. These procedures should be regularly updated and made available to all Staff via training sessions.

Provide training and information for operators on all aspects of Forklift Truck operation and maintenance. Records of training sessions attended should be kept for each operator throughout their term of employment.

Wear appropriate PPE where required for such activities as changing or charging batteries.

Before starting each shift, conduct a thorough inspection of the Forklift Truck and attachments such as lift and tilt systems, steering, brakes, controls, tyres, warning devices, load arms, brake fluid, hydraulic oil, etc.

Establish safety procedures for fuel handling and storage, and battery changing and charging.

Establish a method for determining the weights of loads being handled.

Make work areas safe for using forklift trucks. Fit raised edges on loading docks, install warning signs or barricades, impose speed limits, provide adequate lighting and, if necessary fit secure ramps to access work areas.

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Operating in Confined Spaces

Exhaust emissions from Forklift Trucks operating in confined spaces can lead to carbon monoxide poisoning.

Carbon monoxide is an odourless, colourless and poisonous gas. Precautions must be taken when Forklift Trucks are used in confined spaces such as cold rooms and freezers to ensure exposure to toxic levels are kept as low as possible.

When it is necessary to use a Forklift Truck in a confined space the following must be considered: • Use electric forklift trucks instead of fuel or LP gas-powered types. • Fit a catalytic converter to fuel or LP gas-powered types to catalytically oxidise carbon monoxide to the less toxic gas carbon dioxide. • Fit fuel control devices, to maintain an acceptable fuel-air ratio, and check them daily. Monitor fuel usage rates to detect variations in the fuel-air ratio. • Use exhaust gas analysers as an aid during regular engine tuning. • Monitor and record carbon monoxide levels around workers. Personal or area monitoring can be undertaken.

Working around overhead electrical powerlines

Exclusion zones apply when working close to overhead electrical powerlines. Requirements for exclusion zones vary with voltage, and are listed in Appendix B of the Electrical safety code of practice 2010 – Working near overhead and underground electric lines. The electrical supply authority should be contacted whenever a Forklift Truck or any part of its load has to be close to overhead electrical powerlines. Safeguards and precautions required by the authority should be observed. In the event of a Forklift Truck contacting a powerline, the operator should:

• if practicable, stay where they are and keep others away; • wait until the powerline power is shut off before leaving the vehicle; • if practicable, move the vehicles off the powerline.

Operating in flammable atmospheres and handling flammable materials

Great care must be taken when operating a Forklift Truck in flammable atmospheres or when they are used to handle flammable materials.

Safe work practices are also vital when fuelling Forklift Trucks or charging batteries.

Potential ignition sources include: • flames or sparks from an exhaust;

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• heat generated by the engine or exhaust; • flashback produced by vapours being drawn into the engine; • over-revving the engine; • excess speeding; • sparks and heat generated by brake components; • sparks from tynes striking concrete; • static electricity discharged by tyres rubbing up against something; and • an arc from a starter motor or electrical equipment.

Using non-flameproof Forklift Trucks where flammable Dangerous Goods are stored or handled without precautions can create an immediate and severe risk of fire or explosion.

Do not allow non-flameproof Forklift Trucks into an area where mixing, transferring or decanting of fuels and other flammable materials is carried out.

It is not normal practice for a Forklift Truck to be manufactured as flameproof. Flameproofing a Forklift Truck is a specialist engineering activity that is carried out after manufacture, such that flameproofing is retrofitted to a normal Forklift Truck. The degree of flameproofing applied is determined by the flammable zones in which the machine may be required to operate (Zone 1 or Zone 2 only, never Zone 0).

Not all Forklift Trucks can be economically flameproofed. Generally, it can be economic to flameproof Forklift Trucks that have compression engines (diesel fuel) or electric engines but not economic to flameproof machines that have spark ignition engines (LPG fuel or petrol).

Operating in Hazardous areas

If you store or handle flammable dangerous goods, you should:

• review the SDS and package labelling to identify the hazardous properties of each flammable dangerous goods; • classify areas within the workplace where flammable liquids, gases or solids are stored or handled as hazardous areas according to AS/NZS 60079.10.1:2009 Explosive atmospheres – Classification of areas – Explosive gas atmospheres (IEC 60079-10-1, Ed.1.0(2008) MOD); • identify each hazardous area with markings, warning lights and warning signs; • separate ignition sources from hazardous areas by an appropriate distance or physical barriers; • provide training and supervision to workers about the risk of ignition sources and how to prevent fire or explosion;

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• never use a spark ignition, Forklift Truck (including petrol and LP gas-powered) in any hazardous area; • not use any Forklift Trucks in any areas where flammable atmospheres exist continually (zone 0 area). These areas should be made free of any sources contributing to the flammable atmosphere, prior to Forklift entry; • adhere to hot work permits at all times. Hot work permits should include strategies to: o monitor flammable vapour and gas using calibrated flammable atmosphere devices; o inspect the area and forklift before entry; o ensure adequate ventilation; and o remove and shut down processes or materials that may give rise to a flammable atmosphere. • use a Forklift Truck that is either compliant with AS 2359.12-1996 Powered industrial trucks – Hazardous areas or non 'spark ignition engine', where flammable atmospheres may be present during normal operation (zone 1 area); • ensure an appropriate hot work permit system is effectively implemented; • use either a powered Forklift Truck that has been modified for use in a zone 2 area; or is not a spark ignition engine Forklift and is operated with an effective hot work permit system, where a flammable atmosphere may occur for short periods of time (zone 2 area); • use only Forklift Trucks specifically designed for use in explosive or flammable areas, and ensure that they comply with the relevant Australian Standards; • train all employees on how to eliminate the risks involved in handling flammable atmospheres and materials and potential ignition sources; • ensure there is a strictly enforced 'no smoking' policy in refuelling areas or battery charging areas; • NOT use naked flames when checking levels of battery cells; • handle and store liquid fuel and LP gas in accordance with the relevant Australian Standards; • ensure adequate ventilation in workplaces where using Forklift Trucks powered by LP gas, petrol or diesel fuel; • refuel, park and store LP gas-powered Forklift Trucks in well ventilated areas that are safely away from combustible material and sources of heat or ignition. Ensure that the LP gas cylinder is turned off at the valve when the Forklift Truck is not in use; • ensure LP gas cylinders are removed and replaced by correctly trained employees following procedures that comply with relevant Australian Standards; • ensure batteries are recharged and changed by correctly trained employees and in strict accordance with the relevant standard; • before changing or recharging batteries, ensure the park brake is applied and the vent caps are functioning correctly; • prevent the build-up of flammable gasses by holding the battery cover open while the battery is on charge;

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• use the correct tools and keep metal objects away from battery cells when changing or charging batteries; • not use liquids with a flashpoint of less than 61°C for cleaning Forklift Trucks; • follow the recommendations of the flameproofing company about the inspection and maintenance of the flameproofing features for Forklifts that have been flamproofed; and • establish and maintain procedures for diesel Forklifts that have been flameproofed to ensure that the spark arrestor tank on the exhaust line is attended to in accordance with the recommendations of the flameproofing company. Employers and trained Forklift Truck operators should be aware of what not to do with and around Forklifts. It is the responsibility of everyone in the workplace to ensure that the following practices do not occur:

• a Forklift Truck must not be used as a towing or push device, unless appropriate attachments are fitted; • a tow rope must never be attached to the mast to pull or drag loads; • fork extensions should not be fitted unless of an authorised design; • a person should not push on the point of one or both forks. Nor should a person stand or walk under the elevated forks, even when a load is not being carried; • the backrest extension and overhead guard of the Forklift Truck should not be removed, unless specifically authorised; • a Forklift Truck should not be left stationary, with the engine running, in confined spaces; • a Forklift Truck must not be parked or stacked on an incline, or operated on gradients with the load elevated more than necessary; • a passenger must never be carried on the forks or load; • an operator's arms, hands, legs and head must not leave the confines of the cab or be placed between the uprights of the mast; • a Forklift should not cross railway lines, unless the lines are recessed into the surface; or be driven over a bridge plate, unless it is securely fixed and can support the total weight; • there must be a strictly enforced no smoking policy in a refuelling or battery charging area; and • naked flames should not be used when checking the level of electrolyte in battery cells.

Elevating Work Platforms

An elevating work platform (EWP) is a device used to support a platform on which personnel, equipment and materials can be elevated to perform work. While EWPs come in a range of different configurations, the general types of EWP include:

• self-propelled scissor lifts; • self-propelled boom-type;

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• vehicle-mounted; and • trailer-mounted.

EWP operation can present a risk of injury to people from the following:

• Structural failure: o This includes the failure of any EWP component, such as the base, hydraulic lifting arms or working platform. An EWP may suffer structural failure if it has been overloaded, damaged in transit or during use and can occur without warning; • Overturning: o This can occur if the EWP has been overloaded, placed on unstable or soft ground, on excessive slopes, operated in winds exceeding the permissible wind speed or due to failure to use or fully extend outriggers or stabilisers; • Contact or collision with other plant and structures: o This can occur when sufficient clearances are not maintained between the EWP and other plant and structures, such as buildings, overhead beams, powerlines or other mobile equipment; • Falls from height: o This can occur from an elevated platform or when a worker is accessing or egressing from the EWP while the platform is elevated; and • Falling objects: o This can occur from equipment not being secured while the platform is elevated above workers in the vicinity of the EWP or pedestrians in public areas.

Using an EWP to work at height

It is important when working at height to think about some of the risks including: • height of the platform; • size of the platform; • distance between the object and the leading edge of the platform; and • cleaning and maintenance of the platforms, including the risk of working with hot water. Serious injury can arise where the operator falls from the EWP working platform due to: • faulty platform gate catches; • over-balancing while reaching to pick up an item or climbing onto platform mid- rails; • mechanical failure of the levelling rod, boom or hydraulic cylinder mounts; • ejection from the platform due to rough or obscured ground surface conditions that is enhanced by higher speed of travel; • machine roll over due to adverse ground surface conditions or higher, less stable machine centre of gravity e.g. travelling with the boom extended; and University of Southern Queensland | Laboratory & Workshop Safety Manual – Issued 2021 179

• electric shock from direct contact with, or electrical arcing from, overhead power lines. Serious injury also occurs from jarring contact of the operator with platform guard rails when travelling over rough ground and from accidental movement of the platform leading to body compression against a tree branch or other solid object.

Falls prevention when working on an EWP

To prevent anyone falling, the following controls should be considered: • all work platforms, stairways and ladders are constructed and designed to Australian Standard (AS) 1657:2018; • an appropriate travel restraint is used; • an appropriate form of physical restraint is provided; and • access to work platforms is restricted. Slips and trips are a major factor in many of the incidents that occur in industry and can result in different types of injuries, including fall from heights or same level injuries and musculoskeletal disorders (sprains and strains).

Safe operation of an EWP

Requirements to safely operate an EWP include: • design registration of all newly purchased or modified machines; • formal training of operators and record keeping of training undertaken; • assessment of operator competency by a competent person; • elimination of EWP roll over risk through risk management; • Safe Operating Procedure development to support training and subsequent safe use; • operator harnessing where an anchor point has been provided; • documented inspection, maintenance and repair procedures; and • lock-out procedures that exclude worker access to faulty machines.

Worker/operator obligations

The operator of an EWP must ensure: • operation is authorised and in accordance with the Safe Operating Procedure; • mechanical faults are reported; • pre-operational checks are undertaken; • Safe Working Load (SWL) or maximum rated capacity of the platform is not exceeded;

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• operating speed is consistent with load, terrain and weather conditions and does not exceed the maximum recommended by the manufacturer; and • either a lower body or full body harness is worn that is connected to the platform anchor point by a short lanyard. Where absence of an anchor point negates wearing a harness a secondary gate restraint is engaged unless the manufacturer's design prevents ejection from the platform.

Operating instruction plate or label

The EWP manufacturer must supply an operating instruction plate or durable label with the machine that sets out the rated SWL on the platform and safe working incline for its operation. The date, name and address of the manufacturer and the maximum platform height must also be provided. SWL = weight in kilograms (platform equipment + operator + other required items)

Operating an EWP in the vicinity of Overhead powerlines

Extreme caution must be exercised when operating in the vicinity of overhead powerlines. Work must be carried out in such a way to ensure that no person, conductive hand held equipment or any part of the platform being used in the vicinity of a power line can enter the exclusion zone set out in Schedule 2, Electrical Safety Regulation 2013. Exclusion zones vary depending on whether the person is 'authorised' by the owner of the powerline, 'instructed' by the authorised person or is 'untrained'. They also depend on the voltage and insulation status of the overhead powerline. An explanation of the terminology used and other guidance for working near powerlines is provided in the Electrical Safety Code of Practice 2010 – Working near overhead and underground electric lines.

Recordkeeping

The relevant person should keep records of EWP operation, maintenance, structural inspections and training of workers for the following time periods: • pre-operation or daily checks – one year; • routine inspection and maintenance – life of machine; • third party mechanical and structural inspections – life of machine; and • EWP operator training – duration of employment.

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Maintenance, inspection and repair of elevating working platforms (EWPs)

A person who is competent to perform an inspection or other task for a control measure is a person who has acquired through training, qualifications or experience, the knowledge and skills to do the task in a safe way. This includes knowledge of relevant Australian Standards, codes of practice, and legislation. For daily and routine inspection of EWPs, a competent person could be a worker who has been trained in the requirements for the inspections (e.g. use of the checklists and operator manuals). For annual and major inspections or for major repairs, the competent person is likely to be the manufacturer, an engineering tradesperson or a professional engineer. The more detailed the inspection the higher the skill level required by the competent person. An engineering tradesperson could be: • an agricultural or heavy vehicle mechanic; or • diesel fitter; or • fitter and turner (experienced in mobile plant); or • light vehicle mechanic (experienced in mobile plant); or • boilermaker for structural and welding inspections or repairs (Note: 3E welding certificate required for welding on structural components).

Inspection type, frequency and recordkeeping

Types of inspections to be carried out on EWPs at specified intervals are: • pre-operational or daily checks; • routine inspections; • annual or third party inspections; and • major inspections. Information on these should be provided in the manufacturer's operation and maintenance manual for the EWP. Records of any maintenance inspections as well as any repairs undertaken are to be kept. For major structural repairs, information obtained from the manufacturer or a competent person must be recorded. Initial selection of an EWP should take into account: • operating environment; • frequency of use; and • loading. These factors will determine also frequency and level of inspection and maintenance requirements.

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Higher knowledge is required to identify areas that require detailed inspection or to determine when non-destructive testing methods such as dye penetrant testing for detecting cracks is to be used. Pre-operational or daily checks

Pre-operational checks should be completed by the operator prior to using the EWP. Records of these should be kept and a process for reporting faults is to be available to operators. The pre-operational inspection is to check the EWP is fit for the work to be completed. It is a quick check of the items listed in the table or as recommended by the manufacturer or competent person. The checklist and process for completing the pre-operational checks should be undertaken as part of the operator's familiarisation training and variations for different models of EWP used should be discussed. Records of this training are to be kept. Design registration of EWPs

Schedule 5 of the Work Health and Safety Regulation 2011 (the Regulation) requires boom-type EWPs to have their designs registered.

Scissor lifts

As scissor lift operating instructions may vary with different makes and models, all scissor lifts must be operated by a competent person and used in accordance with the Manufacturer’s Operation and Safety Manual. Maintenance and servicing must also be carried out in accordance with the Manufacturers Operation and Safety Manual.

Pedestrian Operated Forklifts

Pedestrian Operated Forklifts (POFs) differ from Forklift Trucks because they are not intended to be controlled by an operator riding on the vehicle. While similar safe operating and maintenance procedures apply to all types of Forklifts, the following control measures relate specifically to POFs. Operation

The following guidelines must be observed when operating a POF: • a licence/certificate is not required to operate POFs; • only trained operators may operate a POF; • carry out pre-operational and post-operational safety checks; • ensure the POF is suitable for the grades intended to be travelled; • wear appropriate PPE, such as high visibility vest and steel capped footwear; • do not operate a POF if hands or footwear are greasy;

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• check the work area for damaged flooring, overhead obstructions, ramps and docks. Do not work too close to the edges of ramps or docks; • when travelling in reverse take care not to bump into objects, run over loose objects or trip over objects. Do not use a POF in an unauthorised area or in explosive atmospheres; • keep arms, hands, legs and feet away from the lifting mechanism and wheels; • sound the horn when approaching intersecting aisles or blind corners; • when operating a POF on grades, ramps or inclines, face the load uphill, do not make turns. If it is necessary to park the POF on an incline, make sure the wheels are securely chocked; • do not ride on the POF, or allow another person to ride on it; and • do not exceed the safe lift limit of the POF when handling a load. These limits are specified on the data plate. The Forklift arm blades (tynes) should be a sufficient length to support at least 75% of the load (see Australian Standard 2359.2-2013. Part 3.7 - 'Handling and placing loads'). The load should be stable and evenly distributed on both fork arms prior to lifting and when travelling. Fork arms should be sufficient distance apart to ensure the stability of the load.

Tilt the POF forward only when it is over a stack, rack or vehicle. Tilt the POF backwards only enough to stabilise the load. Secure attachments as per the manufacturer's instructions, and remember that attachments may affect the load centre of gravity. When parking: • use the handbrake; • lower forks to the ground; • tilt forward if possible; and • do not leave key in the ignition if unattended.

Pallet Jacks

A Pallet Jack is used to manually manoeuvre heavy pallets around buildings. Operation

The following guidelines must be observed when operating a Pallet Jack: • a licence/certificate is not required to operate Pallet Jacks; • only trained operators may operate a Pallet Jack; • carry out pre-operational and post-operational safety checks;

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• wear appropriate PPE, such as high visibility vest and steel capped footwear; • do not operate a Pallet Jack if hands or footwear are greasy; • ensure all personnel or bystanders are clear of the immediate work area; • check the work area for damaged flooring, ramps, docks and overhead obstructions. Do not work too close to the edges of ramps or docks; • if the load is high and obstructs the operator’s view a spotter should be used; • use both hands to raise and lower the Pallet Jack; • ensure the load is level and evenly distributed; • never overload the Pallet Jack, adhere to the advised SWL; • keep arms, hands, legs and feet away from the lifting mechanism and wheels; • if operating the Pallet Jack on an incline, operate in reverse; and • never allow any person to ride on the Pallet Jack;

Maintenance and Servicing

Team Leaders/Supervisors must ensure that a program for regular inspections and maintenance by an authorised person is in place and is carried out on all machines in addition to routine daily surveillance. As a minimum, maintenance must be carried out at the level and frequency documented in the servicing schedule by the manufacturers. Plant should be isolated or shut down in accordance with USQ procedures before maintenance, repair, cleaning and modification commences. It is recommended that the relevant controls and facilities be lockable and, as such, can only be operated by keys. A Lockout/Tagout system must be used during maintenance or adjustments to machines to prevent accidental start-up. All forms of safeguards should be replaced prior to start-up of plant. All damaged equipment should be ‘tagged’ and reported in accordance with the USQ Tag Out procedure. Tagged equipment must not be used until checked or repaired by an authorised person.

Record Keeping Maintenance/Servicing Records must be current, maintained, and retained for the life of all plant. Records should show: • date of purchase; • servicing; • service person; and • type of service conducted.

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If plant is sold, copies of these records should form part of the sale. Records must be accessible for examination if requested by an Inspector from Work Health & Safety Queensland. For further information refer to Code of Practice-Managing risks of plant in the workplace or relevant Australian Standards. 29. Signage and Placarding

Equipment, activities and materials of a hazardous nature should be identified with legible messages, appropriate signage, labelling and placarding displayed in prominent locations to alert persons to the dangers. Examples of types of signage: • Mandatory signs-indicate that an instruction must be carried out (e.g. use of PPE); • Warning signs-warning of a non-life threatening hazard (e.g. slippery floor); • Prohibition signs-indicate restricted areas or actions or activities are not permitted (e.g. no eating or drinking); and • Danger signs-warning of a particular hazard or hazardous condition that is likely to be life threatening (e.g. explosive materials.

The signs should be placed as close as practicable to the observer’s line of sight and should be sighted in relation to the particular hazard as to allow the worker ample time, after first viewing the sign, to heed the warning. All persons (including visitors) must comply with the requirements of the workshop signage.

30. Essential Supporting Information Act and Regulation Work Health and Safety Act 2011 (QLD) Work Health and Safety Regulation 2011 (QLD)

Codes of Practice How to Manage Work Health and Safety Risks 2011 Hazardous Manual Tasks 2011 Managing Noise and Preventing Hearing Loss at Work 2011 Managing the Risks of Falls at Workplaces 2011 Managing the Work Environment and Facilities 2011 First Aid in the Workplace 2014 University of Southern Queensland Policies, Procedures and or Guides Workplace Health and Safety Policy Workplace Health and Safety Management System Procedure Biosafety Procedure

Australian and New Zealand Standards AS1319-1994 – Safety signs for the occupational environment

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AS/NZS 1680.2.3:2008 - Interior and workplace lighting – Specific applications – Educational and training facilities AS/NZS 1892.5:2000 – Portable ladders – Selection, safe use and care AS 3190:2016 – Approval and test Specifications – Residual current devices (current-operated earth-leakage devices) AS 3760:2010 – In-service safety inspection and testing of electrical equipment. AS 4024.1:2014 – Series Safety of Machinery AS 4775:2007 - Emergency Eyewash and shower equipment AS 4839:2001 – The safe use of portable and mobile oxy-fuel gas systems for welding, cutting, heating and allied process AS/NZS ISO 31000:2009 – Risk Management – Principals and guidelines 31. Further Information

Further advice and information to supplement these guidelines can be found in the following document and relevant parts: AS/NZS 2243:1-10 Safety in Laboratories as detailed below: AS/NZS 2243.1 Planning and Operational Aspects AS/NZS 2243.2 Chemical Aspects AS/NZS 2243.3 Microbiological safety and containment AS/NZS 2243.4 Ionizing radiations AS/NZS 2243.5 Non-ionizing radiations –Electromagnetic, sound and ultrasound AS/NZS 2243.6 Plant and Equipment aspects AS/NZS 2243.7 Electrical aspects AS/NZS 2243.8 Fume cupboards AS/NZS 2243.9 Recirculating fume cabinets AS/NZS 2243.10 Storage of chemicals

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