A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF HISTORICAL ARTIFACTS: c. 1760-1920 by Mary Margaret Smith and Heinz Pyszczyk Archaeological Survey of Alberta 8820 - 112 Street Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P8 Canada ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ALBERTA ALBERTA CULTURE AND MULTICULTURALISM MANUSCRIPT SERIES HISTORICAL RESOURCES DIVISION NO. 11 MANUSCRIPT SERIES The Archaeological Survey of Alberta Manuscript Series is intended as an expeditious publication of technical reports and theses in Alberta archaeology. The primary objective is to provide a wider distribution of major project reports that otherwise might not be published. Since it is the Archaeological .Survey's intention to bring forward important materials regardless of when they were written, the reader should review the manuscript in light of its preparation date. Manuscripts submitted to this series are provided in a "camera ready" state by the author. Production costs are minimized to the extent possible. Distribution of the Manuscript Series is limited to institutions and libraries. Manuscript authors are provided an allocation of copies for distribution to individuals. Anyone wishing to obtain copies of a manuscript is advised to write to the author at the address indicated on the cover sheet. Institutions wishing to be placed on the Manuscript Series mailing list may write to the following address: Publications Archaeological Survey of Alberta 8820 - 112 Street Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P8 Phone 403-431-2300 Volumes of this series are distributed free of charge. iii A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF HISTORICAL ARTIFACTS: c. 1760-1920 By Mary Margaret Smith and Heinz Pyszczyk Archaeological Survey of Alberta 1988 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We wish to thank a number of people for their cooperation and assistance during the preparation of this bibliography. Jo Toon, Head Librarian, Provincial Museum and Archives, and Monika McNabb, Librarian, Historical Resources Division, assisted with various library searches of reference material. Carol Rushworth and Angelica Beissel, Archaeological Survey of Alberta, provided technical assistance and spent long hours searching for relevant references. Michael Forsman is thanked for the references he contributed to the bibliography. Martina Purdon provided valuable suggestions regarding the organization of the manuscript and typed and edited the final version of the bibliography. Thanks to also Wendy Johnson for her drafting assistance and Karie Hardie for preparing the cover photograph. The authors alone are responsible for any errors or omissions contained in this work. Heinz Pyszczyk Historic Sites Development Archaeologist and Mary Margaret Smith vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ••••••••••• • vii Introduction •• • ••••••• 1 Annotation Key •• 9 Agriculture - Barbed Wire ••• •• 11 Agriculture - Farm Apparatus/Tools. •• •• 13 Agriculture - General •••••• •••• •• 15 Agriculture - Wagonry Hardware •• 17 Architecture - Building Materials 19 Architecture - General ••• •••• 21 Architecture - Nails •••• 23 Architecture - Window Glass •••• 31 Arms and Ammunition •••••••••• 33 Beads •••• ••••• 51 Bibliographies •••• •••••••••• 57 Buttons ••••••• 61 Clothing - Fabric/Textiles •••••• 65 Clothing - Footwear ••••••••• 73 Clothing - General ••••••••••••••• 75 Furniture ••••• •••••••• 79 General - Catalogues. •••• 81 General - History of the Fur Trade. •••••••• 89 Hardware - Blacksmithing • •••• •••• 91 Hardware - Carpentry ••••••••• 99 Hardware - General ••••• • 101 Hardware - Locks and Keys ••••• •••• 105 Hardware - Tools •••••• •••••• 109 History of Technology •• ••••••• 113 History of Technology - Iron •••••••••••• 123 History of Technology - Other Metals •••••••••••• 127 Hunting and Trapping •••••••••• ••••••••• 131 Kitchen and Tableware - Ceramics ••••••• •• 133 Kitchen and Tableware - Copper/Brass/Bronze •••••• 171 Kitchen and Tableware - Cutlery/Utensils. • 173 ix TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Kitchen and Tableware - Glassware ••••••••• 181 Kitchen and Tableware - Gold •••••••••••• ••••• 225 Kitchen and Tableware - Metal Containers and Canning 227 Kitchen and Tableware - Other ••••• •••• • 233 Kitchen and Tableware - Pewter •• ••••••••••• •• 239 Kitchen and Tableware - Silver • 243 Lighting and Heating. •• 253 Machine Tools • 261 Miscellaneous •••• ••••• 263 Miscellaneous - Plastics ••••• • 271 Personal - Bells. •••• ••••••••• 273 Personal - Clock and Watch Parts ••••••••• 275 Personal - Coins and Tokens ••••• •••••••••• 277 Personal - Combs and Brushes ••••• 279 Personal - Cosmetics •••• 281 Personal - Ink Bottles and Writing Materials ••••••••• 283 Personal - Jewelery •••••• •••• 285 Personal - Mirrors ••••• ••• 287 Personal - Shaving Apparatus •• • 289 Pharmaceutical/Medical Supplies • 291 Sewing - Tools ••••••••• • 297 Tobacco and Smoking Equipment 301 Toys and Musical Instruments • 311 Trade Goods ••••••••• 315 Trademarks and Patents • 319 References Cited ••••••••••• • 325 x INTRODUCTION Whenever archaeologists analyse artifacts recovered from historic sites in western Canada, two fundamental elements are most beneficial in that research: (1) a means to find basic information about historical artifacts - namely, a comprehensive bibliography covering the diversity of eighteenth and nineteenth century historical artifacts; and (2) a descriptive summary of historical artifact types found most often in western Canada. To be of maximum value, both sources of information should be published, not hidden in research laboratories. The reason historical archaeologists have neglected these basic research needs (apart from the substantial costs involved) is the shift in focus during the last decade to the more philosophical aspects of the discipline. However, there is a growing realization that sound interpretation of past lifeways depends entirely on the basic information that can be derived from the material remains found at archaeological sites. One important step towards more successfully gathering this information is to find out where it is published - and that is not always easy. The reader need only glance briefly through the list of references in this work to realize that the world of material culture research "is a real jungle." We feel, therefore, that a relatively comprehensive bibliography of works on material goods found at western Canadian historic sites is important for more thorough research of historical artifacts in the future. Our purpose here is to compile a bibliography of published and unpublished works dealing with historical artifacts commonly found in western Canada between c. 1760 and 1920. The most difficult part of such an endeavour is to establish parameters for the project, in particular, to include a wide enough range of artifacts to be of interest to researchers, yet not so broad that the task could not be completed in one1s lifetime. The world of historical artifacts is immense, and the literature describing even the most basic things about each artifact is staggering. It is no wonder that in some federal organizations (e.g., Environment Canada, Parks), individuals specialize in only one group of artifacts. But for the rest of us, published materials must often suffice to enable us to analyse many of the artifacts we find. TYPES OF REFERENCES The reader will notice immediately that archaeological reports are rare in this bibliography. This is not a bibliography of historical archaeological research that has been conducted in western Canada over the last 20 years. We have deliberately selected "source references" detailing historical artifacts. In other words, the bibliography contains only works that include information on certain types of artifacts. (More will be said later on the types of information contained in these sources.) Most historical archaeologists use these basic sources in their descriptions of the artifacts recovered from the sites. Reports were included in the bibliography when the information they contained about a particular artifact was unique, the report description contributed more to our understanding of the artifact, or the illustrations and photographs were of sufficient quality to be of use in the identification of an object. The search for publications stopped at 1986, although a~w more recent works have been included • . "~f.~" PHYSICAL PARAMETERS FOR SEr~CTION We have included works that contain*~,ormation about artifacts found primarily in central and western Canada. It was very difficult to decide what publications on artifacts from other geographical areas to include as well. Few material &oods were manufactured locally during the historical period i~western Canada; most came from other parts of Canada, North America and the world. We have included references describing goods manufactured by many European and North American companies, but we conc,.that works on material goods less likely to be found in western ~mlda were often not as thoroughly referenced. For example, how many publications on Austrian porcelains should be included in this bibliography? No doubt, at one time period or another, Austrian porcelains occurred in western Canada, but, in all 2 likelihood, they were not that common. Thus, the references on Austrian porcelains and other similar, esoteric items are scanty. The bibliography should be useful to researchers working in other parts of Canada and the United States because it contains many references to artifacts manufactured in other parts of the world. However, this list of works is not as comprehensive as that for the geographical area we specifically selected (i.e., western Canada). As well,