VOL.48, No. 3 HEAD OFFICE: MONTREAL, MARCH 1967 Thingsto Remember

THE HISTORYOF CANADAis in the longand continuing historicinterest pertaining to ;(2) to "con- processionof all the people who passed this way before serve"those objects, which means to maintainobjects us and left memoriesof themselvesand theirworks in goodcondition or restorethem as far as may be and the places they knew. Remembranceof them possible;(3) to conductresearch, much of which is beinggiven a frontseat at Canada’scentennial cele- basedon thestudy collections; (4)to educateby a wide brations. varietyof means:the publicationof scientificand Museums,preserved and restoredbuildings, tell the popularworks, exhibits, guided tours, and public lec- storyof menand womenpitted against the wilderness, tures,including films. withoutconveniences or comforts, and often with little hope thatconditions would improve. Their valiant Canada’smuseums livesare shownin theirhandicrafts and documented There are, roughly,four types of museumsin by letters,deeds, grants of landand old portraits, Canada:the NationalMuseum, provincial museums, thingswhich enchant the eye and inspirethe mind. localmuseums and specialmuseums. Thesethoughts are closeto the heartsof many In the NationalMuseum the principaldisplays are .Reports have been published of somefifty recreationsof the naturalsettings of l~ndiansand museumsbeing organized as centennialprojects, nine Eskimosand of Canada’swildlife. It hasexquisitely- of themmajor new buildings.’In addition,pioneer workedand well-designeddioramas of life in all homesare beingrestored, and somegathered together intovillages. All thesewill summon up remembrance periodsof Canada’shistory. Its scope encompasses the wholecountry, its people, and its natural history. It of thingspast and helpus to understandhow Canada becamewhat she is, our presentcircumstances, and collectsa wideassortment of objects,ranging from microscopicorganisms to huge war canoesand totem how we may projectthe advancesof the pastinto the poles;it recordsall available information about these future. specimens,and it preservesthem for thisgeneration Museums and thoseto come.It is one of the greatresearch museumsof the world. In these days, museumsare not lookedupon as stodgydull centres. It is not enoughto assemblea Provincialmuseums are, of course,interested princi- collectionof naval and military relics, of stuffedbirds pallyin theirown environment,but theymust go out- and animals,of nativesoup bowlsand arrows.Most sideit on occasionfor objects which contribute toward museumsof this kind are patheticand dusty,more understandinglocal conditions. reminiscentof death and thetomb than of thestirring Thisis illustratedin a smallway in theNew Bruns- timeswhich they are supposedto recall. wick Museum. The landingof the United Empire Museumsare now findingit possibleto educatein an Loyalistsat SaintJohn on May 18, 1783was a matter interestingway. Mr. J. D. Herbert,Director of Mani- of the utmostimportance not onlyat the timebut as toba’sMuseum of Man and Nature,writes: "A museum the beginningof developmentthat is stillgoing on is an institutionthat seeks to educateby explaining afternearly two hundredyears. But thatevent cannot the nature,significance and relationshipsof things be understoodif we startin a vacuum,so the Museum chosento illustratethe wondersof natureand the hascollected letters, ships’ papers and objects with worksof man." whichthe Loyalistswere associated in theirprevious Dr. R. Glover,Director of the Human History dwellingplaces. Branchof the NationalMuseum of Canada,sees the The most importantsection of the Newfoundland purposeof the museumas fourfold,and thesefour Museum,and a valuablecontribution to knowledge,is dutiesinterlock: (1) to collectobjects of scientific its BoethuckCollection. This commemoratesthe indigenousIndians of Newfoundland,a vanished race Specialmuseums whoselast survivor, Nancy Shanawdithit, died in 1829. Somelocal museums specialize in periodsor sub- Thesewere the people, says the Encyclopedia of Canada, whomthe Europeansshot down at sight-- the French jects,for examplethe U.E.L.Museum at Adolphus- even paid a bountyfor theirdestruction- on the town,the BrantHistorical Museum, the Bell homestead at Brantford,and the SouthSfmcoe Pioneer Museum, principlethat "there is no goodIndian but a deadone." withits 5,000implements. The rectoryof the church CentennialYear will see the QuebecMuseum dis- at Batoche,, has beenestablished as a playing"French Canadian Arts". This is to givean museumtelling the storyof the NorthwestRebellion. over-allpicture of painting,sculpture, jewellery, draw- Thereare specialmuseums, big and small,covering ing,decorative arts and folklore arts from the beginning untiltoday. the developmentof varioushuman activities: the NationalAeronautical Collection, Ottawa; the Cana- The RoyalOntario Museum is Canada’sbiggest, and dian War Museum,Ottawa, and the CanadianRailway it is amongthe three or fourlargest in theworld. Its Museumat Delson,. The CanadianRailroad threeacres of galleriesin themain building describe HistoricalAssociation is devoted to thecollection and thestructure of theearth, its animals past and present, preservationof records and rollingstock relating to and the marchof civilizationfrom Babylon to early railand inland water transportation. Canada. Manitobahas, as itscentennial project, the "Museum Restoredhouses of Man and Nature".This concept gets away from the Lifeas it waslived a centuryago is bestseen in the stereotypedsplit between natural history on the one old housesrestored and furnishedby devotedlocal handand humanhistory on the other.It portraysman andnature as partsof an indivisiblewhole -- in other women’sgroups and historicalassociations. As the words,man in his environment,linking together the visitorwalks through their doors he entersthe life and timesof thepeople who lived there. past,the present and the future in one greatunifying theme. A houseof particularinterest because of its many associationsis that of SimeonPerkins, in Liverpool, The WesternDevelopment Museum in Saskatchewan hasseveral branches, each of whichdisplays early farm .Colonel Perkins was a merchantand machineryand articlesonce common to everyhouse- ship-ownerwho camewith the UnitedEmpire Loyalists in 1759and built this house in 1766.Here is Perkins’s hold.A starthas beenmade on reconstructionof a desk,from which he managedactivities ranging from pioneervillage. The SaskatchewanArchives Board, theWest Indies to Labrador;here is thatunusual piece withpreservation of government records as itsprimary of furnitureabout which many have read but which few function,has broadenedout to the collectionof haveseen- a trundle-bed.A trundle-bed is one that historicalrecords. rollsunder an ordinarybed and canbe pulledout for The new Provincial Museum and Archives of use.The PerkinsHearth Cook Book, containing many ,scheduled for openingin October,will be a excerptsfrom the Colonel’s diary, is beingreissued in freepublic institution which will portray Alberta by its fourthedition as a centennialproject by the Zion collecting,preserving and exhibiting significant natural Guildin Liverpool. andhistorical items. Not manymiles away is UniackeHouse, built by an BritishColumbia has under construction a large new Irishadventurer from Cork who becamea memberof Archives-Museumcomplex. the Nova ScotiaCouncil and AttorneyGeneral. A uniquefeature is thatthe closetdoors have holes Local museums drilledin themto admitcats in pursuitof mice. The localmuseum has the functionof showingthe Althoughhe was influentialin NovaScotia govern- lifeand times of itstown or county.To be fullymean- ment, Judge ThomasChandler Haliburton is most ingfulit shoulddemonstrate the processof develop- popularlyrecalled as theauthor of a seriesof stories mentfrom pre-pioneerdays to the present.Little aboutSam Slick,a smartYankee peddler of clocks. thingsare important:the AlbertCounty Museum in Haliburtonhas beennamed "the father of the Ameri- New Brunswickdisplays a name-quiltused in fund can schoolof humour."His househas beenpreserved, raisingfor a communityhearse- a pertinentexhibit and in it you may see one of the originalSam Slick withinthe context of tellingthe county’s history. clocks,with wooden works. Thegreat strength and the pulling-power of the local In 1705 Claudede Ramezaybuilt his chfiteauin museumis itsconcentration on what is local.It owesit Montreal.After the conquest it wasthe officialresi- to itsvisitors to givethem a coherentstory, attractively dence of the governor-in-chiefof BritishNorth told, of how and why this particularcommunity America.In 1775 the AmericanContinental Army originatedand developed.As Mr.Herbert remarks, it madethe chgtteauits headquarters. In 1776 there came is possibleto entertainand educate at thesame time, to it BenjaminFranklin as an envoyto stirthe French or to do neither:"The choice you makewill determine Canadiansto revolution.Benedict Arnold occupied whetheryou run a museum,a midwayor a mausoleum." the chateaufor severalweeks. It has beenpreserved so wellthat the mark of theold reception dais is still and the communityroom, where Champlain instituted to be seenon the salonwall. the Orderof the Good Time. Ontariohas dozensof pioneerhomes. At Orilliais ChamblyVillage, near Montreal,is part of the the StephenLeacock Memorial Home. It contains seigniorygranted to Jacquesde Chamblyin 1672.In it originalfurniture and a numberof Leacock’smanu- arethe St. Hubert house, built in 1760,the Maigneault scripts,books and letters. house,built of four-inch-thickplanks, morticed to a frameof hand-hewntimber, and the Lareauhouse, The quaint and charminghome of WilliamLyon builton itspresent site in 1775. Mackenzie,leader of the rebellionof 1837,is in Toronto:Laurier House in Ottawawas the residence UpperCanada Village, near Morrisburg, , is of two primeministers. "Chiefswood", at Middleport, a livingmuseum portraying the evolution of lifein the was the birth-placeof the Indianpoetess E. Pauline provincefrom 1795 to 1860.More than forty buildings, Johnson.The McFarlandHouse, near Niagara-on- manyof thembrought here from the sevenvillages now the-Lake,was builtin 1800,and served as a hospital floodedby the St.Lawrence seaway and powerprojects, duringthe . havebeen refurnished with authentic furniture of their time.Among the houses is onethat is trulyhistorical: In far-awayYukon, you may visitthe log cabin builtbefore 1783, it wasthe residenceof JohnGraves homeof poetRobert Service. Signatures of visitors Simcoe,the firstgovernor of UpperCanada. Around fromall over the world are to be seenin theregister thisfireplace he met withthe fivemembers of his on therickety desk where the author wrote his poems. executivein 1792and hammered out the institutionof Civil Government.Here, too, are a Glengarrylog Churches school,immortalized in storiesby RalphConnor, and Thepioneers paid great attention to religiousobser- two churches,one an ancientlog structureand the vance,and theirchurch buildings stand as memorials otherbrought on trucksfrom Moulinette, one of the to theirpiety. floodedvillages. At Barrington,Nova Scotia,is the oldestnon- Nearby is an imaginativeand beautifulmemorial to conformist,non-denominational church building in the pioneers.Before their churchyards were flooded, Canada,built in 1765.The grandsonof one of its burialstones were removed. Stones and bricksfrom clergymenbecame Archbishop of Canterbury.Near the demolishedbuildings in the valleywere brought by is a memorialto the grandmotherof John Howard to thisplace and used to buildseveral pleasant garden Payne,who wrote"Home Sweet Home". St. Edward’s courts.The gravestones were set into the walls. Church,at Clementsport,erected by the Loyalistsin Fartherwest, crumbling stonework beside the River 1788,has manyrelics. Wye markedthe site of Sainte-Marieuntil a few years ago.In 1940the JesuitOrder acquired the property In Montreal,Notre Dame de Bon Secours (the Churchof the Sailors)was foundedin 1657.Damaged and sponsoredarchaeological investigations, and in 1964the governmentof Ontariobegan reconstruction by two fires,the churchwas replacedby thepresent buildingin 1772.Quebec City has manyancient church of the settlement.The earthwas removeda spoonful buildings,but of specialinterest is NotreDame des at a time to revealthe moulderingremains of the palisadeand buildings.Today the visitorsees many Victoires,erected in 1688near the site of Champlain’s buildingsfaithfully reproduced. originalhouse. Thereare otherhistorical villages in Ontario, The originalmission founded on the siteof Prince includingFanshawe, Muskoka, Jordan, Kitchener, Albert,Saskatchewan, in 1866,is now a museum.The Rockton,St. JosephIsland, and BlackCreek. EnglishRiver Mission of the Churchof England,in Saskatchewan,built in 1850of logscut locallyand On a sixty-acresite near Calgary, Alberta, has been windowsbrought from England, is stillin use. reconstructeda prairie settlement of the 1890’s. Origi- nalbuildings have been brought here and re-erected -- a NorthWest MountedPolice barracks, a smithy,a Restoredvillages ranch,a postoffice, a barbershop, a bank,a church, Attractingscores of thousandsof visitorsevery year, a generalstore and manyothers. the restoredpioneer villages across Canada are our BritishColumbia has its Barkerville,where gold mostpopular link with our past. flowingfrom creeks in tensof millionsof dollarsin the In thesevillages history drops its textbook guise and 1860’screated the largestsettlement west of Chicago revealsitself not as a scholarlyrecord of political and northof SanFrancisco. The townis beingrebuilt struggleand economicdevelopment but as the story as it lookedduring the goldrush. of people. Fortsand battlefields PortRoyal Habitation, in Nova Scotia,has been restoredin accordwith Champlain’splan for the Canadianmilitary efforts have been in self-defence, originalof 1605.Visitors enter a roomfurnished as it and thereare big and little forts and martello towers was whenMarc Lescarbot sat therewriting a playin in everypart of thecountry, testifying to thedeter- 1606,the first drama ever presented in NorthAmerica, minationof Canadiansto defendtheir land. Stoneby stone,the mightyfortress-city Louisbourg Fort York,Toronto, was establishedin 1793,and is risingfrom its ruins on the Atlanticcoast of Nova playeda prominentrole in the War of 1812. Fort Scotia.The first French settlers came here in 1713,and George,at Niagara-on-the-Lake,was built in 1797 by 1755they had a fortress-citywith more than 300 and destroyedby the Americansin 1813.Its block- homesand 5,000people. The fortificationscost so houseshave been restored,and its powdermagazine much thatKing LouisXV said he expectedto awake stillstands. somemorning in Franceto see the wallslooming on WhenSitting Bull and the Siouxunder his command thehorizon. crossedthe boundaryinto what is now Saskatchewan No otherplace in Americahas seenso muchfighting afterthe Battleof the LittleBig Horn,the North or so many siegesas has Fort Anne,Nova Scotia, West MountedPolice established a detachmentat wherebuilding started in 1635.Visitors may enterthe Wood Mountain.From this post, of whichone build- powdermagazine, built of stoneshipped from France ing has beenreconstructed, a handful of policecon- in 1708.The original door is stillin place,supported trolledthe proudand powerfulSioux Nation. by one Frenchand one Englishhinge. FortSteele is beingrebuilt a few milesfrom Cran- QuebecCity is fullof memories.Its walls, completed brook,B.C. Sometwenty houses and buildingshave in 1832,cost $35 million, and its gates are attractive. beenrestored. Thereare housesin whichMontcalm lived, and one in whichreport has it he diedafter the Battle of the Plainsof Abraham.Tablets mark the placewhere, on Sites and plaques the lastday of 1775,the twofounding races of Canada unitedfor the first time to defendtheir country. A com- The use of historicalplaques is justifiedwhen binedFrench-English garrison beat off an American nothingbut the site of a buildingis to be found. revolutionaryforce led by GeneralRichard Mont- The nationaland provincialplaques mark places gomeryand BenedictArnold. wherediligent research has placedan "X"to saythat The firstFort Chambly, Quebec, was builtin 1665 herea man diedbravely, and therea treatywas signed by a captainin the CarignanRegiment. By 1711 the or a battlefought. solidstone structure, the walls of whichremain today, Theseplaques should be easilyread. Some, like our had replacedthe woodenfort. The Americanscaptured nationalmarkers, may be artisticallypleasing, but thefort in 1775,and upon retiring in thefollowing year destroyedeverything that would burn. Fort Lennox, theirsmall raised lettering is hardlydecipherable. on Ile-aux-Noix,near Montreal,was builtby the Theyfail in theirduty to communicate. Frenchin 1759,and for nearlya year held up the Withoutbuildings, but still a memorablespot Britishadvance from the south. Rebuilt in 1775,it was markedby a plaque,is thesite of theParliament Oak usedas the Americanbase for an advanceon Quebec. at Niagara-on-the-Lake.On May 1, 1793,there was In 1812the British built the present fort and occupied passedon thisspot the SeventhAct of Parliament, it until1869. freeingthe slavesin UpperCanada. Thus Canada One of Canada’smost impressivewar memorials, becamethe first British possession to provide by legis- becausesensitive thought went into its construction, lationfor the abolitionof slavery,79 yearsbefore is at CryslerBattlefield, near Village. slaverywas abolished in theUnited States. The battle,in whicha British-Canadianforce of 800 Cemeteries,too, have their tales to tellof theheroic routedan invadingAmerican force of 4,000that was past.In the old buryingground at St. AndrewsWest marchingon Montreal,was foughton Crysler’sFarm, in Ontariois thegrave of SimonFraser, great explorer, now flooded.By a strokeof genius,the top soilfrom the firstto descendthe FraserRiver. Here, too, is a the battlefieldwas truckedto highground and built memorialto MilesMacdonell, who was superintendent intoa mound.The memorial,an obeliskbuilt by the of LordSelkirk’s Red RiverColony in . Governmentof Canadain 1895, was broughtout of the valleyand erectedon the mound. Thoughtkindled by all thesememorials will inspire Canadiansin theirsecond century as a unitednation FortWellington, at Prescott,has been partially to actionsworthy of suchforefathers. restored.From it, in the War of 1812,British and Canadiantroops sallied out to captureOgdensburg, On the occasionof the Centenaryof Confederation, and in the invasionof 1838 to repelthe Americans everyonewho cando so willwish to visitthe Legisla- underVon Schoultz. tiveBuilding in Charlottetown,. Thereis the roomin whichdelegates discussed the FortHenry, at Kingston,was startedas a block- Unionof BritishNorth America. houseto protectthe navaldockyard. When Colonel John By beganconstruction of the RideauCanal to A plaqueon thewall reads: "In the hearts and minds providea safe inlandpassage from Lake Ontarioto of the delegateswho assembledin this room on Ottawaand Montreal,the stone fortress was raisedto September 1st 1864 was born the Dominion of guardthe canal’sOntario end. Wholly restored, the Canada."A plaqueon the tablemarks the spotwhere fortoffers many souvenirs of thepast century. the Articlesof Confederationwere signed.

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