Det Vita Hatet: Radikal Nationalism I Digitala Miljöer

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Det Vita Hatet: Radikal Nationalism I Digitala Miljöer Det vita hatet: radikal nationalism i digitala miljöer Lisa Kaati (red.) FOI-R--4463--SE ISSN1650-1942 www.foi.se November 2017 FOI-R--4463--SE Lisa Kaati (red.) Det vita hatet: radikal nationalism i digitala miljöer Bild/Cover: Shutterstock/ifong FOI-R--4463--SE Titel Det vita hatet: radikal nationalism i digitala miljöer Title The white hate: radical nationalism in digital environments Rapportnr/Report no FOI-R--4463--SE Månad/Month November Utgivningsår/Year 2017 Antal sidor/Pages 58 ISSN 1650-1942 Kund/Customer Kulturdepartementet Forskningsområde 1. Beslutsstödssystem och informationsfusion FoT-område Projektnr/Project no A68001 Godkänd av/Approved by Johan Söderström Ansvarig avdelning Försvars- och säkerhetssystem Exportkontroll Detta verk är skyddat enligt lagen (1960:729) om upphovsrätt till litterära och konstnärliga verk, vilket bl.a. innebär att citering är tillåten i enlighet med vad som anges i 22 § i nämnd lag. För att använda verket på ett sätt som inte medges direkt av svensk lag krävs särskild överenskommelse. This work is protected by the Swedish Act on Copyright in Literary and Artistic Works (1960:729). Citation is permitted in accordance with article 22 in said act. Any form of use that goes beyond what is permitted by Swedish copyright law, requires the written permission of FOI. FOI-R--4463--SE Sammanfattning I den här rapporten presenteras forskning och analys som gjorts inom ramen för det uppdrag som regeringen har tilldelat Totalförsvarets forskningsinstitut (Ku2016/01373/D – Uppdrag till Totalförsvarets forskningsinstitut (FOI) att göra kartläggningar och analyser av våldsbejakande extremistisk propaganda). Projektet pågår fram till mars 2019 och detta är den tredje rapporten inom ramen för uppdraget. Syftet med den här rapporten är att ge en inblick i några olika digitala miljöer vars gemensamma nämnare är att de alla är främlingsfientliga. Rapporten beskriver också hur psykologi kan förklara fördomsfullhet och främlingsfientlighet, hur det blir när fördomar övergår till hat och några av de sätt som används för att kommunicera hat. Vidare studeras några digitala miljöer som sprider hatbudskap och hur maskulinitet och kvinnosyn uttrycks i radikala nationalistiska miljöer. Avslutningsvis diskuteras några av de problem som vi ser med internet och extremistiska digitala budskap. Nyckelord: radikal nationalism, vit makt, hat, hatbudskap, fördomsfullhet. 3 FOI-R--4463--SE Summary This report presents research carried out within the project (Ku2016/01373/D – Uppdrag till Totalförsvarets forskningsinstitut (FOI) att göra kartläggningar och analyser av våldsbejakande extremistisk propaganda) that has been assigned to the Swedish Defence Research Agency by the Swedish Government. The purpose of this report is to provide insight into different digital environments with xenophobia as the common denominator. We also describe how psychology can explain prejudices and xenophobia and how prejudices can turn into hate as well as how hate can be communicated on the Internet. We have studied some Swedish immigration critic digital environments; how these environments communicate and what they communicate about. We have also studied how masculinity and women's views are expressed in radical nationalist environments and we conclude with discussing some of the problems we see with the Internet and extremist digital messages. Keywords: white supremacy, immigration critic, xenophobia, hate speech, hate. 4 FOI-R--4463--SE Innehållsförteckning 1 Översikt 7 1.1 Om arbetet ........................................................................................ 7 1.2 Rapportens struktur ........................................................................... 8 1.3 Rapporten i korthet ............................................................................ 8 2 Inledning 10 2.1 Främlingsfientlighet på internet ....................................................... 10 2.2 Invandringskritiska alternativmedier ................................................ 12 2.3 Radikal nationalism ......................................................................... 12 2.4 Analysmetoder ................................................................................ 17 2.5 Etiska aspekter av datahantering .................................................... 18 3 Främlingsfientliga gruppers psykologi 19 3.1 Fördomsfullhet: gruppfaktorer ......................................................... 19 3.2 Fördomsfullhet: individfaktorer ........................................................ 22 3.3 När fördomar övergår till hat............................................................ 23 4 Hat 25 4.1 Hatsajter, hatgrupper och viralt hat ................................................. 26 4.2 Hatsymboler .................................................................................... 28 4.3 Citattecken som dispytmarkörer ...................................................... 32 4.3.1 Användandet av dispytmarkörer i två digitala miljöer.................. 33 4.4 Hat mot olika yrkesgrupper ............................................................. 35 4.4.1 Hatfulla kommentarer .................................................................. 35 5 NMR och Nordfront 38 5.1 Nordiska motståndsrörelsens ideologi ............................................ 38 5.2 Nordfront i siffror .............................................................................. 40 5.3 Samtalsämnen på Nordfront ........................................................... 40 6 Avpixlat 42 5 FOI-R--4463--SE 6.1 Avpixlat i siffror ................................................................................ 42 6.2 Samtalsämnen på Avpixlat ............................................................. 42 6.3 Han och hon på Avpixlat ................................................................. 44 6.3.1 Redaktionellt material ................................................................. 45 6.3.2 Kommentarer .............................................................................. 45 6.3.3 Han och hon ................................................................................ 46 7 Radikal nationalism, maskulinitet och kvinnosyn 49 8 Slutord 54 8.1 Resultat ........................................................................................... 54 8.2 Att förbjuda propaganda och ideologier .......................................... 55 8.3 Teknikföretagens roll i ett säkert internet ........................................ 56 8.4 Framtida forskning .......................................................................... 58 6 FOI-R--4463--SE 1 Översikt Den här rapporten är en del i det uppdrag som regeringen har gett till Totalförsvarets forskningsinstitut (Ku2016/01373/D – Uppdrag till Totalförsvarets forskningsinstitut (FOI) att göra kartläggningar och analyser av våldsbejakande extremistisk propaganda). Det här är den tredje rapporten som producerats inom ramen för uppdraget. I den här rapporten studeras olika digitala miljöer som alla är främlingsfientliga och där hatfulla budskap sprids. Vissa av dessa miljöer går under samlingsnamnet vit makt-miljön, en miljö som Säkerhetspolisen definierar som en extremistisk miljö bestående av individer, grupper och organisationer som vill ha en nationell gemenskap baserad på etnicitet och ett auktoritärt styrt samhälle. Vi har i den här rapporten valt att studera de svenska digitala invandringskritiska miljöerna och inte enbart fokusera på det miljöer som Säkerhetspolisen definierar som vit makt-miljöer. Från ett psykologiskt perspektiv beskriver vi de gruppfaktorer och individuella faktorer som förklarar fördomsfullhet och negativitet mot andra människor hos främlingsfientliga grupper. Vi beskriver också begreppet hat och hur hat kan se ut i digitala miljöer, dels i form av symboler men också i form av texter riktade mot exempelvis politiker och journalister. Vi gör i den här rapporten mer utförliga analyser på två vitt skilda digitala miljöer: Nordiska motståndsrörelsens webbplats Nordfront och den invandringskritiska webbplatsen Avpixlat (som numera heter Samhällsnytt). Båda dessa miljöer har dels redaktionellt material som publiceras av en bakomliggande redaktion men också ett kommentarsfält där användare kan kommentera fritt. De analyser som vi gör i den här rapporten är fokuserade på textuellt innehåll. Av etiska och juridiska skäl är analyserna också begränsade till öppna kanaler, det vill säga material som går att läsa utan inloggning eller medlemskap, något som medför begränsningar när det gäller valet av miljöer som vi kan studera. 1.1 Om arbetet Det här arbetet är i högsta grad tvärvetenskapligt och innehållet förenar flera olika forskningsfält och kompetenser som exempelvis datavetenskap, lingvistik, psykologi och statsvetenskap. De personer som medverkat i den här rapporten är: Lisa Kaati (editor) Nazar Akrami Katie Cohen Eric Hartshorne Tim Isbister Magnus Sahlgren 7 FOI-R--4463--SE Innehållet i rapporten är granskat enligt FOI:s interna granskningsstruktur med hjälp av Mattias Nilsson. 1.2 Rapportens struktur I inledningen beskrivs vår syn på främlingsfientliga hatsajter på internet. Kapitlet innehåller också en studie över några av de svenska invandringskritiska miljöerna med fokus på hur antal aktiva användare förändrats över tid. Kapitel 3 beskriver främlingsfientliga gruppers psykologi. Både gruppfaktorer och individuella faktorer som förklarar fördomsfullhet och synen på andra beskrivs. I kapitel 4 diskuteras begreppet hat och hur hat kan se ut i kommentarsfält mot
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