sign in sign up
<<
Home , Andrew Edis, British Movement, Colin Jordan, Combat 18, David Myatt, Eddy Morrison

This work has been submitted to NECTAR, the Northampton Electronic Collection of Theses and Research.

Book

Title: Lone Wolves: Myth or Reality?

Creators: Gable, G. and Jackson, P.Searchlight Magazine Example citation: Gable, G. and Jackson, P. (2011) Lone WolveRs: Myth or Reality? Ilford: Searchlight Magazine. A Version: Published version Official URL: http://www.lonewolfproject.org.uTk/ http://nectarC.northampton.ac.uk/6014/ NE Lone wolves: myth or reality?

A Searchlight report Lone wolves: myth or reality?

Searchlight has investigated nazi and fascist organisations and key individuals since its formation in 1964. Searchlight analyses and uses the results of that intelligence to prevent fascist organisations from growing and harming . Searchlight's investigative work has contributed to the arrest and conviction of fascist criminals, including terrorists, the prevention of specific crimes, and disruption of activities of fascist organisations that risk causing harm to communities. Many members of fascist organisations are heavily involved in crime and so by limiting the growth of these groups and diverting potential recruits, Searchlight also contributes to crime prevention. Since 1975 Searchlight has published a monthly magazine and occasional other publications. Searchlight has given evidence to Parliamentary enquiries and worked on two European Community reports on and . Searchlight also supplies information to the media and has been involved in the production of several major television documentary programmes exposing the activities and operations of fascists and their organisations. In 2002 the started winning local council elections. Because of this, Searchlight has devoted increasing resources to developing effective campaigning strategies under the banner of , which works closely with those sections of society most under threat from the BNP. HOPE not hate continues to be intelligence-led.

An electronic version of this publication can be downloaded from www.lonewolfproject.org.uk You can email us at [email protected] or write to Searchlight PO Box 1576 Ilford IG5 0HE © Gerry Gable

2 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? Foreword

Foreword by John Denham

Gerry Gable’s report on so-called “lone wolves” was commissioned when I was Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government. For the first time, government had become actively engaged in undercutting the roots of far-right extremism and raising the issue through the “Connecting Communities” programme. Connecting Communities complemented the “Prevent” programme aimed at Islamist based and we shared a concern with the routes which drew individuals into violent radicalism.

Gerry Gable’s report lays bare the myth that most far-right racist is the action of isolated individuals, unconnected with other organised far-right groups and . In fact, those involved in apparent one-person actions have in all cases had clear and often long-standing involvement with organised groups. The report should prompt further debate about how the roots of such violence are best tackled.

The Rt Hon John Denham MP

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 3 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

About the authors

Gerry Gable

Gerry Gable, MA (Crim), is the adviser to sections of the criminal far-right extremism and publisher of Searchlight magazine justice system. For the past 12 years contributed, together with and was one of its founding editors he has served as an independent Searchlight’s European editor in 1964. He also acts as a consultant adviser on race to the Graeme Atkinson, to two European to Searchlight Educational Trust. Metropolitan Police Service. In that Parliament reports on racism and He has pursued his lifelong interest role he participated in quarterly xenophobia. He has also given in combating the far-right enemies meetings with the Minister of State evidence to the House of of democracy alongside a career as for Security, Counter-Terrorism, Commons Home Affairs a television investigative journalist Crime and Policing. He has also Committee and to Sir William and producer, which in turn gave lectured in the USA, Canada and a Macpherson’s enquiry into the rise to his work as a trainer and number of European countries on death of Stephen Lawrence.

Dr Paul Jackson

Dr Paul Jackson (author of chapters he coordinates a research group and New Media also hosts 5 and 7) lectures in far-right based at the University of conferences and promotes wider , modern history and media Northampton, Radicalism and awareness of far-right politics. at the University of Northampton. New Media. This is a specialist, He will be publishing a major His research interests include the applied research unit that develops report on the English Defence history and of British consultancy projects with a range League in autumn 2011 and has and the far right, extremist of practitioner partners, including previously written a number of ideologies in the twentieth century, police, probation and NGOs. articles and specialist and radicalism and new media. Developing a particular expertise encyclopaedia entries on fascism Alongside Dr Matthew Feldman, in far-right politics, Radicalism and extremism.

Additional research and writing by The author wishes to thank a team Sonia Gable, BSc, deputy editor of of researchers from Searchlight and Searchlight magazine and specialist of course our brilliant designer. in investigating the financial affairs of the British far right

4 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? Lone wolves: myth or reality?

Contents

page

Executive summary 6

Chapter 1 Introduction 9

Chapter 2 An ongoing trail of terror 15

Chapter 3 The UK’s far-right “terrorists” and would-be “terrorists”: profiles 23

Chapter 4 The : views from experts and criminal justice practitioners 69

Chapter 5 Solo actor terrorism and the mythology of the lone wolf by Paul Jackson 79

Chapter 6 These people are dangerous 89

Chapter 7 Tackling violent extremism in the community by Paul Jackson 101

Chapter 8 Recommendations 111

Further reading and useful contacts 118

Appendix A List of some known convictions of members or associates of far-right groups 120

Appendix B Extract from Crown Prosecution Service guidelines on prosecuting “violent extremism” 134

Appendix C Crown Prosecution Service Counter-Terrorism Division case summaries 136

Appendix D The POWER investigation 139

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 5 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

Executive summary

David Copeland’s two-week used the internet to associate with strong hostility to immigrants and bombing campaign in spring 1999 likeminded people, exchange ideas described himself as a patriot ready brought the existence of far-right and obtain information about how to defend his country. Again his terrorism into the public eye. In fact to acquire weapons or make political links were played down to he was not the first far-right explosives and deadly chemicals. the extent that after he was terrorist to be convicted in Britain sentenced in January 2010 a police and many others have followed. The current wave of far-right terror spokesperson claimed Gavan’s Nevertheless the police, Crown in the UK has its origins in the association with a political party Prosecution Service and courts 1960s with the synagogue arsonists was of no interest. Nevertheless, the have generally viewed far-right and the violent activities of a police and courts were beginning to terrorists as isolated individuals – handful of nazi leaders, including take far-right links with terrorism lone wolves – rather than the and John Tyndall. more seriously. For example inevitable consequence of the In the 1980s there was notably following the conviction of Martyn activities of several, often small, , a British National Gilleard in 2008, a spokesperson for organisations that espouse a violent Party member, who attempted to the CPS Counter Terrorism Division racist and fascist ideology. This has blow up the offices of a leftwing stated: “This is a man who is meant that the authorities have political party. Although the police comfortable with the idea of a race failed to put in place effective found grenades, petrol bombs and war and was preparing for one – strategies to monitor these detonators at his home, he was going so far as to manufacture extreme-right groups with a view to sentenced to only three years in bombs and collect weapons.” early identification of those prison after, incredibly, the judge individuals who show signs of told him: “You are not a terrorist in The trial of Ian and Nicky Davison making the transition from racist the normal sense of the word, nor in May 2010 revealed the existence abuse and threatening behaviour to were you acting on behalf of some of the Aryan Strike Force. Ian terrorism and murder. political group.” Davison, father of 19-year-old Nicky, had manufactured ricin and This report includes case studies of A less well known extreme-right other bombs and notably was the nearly 40 individuals holding terrorist of the 1980s was Richard first person in Britain to be far-right political views who have Barnes, a murderer who holds the sentenced under the Chemical been convicted for violence or distinction of being Britain’s first Weapons Act 1996 for producing a terrorist offences. The details attempted extremist suicide chemical weapon. Police believed revealed in court showed that they bomber, when he drove a car into the pair – nazi zealots who revered were motivated, and obtained the the entrance of a left-wing Hitler and hated , knowledge and wherewithal to bookshop and set fire to it. Muslims and – were in contact carry out their acts, through with around 300 nazis worldwide. dangerous networks that Another would-be bomber who introduced them to a perverse joined the BNP was Terence Gavan. Often the activities of these ideological world. Many of them The Old Bailey jury heard he had a extreme-right terrorists were only

6 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? Executive summary

discovered by luck. For example chapter examining the issue of Often those who have become police visited the home of David tackling violent extremism in the involved in far-right violence and Tovey in pursuit of an enquiry community, arguing that a more terrorism have shown signs of such about racist graffiti and Nathan integrated approach is needed. interests at a young age. As part of a Worrell came to attention because strategy for tackling violent of the racist stickers he plastered The report makes 11 extremism there needs to be near the home of a mixed race recommendations aimed at effective work with young people to couple. Police only discovered improving the detection of divert them from engaging in racist Martyn Gilleard’s extensive terrorists motivated by extreme- violence and involvement in preparations to wage race war after right ideology. They cover better extreme-right organisations. acting on a tip-off regarding child intelligence gathering and Such work must be led by pornography, for which he was also monitoring of those highly violent knowledgeable and properly convicted. organisations that inspire trained specialists who have the individuals to engage in terrorism, skill to intervene with first-time The cases outlined in this report facilitating exchange of offenders and determine whether demonstrate conclusively that far- information, and better training of they have any political interests right terrorists are not lone wolves those tasked with investigating that could result in the person but are connected with, influenced violent extremism. The author stepping up their offending towards by and often helped by proposes that the police should terrorism. Young people may be organisations whose beliefs they enter into deals guaranteeing a particularly vulnerable to the share. Increasingly criminal justice reduced sentence in exchange for influence of superficially attractive practitioners and other experts are information that would prevent far-right ideology, especially if it moving towards this view, with a other terrorist activity or lead to comes from those they look up to. few notable exceptions. Some of other prosecutions. Most crucially, Nicky Davison is a case in point. these views are reproduced in the evidence in this report leads to Chapter 4. the conclusion that far-right Above all this report is aimed at terrorism must be treated as promoting further discussion about In Chapter 5 the question of what seriously as Islamist terrorism. the threat of terrorism emanating makes an individual commit an act Fortunately many of those profiled from the far right and encouraging of terror is examined in this report were caught before further research on why a few comprehensively by Dr Paul they could carry out the acts for individuals are attracted to violent Jackson, a researcher at the which they were preparing, but that racist political beliefs and as a University of Northampton, who will not always be the case. In many result engage in terrorist activity. ● concludes that the term “lone wolf” instances the judges sentencing is of limited value and that those them were convinced that they who act alone are often supported would have used their bombs or by others, either tacitly or explicitly. weapons had they not been caught Dr Jackson has also contributed a in time.

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 7 8 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? Lone wolves: myth or reality?

Chapter 1 Introduction

David Copeland on the way to placing his first bomb in on 17 April 1999

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 9 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

Introduction (continued)

On the afternoon of 30 June 2000, Admiral Duncan, a well known At the end of the evening Sir David the nazi terrorist David gay bar, in time to stop the attack Veness approached Mr Gable Copeland was convicted at the Old but failed to act. Not only was this suggesting cooperation between Bailey and given six life sentences accusation wholly unfounded, it them in these matters of common for the murders of the three people stood in the way of addressing the interest, to which Mr Gable he had killed when he placed a nail valid criticism of the police and responded favourably. A few days bomb in the Admiral Duncan pub security service’s lack of later Sir David Veness contacted in Soho in April 1999 and for intelligence about the killer. Mr Gable as he had learned that placing the bombs in Soho, Brixton one of the Sunday papers was and Brick Lane. AC Veness, now Sir David Veness, intending to attack him and the had a deserved reputation as one team of officers who had brought That evening the BBC current of Britain’s more thoughtful and about Copeland’s conviction and affairs series Panorama broadcast intelligent police officers. repeat the claim that the police a programme on the Copeland Copeland has widely been could have prevented the Admiral bombings, which included described as a “lone wolf”, a Duncan bombing. Searchlight contributions from Gerry Gable, terrorist who acted alone, but in issued a statement to the media the publisher of the long-running the final part of the programme, defending the police investigation anti-fascist investigative magazine Sir David Veness accepted of the bombings, particularly Searchlight, and David Veness, Mr Gable’s proposition that their use of advanced then an Assistant Commissioner of Copeland committed his atrocities technological enhancement of the Metropolitan Police Service as a result of his association and CCTV images of the bomber that (MPS), responsible for special “linkages” with “various rightwing resulted in the identification of operational sections including organisations”. Mr Gable had Copeland by one of his work Special Branch. It was officers come to the conclusion, as a result colleagues (as well as by a under his command that had of (at that time) 36 years of Searchlight source in the BNP). tracked Copeland down. experience of gathering and analysing intelligence on the Soon afterwards Sir David Veness Soon after Copeland’s arrest it extreme right, that people such as invited Mr Gable to play a role in had emerged that neither Special Copeland are not born with training police officers who would Branch nor MI5 held a file on terrorist inclinations, nor is their be working in the newly formed him, despite his active terrorism purely the result of some Community Safety Units (CSU). involvement in the British psychological problem, but that As a result Mr Gable ran a training National Party and the more through their interaction with session for all officers joining extreme National Socialist racist and nazi groups they London CSUs at Hendon Police Movement. This resulted in some develop the belief that violence is College under the title “Confronting left-wing groups cynically necessary to achieve their political the Enemies of Democracy” and suggesting that the police knew of goals and in some cases turn that later helped train trainers at the Copeland’s intent to bomb the into action. Police Staff College at Bramshill.

10 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? Introduction

Carnage caused by David Copeland’s third London bomb at the Admiral Duncan pub in Soho on 30 April 1999

Sir David Veness and Mr Gable An important element of their At Sir David Veness’s behest, shared the view that to prevent work would be to consider Mr Gable worked over an eight- rightwing extremists moving from whether or not far-right terrorists month period to gather evidence racist abuse and threatening are “lone wolves”, a view that, as that would disprove the theory that behaviour to terrorism and murder, stated above, Searchlight rejects. extreme-right terrorists were it was necessary to monitor Searchlight has found only one merely unbalanced, sad and lonely extreme-right groups with a view to instance of a far-right terrorist act people acting alone. early identification of those where the perpetrator has not used individuals who show signs of nazi websites or been influenced Sir David Veness’s departure from making that transition. They by the writings and speeches of the the MPS and the Association of wanted to determine whether it leaders of far-right groups. This Chief Police Officers (ACPO) in 2005 was possible to spot potential far- proposition was something that for an appointment as the United right terrorists. Sir David Veness had indicated he Nations Under-Secretary-General accepted in the Panorama for Safety and Security brought Sir David Veness, Mr Gable and programme1 and DS Woodland too Operation Overture to a standstill Detective Sergeant Ron Woodland, agreed this was correct after after his successor made the an MPS Special Branch officer, discussion with Searchlight. decision to discontinue Overture’s now deceased, set up a joint work. Sir David Veness had working party, consisting of the One of the major obstacles to indicated that a request for funding Probation and Prison Services, the progress was the inability of for Mr Gable to continue his work Crown Prosecution Service, government agencies to share for a year would be placed before the MPS Special Branch and information on far-right extremists the ACPO Committee for Terrorism Searchlight, under the title because of data protection and Allied Matters (TAM), but this Operation Overture, to study the legislation and rules on the use of did not occur. After the London threat of extreme-right terrorism criminal records and other police bombings of July 2005 attention and devise strategies to contain it. data. A police legal officer started focussed much more on Islamist It had the support of the Director work on investigation how this terrorism and far-right terrorism of Public Prosecutions. difficulty could be overcome. took a back seat. ➤

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 11 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

Introduction (continued)

Part of Operation Overture’s brief Views on the sources of domestic was taken over by ACPO’s National terrorism are changing in parts of Coordination Unit for Domestic the criminal justice system. In May Extremism (NCDE) headed by 2008, on his first day as ACPO’s Assistant Chief Constable Anton counter terrorism coordinator in Setchell OBE, who reports directly , Assistant Chief Constable to ACPO TAM. NCDE has a budget Allan Burnett warned that the of £9 million in 2010 and operates threat from right-wing extremism with a staff of 70 police officers and was as damaging to community 30 researchers and analysts. relations as the menace posed by al-Qaeda, and that police forces NCDE has amassed files on a wide should not ignore the latent neo- range of extremists. It has been the nazi presence across the UK. target of criticism from both the “There’s no point promoting liberal press and some of - positive race relations if, in wing press for holding files on 1,822 claiming to be everyone’s persons suspected of involvement coordinator of counter terrorism, in Islamist, animal rights or more you take your eye off the right recently extreme-right violence. wing,” he said. (above) Robert Cottage The critics consider holding such (below) Neil Lewington files to be excessively intrusive and A vocal minority of those involved a manifestation of a growing in tackling the threat from far- “surveillance society”. In fact the right terrorists, and some of the figure may be seen as low. media involved in reporting the In particular it is unlikely to include growing number of arrests and many of the individuals who have convictions for such offences, are become active in the English quick to repeat the view that the Defence League, which represents a perpetrators of these crimes are new danger to community safety, damaged loners. Searchlight, since its formation in spring 2009. which has gathered intelligence on the far right since 1964, and Anton Setchell maintains an open others involved in countering far- door even to his most vocal critics right terrorism consider that those and certainly is keen to look outside who commit these offences are Britain’s borders to uncover the motivated, and obtain the links that exist between British far- knowledge and wherewithal to right extremists and their carry out their acts, through counterparts abroad. dangerous networks that

12 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? Introduction

Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh and the nazi book that inspired him

introduce them to a perverse world of political ideology and sexual control. The internet provides the facility for such people to exchange ideas, both political and sexual, with likeminded people and enables attention to the recent conviction the UK and other EU member them to associate with or join of Neil Lewington, a rightwing states have with extremists in the around 30 to 40 far-right extremist extremist who had been found with Middle East. groups and attend their meetings bomb-making material and Ku Klux and events. Klan manuals. “To what extent are The lone wolf theory has little these rightwing people who wish to acceptance among When Stuart Kerr stood trial with use violence and acts of terrorism European police services and two other people after his racist fire linked into other European certainly not in the FBI in the USA. bombing in Chichester, the trial networks? Or are they slightly A senior FBI officer told Mr Gable judge referred to him as a lone wolf, disturbed freelancers getting their that the only genuine lone wolf they surely a contradiction of the inspiration from the internet and had come across was Ted evidence in the dock before her. other sources – in the way that Kaczynski, the so-called Lewington appeared to be?”, asked Unabomber. When Assistant Commissioner Mr Salter. John Yates QPM, head of Special The US media have incorrectly Operations (Counter Terrorism) in “It is much more the latter,” AC described Timothy McVeigh, the the MPS, gave evidence to the Yates replied. “My assessment is – chief perpetrator of the Oklahoma Parliamentary Home Affairs and it is not a detailed assessment City bombing on 19 April 1995, Committee in November 2009, he – that it is not well organised. It which killed 168 people and injured was referred by David Winnick MP tends to be lone individuals acting more than 680, as a lone wolf, to the conviction of Robert Cottage, in that way, but, nevertheless, despite the existence of a co- a BNP election candidate, for presenting considerable danger to conspirator Terry Nichols, possession of explosives. AC Yates public safety.” McVeigh’s clear connections with agreed that there had been “a US militia movements and the fact growth around some of the far right AC Yates failed to draw the Home that he took the idea and method extremism movements”. However, Affairs Committee’s attention to for his act of terror from The Turner he said, mostly “they tend to be less the clear evidence of the links that Diaries. Written by William Pearce, organised. It tends to be the the individuals convicted of founder of the US nazi group the concept of the ‘lone wolf’.” extreme-right terrorism offences National Alliance, The Turner had with far-right parties and Diaries is a novel about a small Martin Salter, who at the time was groups, and also the links that group of revolutionaries the MP for Reading, drew AC Yates’s some far-right organisations in called The Order who carry out acts ➤

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 13 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

Introduction (continued)

of terrorism against federal targets, This report is intended to promote the Jewish community, the black discussion of the nature of far- community and so on. right terrorism and serve as a weapon against it. At Appendix A is Another nazi killer whom the a list of some of the many media generally described as a hundreds of far-right crimes lone wolf gunman was James W committed in the UK. Only a small von Brunn, who killed a security proportion of them are terrorist, a guard at Memorial far larger proportion are violent, Museum in Washington DC in racist or both. The list indicates a June 2009. Von Brunn, 88, was an propensity towards crime among admitted white supremacist and those active on the political far antisemite who wanted to send a right. Chapter 3 contains a message that the Holocaust was a selection of profiles of the more hoax, a thesis propounded by serious cases of politically nazis worldwide. Although he motivated criminal acts. The acted alone, he was heavily report concludes with some influenced by nazi ideology and recommendations for improved created his own antisemitic methods of tackling far-right website called The Holy Western terroristic extremism. ● Empire. For most of his life he had been associated with or active in dozens of far-right groups, including having some links to this country. He died in January 2010, while awaiting trial, from the wounds he received when two security guards returned fire.

It seems that it is less troublesome for the media and some MPs to view these terrorists as lone wolves than to face the fact of an organised terrorist threat from the domestic extreme right and the need to NOTES devote resources to investigating 1 A transcript of David Veness’s comments and combating it. is included in chapter 4

14 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? Lone wolves: myth or reality?

Chapter 2 An ongoing trail of terror

American Nazi Party leader (left) and British nazi leaders Colin Jordan (centre) and John Tyndall discuss the formation of the World Union of National Socialists in 1962

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 15 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

An ongoing trail of terror (continued)

Far-right terrorism is nothing new were not averse to brandishing out military training including to this country. This section firearms in attacks on, or clashes unarmed combat, stockpiled provides an overview of the many with, their anti-fascist opponents in weapons and manufactured terrorist-related acts carried out or the 43 Group, a predominantly bombs, which were used to hit planned by nazis and fascists in Jewish group of ex-servicemen and Jewish and leftwing targets. Britain since the end of the Second women formed to combat the World War. return to British political life of Jordan was always keen to recruit Mosley and his followers. from the armed forces. In 1962 The last shots of the war had not media exposés prompted the police long been fired when attacks on In the early 1960s George Parisy, a to raid Spearhead. They already Jewish premises in London started Frenchman wanted for held substantial evidence but for occurring. These hits, which involvement in an OAS plot to kill some reason never saw fit to act included synagogue arsons, were General de Gaulle, was caught in upon it until an infiltrator and the the work of a small group of London by Special Branch sharing media drew attention to fanatical Jew-haters who called the bed of a Mosleyite activist. Spearhead’s activities. It was these themselves the North West Task Parisy had a gun and several raids that uncovered the evidence Group, led by John Gaster. A strange passports. He was deported. of bomb making and paramilitary and often solitary figure, Gaster training. Jordan and three other key died in mysterious circumstances Mosley’s , Colin members of the NSM were in 1998 ago after falling out with Jordan’s and imprisoned for a breach of the 1936 people associated with the political ’s National Labour Party, Public Order Act that forbade the operations in London of Roberto which were active in the 1950s, were wearing of uniforms for a political Fiore, a convicted Italian fascist all known for their violence. At the purpose and controlling a terrorist and former Member of the end of that decade Kelso Cochrane, paramilitary body for political ends. . an immigrant from Antigua, was murdered by a gang of white racists In Jordan’s home town of , A close friend and associate of on the streets of Notting Hill. somebody in the police service Gaster was the former Conservative They were never caught. tipped off Peter Ling, one of councillor and law lecturer Sam Jordan’s key organisers who had a Swerling, who is still a regular Spearhead, the illegal paramilitary criminal record for violence, that keynote speaker for the British arm of the original British National they were about to be raided. National Party (BNP) under the Party, was formed in 1960. In 1962, With the help of Pat Webb from alias Peter Strudwick. on the anniversary of ’s , Ling buried a birth, Colin Jordan set up the large cache of weapons on a The British prewar fascist leader National Socialist Movement railway embankment. When the Sir ran movements (NSM) and the Spearhead group police turned up at the NSM after the war that included SS moved into Jordan’s new addresses, the premises were clean prisoners-of-war on the run, who organisation. These groups carried as a whistle.

16 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? An ongoing trail of terror

Key activists pose in the uniform of the illegal paramilitary Spearhead organisation inside the Princedale Road, west London, headquarters of Colin Jordan’s National Socialist Movement

Webb, an ex-commando, was heavily involved in gun running for the far right. He went on to plant a bomb in the basement of a black family’s home in the 1970s, which exploded killing a visiting teenage relative. The rest of the family escaped injury because they were attending church.

The two most spectacular NSM bombings involved Brendan Wilmer, a young man who in later life moved to South Africa. Wilmer planted a bomb at the newly opened premises of in Holborn, central London, and was one of those responsible for a second bomb that destroyed the Karl Marx memorial in Highgate cemetery. present BNP. The theological number of disturbed and No arrests were made but the college attack was never inadequate youngsters. They were identity of those who carried out the investigated by the police but the all convicted. In the final trial attacks, in which military-issue killer was unofficially identified as Jordan’s wife, the French perfume plastic explosive was used, was an NSM activist. heiress Françoise Dior, was almost an open secret. convicted and received a custodial The police initially failed to catch sentence. The gang’s targets had In the mid 1960s a gang of fascists the perpetrators of the arsons. It included large and small carried out a series of 34 arsons was only after intelligence officers synagogues, other religious against Jewish buildings in London from the Jewish anti-fascist 1962 premises and an infants’ school. over a period of more than a year. Committee – known as the One attack on a theological college , a partial successor to the Jordan himself was never charged in Stamford Hill left one student 43 Group – conducted their own despite having prior knowledge dead and another with serious investigation that a series of arrests of at least one attack, but in 1967 spinal injuries. The arsonists were took place which resulted in three he was imprisoned for 18 months members of the NSM and the trials at the Old Bailey. In the dock for distributing racist literature. Greater Britain Movement (GMB), in these trials were a former Welsh In his absence the NSM collapsed a splinter group formed by John Guardsman Hugh Hughes, a former and was reconstituted as the Tyndall, who later founded the Parachute Regiment soldier, and a . ➤

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 17 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

An ongoing trail of terror (continued)

Some of those later to be convicted in the arms case take part in a British Movement march

After his release from prison, Jordan and ammunition, but after his brought together some of his more release he moved in on what was to violent elements and gave them his become Britain’s largest far-right blessing to form the National party and took over its leadership. Socialist Group (NSG) based in south and east London. One of the NF’s London officers, Kenneth Matthews, was sent to Once again the intervention of the prison for six years for possession 62 Group’s intelligence officers of explosives after a police phone helped bring about the conviction tap led to the uncovering of a of two NSG members who had in plot to bomb trade unionists in their possession machine guns and south London. parts. The anti-fascists also seized written material relating to bomb Matthews was just one of several making and car bombs from the members of the NF or other far- nazi activists. right groups, including the British Movement and the purist nazi Diana Hughes, a mentally ill League of St George, to be member of the NSM and GBM, convicted on explosives and found her way into the NSG and firearms charges, at the same plotted to assassinate Prime time as the NF was attracting Minister Harold Wilson as he left a growing support from train at Kings Cross station. Hughes Conservatives disillusioned with had taken with her a young NSG Edward Heath. Some had huge member who needed a stiff drink stockpiles of weapons, such as before the planned attack. Although Robert Peace from Bury, who had they were in the pub for only a few 90 guns. minutes, they missed the early arrival of Wilson’s train. They were There was also ample evidence of never charged but warned off by strong links between the British far Special Branch from any more right and foreign assassins and terrorist attempts. terrorists, including James Earl Ray, who assassinated Martin Luther The nazis’ interest in terrorism King in 1968. Ray and his brother continued after the National Front had been linked to the original BNP (NF) was formed in 1967. At the and the late Sid Carthew, who later time Tyndall was serving a prison became the regional sentence for possession of a firearm organiser of the present BNP.

18 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? An ongoing trail of terror

In the early 1980s a number of Barnes went on a deadly rampage with Italian fascist terrorists to leading members of the British during which he fired a crossbow establish a cadre of “political Movement in the West Midlands bolt at an Asian man, attempted to soldiers”. A Special Branch officer at were sentenced to various prison run down two black women and the time described much of the NF terms for possession of a large then kidnapped a woman. political soldiers’ internal material arsenal of weapons and An autopsy was unable to determine as different from what one might ammunition, including machine whether she was dead when Barnes expect from people who were only guns, as well as false passports (the placed her in the boot of his car or engaging in political campaigning. Birmingham arms case). Like in died when he drove the car into a some more recent cases of far-right leftwing bookshop where it burst Since the 1980s Fiore, with whom terrorists, one of the defendants, into flames. Barnes was pulled from Griffin still has close links, has safe- Reginald Cox, was also convicted of the blaze and eventually sentenced housed a stream of political and sexual offences against young girls. to . criminal colleagues arriving in The successful prosecution was the London, including Andrea result of joint working between One of the most high profile BNP Insabato, who in December 2000 Special Branch, MI5 and terrorists was Tony Lecomber, who threw a bomb into the offices of investigative journalists from the in 1985 injured himself with a nail the leftwing daily Il Manifesto. anti-fascist magazine Searchlight. bomb while attempting to blow up Others were wanted for armed the offices of a leftwing political robberies to support their cause. After his release from custody, Cox party. Police found ten grenades, Rapists and killers have been became a member of “Defence seven petrol bombs and two no strangers to this group of Begins at Home”, a campaign that detonators at his home. He was unwanted immigrants. sought to convince the government convicted for offences under the that the defence of the country Explosives Act but sentenced to In the mid 1980s Jordan wrote in would be better served by forming only three years in prison. After his the League of St George publication a “home guard” than by reliance on release he was promoted to a senior League Review about his vision for a nuclear deterrent. Michael position in the BNP and held party the future of the British far right. McLaughlin, the leader of the offices over many years, despite He envisaged two strands, one an British Movement, also developed extensive publicity about his open political organisation, the links with the campaign, which conviction and a subsequent other an underground terrorist- benefited from some state conviction for assaulting a Jewish type group. sponsorship. teacher, for which he was sentenced to another three-year Many on the far right appear to Suicide bombing is these days prison term. have adopted this outlook, associated with Islamist terrorists including activists in the BNP and a but Britain’s first attempted suicide in the 1980s had not yet number of smaller, more criminal bomber was a Birmingham NF joined the BNP, which he was later and extreme groups, such as the member. In the early 1980s Richard to lead, but was working closely ’s Party (BPP), Racial ➤

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 19 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

An ongoing trail of terror (continued)

Volunteer Force (RVF), Aryan Strike two-week period in April 1999, shortly afterwards by an attempted Force (ASF) and Power. Underlying found his terrorist ambitions attack on the May Day the terrorist structure is , frustrated in the BNP, despite the celebrations in Chesterfield, the nazi website that posts fact that the naïve and easily . During the early hours personal details and pictures of influenced young man attended of May Day a police patrol car opponents of the nazis to the same BNP branch meetings chased a stolen vehicle. The intimidate them and worse. as Lecomber. His growing interest occupants ran away but left behind in becoming involved in the makings of a car bomb. This too Griffin often returns to the theme terrorism was able to bloom went unreported. The perpetrators of a coming civil war in Britain in the National Socialist were never caught. and cultivates his relationship Movement, a tiny nazi group with nazis, such as the unrelated to the NSM of the The three life sentences handed American Preston Wiginton, and 1960s, run by Tony Williams, a down to Copeland proved no even convicted terrorists such as former school friend and political deterrent to David Tovey, who , 74, a former ally of Griffin, together with received an 11-year sentence after member of the Baader-Meinhof Steven Sargent, the brother of the being caught in 2002 with a huge terrorist group that killed over murderer Paul David arsenal of terrorist equipment at his 30 people in from the Sargent, and , a long- home in Oxfordshire, including late 1960s. Mahler was a founding time hardline nazi and pagan military plastic explosive, member of the radical leftist mystic who more recently sophisticated remote control Army Faction, but later espoused converted to . detonation devices and state-of-the- far-right politics, joining the art weapons. Tovey, who appears to German extreme-right National The London bombings grabbed the have applied to join the BNP, Democratic Party (NPD) in 2000. headlines, unlike a petrol bombing intended to bomb Swindon mosque. of an Asian shop in Chichester two It was talk at BNP meetings about weeks before Copeland’s first bomb. The far-right terrorist threat an impending civil war that inspired Stuart Kerr earned a 12-year continues to this day. In 2008 Ellis Robert Cottage. In his statement to sentence for that attack but was not Hammond was allowed to resign the police, Cottage said he was charged with setting alight a police from his job as a Police Community preparing not for a civil war but the car within a police compound. Support Officer (PCSO) in coming race war. Statements Kerr was fascinated by and southeast London after Post Office specifically about race war had been was in contact with the nazi terror security officers intercepted a bandied about in the BNP since group Combat 18. package sent to him from the USA shortly before the Oldham and that contained an illegal Taser gun. riots in 2001. Another attack in that period When police officers raided his seriously damaged an unemployed home they found a CS gas canister, David Copeland, whose three workers’ centre in Mansfield, various weapons, BNP and other bombs exploded in London over a Nottinghamshire. It was followed far-right material and a BNP

20 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? An ongoing trail of terror

(l to r) Charlie Sargent, Tony Williams and David Myatt

membership card, in contravention BNP, was jailed for 16 years in 2009 1976. Sid Chaney, who befriended of a ban on police officers for possession of weapons, nail and defended the notorious (including PCSOs) joining the party. bombs and 39,000 child convicted paedophile Frank Beck pornography images. and, in the 1980s, associated with a His strangely lenient treatment by far-right political activist who had the police and Crown Prosecution Even Copeland, although he an improper interest in young Service, which resulted in him received the life sentences that boys, stood as a candidate for the leaving court in March 2008 with were mandatory for the three BNP in the European a one-year conditional discharge, murders among the crimes for Parliamentary election in 2004 was the subject of complaints by which he was convicted, was and several council elections. Searchlight and the Metropolitan treated as an isolated madman In November 2008 Ian Hindle and Police Independent Advisory rather than as an element in a Andrew Wells were convicted Group (Race) to the Home Office long history of involvement by and imprisoned for sexual and the Director of Public the extreme right in terrorism, activity with 14-year-old girls, Prosecutions. of which this chapter only though in this instance they provides examples. were apparently expelled from A year later when the police had the BNP after publicity about completed their examination of As an aside, it is interesting to note their offences. ● Hammond’s computer, which they the two incidences of individuals had seized in the raid on his home, involved in far-right terrorism- he was charged with five specimen related crime and child offences of downloading and pornography. It is not the purpose possessing a total of 58 indecent of this study to explore whether images of children, ranging from this is mere coincidence or level 1 to level 5 (the most serious). whether individuals involved in He pleaded guilty and received a far-right crime are predisposed three-year community sentence. towards an interest in child pornography, or vice versa. It is only in the past three years that However the BNP has attracted far-right links with terrorism have people with sex crime connections begun to be taken more seriously, on a number of occasions and the although even now it seems that party leadership has not Martyn Gilleard, for example, consistently distanced itself from received a lesser sentence than these people. Robert Bennett would have been imposed on an notably ran the BNP’s leafleting Islamist terrorist committing the campaign in Oldham in 2002 same crimes. Gilleard, an activist despite his conviction for the gang for the nazi BPP as well as for the rape of two 17-year-old girls in

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 21 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

22 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? Lone wolves: myth or reality?

Chapter 3 The UK’s far-right ‘terrorists’ and would-be ‘terrorists’

This chapter contains details commit, acts of violence, or of some individuals who have has reinforced and given engaged in political violence political justification to such a of a terroristic nature or have tendency already present apparently prepared to do so within them. For that reason but were caught before they they cannot be dismissed as could carry out their intended lone wolves. actions. Many have been described as “lone wolves”, The author has so far not loners or personally come across a single case in inadequate in some sense. the UK of a far-right terrorist However what they have in who has not either been common is an involvement, involved with a nazi active or peripheral, in far- organisation or been right organisations or at least influenced by others on the a documented interest in far- far right. Like many Islamist right politics. In many cases it terrorists, they learn their is clear that their contact with hatred and are groomed for far-right groups has inspired their deadly tasks via the them to commit, or prepare to internet.

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 23 Lone wolves: myth or reality? Profiles

David James Copeland

Age 24 David Copeland is the London nail mixtures of “flash powder” to get bomber who set off bombs in the biggest explosion, blowing up Occupation Engineering assistant for Brixton, Brick Lane in the East End small lengths of pipe. Transport for London and Soho over 13 days in April 1999. Address Cove, Hampshire After he was arrested and On Saturday 17 April Copeland diagnosed with paranoid went to Brixton, which he believed Politics Member of the National schizophrenia, he pleaded guilty to to be the heart of London’s black Socialist Movement, former BNP manslaughter on the grounds of community. He was surprised to member diminished responsibility, but the find so many there. Convictions Murder x 3, planting prosecution refused to accept the He told the police: “If they want to bombs x 3 pleas. He was convicted of murder live there, that’s up to them”. at the Old Bailey in June 2000. He left the bag containing the Sentence Life imprisonment x 6, bomb against the front of a shop minimum term 50 years, sent to Copeland had been planning the and left by taxi. The explosion Broadmoor bombing campaign for several injured 50 people, including two months. He came up with the idea who lost an eye. when a bomb went off in Centennial Park during the The second explosion took place in Olympic Games in Atlanta in 1996. Brick Lane on 24 April and was Nigel Sweeney QC, prosecuting, targeted at London’s Asian said: “He told police that the community. Copeland had thought Notting Hill carnival was on at the market was open on Saturday about the same time. He began to when in fact it takes place on wish that someone would blow up Sunday. A passerby spotted the the carnival. To start with he treated bomb and took it to the local police the thought as a joke, but he could station, but it was closed, so he put not get it out of his head. The it in the boot of his car, where it thought became stronger. He woke exploded injuring 13 people. up one day and decided he was going to do it.” The third bomb at the Admiral Duncan pub in Soho on 30 April Copeland wanted to make “proper was aimed at the gay community bombs”. In April 1997 he and was the most devastating. downloaded The Terrorist’s Three people died, including a Handbook in a cyber café, but pregnant woman, and four needed found it difficult to follow the amputations. Twenty-six people instructions for making one of the suffered very serious burns, chemical ingredients and gave up. another 53 were injured by flying In 1998 he looked at the manual glass and nails again and saw instructions for making a “pipe bomb”. Referring to The bomb at the Admiral Duncan another guide on the internet, pub was not a political statement, How to Make Bombs, part 2, he set said Sweeney. “It was personal. about collecting the materials. Copeland told police that he was very homophobic. He hated gay He bought £1,500 of fireworks and men and he said his hatred ignition devices and used old- stemmed from the way his parents fashioned clocks as his timers. treated him as a child. He regarded He packed up to 1,500 nails in each gay men as perverted device, which he taped into sports who were no use to society and holdalls. Before the first attack, he should be put to death. Even as a experimented with different racist he would prefer the company

24 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? The UK’s far-right ‘terrorists’ and would-be ‘terrorists’ Profiles

(above left) David Copeland with BNP leader John Tyndall (above right) David Copeland’s bedroom (right) X-ray photographs showing a nail from Copeland’s Brixton bomb embedded in the head of a baby (below) Carnage caused by David Copeland’s third London bomb at the Admiral Duncan pub in Soho on 30 April 1999

of a black or Asian man rather than a gay man.”

Copeland was caught after a work colleague telephoned the police to say he recognised Copeland as the Brixton bomber. Copeland immediately admitted to the officers who arrested him that he was responsible. They found two flags on the walls of his room, bomb-making equipment and a membership card from the National Socialist Movement.

He told the police he was a homophobic nazi who believed in a white . Alongside a picture of Hitler were photographs of bomb scenes from , a “ type photograph” and a picture of a man hanged from a crane under the headline “Death of a Vampire”. He also kept cuttings on racial stabbings and on his own ➤

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 25 Lone wolves: myth or reality? Profiles

David James Copeland (continued)

bombings. There was a copy of Williams, welcoming him as a He added: “The public must be Hitler’s and a knife member, proclaimed: “Let us all live protected from you and must be engraved with the slogan Alles für in the hope that our racial brothers assured that if you are ever released Deutschland (everything for and sisters will find that which is it will not be for a very long time.” Germany) in a sheath embossed within them, just as you have, and with an eagle and a swastika. our strength will grow until that After the trial, Scotland Yard and glorious day when the sun will once M15 came under attack for being Copeland thought the British more dawn on our homeland and unaware of Copeland’s people had a right to ethnic ultimately on a racially unified membership of two far-right cleansing, like the Serbs, Sweeney Aryan civilisation.” organisations. ● told the court, and that the bombs would be the spark to start a fire in In a second letter to Copeland this country, stirring up a racial war appointing him unit leader, in that would cause white people to charge of developing the NSM in vote for the BNP. He intended to Hampshire, Wiltshire, Berkshire cause “murder, mayhem, chaos and and , Williams wrote: damage” and to “spread fear, “Welcome to leadership, resentment and hatred through responsibility and accountability the country”. to your comrades. Yours ever. Heil Hitler.” Copeland told police he acted entirely on his own and told While on remand at Belmarsh nobody of his plans, but that he prison he told a prison officer: targeted the communities for “I’m not mad, I know why I’m in political reasons. “I believe what prison, I did plant those bombs, I believe and I took that belief to an I targeted minority groups for extreme,” he said. He described political and religious reasons.” Combat 18, which had claimed responsibility for the blasts, as a He also wrote to the BBC “bunch of yobs” and was also correspondent Graeme McLagan dismissive of another group, the denying that he was a White Wolves, which also claimed schizophrenic and claiming that responsibility. He told detectives he “ZOG”, the “Zionist Occupation had never heard of the groups and Government” (terminology thought they were “trying to take expressing the Nazi belief that Jews my glory”. control the world) was trying to sweep him under the carpet by However he had joined the BNP in pumping him full of drugs. May 1997 and attended meetings, “The Jew, devil’s disciples and including one where he was peoples of mud must be driven out photographed next to John Tyndall, of our land. It is God’s law and we the party’s founder. Four months must obey. I bomb the blacks, later he rang the party’s office to ‘pakkies’, degenerates. I would cancel his subscription and have bombed the Jews as well if I’d denounced the BNP for refusing to got a chance.” countenance a “paramilitary struggle”. Giving Copeland six life sentences the Recorder of London, Judge He then joined the National Michael Hyam, said the public Socialist Movement, which had needed to be protected from his been formed out of Combat 18. “virulent hatred and pitiless A letter from its leader, Tony contempt for a very long time”.

26 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? The UK’s far-right ‘terrorists’ and would-be ‘terrorists’ Profiles

Paul David “Charlie” Sargent

Age 37 Address Harlow, Politics Former leader of Combat 18 Conviction Murder Sentence Life imprisonment

Paul David “Charlie” Sargent, ambushed by Cross. He was killed which he had led for five years. former leader of Combat 18 (C18), by a stab wound to his back, which He had fallen out with other was imprisoned for life in January penetrated his lung and heart. members over control of the 1998 for the murder of Christopher Dr Michael Heath, the pathologist lucrative nazi music Castle on 10 February 1997 in in the case, described the attack as scene, the group’s future strategy conjunction with Martin Cross. involving “severe force”, with a and allegations by the rival faction The killing of Castle, who acted as a 22cm wound caused by a 20cm that he was a police informer. go-between for rival factions in the kitchen knife. Immediately after Sargent told the court that he group, was part of a struggle for the attack Cross referred to Castle believed Browning had stolen over control of C18, which at the time as “a casualty of war”. The police £100,000 from C18’s successful CD was Britain’s most violent far-right officers who led the inquiry told a production business. He decided to organisation. press conference that this was little teach his rival a lesson. more than an execution. In what was described as a vicious, A number of witnesses were violent and cowardly attack, Castle Steven Vogel, a C18 activist and attacked and threatened in the run- was lured to Sargent’s home and kickboxing champion, told up to the trial, and at least one Chelmsford Crown Court how person was given a police safe Sargent tried to recruit him two house, while others refused the days before the murder to help with offer. The few supporters of Sargent the attack. He said Sargent had who turned up at the court on the boasted afterwards that “Chris day of the verdict promised revenge Castle was a mug”. Disgusted by against those remaining in C18. this attitude, Vogel approached the police and his evidence proved C18 first emerged in 1992 providing crucial in convicting Sargent as the security for the BNP. By 1993 the prime instigator of the stabbing. two organisations had parted After Vogel’s refusal, Sargent company. C18 established itself as turned to Cross, his friend for over the dominant street fighting force 20 years. on the far right, drawing the bulk of its support from football hooligans Castle was the victim of a long- in London, Essex and part of running feud between Sargent and northern England. It promised to his former right-hand man Will bring a paramilitary-style race Browning (not named during the war to the UK. Sargent and Cross trial for legal reasons) that had were among three men convicted often spilled out into violence and in March 1997 for publishing threats. Sargent was losing magazines containing bomb Christopher Castle credibility in the organisation manuals. ➤

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 27 Lone wolves: myth or reality? Profiles

Paul David “Charlie” Sargent (continued)

One of C18’s most successful operations was the formation of ISD Records, the first nazi record label in the UK. Over two years it produced nearly 30 illegal albums for nazi bands, generating some £200,000 profit. More than 30,000 CDs were produced.

After Sargent’s conviction Browning took over C18, but soon lost interest. Sargent’s supporters, including his brother Steve, formed a new version of the National Socialist Movement. Its members included Tony Williamson, a former close friend and political associate of the BNP leader Nick Griffin, and David (below) Charlie Sargent acting as a bodyguard for the BNP leader John Tyndall Myatt, a convicted synagogue arsonist and former Satanist who later converted to Islam but is reported to have left that religion in 2010.

It was the NSM that the London bomber David Copeland joined after leaving the BNP. He became a regional organiser for the group and Williamson wrote that at last they had found somebody dedicated enough to take their work forward.

Williamson fled the UK after exposure of his links to Copeland and stories of male rape at his village home in . ●

28 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? The UK’s far-right ‘terrorists’ and would-be ‘terrorists’ Profiles

Martin Cross

Age at conviction 35 Politics Combat 18 member Conviction Murder Sentence Life imprisonment

Martin Cross was convicted at Chelmsford Crown Court of the murder of Christopher Castle on 10 February 1997 in conjunction with Charlie Sargent and imprisoned for life. It was Cross who inflicted the stab wound with a knife, but he had been recruited for the task by Sargent.

Cross applied for parole in 2010. ●

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 29 Lone wolves: myth or reality? Profiles

Tony Lecomber

Age Born 1963 Occupation Worked full-time for BNP for some years Address Broomhill Road, Woodford Green, IG8 9EZ Politics Former senior BNP officer, previously National Front Convictions 1986 five offences under the Explosives Act 1991 unlawful wounding Sentence 1986 three years in custody 1991 three years in custody

Tony Lecomber, who also went by Lecomber, who has previous After his release from prison, the names Tony East and Tony convictions for criminal damage, Lecomber was welcomed back into Wells, was a leading figure in the had been associated with an active the BNP and became its group BNP when a homemade nail nazi, who worked as a mortuary development officer with bomb exploded as he sat in a car attendant, who was charged with responsibility for building outside the headquarters of a helping to construct the bomb. membership and setting up party left-wing party in south London A court was shown the diagram for organisations around the UK. in 1985. the bomb drawn on the back of a mortuary receipt from this man’s In 2006 Joe Owens, a Police found ten grenades, seven place of work. However he was gangster who had acted as the BNP petrol bombs and two detonators acquitted as a result of procedural leader’s personal bodyguard, at his home. He received a three- errors in the investigation. revealed that Lecomber had asked year prison sentence after being him at a meeting that January to convicted of five explosives In 1991, Lecomber was sentenced take part in a campaign of terror offences at the Old Bailey in to another three years in prison for and murder directed against British November 1986. Sentencing him, unlawful wounding after he and political figures deemed enemies by judge Richard Lowry, hearing two other BNP members, whom he the far right. Owens was suspicious, his last case before his retirement, refused to identify, mounted a thinking it was an attempt at said: “You are not a terrorist in vicious attack on a Jewish school entrapment of himself, the BNP or the normal sense of the word, teacher at Gants Hill underground both. He reported Lecomber’s nor were you acting on behalf station at around 10.30am on 13 suggestion to the BNP leader and of some political group.” October 1990. Lecomber had seen threatened to go to the press if the teacher removing BNP “Love Lecomber was not dismissed. The judge’s words caused anger at the white race” stickers and in full Lecomber “resigned” from the time and ignored the facts of view of other passengers on the his position but Owens went to Lecomber’s senior position in the platform “gave him a good kicking” the Sunday Herald a few months BNP, at the time led by a man who in the words of a police officer. later anyway. had convictions for running a The teacher was almost thrown onto paramilitary organisation and the tracks and was saved only by the Owens told the paper: “Lecomber possession of firearms, and the intervention of other passengers. said to me that it was ‘too late to political target of his intended At the time Lecomber was the BNP’s stop ’ and he went on bombing. director of propaganda. to talk about recent statistics that

30 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? The UK’s far-right ‘terrorists’ and would-be ‘terrorists’ Profiles

Tony Lecomber being arrested in east London

showed an increase in births from immigrants. He said to me that we needed ‘direct action’.

“I asked him what he meant by the expression ‘direct action’. He said ‘targeting members of the establishment who were aiding and abetting the coloured invasion of this country’. I asked Lecomber what he meant by ‘targeting’. He said ‘killing them’.” According to Owens, reported the Sunday Herald, Lecomber referred to targeting figures such as the Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott and the former director-general of the BBC, Greg Dyke, who once referred to the corporation as “hideously white”. Owens said he ended the meeting saying he wanted nothing more to do with such a “mad scheme”. Lecomber responded: “If you change your mind, let me know.”

The Sunday Herald reported that Lecomber admitted a conversation took place with Owens but said he did not mean the allegations to be taken literally. ●

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 31 Lone wolves: myth or reality? Profiles

Terence Robert Gavan

Age 39 Address Batley, West Yorkshire Occupation Bus driver and former soldier Politics BNP member Convictions 22 offences relating to the manufacture and possession of improvised explosive devices, firearms and ammunition, 6 offences under the Terrorism Act for the possession of weapons manuals Sentence 11 years in custody

When officers from West Yorkshire for making more devices, including Dragoon Guards in 1988 where he Police entered Terence Gavan’s fireworks, weed killer, hydrogen underwent weapons training. house with a search warrant in May peroxide and gunpowder. Gavan Gavan served in the regiment for 2009 as part of a firearms was also in the process of building a five years, during which he spent investigation, they discovered the rocket launcher. In addition there 280 days in military detention for largest cache of homemade bombs were about 40 knives, a crossbow nine separate disciplinary and other weapons ever seen in and arrows, more than 30 firearms incidents. He was discharged from the region. including pistols and revolvers and the Army in November 1993 after firearms-related documentation. being jailed for brandishing a The rest of the house that Gavan loaded gun at a friend during a pub shared with his mother was Gavan’s lawyer, Paul Greaney, said row while absent without leave. “immaculate”, according to police, Gavan had a “longstanding in stark contrast to the tangle of preoccupation with firearms and The Old Bailey heard he had a bomb-making equipment, explosives dating back to his “strong hostility” towards improvised weapons and materials childhood and what he did was immigrants. He joined the BNP filling a locked attic room. A police carried out for no other purpose”. in 2007 as a “gold member”. spokeswoman, Claire Forbes, said: Gavan revealed he had spent years Although it was stated that his “It was quite a concealed room. honing his skills in the hidden membership of the party had There was a door, then you went up workshop, accumulating an arsenal lapsed by the time of his arrest, some steps and it was up there.” of weapons over the course of a BNP material was found in his decade. He said he had been room, including letters to him It took police and army disposal making bombs since the age of ten, from the party and a copy of its officers six days to search the room saying he had “an obsession with magazine Hope and Glory. and explode some of the devices to things that go bang”. He told police make them safe. They found he made the weapons for the “illicit Detective Chief Superintendent 54 explosive devices, including nail thrill of owning them” and that he David Buxton described Gavan as bombs, pipe bombs and a booby was “learning his trade and as time “an extremely dangerous and trapped cigarette packet, went on he got better”. unpredictable individual”. He said: 12 firearms – three of them loaded – “The sheer volume of homemade plus devices in whisky bottles and As a teenager he had a brief stint in firearms and grenades found in his aerosols. There were also materials the RAF and then joined the Royal bedroom exposed his obsession

32 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? The UK’s far-right ‘terrorists’ and would-be ‘terrorists’ Profiles

Some of the weaponry found at Terence Gavan’s home

with weapons and explosives. there was no suggestion Gavan had are becoming very frustrated and He was not simply a harmless tried to use them to hurt people, there has to be a reason why he has enthusiast. Gavan used his sold them or passed them on. gone down this road. … I’m not extensive knowledge to condoning his behaviour but this is manufacture and accumulate Although Gavan told the court that the unfortunate by-product of devices capable of causing he did not have a clear target for his bringing different cultures together. significant injury or harm and as weaponry police found names, such he posed a very clear risk to addresses and personal details of It is unclear why the police told public safety.” He added: “Our four people at his home. One was a journalists that Gavan had no BNP investigation revealed Gavan’s female neighbour of one of the 7/7 connection. After his conviction a violent potential and while he had bombers who had featured in a police spokesperson claimed his no single cause or agenda, television documentary on the association with a registered represented no less of a threat to bombings. He also had a notebook political party was of no interest to our communities.” in which he wrote: “A patriot must the media. ● be always be ready to defend his Gavan pleaded guilty. Passing country from his enemies and their sentence, Mr Justice Calvert government.” described Gavan as a “lone operator with what amounts to almost an The BNP’s deputy leader, Simon obsession with guns and Darby, tried to justify Gavan’s explosives”. He told him: “Your case actions, claiming: “It’s the is unique. There is no case in which inevitable consequence of such a long and persistent course of enforced multiculturalism. You are manufacture of both guns and going to get more and more explosives combined with incidents like this.” possession of material likely to be useful to those who commit Chris Beverley, the Yorkshire terrorist acts has ever been before a organiser of the BNP, said: “It is a court before.” He added that the sign of the way in which weapons had “the potential to cause multiculturalism has taken over. serious injury if activated” although This is what is happening, people

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 33 Lone wolves: myth or reality? Profiles

Mark Bulman

Age 22 Address No fixed abode Politics BNP officer Convictions Arson, attempted arson, 2 x religiously aggravated criminal damage Sentence Five years in custody

Mark Bulman, also known as Mark Bulman pleaded guilty at Swindon a combination of racialised Bullock, threw a petrol bomb Crown Court in October 2006 to , Christian anti-Judaic through a window of Broad Street attempted arson, arson, and two traditions and opposition to . mosque in Swindon during the counts of religiously aggravated early hours of 17 August 2006 and damage to property. At his It emerged that Danny Lake, the daubed and anti-Islamic sentencing hearing in January 2007, former leader of the Young BNP and abuse on its walls. Philip Warren, defending said: “On also a Swindon BNP activist, had any view of it, it is a horrible and raised concerns about Bulman with Bulman used a BNP leaflet as a fuse serious business. It is highly Nick Griffin, the BNP leader, but the for the petrol filled beer bottle. When offensive, deliberately offensive, BNP had not considered Bulman’s the bomb failed to ignite Bulman and the offence and outrage caused mental instability, propensity to telephoned the police saying that must have been massive”. violence and gross antisemitism to they would find his fingerprints on Warren said his client had told the be a problem. Bulman was the bomb. An officer went to the psychiatrist that he wanted to reduce supported by the BNP’s Wiltshire scene and found him armed with a the mosque to “ash and rubble” and organiser, Mike Howson. Lake chair leg which he said he needed to “to give the establishment and lefties claimed that Howson, who puts protect himself from the enemy. a wake up call”. himself forward as a campaigner He referred to the Broad Street area for law and order, encouraged as enemy territory because it had Sentencing Bulman to five years in Bulman’s extremism. businesses owned by people from custody, Judge Douglas Field told ethnic minorities. He also told police him: “You are a racial bigot. It was The Swindon left-wing activist, who of his dislike for anyone other than your wish and intention to burn had also had telephone white British people. that building to the ground. conversations with Bulman, We have mixed races in Swindon considered that he was a troubled When police searched his house they and it is extremely important that lad who had “always been a bit of a found a variety of racist material. He we all get on together.” misfit”. He wrote: “The bewildered admitted being a BNP sympathiser lad has been playing games in his and attending its rallies in the past. Bulman was released on parole head with his Nazi fantasies, In fact he was a BNP activist who had early in 2009. While in prison he irresponsibly encouraged by BNP given out party leaflets at local wrote a series of letters to a local activists who exploited him. … What schools and colleges, campaigned left-wing activist, in one of which really is scandalous is the way the actively in the 2006 local elections he said: “I only attacked the BNP used this young man. They had and was the registered “fund holder” mosque because there is no no problem with exploiting his (treasurer) for Wiltshire BNP. He left synagogue in Swindon, and it was obvious mental distress, they had the BNP shortly before the firebomb close enough for public no problem with his open support attack to form what he called the consumption.” The letters, which for against the Jews, “1290 Sect”, named after the year were passed to Searchlight, were instead they encouraged him, they Jews were expelled from England. filled with a virulent hatred of Jews, used him up and spat him out.” ●

34 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? The UK’s far-right ‘terrorists’ and would-be ‘terrorists’ Profiles

Martyn Gilleard

Age 31 Occupation Forklift driver Address Goole, East Yorkshire Convictions Preparing terrorist acts with intent to carry them out, under section 5 of the Terrorism Act 2006, possession of material which would be of practical use to someone preparing an act of terrorism, under section 58 of the Terrorism Act 2000, possession of ammunition without a firearms certificate, 10 specimen counts of possession of indecent images of children Sentence 16 years in custody

Martyn Gilleard wanted to save Gilleard was the Goole branch another BPP organiser, who alerted Britain from “multiracial peril” and organiser of the BPP, which the party leadership that the police made nail bombs to further his welcomes membership were searching for Gilleard. He was cause through terror attacks. When applications only from those who finally arrested three days later. officers from Humberside police believe in “racial ”. arrived at his home in Goole, East Gilleard’s postings on internet Yorkshire, on 31 October 2007 they It was clear from entries in forums revealed the depth of his were allegedly acting on a tip-off Gilleard’s diary that he was racist venom. Writing about British regarding child pornography. What preparing to wage race war: Asians, he stated: “You are not, nor they found was a nazi fanatic “Be under no illusion, we are at war. will you ever be British, we hate preparing for race war. And it is a war we are losing badly. you, you are a cancer in our land Unless we, the British right, stop that need to be cut out”. In the flat police discovered over talking of racial war and take steps On he wrote: “These 39,000 indecent images of to make it happen we will never get creatures should be removed from children, ranging from category back that which has been stolen all civilised societys even nature is one to five, depicting acts of from us. I’m so sick and tired of trying to wipe them out (god bless sexual sadism, torture and rape. hearing Nationalists talk of killing aids). I mean ffs [for f***’s sake] just They also turned up an array of Muslims, or blowing up mosques, how many hints do these animals knives, guns, machetes, swords, of fighting back. Only to see these need, before they realise that they axes, bullets and four nail bombs, acts of resistance fail to appear. are not wanted on this earth?” together with internet The time has come to stop the talk instructions for making poison and start to act.” His internet password included the and bombs and “significant” number 1488, a commonly used amounts of racist literature from Gilleard was no longer at his home nazi code in which 14 represents far-right parties including the when police arrived, but had fled to the “14 words”, a phrase coined by National Front, the openly nazi his brother’s house in Dundee. David Lane, the founder of an British People’s Party (BPP), the Several hours after the raid on American white supremacist nazi skinhead group Blood and Gilleard’s home the police turned paramilitary organisation, that Honour and the BNP. up at the home of Tony Braithwaite, states: “we must secure the ➤

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 35 Lone wolves: myth or reality? Profiles

Martyn Gilleard (continued)

existence of our people and a future and slaughtered a neighbour’s cat arrest a number of mostly semi- for white children,” and 88 stands when it strayed into their garden. literate messages appeared on the for HH: “Heil Hitler”. C18 Guestbook, including one from Following his arrest the BPP offered “White Wolf” on 3 December, Like many other nazis, Gilleard Gilleard their “full support”. His advising that because Gilleard’s advocated that “every white friends on the internet “guestbook” computer had been seized by the nationalist should get a gun”. of the nazi terror group Combat 18 police “whoever he showed pictures He was signed up to at least one (C18) extolled him as “a hero to the of the bombs to on MSN, should gun forum, believing that “an Cause”. On 7 December 2007 Kevin think about wiping MSN messenger armed society is a polite society”. Watmough, the BPP leader, issued a of their PCs and then reinstalling it. To acquaint himself with “field statement in which he declared: This should get rid of all your craft” he used the internet to view “Martyn Gilleard is a trusted previous IM conversations. Because SAS training exercises as “the sort of comrade and loyal member of the if the Pigs find out you knew about thing we ned [sic] to get going in BPP … We believe a person is the plan, you will be charged with the movement 88”. He also sourced innocent until proven guilty and we aiding and abetting terrorism … online bomb-making manuals. reserve the right to make no further and that is a very serious charge.” comment regarding Martyn’s case The woman with whom Gilleard until his trial is over. That said, the One poster calling himself Nazi had his only child in 2002 gave an BPP is proud to have Martyn as an Youth RVF (NYRVF) noted: “I interview to the Daily Star Sunday active member and we will give him warned him about what he tells in which she described Gilleard as a our full support whether or not he and shows people but he didn’t racist and violent monster, who had is convicted of the alleged charges.” listen, we must take a lesson from told their son that black people are However, when Gilleard admitted this and keep our activities to monkeys and banned her six-year- the child pornography offences, ourselfs and also any illegal old daughter from attending any Watmough promptly expelled him equipment would be best out of party where she might mix with from the party. your house ‘stashed’ close by.” non-white children. She also revealed that during one row he Although Gilleard acted alone, he “Pino”, a white supremacist from had thrown his son against a wall appears to have shared details of Liverpool, commented: “By the and on other occasions he had his terrorist plans with others, who sounds of thinks, Martyn spoke of killed the family dog with an axe appear to have approved. After his his activities far too much. If he did

36 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? The UK’s far-right ‘terrorists’ and would-be ‘terrorists’ Profiles

Material found at Martyn Gilleard’s home

been a member of a number of far- right groups including the National Front and the . He also had a collection of Nazi memorabilia, saying Nazism appealed to him because of the way Nazis rebuilt Germany.

In June 2008 Judge John Wilford QC sentenced him to 16 years’ imprisonment, 11 years for the terrorism offences and five for the actually show NYRVF the nail local mosque up before he was child pornography. bombs on webcam then hes been a arrested.” bit foolish there, if he willing to After Gilleard’s conviction Peter show people the bombs I’m Gilleard pleaded guilty to McDonagh, of the Crown assuming hes willing to discuss it possessing 34 cartridges of Prosecution Service’s Counter with a lot more people.” ammunition without holding a Terrorism Division, said: “Martyn firearms certificate and to ten Gilleard has been found guilty of On 2 December NYRVF admitted, specimen counts of possession of serious terrorism offences. He was “Ive seen the nail bombs spoke indecent images of children. He actively planning to commit about by the police along with was found guilty by a jury of the terrorist acts against people and some more of his artllery and terrorism offences. communities that he hated with a belive me he is serious about bigot’s zeal – black and Asian what he does, he has done time Andrew Edis QC, prosecuting, said people, European immigrants, Jews, before and will handle it well, it’s Gilleard had told the police he had Muslims and anyone he regarded as a sad day when comrades get made nail bombs when he was a political opponent. This is a man nicked but for every one that gets bored to see if he could do it and who is comfortable with the idea of nicked there must be 3 more that did not think they would work. He a race war and was preparing for dont get caught, it’s a pitty told police he did not intend to one – going so far as to manufacture mart88 cudnt just of blown the harm anybody. Gilleard said he had bombs and collect weapons.” ●

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 37 Lone wolves: myth or reality? Profiles

David Tovey

Age 37 Address Carterton, Oxfordshire Politics Applied to join the BNP Convictions Racially aggravated criminal damage x 2; possessing explosives x 3; possessing firearms x 6 Sentence 11 years in custody

The police called at David Tovey’s ● A single shot weapon which had and made purchases over the house in February 2002 after an been disguised as a police-style internet. officer linked him to racist graffiti at baton. a local garage. The words, which A right-wing extremist angry with attacked white people, were clearly ● A quantity of P4 explosive of the asylum policies, Tovey was on the intended to look like the work of kind used by the British Army. point of launching a one man Asians and were a small part of Tovey had enough to destroy a race war. He had drawn up a Tovey’s race war directed at turning small building. detailed list of Asians in his home communities against one another. area complete with their car ● A homemade explosive numbers and the words “black At the house the police found an containing sodium, chlorate and bastard” and “Paki” alongside arsenal of weapons, some sugar, which can have a similar their names. He also had a hand- professionally modified to effect to napalm. The sugar makes drawn map of the site of Swindon make them lethal. There was the material stick to . mosque. Senior police officers also a collection of books on waging were satisfied that Tovey intended terrorism published in the USA and ● Components for pipe bombs to carry out some form of terror US Army and Special Forces and some already assembled pipe spectacular against the building manuals. The items included: bombs, which had been carved with and those who use it. lines in order to create shrapnel. ● A SPAZ pump-action smooth It appeared he was planning the bore gun. Often used by swat teams ● A CS gas gun and CS gas spray. sort of campaigns carried out by in the US and shown in Hollywood the London nail bomber David action films, it has a range of 40m. ● Body armour of the kind used by Copeland and the Hungerford NATO forces and camouflage murderer Michael Ryan. They ● A second world war Sten clothing. believed Tovey, a body-building submachine gun, adapted so that fanatic, was waiting for “some kind two or more missiles could be ● Books such as the Death Dealer’s of trigger” to start a massacre and successively fire without repeated Manual, the Poisoner’s Handbook, that after he had committed his pressure on trigger. Deadly in close The Black Book of Arson and outrage he would have fled and combat. The Black Book of Boobytraps. survived off the land. He had survival guides in his library. ● A Baikal pistol. A new barrel less ● US videos containing than 30cm long and silencer had instructions on how to make Several reports in the media been added to this. Police believe nailbombs. suggested that Tovey obtained Tovey adapted the weapon on his books from a specialist bookstore in workbench. Tovey had accessed information Horley, Surrey. The shop’s website

38 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? The UK’s far-right ‘terrorists’ and would-be ‘terrorists’ Profiles

Terrorist manuals and weapons found at David Tovey’s home

claimed to supply specialised manuals to the police, and security organisations, but they were also freely available to any member of the public. The shop denied that Tovey was one of its mail order customers.

Tovey appeared to have applied for membership of the BNP. A copy of the pro forma letter that the BNP sent to applicants in response to an enquiry was found at his home together with BNP literature. There is no evidence that Tovey actually joined the BNP. He had written to the BNP asking them about the party’s attitude to asylum seekers.

The plastic explosive was still in its original wrappers and was the same type that is issued to British forces. No one was charged with supplying or selling Tovey the guns and explosives, yet there were several military installations in the area where Tovey lived. Searchlight investigations had shown that Combat 18 activists operated within the British Army in the period before Tovey’s arrest.

Detective Superintendent Steve Morrison said the police were working with the army and security services to try and find the source of ➤

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 39 Lone wolves: myth or reality? Profiles

David Tovey (continued)

British military issue plastic explosive still in its wrapper

Tovey’s weapons. He stated: “We the defendant’s intention was to stir commando. I think the right have made enquiries but so far have up the white European population catalyst could well have provoked not found anything that would in this country a groundswell of him into acting out real violence suggest how he got hold of that hostile reaction to that graffiti against persons or property.” She material and that is very worrying. campaign and therefore to excite said that while he had never The P4 explosive is commonly found racial tension.” actually carried out any act of in Eastern and it is not violence her sentencing had to impossible to imagine it came from Acquaintances described Tovey as a reflect the very real anxiety felt by there. If someone is determined to sex-obsessed loner, devoid of social the public about guns, bombs and get that material and determined to skills. His younger brother Simon racial hatred. He was sentenced to a use it, they will find a way.” died of septicaemia at the age of 12 total of eight years for the firearms He added: “At some time this man after developing lead poisoning and explosive charges and a further would have used these weapons.” from an air rifle pellet wound. three years for the two counts of Tovey, then 15, might have racially aggravated graffiti, to run Oxford Crown Court heard that accidentally shot him while they consecutively. Tovey had scrawled anti-white were out playing and is believed to graffiti in public toilets, in an have blamed himself for his That Tovey never managed to use his attempt to stir up hatred against brother’s death. arsenal to commit acts of violence ethnic minorities. Simon Mayo was thanks to a young police prosecuting said: “It would not have Sentencing Tovey, Judge Mowat officer’s vigilance over a minor escaped your attention that looking said: “The weapons, the body- racial matter. Tovey’s apprehension at the defendant in the dock, he is building equipment, the military was not the result of any quite obviously a white European car, the military clothing all suggest information held by the police or male himself. The prosecution say the fantasy life of a lone security services. ●

40 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? The UK’s far-right ‘terrorists’ and would-be ‘terrorists’ Profiles

Ian Davison

Age 41 was arrested in June 2009 when Durham Police was Occupation Unemployed lorry informed by another police force driver and part-time pub DJ of the online activities of the Address Myrtle Grove, Aryan Strike Force (ASF). A search Burnopfield, County Durham of his home uncovered ricin together with terror manuals Politics Aryan Strike Force and pipe bombs. He became the Convictions Producing a first person in Britain to be chemical weapon (ricin) under sentenced under the Chemical the Chemical Weapons Act Weapons Act 1996 for producing a 1996, preparing acts of chemical weapon. terrorism, possessing material useful to commit acts of terror Found in a sealed jam jar, the (3 counts), possessing a ricin was a cloudy liquid that prohibited weapon had been extracted from castor beans. An amount roughly Sentence Ten years in custody equivalent to a few grains of salt is enough to kill an adult, making it 1,000 times more poisonous than . The amount in the jar was enough to kill up to 15 people. The ricin was thought to have been produced in 2006 or early 2007 and lain undisturbed in Davison’s kitchen ever since.

Nicky Davison The trial of Ian Davison and his son Nicky Davison at Newcastle Crown Court in May 2010 heard Age 19 different views about whether the pair were simply “keyboard Occupation Milkman warriors” or whether they posed a Address Annfield Plain, genuine threat to the public. County Durham Peter Carter QC, defending Nicky Davison, dismissed his client’s Politics Aryan Strike Force father as “a monstrous dreamer” Conviction Possessing and told the court: “This is material useful for acts of terrorism as a fantasy, not as a terror reality.” However Detective Superintendent Neil Malkin, who Sentence Two years in a led the investigation, said of Ian young offenders’ institution Davison: “I think he is a real danger. There was a pipe bomb and the ricin and these are the tools of a terrorist. There is no question in my mind that at some stage they would have carried out their intention to cause serious violence.” ➤

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 41 Lone wolves: myth or reality? Profiles

Ian and Nicky Davison (continued)

Ian Davison was the leader and on how to make incendiary devices, American white supremacist David one of the founders of the tiny poisons and napalm. There was Lane and adopted by nazis across ASF, described in court by also evidence the pair had the world: “We must secure the Matthew Feldman, of the researched the creation of an existence of our people and the University of Northampton, as electromagnetic pulse bomb, which future of our children.” believing itself to be “the pinnacle disables computer systems. and most uncompromising of the Det Supt Malkin admitted they neo-nazi groups in the UK”. Ian Davison founded the ASF with did not know who Ian Davison Police believe the pair were in Michael Heaton in 2008 after the intended to target but were touch with about 300 nazis pair broke away from the now convinced an act of terrorism was around the world, as far afield as defunct far-right group Patriots of in the planning stages. “We know Canada and Australia. His son, the White European Resistance he had these very extreme views. who adopted the name Thorburn (POWER). The ASF’s slogan was We know he was the centre of an 1488, was leader of its youth wing “For blood, faith and honour”. extreme right-wing group that in the northeast. It held secret training days in certainly espoused these views. Cumbria and was initially closely He was purchasing the ricin, we Ian Davison posted racist messages linked with the Racial Volunteer know he had the pipe bomb, he on his website and also placed Force, which is a splinter off the was downloading material that several videos on YouTube, nazi terror group Combat 18. was of use to a terrorist. He was including a tribute to Adolf Hitler, very much in the planning stage whom he described as “a true hero To protect itself against and we had to take action very of the white race”. infiltration, the ASF operated quickly to stop it from coming to behind two front organisations, fruition.” (In fact Davison had But the posts on the ASF website Legion 88 and Wolfpack. manufactured the ricin not were becoming more sinister. Only when new members had purchased it.) One showed footage of what demonstrated their allegiance to appeared to be a paramilitary-style those organisations were they He added: “Certainly this man for training camp in a forest in admitted to the inner circle. me is a terrorist – one of the Cumbria, which featured men extreme right-wing terrorists. wearing balaclavas and combat The ASF adopted the phoenix He was well capable of a terrorist act. fatigues, parading through the rising from the ashes of Nazism as Yes, it could have led to carnage.” woods carrying swastikas. its symbol and claimed on its Others showed two pipe bombs website that nationalists must Stewart Laidlaw, the Crown being detonated, while others “take down” what it described as Prosecution Service counter discussed the effectiveness of “lone the Zionist Occupation terrorism division case lawyer, said wolf” terrorism and “leaderless Government, stemming from the after the sentencing hearing that resistance”. At one stage even belief that the governments of all father and son were “Nazi zealots fellow hardened nazis warned the western nations had been secretly who believed in Davisons that their online calls “to taken over by a Jewish conspiracy. and revered Adolf Hitler. wipe out the whole race” of black Its mission statement, written by They hated minority ethnic people were overstepping the Nicky Davison, claimed: “This groups, be they black, Asian, mark, but they went unheeded. government is corrupted … and Muslim or Jewish.” aims to destroy the . When police raided Nicky Davison’s We will resist, we will fight, we will He added: “It may be that there was home in Annfield Plain, County never give up.” no specific plan or target but the Durham, they discovered a number law does not require there to be. of terrorist manuals on his The ASF also said it planned to People should make no mistake computer, including the Anarchists’ “develop active street crews in about how serious Ian and Nicky Cookbook, which detailed how to every town to deal with insurgents” Davison were in their hatred of make bombs, and the Poor Man’s and ended its statement with the anyone who they considered a James Bond, which included details 14 words, a phrase coined by the ‘threat’ to ‘their’ race.” ●

42 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? The UK’s far-right ‘terrorists’ and would-be ‘terrorists’ Profiles

Michael Heaton

Age 42 Michael Heaton and Trevor Hannington operated the website Occupation Factory worker of the Aryan Strike Force from Address Leigh, Greater Hannington’s home, where they Manchester posted violent and vicious racist messages. Hannington’s postings Politics Aryan Strike Force, included messages that read: “Kill British Freedom Fighters, the Jew, Kill the Jew, Burn the previously National Front, synagogues, and Burn the Scum,” connections with BNP and while Heaton wrote: “Jews will always be scum, and must be Convictions 4 x using destroyed, I would encourage any threatening, abusive or race who wants to destroy the Jews, insulting words likely to stir up I hate them with a passion.” racial hatred Heaton, who pleaded not guilty to Sentence 30 months in inciting racial hatred in relation to custody four comments on the ASF website, made more than 3,000 posts using the nickname Wigan Mike, between January and June 2008, before he had a “bust-up” with the organisation and created his own group, the British Freedom Fighters. Hannington operated under the aliases Fist and Lee88.

The two were arrested in Trevor Hannington December 2009. Police found an armoury of weapons at their homes, including knives and Age 58 firearms. Heaton’s bedroom was adorned in flags with symbols of Address Hirwaun, South far-right movements and a Wales samurai sword hung above his Politics Aryan Strike Force bed. Around the house in Leigh, Greater Manchester, officers found Convictions Disseminating batons, knives and knuckle dusters terrorist publications, 2 x using hanging on the walls, and a BB threatening, abusive or machine gun was recovered. insulting words likely to stir up In Hannington’s house police racial hatred, 3 x possessing a found an air rifle and daggers. record containing information likely to be useful to a person During a 12-day trial in June 2010 committing or preparing an act Liverpool Crown Court heard that of terrorism Heaton idolised Adolf Hitler’s Sentence Two years in custody deputy . The court was also told of Heaton’s connections with other convicted nazi extremists, including Mark Atkinson, who was jailed for five ➤

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 43 Lone wolves: myth or reality? Profiles

Michael Heaton and Trevor Hannington (continued)

years in 2005 for publishing racial hatred in a magazine called Stormer.

The court was shown a series of videos designed for the training of extremists and activists which Nazi shrines at the homes of Michael Heaton (above) and Trevor Hannington (below) featured Heaton violently attacking another man in a demonstration of strength and aggression.

Heaton and Hannington attended English Defence League demonstrations around the country. Heaton has also attended BNP events and was one of several people arrested in in June 2009 outside a BNP event celebrating the party’s success in the European election.

Hannington was jailed for two years after pleading guilty to six offences of stirring up racial hatred, possessing information likely to be useful to a person committing or preparing an act of terrorism, and disseminating a terrorist publication. He admitted owning of using threatening, abusive or rants were intended to bolster that the Anarchist’s Cookbook, Kitchen insulting words likely to stir up group. You wanted to start a race Complete and the Terrorist racial hatred. Both men were war. You are clearly filled with racial Encyclopaedia and posting cleared of soliciting murder. hatred and also with violent and instructions for making a angry beliefs.” homemade flame-thrower on the Sentencing the men, Mr Justice ASF website. Irwin told Heaton: “You saw yourself He told Hannington: “You are a as the leader of a potentially longstanding racist who has never Heaton was jailed for 30 months significant and active national hidden your views, which are violent after being convicted of four counts socialist group. Your sustained racist and vicious in the extreme.” ●

44 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? The UK’s far-right ‘terrorists’ and would-be ‘terrorists’ Profiles

The

Clockwise from top-left: Mark Atkinson, Nigel Piggins, Michael Denis, Steven Bostock

The extreme-right Racial Nigel Piggins, 39, of Haltemprice The prosecution followed raids Volunteer Force (RVF) was formed Street, Hull, was jailed for two years by police in London, , in 2002 as a splinter off the nazi and three months for Stormer and a Surrey, Bedfordshire and Greater terror group Combat 18. Five of further three months for Manchester after police in its members, including the distributing a racist DVD, Lincolnshire discovered the RVF founders Mark Atkinson and Live, in Germany. website during monitoring of Jonathan Hill, pleaded guilty to internet race hate material. race hate charges in October Jonathan Hill, 33, of South Croft, It led to the home of Piggins, a 2005. They had been due to be Oldham, was jailed for four years former turkey catcher. Other tried at the Old Bailey but for Stormer. documents resulted in the arrests changed their pleas during of the other men. pre-trial proceedings. Steven Bostock, 27, of Westmorland Road, Urmston, Sentencing the men at the Old Mark Atkinson, 38, of The Manchester, was jailed for two Bailey on 4 November 2005, Judge Roundway, Egham, Surrey, was years and three months for Stormer Jeremy Roberts said Stormer had jailed for five years for conspiracy and a further three months for tried to “encourage readers to resort to publish the RVF’s magazine operating the website. to violence against people with Stormer with the intention of non-white backgrounds”. He said: stirring up race hate and 12 months Michael Denis, 30, of Ashdown “No one is being sentenced for their concurrently for operating the Way, Tooting, London was jailed for political beliefs – this is a free RVF website. one year for Stormer. country”, adding: “The real danger ➤

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 45 Lone wolves: myth or reality? Profiles

The Racial Volunteer Force (continued)

is that it only needs to fall into the hands of one or two individuals who might be persuaded to take up the suggestions and cause a great deal of damage.”

One edition of the magazine had included a step-by-step guide to making a nail bomb, with advice on dipping the nails in manure to cause additional infectious harm. The guide was part of a tribute article on the London nail bomber, David Copeland. The magazine also made derogatory references to the murdered black teenager Stephen Lawrence and to Jews and Muslims.

Another edition had an article headed “Roast a Rabbi”, which included the recipe for a petrol bomb and offered “one hundred team points” for the first person to torch a synagogue. Above a picture of a firebomb it said: “With the winter nights to shroud you in darkness we thought a few of you would like to don your disguises and rubber gloves and make things which was seized during this Spanish Blood and a little warmer.” meticulous enquiry. The conclusion Honour/Combat 18. That lasted of this case sends a clear message until spring 2005, when he was Above a picture of a swastika on the to anyone inclined to stir up race arrested in a large police raid on the front of the magazine were the hatred that they will be tracked Spanish group’s meeting place words: “We must secure the existence down and brought before the carried out by Spanish police in of our people and a future for white courts.” Carmen Dowd, head of conjunction with officers from children” – the infamous “14 words” special crimes at the Crown Scotland Yard. Atkinson was briefly coined by David Lane, the founder of Prosecution Service, said: “You only hospitalised after he put up a fight, an American white supremacist need to look at the details of these but was quickly extradited to paramilitary organisation. magazines to show how despicable London. Many of the Spaniards and heinous the material is.” were charged with possession of Max Hill, prosecuting, described weapons and explosives. the two editions of the magazine as Atkinson, a former dustman, had “offensive, shocking and explicit”. previously been imprisoned for On his release from prison A third edition was published in 21 months in London in 1997 for following the RVF conviction he and transported to Britain. publishing a Combat 18 magazine, resumed activity on the extreme similarly named The Stormer, right in the UK. In February 2009 he After the case, Peter Davies, which targeted celebrities such as was the special guest speaker at a Assistant Chief Constable of Anna Ford and Vanessa Redgrave. demonstration by the Dutch Lincolnshire, said: “It is difficult to After he was charged in the RVF People’s Union, a small nazi imagine more extreme race hatred case in 2004, he fled to Spain where organisation that supports than was contained in the material he hid out with members of Hezbollah terrorists. ●

46 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? The UK’s far-right ‘terrorists’ and would-be ‘terrorists’ Profiles

Nathan Worrell

Age 35 Address Cromwell Road, Grimsby Politics Joined the BNP, National Front, Ku Klux Klan, British People’s Party and White Nationalist Party Convictions Possession of articles for terrorism purposes between April 2006 and 25 January 2008; racially aggravated intentional harassment, alarm or distress Sentences 6 years for the terrorism offence, 15 months consecutive for the Public Order Act offence

Nathan Worrell waged a year-long is fighting for this country, albeit in including murder, contract killers race hate campaign against a a peaceful manner. He claims to and hit men, arson as a means of Grimsby couple. Among the believe in forced peaceful attack, guerrilla warfare, leaderless stickers he plastered near and compulsory repatriation. He was resistance and references to around their home was one that not merely a peaceful right-wing convicted London nail bomb killer read: “Only inferior white women activist. He had more sinister, David Copeland,” the court heard. date outside their race. Be proud of violent intentions.” your heritage. Don’t be a race- Other items found were 171 match mixing slut.” The jury heard that racist and far- heads, a large quantity of matches, right political pamphlets and books several tubs of sodium chlorate When the police visited his flat on were found in his flat, including a (weedkiller) and containers of 24 January 2008 they found five copy of Adolf Hitler’s Mein Kampf, lighter fluid. Defending, William different types of sticker that had and that Worrell signed off text Harbage QC denied Worrell was a appeared outside the couple’s messages with “88”, code for Heil terrorist, describing him as a home, together with “numerous Hitler. There was material and “slightly sad loner”. bomb-making manuals and items membership cards from several far- for the manufacture of homemade right and nazi groups including the After Worrell was sentenced to six bombs,” said David Farrell QC, White Nationalist Party, British years for the terrorism offence and prosecuting, at Grimsby Crown People’s Party, National Front, Ku 15 months for the racial Court in December 2008. Klux Klan, BNP and November 9th harassment, Acting Detective Chief “These included instructions on Society. A bomb-making manual Superintendent David Buxton, of how to make detonators and what came from the nazi terror group the -based counterterrorism ingredients were needed for Combat 18. unit, said: “Literature found at his bombs. flat exposed his interest in creating He had written out the names of explosives and even more “When interviewed by police he chemicals needed for explosives concerning a number of items were described himself as a white and had a large number of recovered that could have been nationalist,” said Farrell. “He said fireworks, some of which had been used to create these devices. We are he believed this country belonged tampered with to remove the gun thankful for his early arrest that has exclusively to the indigenousness powder. “Other books in Worrell’s stopped Worrell from taking his people – white people – and that he bedroom covered subjects interest further. ➤

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 47 Lone wolves: myth or reality? Profiles

Nathan Worrell (continued)

Nazi stickers and bomb-making material found at Nathan Worrell’s home

“Worrell’s racial intolerance and his hatred for religion are more than obvious. Worrell showed he had the ability and readiness to use threats and intimidation to promote his beliefs and, because of this, his actions became of a terrorist nature. … Worrell had already crossed a line and was demonstrating the potential to move towards even more dangerous actions. Today’s verdict and sentence recognises this and sends out a clear message that terrorism in any form will not be tolerated.”

That Worrell was far from being a “lone wolf” is evidenced by his contact with several far-right groups and individual racists, to whom he sent text messages that included an image of Hitler with a halo surrounding his head, and a message about immigration about which he wrote: “Makes you want to commit violence.” He also admired other far-right terrorists including Copeland and Martyn Gilleard, who was convicted for terrorism offences the previous summer. Gilleard’s picture and prison address were found on Worrell’s mobile phone. ●

48 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? The UK’s far-right ‘terrorists’ and would-be ‘terrorists’ Profiles

Richard Barnes

Age 21 Address Birmingham Politics National Front sympathiser Sentence Life imprisonment

Richard Barnes, Britain’s first attempted extremist suicide bomber, celebrated his 21st birthday by embarking on a bloodbath against black people and left-wingers. Barnes fired a crossbow at an Asian man in Small Heath, Birmingham, on 23 March 1981, which missed killing him by 1cm. He then attempted to run down two Asian girls and threatened several other people.

Four days later he kidnapped a woman in and drove to Digbeth, Birmingham. Having locked her in the boot, he drove onto the pavement blocking the entrance to a left-wing bookshop in Digbeth, set fire to the car and right-wing “freedom fighter”. The interior of the left-wing bookshop after dumped a five gallon can of petrol He had been collecting uniforms, Richard Barnes’s attack in the shop entrance. The woman, arms and other weapons since he Heather Bridges, died in the fire, was 19 and was wearing army which also totally destroyed the uniform when he was caught. shop. Barnes was caught by the police as he tried to run off. He Birmingham Crown Court was told pleaded guilty to murder, arson, that Barnes “embarked single- attempted murder, wounding with handedly on an attack on the intent and kidnapping. coloured community and left wing elements in British society”. Barnes was not a member of the Sentencing him, the judge said his National Front but had been to its medical records showed he was meetings, associated with NF immature but not insane or members and saw himself as a mentally unstable. ●

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 49 Lone wolves: myth or reality? Profiles

Neil Lewington

Age 43 Occupation Electrician Address Tilehurst, Reading Politics National Front member (claimed) Convictions 7 charges covering preparation for acts of terrorism, possessing articles for purposes connected to an act of terrorism, possessing documents containing information likely to be useful to a person committing or preparing an act of terrorism, possession of explosive substances with intent, possession of explosives Sentence Indeterminate with a minimum term of six years; ten years concurrent

When police arrested Neil Lewington British people as defined by blood bomber Timothy McVeigh. in October 2008 for smoking on a are removed from our country.” His mobile phone contained hate train, urinating in public and Another link between Lewington’s material from the violent nazi abusing a conductor, they found two extremist views and his interest in group called Combat 18 and homemade bombs in his holdall. explosives was illustrated by a note material from the Ku Klux Klan A search of his home found chemical that said: “Compressed thermite (KKK) was also found. He claimed mixtures labelled “igniter”, grenade vs Paki front door”. to be a National Front member and weedkiller, firelighters, fuses, had links with the nazi groups pyrotechnic boosters and a range of At Lewington’s trial at the Old Bailey Combat 18, Blood and Honour and bomb-making manuals. A notebook in June/July 2009, Brian Altman AC, the British People’s Party. entitled “Waffen SS UK members’ prosecuting, said: “The effect of handbook” contained diagrams and these finds is to prove that this The court heard that he had told a information on “picking target areas” man, who had strong if not 27-year-old woman, Samantha and “counter-surveillance”. fanatical right-wing leanings Dale, whom he had approached in and opinions, was on the cusp an internet chat room, that he One of Lewington’s notes read: “A of embarking on a campaign of wanted to hang a black man from a new group has been formed, the terrorism against those he tree and skin him alive. He also Waffen SS UK. We have 30 members considered non-British.” bombarded her with racist jokes split into 15 two-man cells. We are including one about the model highly trained ex-military Lewington kept racist propaganda Jordan’s disabled son. He said he personnel and will use incendiary and videos of nazi terrorists was part of a group like the KKK and and explosive devices throughout including David Copeland, the that if he could go to the USA he the UK at random until all non- Unabomber and the Oklahoma would become a proper member.

50 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? The UK’s far-right ‘terrorists’ and would-be ‘terrorists’ Profiles

Bomb-making materials and handbook found at Neil Lewington’s home

She said in a statement to police: after being sacked from his last job said he “clearly had in mind” Asian “He was fed up of the black people; for being drunk. He had not spoken and black people. “You were in the they took all the jobs and money.” to his father for ten years and spent process of embarking upon his time searching for girlfriends on terrorist activity. You were going to The Old Bailey also heard that chat lines. His mother said her son use or threaten action involving Lewington planned to bomb his lived in a world of his own. either serious violence to people or then girlfriend’s Newbury serious damage to property. This neighbours as part of his national, Judge Peter Thornton said action was designed to intimidate racist terrorist campaign. Lewington was a “dangerous man, non-white people and it was for the somebody who exhibits emotional purpose of pursuing the ideological David Etherington QC, defending, coldness and detachment. You cause of white supremacy and suggested there was insufficient would not have been troubled by the neofascism, albeit in a rather evidence to say Lewington was a prospect of endangering somebody’s unsophisticated way.” terrorist rather than just an life”. He said the devices found on “oddball”. “Is he the real deal? Is he Lewington were made “to a very high Lewington was given an a terrorist or just a big pest, a standard” and the igniters and indeterminate sentence and told nuisance?” He suggested Lewington timers only needed wiring up for he must serve a minimum of six was a “silly, immature, alcoholic, them to be set off. “These were years for possessing explosive dysfunctional twit, fantasising to dangerous firebombs, meticulously substances with intent. He was make up for a rather sad life”. constructed, all set to go. also given a ten year prison sentence to run concurrently The court was told Lewington had Although Lewington had not for engaging in preparation for been unemployed for ten years selected a specific target, Thorton acts of terrorism. ●

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 51 Lone wolves: myth or reality? Profiles

Robert Cottage

Age 49 Occupation Bus driver for Lancashire County Council Address Colne, Lancashire Politics BNP council election candidate Convictions Possession of explosives that could reasonably be suspected to be for an unlawful purpose Sentence Two and a half years in custody

Robert Cottage stockpiled weapons At his trial in February 2007 new world order. That’s why he and explosive chemicals in alongside David Jackson, both keeps the crossbows and says he preparation for a civil war in charged with conspiring to cause will shoot anyone who comes to Britain. His hoard had come to light explosions intended to endanger his property without permission. after his wife, who suffered mental life, Manchester Crown Court heard He blames the Government for health problems, had become that Cottage often said he wanted letting the illegal immigrants increasingly concerned about his to shoot Prime Minister Tony Blair into the country. He is very behaviour and told her social and the Liberal Democrat Peer, religious and has become more worker that her husband had Lord Greaves, according to his wife. and more so. He doesn’t attend several crossbows and chemicals Cottage had met Jackson, 62, a church. He prays to God all the stored at their home. retired dentist of Nelson, time, he says, in his head.” Lancashire, at a BNP meeting. She added that Cottage’s A police raid on 26 September 2006 A police raid on Jackson’s home involvement with the BNP had uncovered a vast array of weapons uncovered a bow and arrow and caused a change in him and put a and 21 types of chemicals all of two nuclear protection suits. The strain on their marriage, causing a which could have been used to kill court was told that the two men temporary separation. and seriously maim. Officers found ordered the chemicals together and four air pistols with ammunition, a Jackson paid for them. The court heard that in addition number of crossbows, a bow and to the weapons and chemicals arrow, chemicals that, when Alistair Webster QC, defending, said half a tonne of rice and two combined, could form explosives Cottage, who was a former BNP 56 kilogram bags of sugar were and two nuclear protection suits. election candidate, had been the found during the search. There were also ball bearings that subject of threats. He explained that Police also found three large could be used as shrapnel for his client believed the “political and canisters of petrol and 34 explosive devices. Police also financial condition of the country” canisters of camping gas. recovered a 300-page computer would lead to civil war within the Louise Blackwell QC, prosecuting, document called the Anarchists’ coming years. said: “These chemicals, if mixed Cookbook, which detailed how to together in the right quantities make different types of bombs. A statement from Mrs Cottage, and combinations, are explosive This was the same source David which was read out to the court, substances. Large amounts of Copeland had used when he said: “Rob believes there will be a food were found. Along with being carried out his bombing campaign. civil war and the emergence of a foodstuffs, they were capable and

52 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? The UK’s far-right ‘terrorists’ and would-be ‘terrorists’ Profiles

Part of Robert Cottage’s stockpile in preparation for the coming “civil war between races”

suitable for being fuel for certain indicated it would not seek a third imminent and inevitable. I accept types of explosives. Robert trial. Sentencing Cottage to 30 the intention was to hold these Cottage said in interviews that the months in prison for the possession chemicals until the outbreak of civil rice and sugar were being stored of explosives, to which he had unrest. That was a criminal and for future use in the event of a pleaded guilty, Mrs Justice Swift potentially dangerous act. In letting civil war.” said Cottage’s actions had been off any such thunder flash “criminal and potentially mistakenly believing you were An entry from Cottage’s diary read dangerous”, but added there was a under threat you may have caused out in court stated: “Thought for low risk of him committing further injury to some innocent person.” the day – the easiest way to save offences. Jackson was cleared of Mrs Justice Smith said Cottage still the country is to assassinate all charges. continues to hold views that “veer Tony Blair and when Prescott toward the apocalyptic”. takes over shoot that fucker as Cottage had admitted the well.” The court heard that possession of explosives charge on A BNP spokesman, Dr Stuart Cottage had begun listening to the basis that the explosives were Russell, also known as Phil Republican Radio on the internet, designed to deter attacks on his Edwards, said after the sentencing which aired conspiracy theories property. The prosecution did not that the prosecution had been about who had planned the accept that basis of plea. He told brought for political reasons. “We’re attacks on New York and the court: “I believe it is everyone’s not condoning it, but it’s a quid pro Washington in September 2001. God given right to defend quo to appease the Muslims.” themselves and their families if The trial collapsed when the jury they are attacked. The breakdown The BNP had refused to cooperate failed to reach a verdict. of the financial system will with the police during the The judge, Justice Beatson, inevitably put an unbearable investigation and claimed that dismissed the case after jurors told strain on the social structures of media reports linking Cottage and him they could not reach a this country.” Jackson with the BNP were “at best majority verdict following three misleading, at worst a deceitful days of deliberation. Mrs Justice Swift said: “I am attempt to smear the BNP”. In fact satisfied it was Cottage’s views on both were active in the party and At a second trial in July 2007 the how he put it ‘the evils of Cottage had attended a Burnley jury again was unable to return a uncontrolled immigration’ would branch meeting two weeks before verdict and the prosecution lead to civil war which would be his arrest. ●

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 53 Lone wolves: myth or reality? Profiles

The Birmingham arms case

Part of the large arsenal of illegal weapons and ammunition built up by the defendants

Seven men were sentenced at Harvey Stock, British Movement possessing weapons including a Birmingham Crown Court on 20 member, received a two-year submachine gun, an anti-riot gun, a January 1981 for offences relating to sentence suspended for two years Mauser machine pistol and arms, arson and conspiracy to on two charges of arson and thousands of rounds of incite racial hatred. Three were conspiracy to incite racial hatred. ammunition. He also admitted one active members of the openly nazi charge of arson. Two trials were held British Movement (BM), one was a Harold Simcox, National Front for the charges of conspiracy to member of the National Front (NF) member, was sentenced to 18 acquire a Mauser pistol with Robert and the other three were involved months suspended for two years for Giles and conspiracy to incite racial in the arms trade in the Midlands. two offences of possessing firearms hatred, together with Harvey Stock. One of the arms dealers resumed and ammunition. They were all found guilty. his far-right connections after his release from prison and his Jon Stokes was imprisoned for two Roberts was a senior BM activist subsequent activities, particularly years for five offences of theft from who was asked by the organisation his involvement with both British a gunmaker where he worked. to provide accommodation in his Movement and the Volunteer flat for the Ku Klux Klan leader Defence Reserve, a government Reginald Cox, manager of a on a visit to the UK in organisation, were a matter of some firearms dealer, was imprisoned for March 1978. His involvement in concern. three years for various weapons firearms deals can be traced back at charges and five years for sexual least to early 1977 after a number of Roderick Roberts, British offences against young girls. BM and NF members joined a Movement member, was jailed for shooting club and started making seven years on 13 charges relating Ian Gilmore, firearms dealer, two plans to store arms. to possession of weapons, arson years suspended for two years on and offences against the Race arms charges. Roberts and Harvey Stock were Relations Act. arrested following an attack on a Roderick (Rod) Roberts had built up Job Centre in Birmingham in which Robert Giles, British Movement and a huge cache of arms and they put a smoke cartridge through National Socialist Party (UK) ammunition from sources that the letter box and sprayed “Jobs for member, received an 18-month included registered arms dealers ” on the door. Police found sentence suspended for two years for selling weapons illicitly on the side thousands of anti-racist and conspiracy to obtain a Mauser pistol and contacts in the armed forces. antisemitic stickers at their homes and carrying an offensive weapon. He pleaded guilty to ten charges of and a Mauser pistol at Roberts’s flat.

54 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? The UK’s far-right ‘terrorists’ and would-be ‘terrorists’ Profiles

(above) Rod Roberts (left with shades) and Harvey Stock (with beard) taking part in a British Movement march in London in June 1979 (above right) Robert Giles in uniform at an international nazi gathering in Belgium in 1980

West Mercia police then raided his Hickey that had the support of the possession of fireable Sten guns parents’ farm in Spetchley near Admiral of the Fleet Lord Hill-Norton and a concealed .45 American Worcester and discovered the arms GCB and Farrar Hockley, a well service semi-automatic hand gun. buried in a pigsty. known wartime commando officer. Despite his previous convictions Hickey and Noel Gibbs, a farmer, set he received only a 21-month Roberts and Stock were also up Defence Begins At Home in 1982 sentence, suspended for two years. involved with the NF and the as a pressure group that wanted the Judge Turner, presiding, was extreme nazi League of St George. government to increase Britain’s informed that Cox led a small Stock had been the NF’s press community defence capability. group called the Hedgehogs, who officer but was dismissed when his When Whitehall announced the dressed in camouflage gear and membership of the rival BM was formation of the Volunteer Defence held armed night exercises on revealed. Roberts was believed to Reserve in 1986, Defence Begins At Cannock Chase. The court also have used several cover identities, Home, which was also known as the heard that Cox, who ran a military with papers to match, to facilitate Hedgehogs, was disbanded and memorabilia shop called The his travels in nazi circles abroad. many of its activists were absorbed Elitist, had approached the nazi into the government organisation. with a view Robert Giles, a fanatical nazi, told to setting up a joint movement. police: “I have been a collector of Hickey visited Wrexham in the early Despite this, when sentencing Cox Third Reich militaria for the past 1980s where he met Michael Judge Turner told him: “There was ten years. I sincerely believe in the McLaughlin, who owned a shop nothing sinister about your principles and teachings of there called Rucksack ‘n’ Rifle. leadership or association with the National and my Führer McLaughlin, the former leader of the little group which you formed,” Adolf Hitler.” BM, also published The Survivalist and concluded that it was “quite and The Mercenary and sold BM and without any political overtones Reginald Cox was believed to have nazi material via his Phoenix Books whatever”. little political involvement at the time business. McLaughlin tried of his convictions in 1981. However, desperately to ingratiate himself with Cox’s Hedgehogs was a separate soon after his release from prison he Hickey until Searchlight informed organisation from Defence Begins was organising weapons training for him of the nature of McLaughlin’s At Home but persistent reports at far-right youngsters. He then became politics and criminal convictions. the time suggested that many right- the organiser of a Midlands group of wing extremists joined Defence Defence Begins At Home, an In 1988 Cox pleaded guilty to four Begins At Home as a useful cover organisation run by Major Michael firearms offences, including for their paramilitary activities. ●

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 55 Lone wolves: myth or reality? Profiles

Terry Collins

Age 27 Occupation Sheet metal worker Address Eshton Road, Eastbourne Politics BNP member Conviction Race hate attacks Sentence Five years in custody

Terry Collins subjected three ethnic minorities and had been targeted by one or two very forceful families to a series of racially given a “schoolboy recipe” and extreme individuals.” motivated attacks between for making bombs together September 2003 and November with plans of a hotel housing Judge Guy Anthony told Collins: 2004. Their windows were asylum seekers. “In this country you are entitled to smashed, fireworks were put hold whatever views you like, through their letterboxes and their After his arrest in possession of a however repugnant they may be. car tyres were slashed. lock-knife, police found fireworks What you are not entitled to do is to and paint in his flat identical to turn those views into the sort of Minaxi Patel, whose home, those used in the attacks. They also actions you did.” ● husband’s business and car found bullets that he had stolen suffered more than £15,000-worth from the Army and a BNP of damage, said: “He made my magazine. family’s life hell. Every night my son wakes up and comes into my room Collins admitted charges of arson, because he fears this man is going racially aggravated harassment, to kill us.” In another incident, just criminal damage and the after midnight on 24 March 2004, possession of bullets, and asked for Ali Rostam was in bed when he 11 further offences of racially heard shattering glass and smelt aggravated criminal damage to be smoke. When he went downstairs taken into account. Prosecutor he found his porch carpet on fire Stephen Shay told Lewes Crown and a large brick with a firework Court in March 2005: “From the attached on the floor alongside the outset the motive for the offences broken glass. was the extreme-right political views that were held by Collins”. Sussex Police started an operation The court heard how he had told a involving more than 600 house-to- colleague to vote for the BNP as house enquiries. Officers lying in Blair was too soft. wait caught Collins red-handed as he tried to throw a lump of concrete Julian Dale, defending, told the through the window of another of court that Collins had joined the his victims. BNP two years earlier after he was attacked by a gang of ethnic Collins, a former Territorial minority youths in Manchester. Army soldier, claimed he had “That appears to have been the been “brainwashed” by the BNP spur which put him in the sphere of to commit acts of violence against the BNP. He was specifically

56 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? The UK’s far-right ‘terrorists’ and would-be ‘terrorists’ Profiles

Allen Boyce

Age 73 Occupation Pensioner Address Old Orchard Road, Eastbourne Politics BNP, National Front, British Israelites Conviction Incitement to possess explosives Sentence Two years’ imprisonment suspended for two years

Allen Boyce gave Terry Collins “An aggravating factor is that this (above) a “schoolboy recipe” for was written at a time when Collins making bombs, together with the was in the middle of a campaign of plans of a hotel housing asylum racial harassment against immigrant seekers. Together with a diagram families. There’s no evidence Collins headed: “to make explosives”, ever made a bomb.” Boyce sent Collins a letter saying he had visited a seafront hotel Stephen Bevan, defending, said: thought to house immigrants, “The focus of his life is his remarking that he had not spotted attachment to his religion, based on any “grinning Kosovans, maybe an eccentric interpretation of the they were out shopping at the Bible. He regards what he did as British taxpayers’ expense”. wrong and knows it merits However the recipe was wrong and punishment. His ability to could not work. influence anybody is rather remote; this was a dimly remembered Boyce admitted inciting Collins to schoolboy recipe”. possess explosives. Crown Court heard Boyce, who was born Judge Anthony Niblett passed a in Australia to a German mother, two-year sentence, but suspended had been involved in extreme-right it for two years because of Boyce’s politics for some time before he age, lack of previous convictions, was approached by Collins in 2004 and the fact the recipe was “non- for advice on making explosives. viable”. He also ordered that Boyce be supervised for two years. Prosecutor Stephen Shay told the He told Boyce: “Your involvement court: “In the letter he enclosed a in criminality stems from wholly plan of the Cambridge Hotel in misguided political views which Eastbourne, telling Collins it was are abhorrent to all right-minded where more than 100 bogus asylum people.” seekers were housed. He also enclosed details of how to make a Boyce was no newcomer to fascist bomb. He said mix the ingredients politics. He had been active in a together in a paper bag and to light number of extreme-right groups a fuse soaked in petrol to make and was well known as the National a large explosion. There was also a Front bugler on their suggestion they should visit a gun Remembrance Sunday parades in shop together some time. London dating back to the 1970s. ●

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 57 Lone wolves: myth or reality? Profiles

Colin Ireland

Date of birth 16 March 1954 On 1 January 1993 Colin Ireland Worried that he would raise made a New Year’s resolution to suspicion with neighbours Ireland Occupation Unemployed become a serial killer. Over a remained in his victim’s apartment Address Southend-on-Sea three-month period he murdered until the following morning. five gay men, four of them in just He then travelled home to Politics Survivalist 16 days. He became known as the Southend on public transport, Convictions Murder x 5 gay slayer. Preying on customers blending in with early morning of the Coleherne pub in Fulham, rush hour commuters. He disposed Sentence Life imprisonment x 5, Ireland would go to the men’s of his clothes, gloves and shoes whole life tariff, 20 August 1993 homes under the premise of a from the crime scene by throwing sexual encounter where he them out of a train window. The victims would tie them up and eventually kill them. After a two-month break, Ireland Peter Walker 8 March 1993 felt the need to kill again and Christopher Dunn 28 May 1993 His first victim was Peter Walker. returned to the Coleherne to He told the police: “I remember search for his next victim. Perry Bradley 4 June 1993 after Walker, looking in the mirror This time and thereafter Ireland Andrew Collier 7 June 1993 walking down the road and I decided to reimburse himself for thought, people must see in my expenses incurred for the murders Emanuel Spiteri 12 June 1993 face that I’ve just murdered so he made his victims hand over someone, they must be able to cash cards and PINs and would tell, they must just by looking at withdraw money from their Previous convictions me. I remember losing my accounts. 1971 Robbery (two years’ borstal virginity and I remember that training) same feeling then. You’re almost The police treated the first three buzzing.” murders as sex games that had December 1975 Two counts of gone wrong. Ireland was becoming burglary, stealing a car, damage to While Ireland was rifling through frustrated at the failure of the property (18 months’ prison) Walker’s possessions he discovered police to link the murders and the 1977 Demanding with menace (18 Walker was HIV positive and, in his lack of publicity they were getting, months’ prison) fury, decided to humiliate him. so only three days after the murder Ireland left Walker’s body in a of Perry Bradley he killed his 1980 Robbery (two years’ prison) ritualistic way, with two teddy bears fourth victim Andrew Collier. 1981 Attempted deception (two appearing to simulate the 69 The police finally linked the months’ prison) position and a condom on his nose. murders of Walker and Collier, due He also burnt the dead man’s pubic to similarities in the scenes and 1985 Going equipped to cheat (six hair – he wanted to know what it the strange use of condoms. They months’ prison) smelled like. were beginning to suspect they

58 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? The UK’s far-right ‘terrorists’ and would-be ‘terrorists’ Profiles

were the work of a serial killer and murdered and were linked as a vermin and craved recognition as had started to collate information series, both pathologically and a superior person. on similar murders in the London forensically. He speculated that area. They had also lifted a set of the killer may have Aids and that Ireland had had a troubled fingerprints from a window frame the motive for the murders might childhood. His father had in Collier’s flat. be revenge. deserted the family and they moved home nine times over six On 12 June 1993 Ireland called On 17 June 1993 Det Supt John years. Ireland attended six Kensington Police, saying he had made a direct appeal, via the primary schools and found it hard killed four men and they had to media, to the killer to give himself to settle. Always labelled the “new stop him from killing again. up, saying he wanted to talk to boy” and the odd one out, his thin He then called Battersea police him and offer him help. On 19 July lanky frame and bow legged asking them if they were 1993 Ireland went to his solicitors stance brought him verbal abuse interested in the murder of Peter in Southend and told him that he and bullying. He became a sad, Walker and why they had stopped was with Spiteri on the night in lonely and withdrawn boy, the investigation. He told them he question. He confirmed that it immature for his age and always would kill again, as he had always was he on a train’s security on the perimeter of the activity. dreamed of committing the camera picture but said he had While living in Sheerness Ireland perfect murder. not killed Spiteri. He was charged was approached on four two days later. occasions by older men wanting Ireland killed his fifth and final to have sex with him. He resisted victim, Emanuel Spiteri, that same On remand in custody, Ireland their advances but he was upset night. Before Ireland left the confessed on 19 August 1993 and filled with a feeling of apartment he attempted to set fire to all five murders. Showing no violation and confusion over his to it, hoping the whole block would emotion, he gave police own sexuality. catch fire. However the fire went calculated descriptions of the out in Spiteri’s bedroom, where it killings. At the Old Bailey on The police asked a psychologist, had been started. 20 August he received five life Dr Mike Berry, to draw up a profile sentences and will spend the rest of the killer. Dr Berry judged that The next day, Ireland rang the of his life in prison. the killer was fuelled by violent police, telling them to look for a fantasies but each murder was body at the scene of a fire in In his confession he said he had never as good as the fantasy and he south London. He also told not committed the murders therefore was driven to kill again. them he had read many books under the influence of drugs or on serial killers and that to alcohol and he was not gay or There may be more to it. reach a “serial” classification by bisexual. He claimed he had not While working as a chef in London the FBI, the killer had to have undressed or engaged in any in 1981, after a number of stints five victims. He said he could sexual activity with his victims in prison, Ireland met Virginia now stop, as he had killed five and gained no sexual thrill from Zammit at a lecture on survivalism. times, adding he just wanted to the murders. He held no grudge They were married in 1982 and see if it could be done and against the gay community and lived in Holloway, where he was would probably not do it again. had chosen gay men as his known as the “gentle giant”. On 15 June 1993, Spiteri’s victims simply because they were The brief happiness and stability landlady called the police to easy targets. He claimed it was was not to last and he was soon report his death. extreme male deviancy that back in custody and becoming triggered his anger, which had increasingly aggressive. The couple A huge publicity campaign began, begun with brushes with were divorced in 1987 after Ireland with a press conference being paedophiles in his youth. admitted to having an affair with called for the head of the police He said his victims were deviants another woman. inquiry, Detective Superintendent (sadomasochists) who just Ken John, to report that five happened to be gay. He saw His interest in survivalist groups homosexual men had been himself as ridding society of remained. ●

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 59 Lone wolves: myth or reality? Profiles

Darren Tinklin

Age 24 Address Blackwood, Caerphilly Politics British Movement and BNP member Convictions Possessing an improvised firearm, a pipe bomb and gunpowder Sentence Three years in custody for the pipe bomb, eight months for the homemade gun

Darren Tinklin was originally Cardiff Crown Court. The offences arrested on suspicion of drugs took place between 30 April and offences alongside two other men 22 October 2009. He pleaded not (who were later released without guilty to three further Explosives charge) after a raid on his house by Act offences which were ordered Gwent police. Gwent police to lie on file. A separate charge brought in detectives from of possessing a document Scotland Yard’s Terrorism contrary to section 58 of the Command when the police Terrorism Act 2000 was dropped uncovered a potentially lethal haul by the CPS. of homemade weaponry. At a hearing in January 2010 the An improvised pipe bomb made by court heard Tinklin had not meant copper tubing held together with to cause injury and had made the tape was found in a cupboard explosives as an “experiment”. under the stairs and an improvised He said he admitted the charges on muzzle-loading firearm was the basis that he was not pursuing discovered under a seat in the any particular cause in making the kitchen. The police also found items. The Recorder of Cardiff, right-wing posters, leaflets and Nicholas Cooke QC, said: “At one magazines, including Spearhead, time he was a member of a far-right formerly published in support of organisation. Though I understand the BNP, Nazi flags, that has ceased since, it is still t-shirts and membership cards for relevant background.” the British Movement and the . However the Deputy Assistant Commissioner court accepted that Tinklin had had Stuart Osborne, senior national no interest in right-wing extremism coordinator of counter-terrorism, since 2005. said: “Darren Tinklin has pleaded guilty to very serious offences. Tinklin admitted possessing an Those who actively seek to improvised firearm, a pipe bomb manufacture these items are of and gunpowder at a hearing at great concern to us.” ●

60 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? The UK’s far-right ‘terrorists’ and would-be ‘terrorists’ Profiles

David Lucas

Age 49 Occupation Farmer Address South Road, Lakenheath Politics BNP activist and election candidate Sentence 12 months in custody, suspended for 12 months

David Lucas, a Suffolk farmer and election in June 2009 and allowed BNP parish councillor in the party to use his barns for a Lakenheath until July 2010, was fundraising event in the run-up to arrested after police visited a static the election. After he was charged caravan at Black Dyke Farm near the BNP accused the police of Lakenheath in April 2009, where persecuting him because of his Lucas had been staying, and found politics. Lucas had caused a plastic tub containing a small controversy in 2006 when it amount of gunpowder and 2,500 emerged that he was building rounds of ammunition. gallows for export.

Lucas pleaded guilty at Ipswich He was arrested again in August Crown Court to possessing 2010 after police searched a gunpowder without an explosives caravan in Hockwold and has been licence, two offences of possessing committed for trial at Ipswich prohibited ammunition and one Crown Court on charges of offence of possessing ammunition possession of a signal launcher gun without a firearm certificate. without a certificate and possession of ammunition for a firearm Sentencing Lucas in June 2010, Judge without a certificate. ● David Goodin said the offences crossed the custody threshold but agreed to pass a 12-month sentence suspended for 12 months after concluding that Lucas was eccentric rather than a danger to the public. (It should be noted that other individuals included in this report have been described in similar terms but did prove dangerous.)

Lucas was on the list of BNP candidates for the European

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 61 Lone wolves: myth or reality? Profiles

Jefferson Azevedo

Age 45 Occupation Postman Address Langley, Portsmouth Politics Nazi sympathiser Convictions Placing an article with intent; 9 x hoaxes involving noxious substances under the Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act between 7 January and 28 February 2005; 9 x sending a letter conveying a threatening message between 28 February 2003 and 5 March 2007 Sentence Four years in custody

Jefferson Azevedo sent more than Azevedo, who was born in Italy, them back.” In March 2007, he sent 150 threatening letters to mosques, pleaded guilty at Southwark Crown hate mail to a number of residents churches, MPs, companies and a Court to 19 charges, including eight in Portsmouth and the West primary school between 2003 and under the Anti-Terrorism Act, and Midlands bearing a swastika and 2007. Recipients included Tony asked for a further 140 to be taken the warning: “Ethnic cleansing Blair, the Attorney General’s office, into consideration. The court heard coming soon to this area.” Portsmouth Royal Naval Dockyard, that he singled out individuals a Portsmouth curry house, the because of their support for foreign Azevedo was arrested after police head of the Voluntary Service nationals in Britain or their matched his DNA to traces on the Overseas organisation, O2’s offices opposition to the BNP. letters. He explained that he wanted in Slough and a refugee centre. publicity because of his concerns Many of the letters, which were In January 2004 he sent letters to over immigration and intended to sent shortly after several anthrax the media after plans to build an frighten. He said he had the idea letter attacks in America, contained asylum centre at HMS Daedalus in from the US when anthrax had white powder wrapped in tin foil. Lee on the Solent were revealed. been sent through the post to The powder was harmless. In one, signed RAHOWA, he wrote: various people and had carried out The parcels also contained sheets “The race traitor and nigger slut research in the public library, in of paper with a swastika symbol in Beverley Hughes is about to give newspapers and on the internet. the middle and “AF” – Aryan Force – her permission to turn the former If he found a story that interested in the corner. air base into a refuge centre to him, he would do what he could to accomadate thousands of terrorists find out how to contact the Many letters were signed and criminals from around the individuals concerned. “RAHOWA” an acronym for “Racial world. As soon as we know from the Holy War” used by white media of her definitive approval we The defence told the court his supremacists. He also placed a hoax will start a series of attacks against client had a background of bomb on a footbridge above the specific targets across the country. depression that had made him a A27, where he had unfurled a The two scumbags should be held solitary individual who had swastika banner displaying the responsible for any damages difficulty making friends. website address – NSM88.COM – of following our action.” the National Socialist Movement, Judge Peter Testar, told Azevedo: the . He responded to a campaign to “I find a significant aggravating prevent a Portsmouth schoolgirl factor in this case was the sheer Some letters contained threats and and her family from being returned nastiness which was directed a picture of the Oklahoma bomber to Syria by sending letters against individuals. I can’t ignore Timothy McVeigh with the words containing caustic soda, some with these offences seem to have been “in memory of Timothy McVeigh”. the message: “If they be black, send racially aggravated.” ●

62 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? The UK’s far-right ‘terrorists’ and would-be ‘terrorists’ Profiles

P63 (above) A nazi banner owned by Jefferson Azevedo (right) Azevedo’s hoax bomb over the A27 (below right) One of more than 150 threatening letters sent by Azevedo

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 63 Lone wolves: myth or reality? Profiles

Miles Cooper

Age 26 Occupation School caretaker Address Cherry Hinton, Cambridge Politics No affiliation known Convictions 7 charges of sending letter bombs, 5 charges relating to injuries caused by the bombs Sentence Indeterminate

Over a period of 21 days in January than harm. He told Oxford Crown terrorism and explosive devices in and February 2007 Miles Cooper Court that he had been “concerned support of his political views. sent two letter bombs to the offices about the direction my country was He carefully researched, prepared, of companies involved in traffic heading in” and that his aim was and then sent these devices, regulation enforcement in London “ultimately to highlight my cause”. taking extensive precautions to and Berkshire, one to the Driver avoid detection.” and Vehicle Licensing Agency in Cooper, described by his uncle as “a Swansea, three to forensic science lonely boy most of his life”, claimed Although no far-right political laboratories in Oxfordshire and the his anger at the authorities had interest was established in this West Midlands and one to a private intensified when his father was case, Cooper’s hatred for the house in Folkestone from where the unable to have DNA samples authorities was a mirror image of owners used to run a security firm. removed from the police database, the mindset that encouraged far- Five of the bombs exploded. even though he had been cleared in right terrorists in the USA to attack 2003 of assault. federal buildings and individuals He used two types of bomb, which working in law enforcement, the were contained in jiffy-bag-type Judge Hall ruled Cooper was a judicial system and the Internal envelopes. One was designed to fire danger to the public and gave him Revenue Service. ● a nail at the victim; the other an indeterminate sentence, saying sprayed shards of glass. At his trial he must serve four years and 149 the prosecution accepted that none days before being eligible for of the devices was capable of killing parole. “First and foremost you are anyone but they were “sadistically a terrorist, there can be no conceived” to cause unpleasant mistake,” he said. “Anyone who and painful injury. tries through violence or threat of violence to change the political will Cooper did not contest that he sent is a terrorist and that is precisely the bombs but denied intending to what you did. Either what you did cause injury. He said he sent them was rational, in which case it was because of an “overbearing and evil, or it was irrational which, in over-intrusive surveillance society”. my mind makes it even more He was angry with authority and frightening.” called the UK “one of the most watched societies on the planet”. Detective Superintendent Turner He said the bombs were sent to said the numerous items found at organisations he believed were Cooper’s home demonstrated that connected to government control, his arrest had “almost certainly” surveillance and monitoring, and prevented further attacks. “He were intended to cause fear rather utilised his interests in anarchy,

64 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? The UK’s far-right ‘terrorists’ and would-be ‘terrorists’ Profiles

John Laidlaw

Age 24 Occupation Former boxer Address Holloway, north London Politics BNP member Convictions Attempted murder x 3 and 2 firearms charges Sentence Life imprisonment with a minimum term of 15 years

John Laidlaw, a former boxer from He also stated that he was going to kill” his victims, but they were not Sierra Leone, went on a shooting “kill all black people”. racially-motivated attacks. spree in north London in May “Although both people you aimed 2006. The first victim, Abu Kamara, Detective Sergeant Nick Bonomini at were black I make no finding was returning home after a game of Scotland Yard’s Serious Crime that your crimes were racially of badminton when his friend’s Directorate told the Old Bailey: “He motivated.” A police officer said sports bag accidentally brushed has previously demonstrated a high people could form their own views against Laidlaw walking in the level of aggression towards black given Laidlaw’s previous opposite direction. Laidlaw calmly people that appears, given his behaviour. pulled out a pistol from his words, based on their race. But waistband, pointed it at Kamara’s there was no evidence in these Laidlaw had a string of previous head and fired. current two shootings that suggest convictions starting at the age of 14. that this formed the same sort of His crimes included property Half an hour later he fired at least motivation for him and on that we damage, public order offences, two shots at Evans Baptiste at have an open mind.” 16 counts of theft and knife Finsbury Park Tube station, possession. He also carried out accidentally hitting 26-year-old Passing sentence Judge Samuel seven armed street muggings and Emma Sheridan. Baptiste had Wiggs said Laidlaw “intended to had been in jail several times. ● been chasing Laidlaw after recognising him as the man who had attacked him with a hammer earlier in the year.

Three weeks before the shootings, Laidlaw had been sentenced to an 18-month supervision order after admitting punching and racially abusing a black motorist in 2004. When he was arrested he behaved violently and was “foaming at the mouth” according to a police document. “In the presence and hearing of the black female jailer the defendant made racist comments and remarks, stating he was a member of the BNP and that he hated all black people,” the document says. Gun in hand, John Laidlaw terrorises passengers at Finsbury Park Tube station

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 65 Lone wolves: myth or reality? Profiles

Robert Scobie McMahon

Age 24 Address Highgate, Birmingham Politics Evidence of an interest in the BNP and nazism Conviction Murder Sentence Life imprisonment with a minimum term of 18 years

Robert Scobie McMahon battered severed head in his flat. He then Robert McMahon’s defence of Mark Green, a 31-year-old college contacted his younger brother and diminished responsibility due to lecturer, to death in a brutal persuaded him to come to the flat, mental illness was rejected by the homophobic attack at where he sought his help in moving jury. Sentencing him to life McMahon’s flat in Birmingham the body parts to Coventry. imprisonment in April 2004, between 17 and 18 January 2002. The court heard that the remains Mr Justice McKinnon said: McMahon smashed Green’s skull were packed in suitcases and taken “Precisely how you murdered an with a gas canister and then to Coventry by taxi. entirely innocent member of the dismembered his body and public may never be known. buried the remains in his Detailing how Mr Green was It may indeed have been a brother’s garden, where they battered to death with a 20lb gas homosexual killing.” Judge were found on 7 June 2002. canister, Mr Raggatt said: “The McKinnon recommended beating was of great severity. McMahon serve at least 18 years The brother, James McMahon, 21, His skull was shattered by what before being considered for parole denied a charge of impeding the must have been a series of blows, and remain on licence for life if apprehension or prosecution of an and, you may think, pretty savage released, saying: “It is obvious that offender by helping to dispose of blows which caused his skull to you have the potential to be an Green’s body. fracture into 20 separate pieces. extremely dangerous man.”

Timothy Raggatt, prosecuting, told “The crime, you may come to think, In sentencing James McMahon to the court at the three-week trial in has more than one sinister side to it two years’ custody the judge said: March-April 2004: “In – a desire to kill someone may well “I am entirely clear that you were dismembering the body, Robert be part of it and also, unhappily, recruited by your brother McMahon cut the head off and that there is a pretty strong completely by chance. You were both legs and then wrapped the inference that the killing was faced with the brother from hell but now four pieces – the two legs, the motivated in some respects by a I am worried by your own very head and the torso with arms still homophobic attitude on the part of extreme views which, it is clear, you attached – in carpet and other the killer.” share with Robert. There is an material from the flat.” The court extremely unattractive undercurrent heard how McMahon kept an ear Evidence was given in court of an to your Nazi sympathies and as a trophy and talked to the interest in the BNP and nazism. homophobic views.” ●

66 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? The UK’s far-right ‘terrorists’ and would-be ‘terrorists’ Profiles

Stuart Kerr

Age 20 Address Hunston, Chichester Politics BNP supporter Conviction Arson Sentence 12 years in custody

Stuart Kerr, a self-confessed racist, threw two petrol bombs at a shop in Chichester belonging to Chandrakant Patel. Fortunately the toughened glass windows of the shop did not break, preventing the fire from taking hold. It was the latest attack in a systematic campaign against the shop. For almost two months Kerr and at least two others carried out a campaign of violence against the property, smashing lights and windows on a number of occasions. Stuart Kerr’s bedroom He was caught after police installed a CCTV camera which filmed the attack. Police believe he did not year. Pictures of Hitler adorned the it not be disclosed as evidence, carry out the bombing alone. walls, along with National Front fearing that it might be prejudicial stickers and derogatory slogans to the case. “I am a racist and a supporter of the defacing a West Ham team photo. British National Party,” Kerr told the Among the nazi literature found Imposing the maximum sentence police and Chichester Crown Court were copies of Spearhead, British available, Judge Anthony Thorpe at his trial in November 1999. Nationalist, information bulletins told the court: “Members of the He went on to say that he had met from the nazi terror group Combat ethnic minority groups rightly look nazi activists while attending West 18 and The Wolf, published by a to the courts for protection from Ham football matches. former Combat 18 activist. There the vile and despicable hatred that was also a copy of Hitler’s Mein is peddled by racist bigots. In the Kerr’s bedsit was a shrine to nazism Kampf. However, while the judge past I suspect they have felt they and was very similar to the home of described the material found in have not been afforded the David Copeland, who carried out Kerr’s bedsit as “appalling”, he protection they rightly deserve and the London bombings the same somewhat surprisingly ordered that I have great sympathy.” ●

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 67 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

68 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? Lone wolves: myth or reality?

Chapter 4 The lone wolf: views from experts and criminal justice practitioners

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 69 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

The lone wolf: views from experts and criminal justice practitioners (continued)

The author approached a number Mercer MP, a former professional people whom they drank with?” of people in the criminal justice soldier and long-time thorn in the In the author’s view action of such a system to elicit their views on the side of successive governments nature may sometimes be justified nature of far-right terrorists in over their lack of preparedness in to prevent the commission of acts Britain. Those written responses dealing with threats other than of terrorism. Understanding the received are set out in this chapter. those presented by Muslim motivation and influences on extremists. His views helped the potential terrorists is a key element A contribution from Nick Lowles of author in formulating the in detecting those who might Searchlight, the author of several recommendations in this report. commit terrorist acts and visible books on the far right, highlights police scrutiny can act as a the ways in which groups and Sir Ken Macdonald QC (now Baron deterrent to those who incite more activists on the extreme right Macdonald of River Glaven), who vulnerable individuals to commit inspire individuals and the role of was the Director Public political violence. Setchell’s the internet in enabling people to Prosecutions and head of the resignation, following the removal link up in non-traditional ways. Crown Prosecution Service from of one of his senior officers from his 2002 to 2008, explained how the team, is a great loss to policing These statements are followed by CPS had rationalised the way in extremism in the author’s view. an extract from evidence given to which it worked with specialist the House of Commons Home police units such as SO15 and Affairs Committee by sections of the security services in Metropolitan Police Service investigating and prosecuting an Assistant Commissioner John increasing number of far-right Yates, in which he expressed his extremists. Previously this work had view on the nature of far-right been fragmented. terrorism. Finally there is a transcript of part of a BBC Anton Setchell, ACPO’s National Panorama programme on the Coordinator for Domestic London nailbomber David Extremism, expressed a firm belief Copeland in which David Veness, that police investigations must who was then an Assistant respect individuals’ civil liberties Commissioner in the Metropolitan and right to hold political opinions. Police Service, and the author In response to the author’s consider Copeland’s involvement suggestion that he should have with far-right organisations. investigated more thoroughly the associations of convicted far-right The author also received helpful extremists, he said: “What would information from a number of you have me do, send my officers other people. One was Patrick down the pub and round up the

70 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? The lone wolf: views from experts and criminal justice practitioners

ROB BECKLEY Their understanding an knowledge from 2002 I led the national work of Deputy Chief Constable, Avon and of the people and risks posed by ACPO’s National Community Somerset Police various individuals and right-wing Tensions Team. This involved groups was exceptional. It was not once more some close work with Right-wing extremism is an ever- matched by an equivalent Gerry Gable and Searchlight. present threat to the cohesion of understanding and knowledge He introduced me to the thinking in our communities. In the past year within the Police service. At that respect of Lone Wolves and brought public awareness of this time there was, to some extent, a me up to date on the extremist extremism has increased partly complacent attitude about the picture within the UK. Searchlight because of the activities of the extreme right within the Police was able to prove that “Lone Wolf” English Defence League. The EDF service. It was seen as an irritant is not an good description of people is a more recent manifestation of a and not as a significant threat to whose activities and criminality long-standing problem that community cohesion. are inspired and precipitated by the causes tension within work of others. As Deputy Chief communities and presents a Gerry Gable and his colleagues Constable in Avon and Somerset threat that is consistent and have been relentless in identifying I have involved Gerry and his persistent. and shaming those whose activities colleagues in briefing our local are corrosive and harmful to Special Branch and community For much of my career I have had society. Often they have identified officers on the extremist threats in involvement in countering the illegal activity which has led to Bristol and the surrounding area. threat of domestic extremism. police intervention. In recent years I have held specific roles at times the response of the Police service to Ultimately, the Police have a where I have been engaged in the threat of right-wing extremism difficult and finely balanced dealing with the symptoms and has developed, it has become more judgement on whether and how to causes of racial hatred and tension. sophisticated and co-ordinated. intervene when faced by extremist It was when I was the Head of Race Our intelligence network is better, activity. Nuanced and accurate Policy in the Metropolitan Police in the partnership with other understanding of the intelligence, the mid 1990s that I met Gerry organisations and groups such as as well as the motives and Gable and first worked with Searchlight is better and the way personalities of the people involved Searchlight. the national work of the in extreme right-wing activity is Metropolitan Police supports local essential in making such I ran the police index of race police forces is better. judgements. Gerry Gable and hate literature and Mr Gable and Searchlight have been invaluable in his colleagues at Searchlight The recent research and work by helping us make our judgements provided valuable intelligence Gerry Gable and Searchlight has and ensure they are founded on the and information on the sources of continued to inform and guide the best information and intelligence. the literature and personalities work in preventing extremism in behind much of the material. our communities. For five years November 2010 ➤

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 71 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

The lone wolf: views from experts and criminal justice practitioners (continued)

SARAH SHAKESPEARE BETHAN DAVID NICK LOWLES Communications Team, North East Crown Advocate, Crown Prosecution Chief executive of Searchlight and Counter Terrorism Unit Service Counter Terrorism Division editor of Searchlight magazine

The Lone Wolf is a term often The Crown Prosecution Service Cause and effect associated with an individual who does not have a definition for a possesses extreme views and takes ‘lone wolf’. Furthermore I am not When and violent action, prepares for it, or aware of any other organisations The Order made their last demonstrates a desire to do so, in within the criminal justice system stand on , in order to further their personal goals having such a definition. Washington state, in December and motivations. While they may 1984, he probably was not mix with like-minded individuals, Personally I would consider a lone thinking about the impact his generally Lone Wolves try to avoid wolf to be someone who acts actions would have around the attention or compromise by without assistance of others and globe. The Order, also known as undertaking their activities alone. develops their own methods and the Silent Brotherhood, was a tactics in pursuance of an ideology, small neo-nazi terrorist group Lone Wolves may be unknown to which may well be shared with which attempted to ignite a race police for their extremist views or others. Although most lone wolfs act war in America in the early 1980s. intentions and are more likely to alone and in isolation of others in be discovered through other, respect of extremist activities, many, Unlike previous far-right terrorist criminal investigations. For this it would seem, obtain their ideas and groups they didn’t specifically reason, the Lone Wolf represents ideology through association with target Jews or non-whites but the an undiscovered risk and a others and/or have used the internet state, which they believed was potential threat to community and chat forums to exchange ideas under Jewish control – the Zionist cohesion or safety and obtain information. Occupation Government (ZOG) – a term first coined by the veteran July 2010 July 2010 US nazi leader William Pierce in his novel . This fictional story of a small band of racialists taking back “their” country proved inspirational to Mathews and his group.

Pierce’s book, and the story of The Order, was to inspire a generation of white supremacists and racists across the globe. In Sweden VAM – White Aryan

72 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? The lone wolf: views from experts and criminal justice practitioners

Resistance – and the Storm weapons and we wanted to do the traditional methods of organising, network carried out a number of same over here. Of course it was all allows people to connect up with armed robberies and murders in stupid but we wanted to be one another in secret and become the early 1990s. Pierce was also famous. We got carried away, we inspired by ideas and actions a warmly welcomed by several were like kids in a candy store.” world away. British National Party leaders and in 1994 he was the main speaker at David Copeland was never in Labelling people as Lone Wolves the BNP’s annual conference. Combat 18 but he was in the may sometimes be an National Socialist Movement, a understandable initial reaction In 1991 the language and ideology spin-off group. Just as importantly, when no obvious organisational of The Order came to the UK, first if not more so, he read The Turner connection is made and sometimes through a series of book clubs Diaries and was inspired by the it is a convenient label to explain which sold Pierce’s book and actions of The Order. He might have away a lack of knowledge on behalf Brüder Schweigen, a sympathetic acted alone but he was following a of the authorities. But in most, account of the Silent Brotherhood, strategy encouraged by others. if not all cases, people have been and then by hardline nazi groups, Copeland was a deeply disturbed inspired by something or someone. most noticeably Combat 18. and troubled young man and this This is why it is vital that the “ZOG” became common violent far-right ideology gave him authorities monitor not just the terminology and the notion of a cause through which to channel groups who threaten violent action attacking the state and using his anger. but also the publications and terrorism was openly vocalised. individuals who through their In the age of the internet and words incite and inspire. Of course the vast majority of those 24-hour news the world is a much involved in Combat 18 had no smaller place. What happens in one March 2011 intention of carrying out a terrorist country can instantly be beamed act. It was bravado, even hyperbole. around the world. The internet But there were a few who wanted to allows people to read and be live the dream, live the fantasy. indoctrinated in a way that was unimaginable before. Darren Wells, a former leading C18 activist who became an informer The likelihood is that we will have for Searchlight, articulated this more individuals who are unknown succinctly to me while I was to the authorities carrying out writing White Riot: The Violent politically motivated violent attacks Story of Combat 18. “We read and terrorism. People no longer The Turner Diaries and the story of have to go to meetings, subscribe to Robert Mathews and felt inspired. literature or discuss plans with We had the money and the others. The internet bypasses ➤

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 73 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

The lone wolf: views from experts and criminal justice practitioners (continued)

HAROLD W GOSSETT, former Oral evidence to the House of FBI Special Agent Supervisor Commons Home Affairs Committee on the Home I am a 20-year veteran of the FBI. Office’s response to terrorist As a former Special Agent attacks 10 November 2009 Supervisor I continue to train and consult with US law enforcement Evidence from Assistant and intelligence agencies about Commissioner JOHN YATES counter-terrorism topics. Q116 David Winnick: There are The “lone wolf” terrorist is as other groups, are there not, which unlikely to exist as a lone wolf could be described here as racist canine. That is to say even the and fascist elements – most of mentally deranged attackers get whom presumably do not wish to their inspiration from hate engage in terrorism of any kind, mongers who fan the flames of fear although some do? For example, a and peddle paranoia about their BNP election candidate called target groups. Robert Cottage was found last year with the largest amount of chemical Five years ago I met Gerry Gable at explosives ever found in this Oxford. Ever since, I have enjoyed country. There remains that danger the benefit of information from his of such groups, not necessarily just well placed sources and his the BNP. insightful analysis of far-right extremism in European countries Assistant Commissioner Yates: and beyond. That is correct. In recent months and recent years we have seen a When appropriate I have growth around some of the far right forwarded information from extremism movements. Mostly, Mr Gable to the FBI and to I have to say, they tend to be less police detectives assigned to our organised. It tends to be the Joint Terrorism Task Force. concept of the “lone wolf”. We have The recipients continue to express seen several manifestations of that their appreciation and their desire over the past months and several for more information from him. arrests, and there are ongoing cases which of course I cannot comment February 2011 upon. This is something we take extremely seriously. We make sure

74 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? The lone wolf: views from experts and criminal justice practitioners

we balance our resources Extract from BBC Panorama joined another nazi group, even appropriately, to ensure we can “The Nailbomber” transmitted more extreme than the British devote sufficient to the growth of 30 June 2000 National Party. that threat, the intelligence picture, and of course the response, should DAVID VENESS GERRY GABLE that be required. (Assistant Commissioner, (Searchlight magazine) Metropolitan Police) I think that there was a transitional Q120 Martin Salter: I have the The man is not a member of any of period for him, as an dubious pleasure of representing the groups which have made claims impressionable young man, Mr Lewington in Reading, the of responsibility for the bombing, between going from the BNP to rightwing extremist who was found nor did he make any of the claims something even more extreme, if with the bomb-making material using their name. It is understood you can imagine that, and I think and all the rest of it and the that he was working alone for his that transition was the reading of Ku-Klux-Klan manuals. To what own motives. hate literature, probably seeing extent are these rightwing people hate videos, probably listening to who wish to use violence and acts GRAEME McLAGAN (reporter) music that’s full of hate lyrics, and of terrorism linked into other You gave the impression that he deciding that the BNP, to some European networks? Or are they was not connected to any extremist extent, in its present form, is a bit of slightly disturbed freelancers groups. Do you still stand by that? a paper tiger. getting their inspiration from the internet and other sources – in DAVID VENESS McLAGAN the way that Lewington appeared I think what we have learnt Copeland found what he was to be? subsequently is that there were looking for in a much more openly linkages. I think again they appear nazi group - the National Socialist Assistant Commissioner Yates: to be not of longstanding, or of Movement. It is much more the latter. The particular depth. But I wouldn’t internet is a fertile feeding ground dismiss for one moment that he has MIKE WHINE (Board of for some of these issues. You can not had association with the Deputies of British Jews) receive briefings from around the background, the linkages, of This is a very small but very violent world about these matters and act various rightwing organisations. neo-nazi group. Their whole upon them through that medium. One wouldn’t dismiss that. programme is one of terrorism, My assessment is – and it is not even in the written word or in a detailed assessment – that it is McLAGAN actual fact against Jews, against not well organised. It tends to be Copeland’s name was not on any blacks and against Asians. lone individuals acting in that police database of rightwing way, but, nevertheless, extremists, but should the McLAGAN presenting considerable danger to police have known about him? This appeared on an NSM run public safety. Because three months earlier he’d website on the internet. ➤

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 75 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

The lone wolf: views from criminal justice practitioners (continued)

“A practical guide to Aryan wrote to Copeland to tell him he letters between Copeland and his revolution. Racial war. This means had been accepted as a full NSM political leaders, when his terror creating tension and terror within member. campaign began, the police Special ethnic communities and damaging Branch had never heard of David or destroying their property and “It’s always a special day for us Copeland. their homes by fire bombs and/or when a new comrade has the explosive devices. Part of this strength of purpose and the GERRY GABLE involves attacking individuals and courage to step forward and join.” The authorities don’t appear to killing some of them.” know anything about that McLAGAN correspondence. Now we all know McLAGAN A little later Williams wrote to that mail gets opened in this The NSM was formed when another activist living in country as part of tackling another nazi terror group - Combat Basingstoke suggesting Copeland terrorism and organised crime and 18 - split violently in 1997. C18’s should be visited and checked out. international drug dealing. leader, Charlie Sargent, ended up In February Williams wrote to It’s beyond me why a clearly doing life for murder. His brother, Copeland again appointing him established extremist group, Steve Sargent, from Essex, was unit leader, in charge of the NSM in advocating violence publicly like one of the hard line nazis who his own area. the NSM is not monitored. split away to set up the NSM. When Copeland applied to join the “Welcome to leadership, McLAGAN NSM in January 1999, Sargent was responsibility and accountability to Shouldn’t the intelligence services one of those who approved his your comrades. Yours ever. Heil have been across such an membership. But he’s not keen to Hitler.” organisation and known that talk about it now. Copeland was a member? McLAGAN Mr Sargent, we want to talk to you. But like Steve Sargent, Williams is COMMANDER ALAN FRY Can we talk to you? We’re from not at all keen to discuss his (Anti-Terrorist Branch, Panorma. We’d like to talk about involvement with Copeland. Metropolitan Police) David Copeland and the National The security services are Socialist Movement. The National Mr Williams, we’re from Panorama. looking at extreme right wing Socialist Movement inspired David We’d like to speak to you about groups collectively. They are Copeland to do his bombings. What David Copeland and the National looking at those who pose a have you got to say about that? Socialist Movement. Can you please danger to the security of the state. come to the door. We have a group here that had McLAGAN not actually carried out any But even more involved with McLAGAN violent activity. We have to act Copeland was the NSM’s leader, He was at home but he refused to within the law within data Tony Williams. It was Williams who talk to us. But despite all these protection and I think we

76 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? The lone wolf: views from experts and criminal justice practitioners

sometimes have an expectation of McLAGAN MYATT the tentacles of the Security Service But the man whose ideas had more I have no comment to make about which are far wider than their influence than most on Copeland the past, as I said, and as... actual role, their actual scope and was David Myatt from their ability. Worcestershire. The NSM’s first McLAGAN leader, the intellectual who Well the fact that you’re making no McLAGAN shaped the ideas propelling comment, doesn’t that make it clear So now a fatal chemistry was Copeland on his road to terrorism. that you are excepting some taking place. Copeland, the loner, A man who once said the nazi responsibility? deeply insecure about his movement needed people prepared sexuality, nursing a loathing of to get their hands dirty, and MYATT black people and gays, was perhaps spill some blood. I have no comment to make about feeding on a diet of literature responsibility and anything to do which developed and Mr Myatt, we’re from the BBC. with that. sharpened his hatred and his We’re from Panorama. We wanted anger. From the Turner Diaries to ask you some questions about McLAGAN he’d absorbed the idea of the NSM and David Copeland, the Any guilt? sparking a campaign of terror London nailbomber. against the enemies of his race. MYATT That idea was fuelled by the DAVID MYATT What I feel is between me and God. writings of the NSM whose I have no comment to make. It is nothing to be made public. literature also provided the It is a private matter. internet website address McLAGAN from which Copeland got You called for the creation of racial McLAGAN his instructions in bomb tension and that’s exactly what Are you keeping a closer watch now making. Copeland did. You inspired on the extreme right? Copeland indirectly to do what (Actor’s voice - Words from he did. DAVID VENESS David Copeland’s confession) I hope I’ve made that clear that My aim was political. It was MYATT that was a commitment that we to cause a racial war in this I have no comment about anything recognised was absolutely country. There’d be a backlash to do with that. necessary and needed to be from the ethnic minorities. reinforced during the time of I’d just be the spark. That’s all McLAGAN the nail bomb inquiry, and as a I will plan to be, the spark that But two years ago, when you were result of listening to the would set fire to this head of the NSM, the NSM was community, understanding their country. Chaos, damage, fire, calling for the creation of racial concerns, and that is a very it’s okay. terror with bombs. significant resource commitment, ➤

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 77 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

The lone wolf: views from criminal justice practitioners (continued)

not only that we made, but we’re That to me is abhorrent and it going to keep it up. shouldn’t be allowed in any civilised society. McLAGAN Today David Copeland was STEPHEN COPELAND (Father of convicted of three counts of murder David Copeland) and three of causing explosions. He I don’t think David is a rotten, evil was given six life sentences. We now swine. I think he’s just been badly know that in building and planting advised, badly misled. He’s a boy his bombs, David Copeland acted that hasn’t grown up. He hasn’t alone. But how much do others matured. And he’s just gone down share responsibility for what he the wrong road I’m afraid, and no- did? one, including myself, has noticed.

PHIL MADDOCK (Father of GERRY GABLE Andrea Dykes, victim of the I think you have to look at a young Soho bomb) man like Copeland and think here’s We have a democratic system and a young guy who’s done terrible free speech, and whether you’re damage to our society. He’s killed. Conservative, Tory, Liberal, He’s done terrible damage to Communist, I haven’t got a himself and his family as well. Who problem with that. I have got a at point (a) is responsible for all of problem when these rightwing this? Who wrote those terrible ideas fascists going out there actually up in that boy’s mind? And I think saying to people “stamp on a you just go and see who produces queer” or “kill a black” or whatever. this hate material and you know. ●

The Nailbomber was produced by Graeme McLagan, with Nick Lowles, editor of Searchlight, as associated producer. The full programme transcript is available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/audio_video/programmes/panorama/transcripts/trans cript_30_06_00.txt Nick Lowles and Graeme McLagan are the co-authors of Mr Evil, about David Copeland and the investigation of the London bombings (Blake Publishing, July 2000).

78 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? Lone wolves: myth or reality?

Chapter 5 Solo actor terrorism and the mythology of the lone wolf

By Dr Paul Jackson

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 79 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

Solo actor terrorism and the mythology of the ‘lone-wolf’ (continued)

INTRODUCTION by far-right, violent solutions. These wider style ideas. It also stresses that the cultures of extremism are vital for What makes an individual commit more nuanced contributions to the inculcating a terrorist an act of terrorism? This is a key analysis of solo actor terrorists that will lead to individuals or question that, at least within the suggest that surface appearances of groups carrying out violent acts. academic literature on the topic, acting alone can be deceptive: what Moreover, as will be discussed, the remains to be answered appear to be lone acts are often literature does suggest that solo satisfactorily. This despite the actually more accurately interpreted actors possess significant renewed energy found in academic as group efforts, though manifesting distinguishing features: in debate on why people carry out violent endgames conducted by a particular, a greater propensity to acts of terror that has followed 9/11. solo actor. For example, Timothy integrate personal components Although the analysis in what has McVeigh has often been within their terrorist ideology; and emerged as ‘terrorism studies’ has misunderstood as a ‘lone-wolf’ a higher probability of suffering offered some clear discussion on terrorist in academic discussion from mental disorders of some the factors driving terrorism, often because it seemed he acted alone. form compared to group actor its focus has been on group actor Yet this is clearly incorrect. McVeigh terrorists. These key observations terrorism, with far less attention was part of a terrorist cell which help to characterise solo actor given to the problem of what this also included a significant terrorists as troubled figures on the chapter will call the ‘solo actors’ contribution from fellow activist fringes of, in this case, far-right who commit, or aim to commit, Terry Nichols. However, McVeigh culture. Through this lens, terrorist violence. Discussions that was indeed a ‘lone wolf’ in the US addressing wider cultures of far- have emerged on solo actor far right’s usage of the term, right extremism, and the violent terrorists often casually dub such highlighting an individual or small culture it propagates, becomes a figures ‘lone-wolves’, yet have had terrorist cell spontaneously carrying crucial aspect of preventing such great difficulty in satisfactorily out an act of violence against an solo actor terrorists from clarifying what comprises ‘lone- allegedly oppressive state. developing violent campaigns in wolf’ terrorism beyond the modern Britain. common sense interpretation that To break down such complexity, it signifies attacks that are this chapter will examine the theme perpetrated by an individual of solo actor terrorism and ‘lone terrorist. wolf’ mythology. In so doing, it will PROBLEMS DEFINING ‘LONE- stress that solo actor terrorists are WOLF’ TERRORISM Countering the casual adoption of more often than not dependent the ‘lone-wolf’ language, this on wider networks of support. To begin with the most problematic chapter highlights the historical Such communities of support term here, ‘terrorism’, it is worth context of the ‘lone-wolf’ concept, provide structures that legitimise stressing at the outset that there is and suggests the term should be extremism, and offer access to a no clear academic consensus on used to highlight terrorism inspired cultural milieu that advocates how to define the phenomenon.

80 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? Solo actor terrorism and the mythology of the lone wolf

Oklahoma City bombers Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols

Simply put, tensions between the problematic: how can someone d creates a serious risk to the need for sufficient abstraction really be acting alone if their health or safety of the public required when defining terms, and motivation is driven by a desire to or a section of the public, or maintaining a sense of precision, support a community of people? e is designed seriously to hinder this process.1 Despite this interfere with or seriously to lack of consensus, a core Aside from allowing us to disrupt an electronic system. distinction for identifying terrorist problematise the loner cliché 3 The use or threat of action acts that has genuine analytical associated with solo actor falling within subsection (2) value is the use of violence to create terrorism, the emphasis on which involves the use of a wider culture of fear which can be terrorists being those who act on firearms or explosives is used to advance political, religious behalf of a wider community is terrorism whether or not or ideological causes. From such an reflected in the UK’s current subsection (1) (b) is satisfied. employment of terror, we can see Terrorism Act. This document that from historical scenarios such defines terrorist acts as follows: So here we again see the as the French Revolution, to characterisation of terrorism as an contemporary cultures of terrorism, 1 In this Act “terrorism” means the act motivated by a wider political, the core aim of those developing use or threat of action where – religious or ideological cause. As acts of terror is to advance an a the action falls within with many academic discussions, it ideological cause though fear- subsection(2), is this distinction which helps inducing attacks. What follows from b the use or threat is designed differentiate acts of terrorism from this basic distinction is that to influence the government other acts of violence in British law. terrorism is not committed solely or an international for the self-interest of the government organisation to So implicit in both academic protagonist. This is a central aspect intimidate the public or a debate and British law is the idea that distinguishes terrorism from section of the public, and that acting on behalf of a other acts of violence that are c the use or threat is made for community is central to terrorism. carried out for reasons of personal the purpose of advancing a Reflecting on the importance of motivation, or simply criminal political, religious, racial or cultures of extremism when intent. Broadly put, terrorism is an ideological cause. understanding terrorism, one extreme form of politics, and so 2 Action falls within this leading analyst, Mark terrorists are motivated by a belief subsection if it – Juergensmeyer, convincingly that they are working for the benefit a involves serious violence contends that terrorism is rarely, of an ostensible wider community. against a person, if ever, an act committed alone. This may be a real or largely b involves serious damage to His work shows that wider cultures imagined community, but it is likely property, of extremism are almost always to have some basis in reality. c endangers a person’s life, needed to support even the solo For the cliché image of the isolated, other than that of the person actor terrorist. In particular, he ‘lone-wolf’ terrorist, this is highly committing the action, stresses that the community of ➤

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 81 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

Solo actor terrorism and the mythology of the ‘lone-wolf’ (continued)

support given to solo actors is vital group perpetrators tend to be persuasions will highlight that the to understating how and why such framed by a terrorist ideology as ‘lone wolf’ term was popularised in terrorist acts are perpetrated. part of a great existential struggle, a the 1990s by two American-based Further, the wide variety of battle to overcome living in an extreme right-wing activists: that underpin ‘immoral’ world, a place where and Alex Curtis.3 rationales for terrorist acts hold a awful things are believed to happen Both figures are white supremacists common denominator: the need to on a daily basis. For terrorists whose ideas were designed to cultivate a sustained, alternate everyday life becomes a pursue a specific, political agenda. sense of morality capable of manifestation of extremism, Media use of the ‘lone wolf’ term justifying the destruction of whereas their worldview is ‘normal’. has subsequently helped to property, or even life, that terrorism popularise the concept, especially entails. Engagement with a wider With Juergensmeyer’s careful within journalist, academic and community is often crucial to warning, we should be wary of practitioner settings. Consequently, developing such a culture, one that quickly assuming that acts the idea of the ‘lone-wolf’ terrorist offers plausibility to the acts of committed by individuals can is now applied to a diverse range of potential solo actor terrorists. simply be understood as the cases of solo actor terrorists, from Thus, Juergensmeyer contends that behaviours of disconnected loners. Theodore Kaczynski to David even ‘acts that appear to be solo Although such actions may be Copeland to Richard Read. With ventures conducted by rogue carried out by a solo actor, we do such cases we can see that there is activists often have networks of also need to stress here the good reason to think that the most support and ideologies of important role that the group plays vital components of their activity validation behind them, whether or too, offering a community of were solo ventures. Nevertheless, not these networks are immediately support. When examining the closer scrutiny shows not only that apparent.’2 So even the Unabomber, specific cultural context of such solo the solo actor in each case was also arguably the archetypal solo actor actor terrorism in the case of the motivated by a wider cause, but terrorist, was in part ideologically contemporary far right, we find a that each terrorist actor believed supported by the student activist particular culture strongly present. their actions would benefit a wider culture that he encountered at This is the culture of the ‘lone-wolf’ community whom they were acting Harvard University. This helped developed by American ideologues. ‘for’. The casual use of ‘lone wolf’ him conceive a larger, suppressed fails to understand both the community that his terrorism was particular context from which ‘lone trying to support. To achieve this wolf’ ideology comes, and the alternate morality that legitimises THE ‘LONE-WOLF’ community of support that backs violence, terrorist ideologies view MYTHOLOGY AND THE FAR up such solo actor terrorism. contemporary reality as an RIGHT intrinsically violent and dangerous Neither the Islamist ideas of Read realm. Following on from this, such Often, secondary literature on solo or the conspiratorial worldview of acts carried out by either solo or actor terrorists of all ideological Kaczynski are of primary interest to

82 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? Solo actor terrorism and the mythology of the lone wolf

this report though, which is Within this violent sub-culture, terrorist narrative. Importantly, this focused on far-right behaviours. these key fictional texts are is an ideological structure that can Maintaining this far-right focus, we augmented by ’s highly be used by solo actors outside the see that in the more extreme influential essay, ‘Leaderless immediate US context – such as variants of far-right ideologies Resistance’ (1983). Attracted to the David Copeland. In its many forms, there has been a powerful culture Ku Klux Klan before becoming an the key, underlying theme promoting ‘lone-wolf’ attacks as active member of in proposed by this ‘lone-wolf’ part of a wider narrative of the early 1980s, here Beam ideology is that contemporary revolutionary action emerging developed the idea that, in order to society is moving towards a great from radicalised sectors of the combat an oppressive society, crisis in the near future, an American far-right community. white supremacist resistance impending calamity brought about Novels such as The Turner Diaries needed to be conducted through by a largely hidden set of forces. (1978) and Hunter (1989), both numerous terrorist acts. As with While the vast majority living written by the US far-right activist Turner’s fiction, these acts of violent within capitalist society are blind to , offer an revolt would be conducted by these hidden forces, a select few are idealised vision of this far-right individuals or small groups, and alert to the ‘true’ threat to the narrative of revolution, giving specifically these groupings would nation and the white race. gripping, fictional accounts of have no contact with each other. The format may emphasise a terrorist violence. The actions of a Only this decentralised system Zionist conspiracy (ZOG), or lone wolf will inspire a more would lead to a movement that develop other critiques of western general rising against the state. governments could not control or politics that equally allow for These texts also act as a blueprint suppress. Therefore, according to revelry in the mood of a coming for committing violent acts. Beam, ‘It goes almost without apocalypse. With this framing As discussed above, in terms of saying that Leaderless Resistance conceit, extreme right-wing activity, developing a culture of violent leads to very small or even one man including its terrorist activity, extremism, the terrorist worldview cells of resistance.’4 These texts are regards itself as responding to an marked by a clear sense of ‘good’ seminal in the far-right mythology unfolding crisis, one that will lead and ‘evil’ is powerfully evoked in surrounding ‘lone-wolves’, to a major global clash within a these highly influential texts. presenting such figures as a generation. Furthermore, for far- Also developed here is the positive, revolutionary vanguard. right protagonists their movements normative idea of terrorist violence So in such extreme right-wing are seen to operate in antagonism as a legitimate means to overthrow contexts, the term is actually with the state. The latter is part of an allegedly corrupt political framed as an optimistic concept, the problem: state authorities both system, and replace it with a white offering a narrative for suppress the ‘truth’, and keep any supremacist . Such texts revolutionary action. organisation that works towards are freely available via the internet, revealing hidden controlling forces and have gained notoriety in far- So with these key examples we can at bay. The state and its defenders right circles internationally. see the outline of a common are either conscious of the ➤

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 83 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

Solo actor terrorism and the mythology of the ‘lone-wolf’ (continued)

conspiracy, or are being duped into with mainstream society, that will to Jordan’s writings, and broadly conformity. This ideology can offer define this ‘Task Force’. Specifically, encourages a far-right worldview the sense of community, one the vanguard will undergo: necessitating violent extremism – offering an alternate morality thus offering us a telling example of advocating violence, which … the realisation that the a culture within which far-right Juergensmeyer identifies as crucial gravity and urgency of the terrorism can be cultivated. to terrorism. struggle makes it tantamount Such ideas echo the wider, US- to a war,and that the ubiquity influenced discourse promoting In Britain, the writings of Colin of the menace makes that war Leaderless Resistance, ‘lone wolf’ Jordan present us with a further a war on all the fronts of life, terrorism, and violent extremism. example of this style of extremist and thus a total war.Thus for culture being developed to fit a UK this spearhead of the struggle Within this US-influenced, far-right context. A confirmed neo-Nazi who politics becomes a whole way mythology, the distinction between was deeply influenced by the of life … an individual ‘lone-wolf’ and the American far-right cultural milieu action of a small cell not connected until his death in 2009, Jordan Soon after Jordan offers another to a wider organisation is a blurred presents us with a sustained, British telling, cryptic interpretation on one. As expert on this phenomenon example of an extreme right-wing what to do in the light of far-right Jeffrey Kaplan puts it, ‘Leaderless voice promoting extra- extremists fighting such an resistance may be defined as a kind parliamentary politics, and the existential ‘total war’: of lone wolf operation in which an creation of revolutionary, neo-Nazi individual, or a very small, highly vanguards – features that typify the For obvious reasons one cohesive group, engages in acts of American culture of far-right cannot here go into and leave anti-state violence independent of terrorism. Indeed, Jordan was to the fertile imagination the any movement, leader or network especially complimentary towards wide range of political of support.’6 Jordan shows how the US far-right terrorist David warfare open essentially to the these ideas can be imported to a Lane (a member of the extremist select few operating on lines British context, also arguing for ‘The Order’ grouping active in the comparable to the special revolutionary warfare along mid 1980s, responsible for the units of Otto Sorzeny [sic]. similarly racial lines. So within the murder of radio presenter Alan This is the domain for the internal thinking of such far-right Berg). To take one example of this professional soldier of politics protagonists, often the idea driving trend in Jordan’s writings, in his with no room for the the ‘lone-wolf’ theme is to create a essay ‘Vanguard of the Future’, dilettante or the juvenile culture that encourages Jordan calls for a new ‘Task Force’ to desperado.5 spontaneous action ‘from below’ by develop extra-parliamentary activists who are already politics. Typifying his outlook, he This suggestive presentation of the sympathetic towards a white writes as follows on the sense of need to commit extreme actions, supremacist-motivated movement. total alienation, and confrontation potentially violent ones, is crucial Ultimately, it is not the solo actor

84 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? Solo actor terrorism and the mythology of the lone wolf

(right) US far-right terrorist David Lane (far right) Colin Jordan, British terrorist and promoter of “extra-parliamentary politics”

that is championed by such concerns. As Spaaij stresses, thinking, but rather the individual actors: opportunity to evade detection through uncoordinated, tend to create their own decentralised actions that follow a ideologies that combine common ideology. Within far-right personal frustrations and contexts, this is the mythology that aversion with broader is signified by the term ‘lone-wolf’. political, social, or religious In other words, it is useful to aims. The degree to which distinguish between the idea of a these aims correspond to solo actor terrorist, i.e. an those of existing extremist individual carrying out a terrorist movements vary … act, and the ‘lone wolf’, a far-right motivational patterns tend to terrorist which is either a solo or involve complex So mapping potential communities small grouping that has emerged constellations of ideas and of support in individual cases is from the culture of Leaderless feelings that change over central to understanding the Resistance. time.7 linkages between more general cultures of far-right activity and Although no simple hard and fast solo actor terrorists. Given the laws for understanding solo actors prevalence of new media, it is PERSONALISING TERRORISM are set out here, we see that, worth stressing these supportive AND VULNERABILITIES implicitly, solo actors are dependent milieus may now be developed on the wider culture sustaining an through virtual encounters. For With this distinction in mind, we extremist worldview. Here, the example, one website based in also need to ask what drives the ‘lone-wolf’ and ‘Leaderless Britain promoting the far-right solo actor terrorist to violence. Resistance’ theme is crucial in the ‘lone-wolf’ mythology is: One of the major observations far-right context. This community www.lonewolves88.blogspot.com. developed by Ramón Spaaij in of support may be engaged with Here, one can download guides to a recent survey of terrorist vicariously by the individual actor, carrying out ‘lone wolf’ activity. acts carried out by solo actors or it may be achieved through direct Commentary on the site also blurs is that such protagonists general contact with other distinctions between cultivating combine the broad structures of individuals and movements. solo actors and larger ‘street crews’ a more prevalent extreme Moreover, though these wider through the mythology of the ‘lone ideology with their own personal contacts may not engage in terrorist wolf’.8 Again we see the far-right grievances – so suggestive activity, they will provide the employment of the term denoting commentary from figures such necessary culture of support that decentralised units of violent as Lane or Jordan can be legitimises the behaviour of extremism, rather than simply solo combined with more individual potential solo actor terrorists. actor terrorists. Meanwhile, links to ➤

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 85 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

Solo actor terrorism and the The English Defence League’s street army mythology of the ‘lone-wolf’ attacking the police (continued)

other far-right movements are also there appears to be a greater level core themes in this example that promoted via this site, showing the of psychological instability among have been developed in this relevance of offline meetings as solo actor terrorists. Key cases, discussion. Firstly, we can see from well as online encounters. ranging from Theodore Kaczynski his interest in the British National For example, on this website one to David Copeland, are used to Party, Combat 18 and the National can watch Youtube videos of illustrate this point in Spaaij’s Socialist Movement an attempt to English Defence League analysis. Though precision here is discover an extremist milieu that demonstrations, while the website’s difficult, for Spaaij such solo actors conformed to his expectations of a commentary broadly supports the are ‘relatively likely to suffer from violent, revolutionary vanguard. latter movement as an example of some form of psychological Such organisations were able to the community of support provided disturbance’. Referring to the augment Copeland’s personal by the actions of other far-right American context, Christopher worldview that regarded protagonists. Though the EDL Hewett also highlights this mainstream society as a corrupt does not actively promote terrorist connection.9 and decaying order, in need of violence, in the eyes of lone wolf violent confrontation. As he put it, mythologisers its activities can be What is important to bear in mind he wanted to provoke a ‘race war’. styled in a way to boost this more here is that, although this tendency Secondly, we can see the influence extreme instance of far-right towards forms of psychological of the American far-right culture behaviour. disturbance may help to explain a used to help develop his degree of what might be dubbed personalised ideology. In particular, Aside from the blurring of social ineffectiveness among solo The Turner Diaries was of central individual and ideological actors, and even the desire to importance to the construction of grievances, a second key withdraw from wider communities his worldview. Thirdly, we can see observation summarised by Ramón and act alone, this facet also does the integration of personal Spaaij is that individual actors tend not offer us a definitional grievances to his extreme right- to have a greater propensity to component of solo actor terrorism, wing views. These gave added suffer with mental health issues. merely a common pattern. Solo shape and colour to his political Here there is a clear contrast with actor terrorists may choose to act convictions, and helped him group actor terrorists. While many alone as a result of a lack of options develop a strategy that justified commentators observe that group to act collectively. For example, attacks on ethnic minority and actor terrorists commonly do not David Copeland sought likeminded homosexual communities in suffer from forms of individuals to work with, but was particular. And finally, we can see a psychopathology – and are often unable to find such figures and so diagnosis of an underlying regarded as, broadly speaking, eventually acted alone. psychological disturbance. psychologically ‘normal’ with little The configuration of such factors in in the way of distinguishing Turning to the case of David Copeland’s case is unique, but in personality traits other than an Copeland, we can see the many ways he typifies the makeup interest in terrorism – broadly put, crystallisation of a number of the of the solo actor terrorist.

86 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? Solo actor terrorism and the mythology of the lone wolf

To give just one further example, terrorism that were exemplars of CONCLUSIONS one can see variance on similar this culture: Timothy McVeigh and themes in the more recent case of David Copeland. He was also In sum, to develop from the Neil Lewington, who again interested in the Unabomber story, academic literature to date a set of conforms to these general trends. providing a further inspirational hard and fast laws regarding the He was interested in the wider case of solo actor terrorism. makeup of solo actor terrorists cultures of extremism generated by Thirdly, Lewington developed his seems premature. More research British far-right movements, for own interpretation of extreme into the psychological and cultural example in his claim to being a right-wing ideology, integrating factors that motivate solo actor former member of the National personal fantasy with the wider terrorists, and their attempts to Front. Moreover, as with Copeland, far-right worldview. Here we can create new communities of Lewington conceived his terror take his handwritten ‘Waffen SS extremism through violence in a campaign as a solo venture, yet UK Members Handbook’ as a clear far-right context, needs to be also believed that he was acting on example of this synthesis of carried out. What is clear at this behalf of a wider vanguard typically far-right and personal stage is threefold. Firstly, the term community, as listed in his grievances. Finally, Lewington’s ‘lone wolf’ is of limited value, and is personal notes. Secondly, we see behaviour again suggests issues best understood as highlighting a the powerful influence of the regarding his mental state. particular strand of violent Leaderless Resistance culture on A significant degree of social extremism found in far-right Lewington. Though there was no clumsiness has been noted by a cultures. It is less useful as a clear evidence of reading the number of observers who worked synonym for solo actor terrorism. primary texts that are discussed on this case, revealed for example Moreover, those who act alone are above, Lewington was especially in dysfunctional family relations often supported by others, either interested in two cases of far-right and poor social skills. tacitly though the creation of a ➤

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 87 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

Solo actor terrorism and the mythology of the ‘lone-wolf’ (continued)

wider supportive community characteristics in many solo actor comprehensive model for promoting violence, or explicitly terrorists: a personalisation of far- interpreting it, and more though providing materials useful right themes in the development of importantly, predicting where such for carrying out violent extremism. a terrorist ‘cause’; and a greater solo actor terrorism may emerge Though individuals may act solo, propensity to suffer from forms of from. So as with the case of Neil they are supported by a psychological disturbance. Lewington, by their nature such community. Consequently, any far- However, though these two fringe figures can operate ‘off the right violence carried out by solo characteristics are useful for radar screen’, with detection being actor terrorists is an extreme understanding solo actor dependent upon chance as much product of the wider cultural milieu terrorism, they do not provide a as good intelligence. ● of far-right activism.

Secondly, the positive mythology surrounding the ‘lone wolf’ concept within far-right cultures is crucial to NOTES contextualising such activity. 1 See Leonard Weinberg, Ami Pedahzur and Sivan Hirsch-Hoefler, ‘The Challenges of Emerging largely from the postwar, Conceptualising Terrorism’, Terrorism and Political Violence, vol. 16, no. 4 (2004), neo-Nazi, American context, this pp. 777 – 794. white supremacist narrative of 2 Mark Juergensmeyer, Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of extremism stresses the world is (Berkley: University of California Press, 2000) p. 11. ruled by corrupt elites that need to 3 For example: Instiuut voor Veiligheids en Crisismanagement, Lone Wolf Terrorism, be overthrown. Such views have available at: http://www.transnationalterrorism.eu/tekst/publications/Lone- been imported to Britain, both Wolf%20Terrorism.pdf [last accessed 13/02/2011] through key protagonists such as 4 Louis Beam, ‘Leaderless Resistance’ available at: http://www.louisbeam.com/leaderless.htm [last accessed 13/02/2011] Colin Jordan, and through various 5 The reference is to the Werwolf Commando Force developed by the Nazi regime at the new media sources. Commonly, this end of the Second World War. Essentially, this unit was designed to operate under cover in will carry a strong antisemitic tenor. Allied occupied territory, and is an example of the way that themes of total war and conflict, This extreme worldview justifies alongside Nazi heritage, are evoked in Jordan’s discourse to frame contemporary conflict with violent extremism against all those the state. Colin Jordan, National Socialism: The vanguard of the future – selected writings by who support and sustain the Colin Jordan (Aalborg: Nordland Forlag, 1993) pp. 115 – 117. perceived global conspiracy, and so 6 Jeffrey Kaplan, ‘Leaderless Resistance’, Terrorism and Political Violence, vol. 9 no. 3 (1997), pp. 80 – 95, p. 80. this ‘lone wolf’ culture can fuel solo 7 Ramón Spaaij, ‘The Enigma of Lone Wolf Terrorism: An Assessment’, Studies in Conflict actor terrorists, such as David and Terrorism, vol. 33, no. 9 (2010), pp. 854 – 870, p. 866. Copeland and Neil Lewington. 8 Alexander Meleagrou-Hitchens and Edmund Standing, Blood & Honour: Britain’s Far- Right Militants available at: http://www.socialcohesion.co.uk/files/1266837784_1.pdf [last Thirdly, turning to some of the accessed 13/02/2011]. more psychology-orientated 9 Christopher Hewitt, Understanding Terrorism in America. From the Klan to al Qaeda literature here, we can see two key (New York: Routledge, 2003).

88 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? Lone wolves: myth or reality?

Chapter 6 These people are dangerous

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 89 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

These people are dangerous (continued)

Former BNP councillors Sadie Graham (above) and Nina Brown (right) firing full-bore sniper rifles. The weapons are similar to the one that Derrick Bird used to kill 12 people in Cumbria on 2 June 2010

90 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? These people are dangerous

Kieren Trent, leader of the BNP’s Resistance youth movement, with obscured handgun, in front of a banner of the paramilitary UDA

Kieren Trent unmasked (fourth from left) manning a BNP street stall

➤

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 91 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

These people are dangerous (continued)

This page and next: Scottish supporters of the nazi British Freedom Fighters and the Blood and Honour movement display some of their weapons. These weapons may be replicas, but Blood and Honour supporters in Scotland have in recent years dealt in the real thing

92 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? These people are dangerous

➤

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 93 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

These people are dangerous (continued)

(above) Adam Thomas Worley, an activist in the Young BNP from Oxford (right) An English Defence League supporter

94 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? These people are dangerous

(above) Stevie Currier

➤

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 95 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

These people are dangerous (continued)

Wolf’s Hook, an organisation of hardline nazi supporters of a programme of terrorism, spending a day in the forest

Michael Sanderson, one of the leaders of Wolf’s Hook, stabbed to death by his nazi comrade John Pakulski

96 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? These people are dangerous

John Pakulski, sentenced to six years for manslaughter for killing Michael Sanderson after finding his partner Catherine Parker-Brown (below) in a state of undress locked in a bathroom with Sanderson

➤

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 97 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

These people are dangerous (continued)

Birmingham English Defence League activists (below) English Defence League activist gives a

98 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? These people are dangerous

Steve Fyfe, who has contested several elections for the BNP and has been the BNP organiser for Grimsby, has boasted about his disregard for “rules and regulations” controlling the use of firearms in the UK. On internet forums he has said he has a firearms certificate that permits him to own rifles, shotguns with a magazine capacity greater than two and certain types of airguns. He claims to own around £6,000 worth of legally held weapons and to be secretary of a gun club.

On 11 August 2008 Fyfe, posting as “sidneysausage”, wrote on a gun trading forum: “However, I don’t do rules and regulations if there is What made Fyfe’s postings of Movement, used to hold court at his absolutely no point in it whatsoever. particular concern is that he was at Grimsby home for people who shared If some of my friends want to ‘have a the time a member of the 3rd Royal his political views. In the 1970s go’ they will bloody well ‘have a go’. Anglian Regiment of the Territorial Mudie, was one of two security Personally, I’ll take my friends out to Army and there were hints that he guards at a camp held by the elite the field where I shoot, somwhere might be abstracting items from his nazi League of St George on Mersea [sic] out of view, with a nice, big TA unit. For example on 21 July Island in Essex. Mudie patrolled the backstop, up to 300m away and they 2007 he wrote: “The new 30 round site with a loaded shotgun. can use as many rounds as they care H&K mags for the SA80 work really to fire. Who the hell are the police to nice in mine. I have ‘aquired’ [sic] In 2002 Cameron Duncan, a suggest they might know my friend one or two. However, if you aren’t supporter of the BNP and the Ku I’ve known for more than fifteen in the TA/Army/Navy/Air Force, you Klux Klan, was sentenced to five years better than me?” can find one or two floating round years’ imprisonment after a man in on ebay.” the USA with whom he was He has also demonstrated an interest exchanging emails turned out to be in the illegal use of explosives. On 27 Fyfe was not the first Grimsby nazi to an FBI agent. Duncan had been May 2008 he wrote: “I’ve a big box of show an unhealthy interest in asking him to obtain firearms and fireworks in my attic, just waiting for terrorism and weapons. In the 1960s, explosives. The agent had infiltrated the day when some muslim extremists Donald Mudie, a crank member of the KKK for the purpose of catching fly a plane into .” Colin Jordan’s National Socialist such dangerous men as Duncan.

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 99 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

100 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? Lone wolves: myth or reality?

Chapter 7 Tackling violent extremism in the community

By Dr Paul Jackson

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 101 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

Tackling violent extremism in the community

INTRODUCTION In particular, this brought fresh supportive environment suitable focus to social issues associated for incubating smaller pockets of Tackling far-right terrorism is one with majority white communities. far-right violent extremism. part of a wider issue of confronting Both of these policy developments Here, the concept of far-right ‘host threats from violent extremism have been of relevance to tackling organisations’ also helps us within Britain. Developing far-right extremism, and historically understand the relevance of using Government policy around the both have been used as vehicles for community projects that tackle the complex issue of community offering communities greater politics developed by the British engagement has been fraught with information and awareness of the National Party and the English difficulties in the past decade. threats from far-right violence. Defence League (EDL) as a strategy In particular, this has been a period for minimising the risk from in which both the perceived and This chapter will summarise the extreme right-wing violent actual threats from al-Qaeda core aims of the Prevent Agenda, extremism. inspired terrorism have grown alongside the Connecting rapidly. To develop community Communities programme, policies engagement and education, the developed under the previous Government’s major response to Government. At the time of writing, THE PREVENT AGENDA AND this threat has been the Prevent the former is currently under THE TARGETING OF MUSLIMS Agenda, a policy area which has review, while the latter has fallen received substantial public funds.1 victim of the 2010 expenditure cuts. To begin with the Prevent Agenda, Problematically, Prevent has Having examined key issues from this term was taken from the become indelibly associated with this historical legacy of policy CONTEST strategy, launched in tackling extremism within a Muslim making, it will then argue that 2003, which developed the ‘Four Ps’: context. Critics highlight that this tackling both al-Qaeda inspired Pursue, Prevent, Protect and has been detrimental both to movements and far-right Prepare. It has been led by the British Muslim communities, as as two variants of an Office for Security and Counter well as to attempts to empower all underlying problem of Terrorism (OSCT), based within the communities with knowledge of the contemporary violent extremism Home Office. The Department for threats from violent extremism, can be useful for developing Communities and Local such as far-right violence. More community resilience. In particular, Government has been central to its recently, the previous Government’s by acknowledging the threat from delivery, and has been concerned Connecting Communities ‘tit for tat’ radicalisation found in with community-based approaches programme augmented the the interplay between populist to tackling violent extremism. community engagement Islamist and populist Islamophobic CONTEST was updated in 2009, techniques developed by the politics, one sees how the dubbed CONTEST II. This revision Prevent Agenda, and offered a interaction between Islamist placed a far greater emphasis on the wider framework for communities extremism and the larger far-right Prevent theme. Here, the aims of the to tackle violent extremism. organisations helps to foster a strategy were described as follows:

102 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? Tackling violent extremism in the community

Bradford Together

● To challenge the ideology ● To develop supporting strategy has been the manner in behind violent extremism and intelligence, analysis and which it has focused on issues of support mainstream voices information violent extremism found in Muslim communities, to the ● To disrupt those who promote ● To improve strategic neglect of other forms of the violent extremism and support communications. problem. Critical reports, such as people living in the Arun Kundnani’s Spooked! How not communities where they may The interpretation of Prevent at the to prevent violent extremism, stress operate local level has been diverse, and this failing.3 In particular, such more study is needed to develop research highlights divisive aspects ● To support individuals who are clear analysis of how these goals of the policy, such as its vulnerable to recruitment, or have been successfully met though mechanism for allocating funds. have already been recruited by specific Prevent related projects.2 Areas targeted for Prevent funding violent extremists are identified by the number of Though such detailed academic Muslims: if a region has a Muslim ● To increase the resilience of research is in its infancy, some population exceeding 2,000 then it communities to violent more general themes have been qualifies for support. By targeting extremism developed by public reports that Muslim communities, Prevent has have critiqued the Prevent Agenda. fostered the perception that ● To address grievances which In particular, to date one of the Muslims are uniquely susceptible ideologues are exploiting major failings of the Prevent to the risks of violent extremism. ➤

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 103 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

Tackling violent extremism in the community (continued)

Often this can falsely divide government’s guidance, you CONNECTING COMMUNITIES Muslim communities into will see there is just a cursory PROGRAMME AND THE FAR ‘moderates’ and ‘extremists’, a paragraph which talks about RIGHT division that characterises preventing all forms of moderates as those supportive of extremism. This is all very well While Prevent has largely been Government policy, and tars any but, in real life, money is only associated with issues facing Muslim more critical perspective with the going to the Muslim communities, the previous ‘extremist’ label. This kind of community. That is not right. Government’s Connecting Government-led stereotyping has The money should tackle all Communities programme sought to hindered the very engagement forms of extremism, like the address largely white with Muslim communities that the BNP for instance. areas – a scheme that was a victim of policy has sought to develop. the cuts undertaken by the Indeed, many Muslim interviewees Department of Communities and Aside from these complex issues, who responded to this research Local Government last year.5 the primary concern of this report highlighted the need for a more In particular, this policy sought to is to address the issue of threats serious and sustained engagement tackle the development of local from a far-right perspective. with the far right: a sector that has pockets of extremism, while also The current review of the Prevent developed the most virulent strand promoting trust in local government Agenda is considering whether the of Islamophobia in Britain today. institutions. Arguably anticipating policy should be used to address a In sum, Muslim communities are the ‘Big Society’ rhetoric, the wider range of extremisms.4 critical of a policy that on the one programme sought to engage the Kundnani’s analysis deals with this hand labels them as ‘closer’ to voluntary sector to help achieve this theme too. This research terrorism, while on the other goal, while also supporting highlights the ways in which far- offering only tokenistic attempts to academic interventions – for right themes have been developed tackle far-right extremism. example offering Connecting in, at best, a secondary manner via Communities funding via the Arts previous Prevent Agenda Meanwhile, the emergent academic and Humanities Research Council. initiatives – this despite the far literature is stressing that the John Denham, MP, who was then the right also developing clear relationship between the far right Secretary of State for Communities instances of violent extremism. and Islamophobia is crucial to and Local Government, described One worker based in the Midlands understanding contemporary far- the scheme as follows: cited in Spooked summarised this right extremism, yet this issue is not problem as follows: satisfactorily addressed by Prevent. At the heart of this drive is a This point needs to be developed willingness to encourage People feel that Prevent is further, but before doing so it is also local people to speak out aimed only at the Muslim important to raise the issue of the about their concerns, even if community and is labelling Connecting Communities it raises difficult and them. If you look at the programme. uncomfortable issues.

104 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? Tackling violent extremism in the community

In turn, government – national found in al-Qaeda inspired and far- radicalised Islam be tackled in a and local – needs to be able to right violent extremism.8 more joined up manner? And does set out how it is responding tackling the larger far-right and to discuss frankly where So the historical reasons for such organisations help challenge things are working and where policies emerging as separate threats from extreme right-wing they could be improved.6 mechanisms for tackling extremism terrorism? To address these is entirely understandable. questions, two key concepts are So the Connecting Communities However, to move beyond these worth stressing: ‘tit for tat’ scheme rightly identified systemic historic limitations it is desirable radicalisation and ‘host social issues in poorer, for future Prevent Agenda strategies organisations’. The former concept predominantly white areas, and to develop a more embracing helps reveal the synergies sought to develop positive approach, one that takes as a key developing between different forms frameworks for local initiatives to principle that all communities face of extremism in contemporary develop responses to these concerns. risks of violent extremism, and all Britain. (As stated, currently the communities need to be engaged in interplay between the far-right and However, what is noticeable with a political debate regarding the best Islamist ideologies is particularly the historical development in ways to confront these threats from striking.) Meanwhile, the latter tandem of Prevent and Connecting extremism. This approach of concept helps unpick the role of Communities policies is a trend understanding the interrelated larger far-right organisations acting towards tackling far-right threats nature of violent extremism is as incubators for more extreme separately from issues of violent crucial to developing a more views, which is also crucial to extremism found within Muslim sophisticated discourse of acknowledge. communities. Such an approach community engagement. In can augment the assumption that particular, this approach will avoid The process Professor Roger these are more dissimilar than the trap of labelling certain Eatwell dubs ‘cumulative related phenomena. This is despite communities as intrinsically more radicalisation’,9 which can also recent developments in the violent: one of the major failings of more pithily be characterised as academic literature on this topic, the Prevent Agenda. ‘tit for tat’ radicalisation, is an especially and important dimension of Matthew Goodwin’s 2010 edited contemporary patterns of volume The New Extremism in 21st radicalisation. With regard to far- Century Britain, a volume that ‘TIT FOR TAT RADICALISATION’ right radicalisation, we have see rightly highlights the AND ‘HOST ORGANISATIONS’ that, from the riots in Oldham and interconnected nature of Britain’s Bradford in the summer of 2001 to extremist politics.7 Moreover, local To develop this point, two the case of EDL leaders attacking studies, such as in Hounslow, also questions are of crucial the protest mounted by the reveal striking structural similarities importance: Should problems organisations Muslims Against between the push and pull factors regarding the far right and Crusades on 11 November 2010, ➤

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 105 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

Tackling violent extremism in the community (continued)

there has been a range of high- posed by Islam as the crucial member of the British National profile cases that highlight the demonising trope. Meanwhile, the Party, and the case of the Aryan phenomenon of ‘tit for tat’ newer far-right , Strike Force, whose members were extremism. In such signal cases, we the English Defence League, has found on early EDL marches, see pugnacious, radical groups emerged from this phenomenon of highlight the links between Britain’s feeding off each other’s rhetoric, ‘tit for tat’ radicalisation. It was small but perennial extreme right- promoting stereotypes to justify founded following the widespread wing and the larger, more populist extremism. outrage that developed in the wake far-right movements. Though it is of protests by Islam4UK against useful to make a distinction between Typifying this confrontational, returning Royal Anglian Regiment populist and extreme forms of right- Islamophobic far-right agenda, Nick Soldiers in Luton in March 2009.11 wing activity, in reality these are not Griffin, the BNP leader, has defended It needs to be stressed that, in both discrete categories for individual the BNP’s turn to Islamophobia in the academic literature and in protagonists. The populist far right the 2000s as follows: public reports, the relationship and the extreme right-wing are two between Islamophobia and the phenomena that cannot be neatly … in real politics in the real growing popularity of the far right partitioned. Through careful world, one’s proper choice of in Britain has not been sufficiently grooming, more causal followers enemy is a group who you researched. Further questions attracted to the larger far-right gain a worthwhile level of outside the scope of this report organisations that promote a extra support by identifying, need to be asked to fully populist, Islamophobic agenda can who you have a realistic understand this dynamic be further radicalised and gain chance of beating, and whose relationship. However, we can make access to hardline neo-Nazi and defeat will take you the a clear prima facie case that ‘tit for fascist ideologies that can locate furthest towards your goal. tat’ extremism is central for themselves within populist far-right With millions of our people understanding the context within organisations. desperately and very which far-right ideologies are reasonably worried by the currently thriving. So, as in the cases given above, the spread of Islam and its larger, populist far-right adherents, and with the mass This moves us on to the second organisations are an important media … playing concept highlighted here: ‘host hosting environment for far-right ‘Islamophobic’ messages like organisations’. Often, it is the lack of extremism in contemporary a scratched CD, the proper control that the larger far-right Britain. Not only do these choice of enemy needn’t be movements have over individual movements pose serious challenges left to rocket scientists.10 members and followers that should to community cohesion from their alert us to their risk of fostering Islamophobic politics, but also It is striking that BNP rhetoric violent extremism. The case of protagonists within them promote demonising Muslims primarily Terence Gavan, a potential solo the hardcore aspects of the far-right deploys the threat of terrorism actor terrorist who was also a worldview, opinions that can

106 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? Tackling violent extremism in the community

further be radicalised to become addressing the real threats posed found in the distinct Prevent extreme right-wing. Although both by both Islamist extremists and Agenda and Connecting the BNP and the EDL claim they Islamophobic far-right Communities approach revealed a aspire to peaceful engagement with organisations, it is possible to failure to develop a fully themes of race and immigration, it frame community engagement integrated strategy for developing is clear that both have a more strategies that both address the community engagement and sinister ‘back stage’ politics. core push and pull factors leading resilience to violent extremism. Terence Gavan is a prime example to violent extremism, and avoid the With its strong focus on tackling of this from the BNP, while Trevor trap of implying one community real and perceived issues within Hannington and Michael Heaton alone has significant issues to Muslim communities, Prevent has highlight this issue with regard to address. Such divisiveness can been limited in its ability to offer the EDL. So the concept of a ‘host easily be exploited by the far right. a full appreciation of the threats organisation’ is useful for As we have seen, there has been of far-right violent extremism. So conceptualising the threats of support for tackling both far-right the strong contemporary focus on violent extremism posed by larger and Islamist threats among al-Qaeda inspired terrorism can organisations such as the EDL and frontline workers who have often lead to far-right threats the BNP. Although violence is not developed local interpretations of being either neglected or seen as actively condoned by the Prevent Agenda projects. needing merely tokenistic leadership, or other media The author’s own experiences of inclusion. Finally, the Prevent representatives, such figures only presenting far-right issues at public Agenda policy itself can be used exert limited power over the meetings around the country in as a rhetorical tool for the far behaviour of their members and 2010 emerging from local Prevent right’s ‘tit for tat’ radicalisation: followers. Thus, such movements Agenda initiatives further backs up Muslim communities are can easily act as host organisations such observations. Meanwhile, the characterised as favoured over for more extreme pockets of recent upturn in the fortunes of white communities for radicalised nationalism. far-right ‘host’ movements, Government funding, or its including the British National Party existence is used as proof of the and especially the English Defence general threat posed by Muslims. League, highlights the need for THE NEED TO DEVELOP A policies that tackle these Rather than a silo attitude here, MORE INTEGRATED APPROACH organisations to become part of establishing a vibrant and dynamic TO TACKLING VIOLENT the agenda for addressing violent culture of local and community EXTREMISM extremism within British politics is crucial for revealing the communities. relationships between the growth of Developing a robust civil society and the growth of the far through effective community Arguably, the historic tactic of a right and other forms of violent engagement lies at the core of separation of attempts to develop extremism. So the actions of local tackling extremism. So by resilient communities that was authorities are at the core of ➤

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 107 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

Tackling violent extremism in the community (continued)

developing bespoke interpretations Moreover, for diverse public politics. Though this relationship of such an agenda. As the Stronger audiences this frames debate in a cannot explain the full dynamics Together report analysing historical way that reveals the process of ‘tit of either category of extremism, it problems with the Prevent Agenda for tat’ radicalisation. From issues does reveal the need to move away stresses, local authorities ‘have such as open debate on the lasting from partitioning out different responsibilities as community impact of EDL marches on local forms of extremism into artificially representatives and as local leaders Muslim communities, to BNP neat categories. As local studies to help ensure public safety, to help campaigns to prevent the building such as in Hounslow reveal, the people feel confident and get along of mosques, to threats posed by push and pull factors here are well together, to protect the potential solo actor violent more similar than dissimilar. vulnerable and to limit harmful extremists such as Terence Gavan, Moreover, the antagonisms these behaviours.’12 Such analysis argues many Muslim community movements develop often feed off that it is crucial that the stigma representatives view such a each other. The manner of the often attached to Muslims by such discourse as crucial to future formation of the EDL is a classic engagements under the Prevent community engagement strategies case in point here. banner is avoided in future that address a range of issues of revisions to this policy. It is also violent extremism. Given the The second observation is that the vital that violent extremism is sustained manner in which the far populist far right, manifest in the shown to be a problem that affects right seeks to use Muslim British National Party and the a wide range of communities, communities as scapegoat figures, English Defence League, is not a including predominantly white offering Muslim communities coherent force. In the EDL in communities. engagement strategies that particular one finds a social actively tackle this issue becomes movement that cultivates Currently, no study of the positive and empowering rather membership on a very loose basis. delivery of Prevent projects has than stigmatising. This allows the EDL, as well as the sufficiently analysed the relative BNP, to act as a ‘host organisation’ success of projects confronting for forms of far-right violent al-Qaeda inspired and far-right extremism. Though not every EDL radicalisation together. CONCLUSIONS grouping, or local gathering of the However, personal experience BNP, will be a hotbed for such suggests strongly that when events Three crucial observations follow politics, on occasion this designed to address a range of from the discussion above, each phenomenon will develop as these community figures, including highly relevant for future movements recruit new members representatives from Muslims Government policy in the area of and existing figures become more communities, are able also to tackling violent extremism. radicalised over time. So although develop the major problems posed The first is that such policy should the ‘front stage’ of BNP and EDL by the far right, such an approach recognise the relationship between politics asserts a more respectable, elicits much positive reaction. populist Islamist and far-right law abiding profile this needs to be

108 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? Tackling violent extremism in the community

read critically. The more dangerous intrinsically ‘closer’ to violent issue reframes debate to encourage ‘back stage’ of such movements extremism, both implied by some a more critically aware needs to be closely monitored for it current implementations of appreciation of the diversity of is here that a tendency to ‘host’ Prevent Agenda policy. Rather, a threats that emerge from violent extremism develops. At a more embracing attitude to this contemporary society. ● future policy level, this monitoring may include encouraging staff within statutory services that come NOTES into contact with far-right activity 1 For example, one strand of this policy, the PVE Pathfinder fund for 2007 / 8, had a budget to be alert to issues of such of £6 million. radicalisation towards extremism, 2 Academic analysis here has begun to emerge. For example, Vivien Lowndes and Leila and being given specific training in Thorp, ‘“Preventing violent extremism” – why local context matters’, in Roger Eatwell and Matthew Goodwin, The New Extremism in 21st Century Britain (London: Routledge, 2010) dealing with far-right ideology. As I pp. 123 – 142. argue elsewhere in this report, solo 3 Arun Kundnani, Spooked: How not to Prevent Violent Extremism, available at: actor terrorism can often develop http://www.irr.org.uk/pdf2/spooked.pdf [last accessed 13/02/2011]. in adults with vulnerabilities and 4 See the Home Office outline of the Prevent Agenda review: mental health issues. Creating http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/counter-terrorism/review-of-prevent-strategy/ [last accessed policy that can give frontline 24/02/2011]. professionals clear guidance on 5 For details, see: Local government contribution to efficiencies in 2010-11 available at: tackling violent extremism from http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/localgovernment/pdf/1611330.pdf [last such a quarter is important, yet is accessed 24/02/2011]. often lacking. 6 Quote available at: http://www.shapeyourcity.org.uk/fileadmin/_temp_/Connecting_Communities-_Briefing.pdf [last accessed 13/03/2011] A final observation to be stressed is 7 Roger Eatwell and Matthew Goodwin, The New Extremism in 21st Century Britain the positive impact that (London: Routledge, 2010) pp. 123 – 142. community engagement policies 8 See A Window on Extremism: Young People in Hounslow – a study of identity, social that are aimed at encouraging pressures, extremism and social exclusion, available at: Muslim communities to confront http://www.hounslow.gov.uk/window_on_extremism.pdf [last accessed 24/02/2011]. issues of al-Qaeda inspired 9 Roger Eatwell, ‘Community Cohesion and Cumulative Cohesion in Contemporary Britain’, terrorism receive once the The Political Quarterly, vol. 77, no. 2 (2006), pp. 204 – 216. comparative dimension of far-right 10 Nick Griffin, ‘By their fruits (or lack of them) shall you know them’ (2006) reprinted on the extremism has been raised. forum: http://www.stormfront.org/forum/t280313/ [last accesses, 24/02/2011]. This counterpoint to the one 11 Nigel Copsey, The English Defence League: Challenging Our Country and Our Values of dimensional theme of al-Qaeda Social Inclusion, Fairness and Equality available at: http://faith- matters.org/images/stories/fm-reports/english-defense-league-report.pdf [last accessed inspired threats helps to avoid 24/02/2011]. creating the impression that 12 Anna Turley, Stronger Together: A New Approach to Preventing Violent Extremism, pp. 5 Muslims are singularly susceptible – 6. Available at: http://www.nlgn.org.uk/public/wp-content/uploads/stronger-together.pdf to such issues, or that Islam is [last accessed 13/02/2011]

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 109 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

110 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? Lone wolves: myth or reality?

Chapter 8 Recommendations

The criminal justice system is facing a time of financial stringency. That makes it all the more important that serious crime is tackled efficiently and in the most effective manner. The police service as a general rule is praiseworthy in this regard. Unfortunately, because of a lack of willingness by successive governments to accept the existence of a terrorist threat other than from Islamist extremism, the growth of violence from the extreme right that sometimes leads to terrorist acts has not been properly examined and tackled in a coherent way.

This report has demonstrated the seriousness of the far-right terrorist threat. Arising from it, the author makes a number of recommendations aimed at enhancing the way in which this country faces this threat and ensuring that government now and in the future, as well as the civil service and those in the criminal justice system, deal with the threat from terrorism in the UK as a whole rather than partially.

➤

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 111 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

Recommendations (continued)

1. The authorities should for an attempted bombing of a left- Three years ago at the suggestion of monitor the groups that wing target in London at a time a senior SO15 officer the author threaten violent action and the when IRA terrorists were getting very approached the Minister of State for publications and individuals much longer prison sentences. Policing, whom he met in the course who through their words incite More recently far-right terrorists have of his role on the Metropolitan Police and inspire. been considered to be isolated Service Independent Advisory Group individuals with personality defects on Race Hate Crime, to establish This report has shown that individuals rather than perpetrators of a what records the police maintained who commit acts of terror, or plan to dangerous political ideology. Often about incidents where young people do so, are not acting in isolation but the crimes of these individuals are had been caught making home-made are inspired and informed by far-right explained with reference to their bombs, dangerous chemical formulae organisations usually via the internet. childhood problems and little or other dangerous devices, and It is clear that monitoring these reference is made to their links with whether such cases had been brought groups and their internet activity far-right organisations and the to the attention of the CPS. would pick up contacts with or by influence on them of the propaganda The author was concerned to find out individuals at risk of putting words and ideology of these organisations. whether the police took such and beliefs into action. This contrasts unfavourably with the incidents seriously and in particular way Islamist terrorists and their links whether they investigated whether Groups such as the BNP and English with al-Qaeda are viewed. the young person had any connec- Defence League act as “host tions with extremist groups or was organisations” for far-right violent accessing extremist websites, such as extremism. Those monitoring these those of far-right groups or other organisations need to be alert to 3. Young people found to be types of “direct action” organisations. issues of radicalisation towards experimenting with explosives extremism. or dangerous chemicals or Had the police looked for evidence of devices should be investigated an interest in extreme-right music, more thoroughly with a view to leaflets and other publications, or establishing whether the person clothing such as t-shirts? Was such 2. Terrorism from the extreme has any connections with information being recorded in any right must be viewed in the people or groups that could way at the Home Office or same way as terrorism from influence the young person to ACPO(TAM)? Such investigation Islamist extremists. go on to commit terrorist acts. could potentially result in a future terrorist being spotted and monitored Far-right terrorism has rarely been Often a young person’s dabbling before carrying out any acts of taken as seriously as other forms of with dangerous devices is dismissed violence. The civil servant dealing terrorism. In 1986 the extreme-right as innocuous experimentation with the author’s inquiry at the terrorist Tony Lecomber was whereas an older person might be behest of the Minister was unable to sentenced to just three years in prison investigated more seriously. obtain any answers.

112 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? Recommendations

4. Exchanging information In one situation a fieldworker who Her initiative attracted the attention between agencies for the was successful in delivering of Berlin city council, which bought purpose of monitoring information to schools about how a building in the city to be used as a potential terrorists should be the far right operates was then youth centre, equipped it and made easier. tasked to deal with a gang of young employed a church leader to take and radical nazis led by a 19-year- charge of the project. A year down One reason why potential terrorists old. The fieldworker took charge of the road he had been converted to might be overlooked is that data the sessions being held with the national socialism and the building protection rules do not permit the gang aimed at turning them away was being used by the growing sharing of information between from the politics of violence and numbers of young nazi activists different agencies involved in extremism. It became apparent that who were being manipulated older investigating and preventing crime. the 19-year-old leader had great people behind them. The council There may be a need for legislative influence on these youngsters and withdraw its support and the change to facilitate this process. the fieldworker had no experience in centre closed. handling such a dedicated and dangerous man. Schemes such as It is essential, therefore, that work this, while well intentioned, will fail directed at young people at risk 5. Effective work with young if delivered by inadequately trained involvement in far-right terrorism is people should take place to people and without sufficient carried out by people who understand divert them from engaging in controls in place. the politics and culture of such people. racist violence and involvement There needs to be better selection of in extreme-right organisations. Another experience known to the people to run such schemes, proper Such work must be led by author further illustrates the risks. training and overall direction by a knowledgeable and properly Two decades ago eastern Germany small number of experts in this field. trained specialists. and Berlin in particular were faced with a serious increase in young Evidence from the Prevent people being recruited into far-right programme indicates that some of activism that included arson and 6. There is a need to develop a the external agencies employed to murder. Berlin city council funded a more integrated approach to deliver the programme in regard project to work with young nazis tackling violent extremism. to far-right extremists have little or who had been attacking people no knowledge or experience of around Berlin’s railway stations. Developing a robust civil society dealing with such people. For A former East German Olympic through effective community example one person engaged to athlete who had become an engagement lies at the core of provide information about the BNP academic had started spending time tackling extremism. By addressing the has only limited knowledge of the with these youngsters and having a real threats posed by both Islamist BNP and even that is several years positive influence in turning them extremists and Islamophobic far-right out of date. away from racist violence. organisations, it is possible to frame ➤

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 113 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

Recommendations (continued)

community engagement strategies with the problem of dealing with stepped up the threats to the targets that both address the factors leading hate on the internet, often claiming it of the extreme right. Some of those to violent extremism and avoid the is impossible to shut down hate at the meeting understood that to trap of implying one community websites and websites that provide identify people falsely and alone has significant issues to information on making bombs and dishonestly as paedophiles and address. Such divisiveness can easily dangerous chemicals, such as ricin. publish their addresses could result be exploited by the far right. in people being attacked, even There has been support for tackling Nearly a decade ago the Home Office killed, and damage being caused to both far-right and Islamist threats set up a group that included external their property. among frontline workers who have specialists to look at how this problem developed local interpretations of could be tackled. Nothing was It was therefore surprising to read Prevent Agenda projects. achieved. Some four or five years of a speech by Baroness Pauline later a Home Office civil servant Neville-Jones, the Minister of State The recent upturn in the fortunes of informed the author that another for Security and Counter Terrorism, far-right “host” movements, such working party was being set up reported in The Times on 16 March including the BNP and especially the but it was clear he knew nothing 2011 under the headline “A new English Defence League, highlights about the work of the earlier one. generation of terrorists is ‘being the need for policies that tackle these radicalised by the internet’”. organisations to become part of the The Redwatch hate website, which There was no reference to anybody agenda for addressing violent posts personal information about engaged in terrorism other than extremism. enemies of the far right and Muslim extremists, nothing about encourages supporters to attack the far right or even the animal The Prevent Agenda focussed unduly them, was discussed during a briefing rights extremism that took place heavily on Muslim extremism. It is by the author to the Home Office on before excellent police work put an vital that violent extremism is shown the BNP. It was clear that the civil end to it. Her speech, like other to be a problem that affects a wide servant tasked with investigating speeches she has made recently on range of communities including Redwatch had no real idea about the same theme, reveals that she predominantly white communities. those who had been identified as is out of touch with the wider running it and how it functioned; he terrorist threats facing this country. was simply upset that a delegation, Critics of such failures include possibly the third in as many years, Patrick Mercer MP, who is 7. There is a need to learn had banged the table in anger concerned about the return of from and use past experience of because of what they saw to be would-be terrorists to Ireland both dealing with the far-right successive governments dragging North and South, a concern echoed terrorist threat rather than their feet. by Lord Carlile, constantly reinvent the wheel. reviewer of anti-terror laws. Nobody in the room had heard of The Home Office has long struggled Noncewatch, another website that

114 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? Recommendations

8. Even if there is not enough debriefing policy set out in the Serious A large number of bodies are evidence to prosecute an Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 presently engaged in the individual, the pressure of sections 71-74. It was clear that investigation of violent extremism in constant police attention can although the legislation is being a rather piecemeal approach. This is damage their activities and used sparingly the SO15 officers particularly apparent in connection impact. were willing to discuss outside the with the flow of intelligence and police family and the criminal justice analysis about the English Defence Some of the key perpetrators have system how the policy was working League between local intelligence been raided by the police and had in practice. teams and those in the field spotter their computers seized, but they can and observation teams, those assets be up and running again very quickly It is clear that some defendants operating inside extremist groups and with new equipment. However if the facing long sentences will be more so that both the Sections in the police maintain the pressure with prepared to deliver worthwhile Home Office and ACPO(TAM) and repeated raids and seizures of intelligence in exchange for a now the Metropolitan Police Service equipment, their operations would reduction in sentence. The difficulty is who have recently taken over some collapse as their ability to finance that few SO15 officers have sufficient of the key elements of ACPO new equipment is limited. detailed knowledge of the political (TAM)’s work are not contradicting background of these terrorists and each other. Most senior SO15 officers the sub-culture from which they dealing with the threat from the come to enter into a worthwhile deal extreme right came to this work from 9. The police should consider and make use of the intelligence so Special Branch units; newer recruits entering into deals by which a obtained. The world of far-right appear to be learning on the job. defendant is guaranteed a extremism may prove very different reduced sentence in exchange to the types of crime the police and One of the roles of the UK Border for providing information that CPS are used to dealing with, such as Agency is to spot dangerous would prevent far-right terrorist armed robbery and drugs. individuals who are not on the Home activity or enable the Office Stop List and prevent them prosecution of other There has been discussion recently to from entering the UK. A senior officer perpetrators of such activity, as doing such deals with convicted from the UKBA, questioned about they do already in connection Islamist extremists, but no reference their training, responded that many with other types of crime. to far-right terrorists. officers came from SO15 so had good knowledge about Islamist Over the past 18 months the author extremists and their organised. Yet has attended two briefings carried out asked about the extreme right he by the Metropolitan Police Service 10. Training of SO15 officers declared that they received training SO15 Counter Terrorism Command and others dealing with of just a day or two. on the management of witness investigating extreme-right agreements assisting offender crime needs to be centralised The lack of knowledge about the ➤

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 115 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

Recommendations (continued)

extreme right is borne out by the fact or five will take place later in the 11. Instead of eight bodies that that visiting Islamist preachers and year. No action has been taken over often appear to the public to be speakers are far more likely to be them. pulling in different directions refused entry than someone from an there is a real need for a extreme-right group. Take for The House of Commons Home monthly meeting of interested example the Blood and Honour Affairs Committee is informed that parties, including relevant organisation, which contains people the British far right has no serious practitioners outside the who were in the criminal group international links, when all the criminal justice system, to work Combat 18 and have links with some evidence shows that not to be together under the auspices of of the most extreme nazi groups the case. the Home Office. If this is not internationally. They are at the possible, perhaps there should heart of the nazi music scene, a Better informed national and regional be a parliamentary body business worth anything up to a training of Home Office staff, SO15 supported by practitioners and million pounds a year, on which no officers and local CPS teams would able to call evidence and tax is paid. ensure more effective and targeted assistance from the criminal action against far-right extremists. justice system. ● When these people cross It may be that such training should international borders, drugs and be extended to the House of sometimes firearms travel with them. Commons Home Affairs Committee In Germany the police constantly raid so that they can better scrutinise the the nazi music scene and Blood and action taken by the Home Office to Honour activists who have direct links combat the far-right threat and are with their British counter parts. better equipped to propose These raids result in seizures of appropriate legislative changes. masses of illicit material, which undermines the groups both Arguably the brief of the Home financially and organisationally. Affairs Committee is too broad for its Some of the key far-right activists in members to develop sufficient Europe have links to Muslim expertise in dealing with the far right extremists in the Middle East. threat, although a few of them have done so admirably. In contrast, in the UK hardly anything is done to stop nazi gigs going ahead or raid them while they are in progress. Searchlight has obtained a confidential list of nazi “gigs” in the UK in 2011 and found that two have already taken place and another four

116 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? Recommendations

➤

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 117 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

Further reading and useful contacts

FURTHER READING ● Mr Evil, Graeme McLagan and ● Neo-fascism in Europe, Luciano Nick Lowles (John Blake Cheles, Ronald Ferguson, ● The New Extremism in 21st Publishing 2000) Michalina Vaughan eds Century Britain, Roger Eatwell (Longman 1991) and Matthew Goodwin eds ● White Noise, Nick Lowles and (Routledge 2009) Steve Silver (Searchlight ● Psychology, racism and fascism Educational Trust 1998) Michael Billig (Searchlight 1979) ● Walking Away from Terrorism, John Horgan (Routledge 2009) ● : the David ● Signs of Hate, Matthew Collins Irving trial and international and Gerry Gable (Searchlight ● Hate Crime, Neil Chakraborti and revisionism, Kate Taylor ed 2003) Jon Garland (Sage, 2009) (Searchlight Educational Trust 2000) ● Fear and HOPE: The new politics ● Leaving Terrorism Behind, Tore of identity, Nick Lowles and Bjorgo and John Horgan eds ● Facing the Threat: fascism and Anthony Painter (Searchlight (Routledge 2008) the labour movement Educational Trust 2011) (Searchlight 1998) ● Root Causes of Terrorism, Tore Bjorgo ed (Routledge 2005) ● Hooligans (Volumes 1 and 2), Nick Lowles and Andy Nicholls ● Racist Violence in Europe, Tore (Milo Books 2005) Bjorgo and Rob Witte eds (Palgrave Macmillan 1993) ● From Cable Street to Oldham: 70 years of community ● At War with Society: the resistance Nick Lowles ed exclusive story of a Searchlight (Searchlight 2007) mole inside Britain’s far right, Tim Hepple with Gerry Gable ● White Riot: the violent story of (Searchlight 1993), out of print Combat 18, Nick Lowles (Milo but available at the British Library Books) and a few other libraries ● Propositions on Antisemitism ● From Ballots to Bombs: the Anthony Julius (Community inside story of the National Security Trust 2011) Front’s political soldiers (Searchlight 1989) out of print ● A Guide to Fighting Hate but available at the British Library Crime (Community Security and a few other libraries Trust 2011)

118 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? Further reading and useful contacts

USEFUL CONTACTS

● The International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence, www.icsr.info

● Community Security Trust, www.thecst.org.uk

● Radicalism and New Media Group, Director Dr Matthew Feldman, University of Northampton, Park Campus, Boughton Green Road, Northampton NN2 7AL

● Quilliam Foundation (counter- extremism think tank) www.quilliamfoundation.org

● HOPE not hate, which campaigns against the BNP and other far-right organisations, www.hopenothate.org.uk

● Fear and HOPE, Searchlight Educational Trust’s project to understand and tackle the rise of right-wing nationalism, www.fearandhope.org.uk

● The Home Office counter- terrorism section, http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk /counter-terrorism/

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 119 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

Appendix A List of some known convictions of members or associates of far-right groups

Year Name Political affiliation Source 1962 Oct Dennis Pirie NF Searchlight Feb 1975 p9 1962 Oct John Hutchyns Tyndall NF Searchlight Feb 1975 p9 1963 Dec Anthony Peter Dunford UM Searchlight 1 Spring 1965 1963 Sep George Parisy OAS/UM Searchlight 1 Spring 1965 1965 Dec David Pascoe NF/GBM Searchlight Feb 1975 p9 1966 Sep Gordon Marshall aka Brown NF Searchlight Feb 1975 p9 1966 Jun John Hutchyns Tyndall NF Searchlight Feb 1975 p9 1966 Peter McMenemie NF Searchlight Feb 1975 p9 1967 John Hutchyns Tyndall NF Searchlight Feb 1975 p9 1969 Dec Barry Bolton Searchlight Feb 1975 p9 1969 Joe Short NF Searchlight 131 p6 1969 Dec John Clarence Smith Searchlight Feb 1975 p9 1969 Dec Michael Calton Searchlight Feb 1975 p9 1969 Dec Unknown NF Searchlight Feb 1975 p9 1970 Jan John Roberts aka Jan Sylvester NF Searchlight 33 p5 1972 Sep Alan Beshella aka Allan Entwistle KKK/BNP Searchlight 322 - p13 1974 John Gadd NF Searchlight 130 p4/Fortnight 7.7.86 1974 Sep Roy Mennie NF Searchlight Feb 1975 p10/ Eve News 1.10.74 1975 Brian Hosie NF Searchlight June 1975 p20 1975 Carl Kukla NF Searchlight June 1975 p20 1975 Aug David Boucher NF Searchlight September 1975 p14/ Eve Mail Slough 13.8.75 1975 May Keith Squires NF Searchlight Feb 1975 p10/ The Times 16.10.74 1975 Roger Gleaves LOSG Searchlight 76 p7 1976 Dec Richard Carver NF Searchlight 62 p 3 1976 Nov Thomas Patrick McMahon NF Searchlight Sept 1976 p6 / SL 4 7/77 p3 1977 Oct John Bogle NF Searchlight 31 p16 1978 Dec Alan Birtley NF Searchlight 56 p9 1978 Charlie Sargent C18 Searchlight 214 p8 1978 Aug James Tierney NF Searchlight 62 p 3 1978 Aug James Tresney NF Searchlight 39 p9

120 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? Appendix A

ABBREVIATIONS

ASF Aryan Strike Force N9S November 9th Society B&H Blood and Honour NA Nationalist Alliance BM British Movement NF National Front BNP British National Party NSM National Socialist Movement BPP British People’s Party NSPUK National Socialist Party C18 Combat 18 OAS Organisation of the Secret Army (France) EDL English Defence League UDA Ulster Defence Association GBM Greater Britain Movement UM Union Movement HAPL Harlow Anti Paki League WDL Welsh Defence League KKK Ku Klux Klan WHWB Wolf’s Hook White Brotherhood LOSG League of St George WNP White Nationalist Party

Details (age, offence, sentence, etc) Court Exec member NF, organising paramilitary body London Old Bailey 16.10.62 Imprisoned for organising & controlling a paramilitary organisation London Old Bailey 16.10.62 Crawley UM branch leader, aged 17, admitted murder by stabbing Crawley Captured in UM member’s flat with loaded pistol + 2 rounds of ammunition Possession of weapons North London Court Dep chairman NF, possessing offensive weapons London Marylebone Court 27.9.66 Possessing offensive weapons London Marylebone Court 29.6.66 Spearhead editorial staffer, theft of gun London Possession of gun and ammunition, prison term doubled after appeal London 1967 Arson Sheffield 8.12.69 Arson, non custodial sentence Sheffield Arson Sheffield 8.12.69 Arson Sheffield 8.12.69 Former NF student organiser, arson Sheffield 8.12.69 NF candidate attacked wife with knife, 2 years’ probation Newbury County Magistrates Child molesting Los Angeles Superior Court Conspiracy to supply arms to the UDA, jailed 10 years Leeds Carrying offensive weapon London/Fulham Murder, life imprisonment ABH, jailed 3 months preston Armed robbery of Slough building society, jailed 3 years Slough (Reading Crown Court)

NF candidate, ABH and criminal damage, fined £125 (prev convictions ABH, assault, theft) Wood Green Jailed for sex offences against young boys and social security fraud London Jailed 6 years for explosives offences Made Molotov cocktails and other explosives, jailed 7 years Sunderland Magistrates Possession of firearms + ammunition, fined £110 Manchester City Magistrates (Sale) Possession of bomb making equipment, jailed 2 years Newcastle Crown Court Possession offensive weapon, threatening behaviour Explosives, jailed 3 years Exeter Possession offensive weapon + explosives Exeter ➤

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 121 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

Appendix A List of some known convictions of members or associates of far-right groups (continued)

Year Name Political affiliation Source 1978 Robert Nash + 4 others NF Searchlight 36 p11 1979 Feb Christopher Alan Mott NF Searchlight 46 p18

1979 Colin London NF Searchlight 52 p18

1979 Graham Newson NF Searchlight 51 p19 1979 Harold Nash NF Searchlight 52 p18 1979 Oct Harvey Stock NF/BM Searchlight 53 p3 1979 Norman Lyons NF Searchlight 48 p8 1979 Raymond Pearce NF Searchlight 53 p18 1979 Oct Roderick Roberts BM Searchlight 53 p3 1979 Tony McRoy NF Searchlight 47 p19 1979 William Royal NF Searchlight 51 p19 1980 Feb Anthony Sullivan BM Searchlight 58 p15

1980 Ashley Harford NF Searchlight 58 p15

1980 Bobby Reddin NF Searchlight 58 p15

1980 Feb David Burton BM Searchlight 58 p15

1980 Feb George Coome BM Searchlight 58 p15

1980 Feb Mark Hudson BM Searchlight 58 p15

1980 George Wright NF Searchlight 58 p15

1980 Feb Ian Ettinger NF Searchlight 57 p15 1980 Jun Kenneth Matthews NF Searchlight 61 p 13

1980 Jan Mark Jan Plaza NF Searchlight 56 p9

1980 Robert Ward Searchlight 60 p8 1980 Jun Stephen Beales NF Searchlight 61 p 13 1980 Jun Stephen Fitzpatrick NF Searchlight 61 p 13 1980 Stephen Hockey NF Searchlight 58 p15

1980 Feb Stephen Mark Gaunt NF Searchlight 57 p15 1981 Bill Bentley BM Searchlight 77 p7 1981 Bill Hawes BM Searchlight 77 p7 1981 Jan Carl Brandish Searchlight 80 p 9 1981 Charles Magee NF Searchlight 74 p7

1981 Paul David (Charlie) Sargent C18 Searchlight 214 p8 1981 Jan Colin Roberts Searchlight 80 p 9

122 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? Appendix A

Details (age, offence, sentence, etc) Court Broke into cadet training centre, stole guns and ammunition, Nash jailed 6 months Marylebone Court Age 19, threatening behaviour, fined £300 + bound over Walthamstow (Hornchurch) (previous threat behav, carrying offensive weapon, ABH, robbery) Sexual offences with boy, 13, indecent assault, indecency with child, Chelmsford attempted serious sexual offence, jailed 2 years Age 17, murdered girlfriend, detained during HM’s pleasure Old Bailey (Brixton) Sexual offences with boy, 13, indecent assault, handling stolen goods x 2, jailed 12 months Chelmsford Arson – incendiary device Birmingham Aged 48, indecent acts on boy, 11, jailed 6 years Walthamstow Owning illegal firearm, unnecessary suffering to cat, fined £200 (previous 5 year sentence) Bristol Possession of arms and ammunition Birmingham UDA member, detained under Prevention of Terrorism Act Hull (Liverpool) Violent attacks and assaults, jailed 3 years Norwich Age 17, violent attack on Camden Squat, robbery, conspiracy to steal, conspiracy to assault, jailed 6 years Camden Age 17, chased girl down street threatening to kill, jailed 6 months West London (previous conspiracy to make firebombs, Old Bailey, light sentence as bombs not worked) Age 18, chased girl down street threatening to kill, jailed 6 months West London (previous conspiracy to make fire bombs, Old Bailey, light sentence as bombs not worked) Age 18, violent attack on Camden squat, robbery, conspiracy to steal, Camden conspiracy to assault, jailed 5 years Age 19, violent attack on Camden squat, robbery, conspiracy to steal, Camden conspiracy to assault, jailed 4 years Age 19, violent attack on Camden squat, robbery, conspiracy to steal, Camden conspiracy to assault, jailed 5 years Former Yorks organiser, gross indecency x 7 (enticing 4 girls, aged 12 & 13, Skipton into car, 6 months suspended + £500 fine Carrying an axe, 6 months suspended Snaresbrook Crown Court Chairman Southwark NF, 44, possession explosives + petrol with intent to destroy, Southwark jailed 6 years (previouis possession firearms, assault, obstruction) Fighting, affray, malicious wounding, jailed 18 months (long list of previous, Dudley Crown Court inc affray, threatening behaviour, assault x 2, burglary, theft, handling stolen goods) Age 18, arson, jailed 3 years Stepney Possession explosives + petrol with intent to destroy, arson at Irish club, jailed 3 years Southwark Possession explosives + petrol with intent to destroy, sent to borstal Southwark Age 19, chased girl down street threatening to kill, jailed 6 months West London (previous conspiracy to make fire bombs, Old Bailey, light sentence as bombs not worked) ABH, jailed 18 months Nottingham Crown Court Age 35, ABH, poss offensive weapons, jailed 18 months Age 21, ABH, possession offensive weapons, jailed 4 years Leicester Arson, jailed 4 years Norwich Age 24, criminal damage and possessing gun within 5 years of leaving prison, Ulster? jailed 3 months, £100 compensation (previous making & using petrol bombs in Belfast) Importing illegal drugs to Sweden, jailed 18 months Sweden Arson, jailed 10 years Norwich ➤

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 123 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

Appendix A List of some known convictions of members or associates of far-right groups (continued)

Year Name Political affiliation Source 1981 Colin Wilks BM Searchlight 78 p7 1981 Frank Burden NF Searchlight 70 p 19 1981 Jan Harold Simcox NF Searchlight 68 p 4 1981 Jan Harvey Stock BM Searchlight 68 p 4 1981 Jan Ian Gilmore Searchlight 68 p 4 1981 Kevin Moody NF Searchlight 71 p15 1981 Kevin Watmough NF Searchlight 70 p19 1981 Jul Kevin Watmough NF Searchlight 87 p4 1981 Malcolm Sears NF Searchlight 71 p15 1981 Kim Newton BM Searchlight 78 p7 1981 Mandy Fieldgate BM Searchlight 78 p7 1981 Private Brian Luckhurst BM Searchlight 78 p7 1981 Private Paul Bunn BM Searchlight 78 p7 1981 Robert Baker BM Searchlight 78 p7 1981 Mark Crompton BM Searchlight 76 p3 1981 Michael Clifford BM Searchlight 69 p9 1981 Paul Mullery Searchlight 69 p15 1981 Jan Paul Pottle Searchlight 80 p 9 1981 Phillip Harley/Hartley Searchlight 78 p15

1981 Jan Reginald Cox Searchlight 68 p 4 1981 Richard Barnes NF Searchlight 79 1981 Jan Richard Wadsworth Searchlight 80 p 9 1981 Jan Robert Giles BM/NSPUK Searchlight 68 p 3 1981 Robert Peace NF Searchlight 69 p9 1981 Jan Roderick Roberts BM Searchlight 68 p 3 1982 Brian Larner Searchlight 82 p10/ Times 23.2.82 1982 Graham Arnold Searchlight 82 p10/ Times 23.2.82 1982 Paul Twiner Searchlight 82 p10/ Times 23.2.82 1982 Brian Romans Searchlight 81 p5 1982 Craig Turner NF Searchlight 81 p11 1982 James Fields NF Searchlight 88 p8

1982 Feb John Deighton BM Searchlight 81 p5 1982 Kevin Harrison Searchlight 88 p9 1982 Stephen Goodier BM Searchlight 85 p7 1982 Steven Storey Searchlight 84 p10 1982 Thomas Allen BM Searchlight 84 p10 / Bradford T & A 23.4.82 1982/83 Paul David (Charlie) Sargent C18 Searchlight 214 p8 1983 David McShane Searchlight 93 p15/ Hackney Gazette 21.1.83 1983 Nicholas Rudd NF Searchlight 123 p3/4

1983 Russell Bliss NF Searchlight 91 p4

124 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? Appendix A

Details (age, offence, sentence, etc) Court Age 19, attempted malicious wounding, fined £70 + bound over Colchester Age 25, ABH, 12 months detention Leeds Possession firearms and ammunition x 2, 18 months suspended Birmingham Crown Court Arson + conspiracy to incite racial hatred, suspended sentence Birmingham Crown Court Arms charges, 2 years suspended Birmingham Crown Court Age 17, assault with intent to rob, ABH, robbery, 6 months detention Epping Age 25, ABH, 3 months detention Leeds Age 19, possession offensive weapon, conditional discharge Leeds Age 17, assault with intent to rob, ABH, robbery, 6 months detention Loughton, Essex Age 25, attempted malicious wounding, £70 fine Colchester Age 20, attempted malicious wounding, £70 fine + bound over Colchester Age 24, attempted malicious wounding, £70 fine + bound over Colchester Age 21, attempted malicious wounding, £70 fine + bound over Colchester Age 24, attempted malicious wounding, £70 fine + bound over Colchester Age 19, possession offensive weapon, jailed 6 months West Hawton Lancs Leeds BM organiser, murder, life sentence Leeds Age 17, murder motivated by race hate, detained during Her Majesty’s pleasure East Ham Age 16, arson, jailed 8 years Norwich Age 26, attempted synagogue arson, jailed 3 years, previous for Leeds Crown Court (Dewsbury) threatening behaviour, crim damage, affray Various arms charges, jailed 3 years, + sexual offences young girls, jailed 5 years Birmingham Crown Court Age 21, murder, attempted murder, kidnapping, arson, wounding with intent, jailed for life Birmingham Age 16, arson, jailed 6 years Norwich Conspiracy to obtain pistol, 18 months suspended Birmingham Crown Court Hoard of 90 guns found Bury 13 charges – possession of arms, arson and race relations offences, jailed 7 years Birmingham Crown Court Age 15, murder, life sentence Southwark Age 17, murder, life sentence Southwark Age 15, murder, life sentence Southwark Threatening, abusive and insulting behaviour, fined £150 Tthreatening words and behaviour, fined £150 Middlesbrough Age 22, ABH, jailed 1 month + 14 days for bail offence, previous for burglary, North London criminal damage, threatening bahaviour, assault PC Possession prohibited weapon and ammunition, fined £90 South Oxhey Age 19, arson + criminal damage, jailed 5 years Birmingham Age 26, possssion firearms without certificate, 12 months conditional discharge Manchester Age 17, murder, detained during Her Majesty’s pleasure Coventry Murder, jailed for life Bradford Possession illegal drugs with intent to supply Age 19, murder, jailed for life Kings Cross Murder, life sentence, previous: arson, gross indecency, burglary, Brighton drugs poss, living fof immoral earnings Age 20, ABH, fined £150 + £40 compensation Brighton ➤

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 125 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

Appendix A List of some known convictions of members or associates of far-right groups (continued)

Year Name Political affiliation Source 1984 Albert Martin NF Searchlight 109 p7 1984 Clifford Bickerstaffe NF Searchlight 109 p7 1984 William Madine NF Searchlight 109 p7 1984 Graham Simmonds NF Searchlight 116 p12 1984 Graham Withers HAPL Searchlight 112 p8

1984 Dec John Ellison NF Searchlight 131 p4 1984 Nigel Shaw Searchlight 116 p20 1984 Paul Simpson Searchlight 116 p20 1985 Brian Thornhill NF Searchlight 123 p3/4 1985 Carl Colin Roberts NF Searchlight 123 p3/4 1985 Christopher Codd NF Searchlight 123 p3/4 1985 David James Howson NF Searchlight 123 p3/4 1985 Derek Higgins NF Searchlight 123 p3/4 1985 Desmond Clarke NF Searchlight 123 p3/4 1985 Ignatius Sonny Arnold NF Searchlight 123 p3/4 1985 James Howson NF Searchlight 123 p3/4 1985 Keith Howson NF Searchlight 123 p3/4 1985 Michael Coulson NF Searchlight 123 p3/4 1985 Michael Edward Coulson Searchlight 123 p3/4 1985 Michael Gorman NF Searchlight 123 p3/4 1985 Pat Fitzsimmons NF Searchlight 123 p3/4 1985 Danny Fields NF Searchlight 123 p5 1985 James Fields NF Searchlight 123 p5

1985 Darren Scott Langeland NF Searchlight 126 p10 1985 Dave Gardiner NF Searchlight 122 p4 1985 James Fennessy NF Searchlight 126 p10 1985 Keith Thomas Green NF Searchlight 124 p9 1985 Kenneth Logan NF Searchlight 123 p3/4 1985 Maurice Castles NF Searchlight 123 p3/4 1985 Paul Wesney NF Searchlight 123 p14 Mid 80s Stewart Morgan BM Searchlight 214 p8 Mid 80s Stuart Chandler BM Searchlight 214 p8 1985 Unknown Searchlight 121 p20/ Ilford Recorder 2.5.85 1985 Warren Hammond NF Searchlight 123 p3/4 1986 David Cotton Searchlight 131 p9/ Birm Eve Mail 5.4.86 1986 David Rowton Searchlight 131 p9/ Birm Eve Mail 5.4.86 1986 Dawn Powis Searchlight 131 p9/ Birm Eve Mail 5.4.86

1986 Robert Betteley Searchlight 131 p9/ Birm Eve Mail 5.4.86 1986 Stephen Booker Searchlight 133 p12 1986 Stephen Chandler BM Searchlight 130 p5

126 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? Appendix A

Details (age, offence, sentence, etc) Court GBH, 12 months suspended Belfast Manslaughter, jailed 2 years 11 months, young offenders’ centre Belfast Manslaughter, jailed 2 years 11 months, young offenders’ centre Belfast Age 23, malicious wounding, 12 months suspended + £100 compensation Lordswood Age 14, multiple convictions conspiracy to commit criminal damage, 4 months youth detention Harlow organiser, unlawful killing of rival football supporter, jailed 6 years Carlisle (Blackburn) Age 26, racially aggravated firebomb attack, jailed 1 year Sheffield Age 25, racially aggravated firebomb attack, jailed 1 year Sheffield Armed robberies, jailed 4 Years Islington & Camden Armed robberies, 6 months suspended for 2 years Camden Armed robbery, borstal Islington & Camden Armed robberies, jailed 7 years Islington & Camden Armed robberies, jailed 7 years Islington & Camden Armed robbery, jailed 3 years Islington & Camden Armed robberies, jailed 6 years Islington & Camden Armed robberies, jailed 6 months Islington & Camden Armed robberies, jailed 10 years Islington Armed robbery, jailed 1 year Islington & Camden Armed robbery, jailed 18 months Islington & Camden Armed robberies, jailed 4 years Islington & Camden Armed robberies, borstal Islington & Camden Rape and imprisonment of a woman, jailed 8 years Finsbury Sexual assault, imprisonment and beating a woman, jailed 16 months, Finsbury 13 previous convictions Age 18, GBH, jailed 6 months Bury St Edmunds Magistrates Age 40, threatening behaviour, fined £600 Birmingham Age 25, ABH, jailed 6 months Bury St Edmunds Magistrates Age 21, assault, burglary, attempted robbery, jailed 12 months Grimsby Crown Court (Scunthorpe) Firearms offences £100 fine + 6 months suspended sentence Islington & Camden Firearms offences £600 fine + 6 months suspended sentence Islington & Camden Age 22, gross indecency, committed suicide before trial Middlesex Importation of illegal drugs, jailed 6 years Importation of illegal drugs, jailed 6 years Arson, 30 months’ youth custody Chadwell Heath Armed robberies, borstal sentence Islington & Camden Age 16, firebomb attack on Asian family, 8 weeks’ youth custody Walsall Age 17, firebomb attack on Asian family, 15 months’ youth custody Walsall Age 17, led firebomb attack on Asian family, wearing swastika badge, Walsall 21 months’ youth custody Age 16, firebomb attack on Asian family, 21 months’ youth custody Walsall Age 21, arson, jailed 2 years Middlesex Caught with drugs worth £2 million, jailed 15 months Newham ➤

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 127 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

Appendix A List of some known convictions of members or associates of far-right groups (continued)

Year Name Political affiliation Source 1986 Steven Morgan BM Searchlight 130 p5 1986 Nov Tony Lecomber BNP 28.11.86

1987 Andrew Robertson NF Searchlight 142 p7 1987 James Winters Searchlight 142 p7 1987 Peter Miller Searchlight 142 p7 1987 Robert Grieve UDA Searchlight 142 p7 1987 Harry Butler BM Searchlight 174 p11 1987 Malcolm Lowes Searchlight 144 p8 1987 Paul O Leary Searchlight 151 p5 1987 Paul Smith NF Searchlight 152 p12/ Welwyn & Hatfield Times 3.12.87 1987 Trevor Jones BM Searchlight 174 p11 1989 Jeff Marsh EDL/WDL Wales Online 05.03.10 1989 Dec Shaun Crambie BNP Searchlight 216 p7 1990 Terry Thornton NF Searchlight 195 p6 1991 Barry Edward John NF Searchlight 198 p5 1991 Mar Richard Chambers Searchlight 214 p11 1991 Scott Forbes BNP Searchlight 190 p13 1991 Nov Steve O’Connell, aka Sadgrove BNP Searchlight 219 p12 1992 Peter Brawley NF Searchlight 216 p6 1993 George McKay NF Searchlight 212 p8 1993 Wayne McGrath NF Searchlight 212 p8 1994 Brian Hunter Searchlight 229 p3 1994 Brian Phoenix BM Searchlight 228 p5 1994 David Fletcher NF/C18 Searchlight 237 p6 1994 Feb Frank Portinari UDA Searchlight 225 p5

1994 Feb James McCrudden UDA Searchlight 225 p5

1994 Gordon Jackson BM Searchlight 232 p3

1994 Feb Graham Tasker BNP/C18 Searchlight 226 p4 1994 May James Docherty Searchlight 230 p6

1994 May John Walter James Heard NF Searchlight 230 p6 1994 Joseph Patrick Owens BNP Searchlight 230 p6 1994 Terry Blackham NF Searchlight 227 p4 1994 Jun Edward Duggan BNP Searchlight 229 p3 1994 Jun Vincent Ribbans BNP Searchlight 229 p3 1997 Peter Moore Searchlight 259 p16 1998 Jan Paul David Charlie Sargent C18 Searchlight 272 p2 1998 Jan Martin Cross C18 Searchlight 272 p2 1998 May Nick Griffin BNP Searchlight 276 p6

128 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? Appendix A

Details (age, offence, sentence, etc) Court Age 31, caught with drugs worth £2 million, jailed 4 years Newham Making explosives: 10 grenades, 7 detonators, London 2 petrol bombs, biscuit tin bomb, jailed 3 years Conspiracy to supply arms to the UDA, jailed 12 years Glasgow Acquiring explosives, jailed 4 years Glasgow Acquiring explosives, jailed 4 years Glasgow Acquiring explosives for terrorism, jailed 9 years Glasgow 14 arms offences, jailed 4 months + longer suspended sentence Age 39, arson of synagogue + obtaining money by deception, jailed 4 years Norwich Crown Court (Scarborough) Arson, 3 years youth custody Dagenham Assault, ABH, previous convictions violence + dishonesty Hatfield Age 26, armed robberies, jailed 7 years GBH, jailed 2 years Age 22, rson + theft, 12 months young offenders institution Burnley Crown Court (Colne) Age 60, bomb plot to kill ex-lover, 2 life sentences Age 21, arson, jailed 2 years 9 months Milton Keynes Possession firearm + ammunition, fined £1,200 Bomb hoax to threaten council leader, fined £400 Dundee Threats to kill, jailed 6 month, 2 previous convictions Aged 43, Arsenal of weapons + hit lists, jailed 2 years 6 months Little Hulton, Bolton Age 21, murder, life imprisonment Age 19, manslaughter, 3 years 6 months youth custody Age 18, firebombed Asian shop, 21 months custody Tyne & Wear Age 34, sold Uzi submachine gun to former soldier, jailed 4 years Possession 3.7kg heroin, jailed 5 years 10 months New York Arms & ammunition possession, 5 years (associate of Eddie Whicker, Birmingham Crown Court former NF parliamentary candidate) Arms & ammunition possession, 2 years 6 months (associate of Eddie Whicker, Birmingham Crown Court former NF parliamentary candidate) Conspiracy to commit armed robbery, 6 years 6 months, Derbyshire Crown Court previous for possession of firearms Affay and assault, 120 hours community service Leicester Crown Court Assault, abduction, possession illegal firearm, 3 years, Blackpool already serving life for manslaughter Assault, abduction, possession illegal firearm, 12 months Blackpool Possession of knuckleduster, CS gas, other weapons, well known in Nazi circles Liverpool Possession of submachine gun and other weapons, 4 years 6 months Age 25, violent racist attack, jailed 3 years, increased to 5 years Ilford Age 26, violent racist attack, jailed 3 years later increased to 5 years Ilford Age 50, murder, life imprisonment, known Nazi sympathiser North Wales Murder, life imprisonment Chelmsford Crown Court Murder, life imprisonment Chelmsford Crown Court Publishing racist magazine, 9 months suspended Harrow Crown Court ➤

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 129 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

Appendix A List of some known convictions of members or associates of far-right groups (continued)

Year Name Political affiliation Source 1998 May Paul Ballard BNP Searchlight 276 p6 1999 David Copeland BNP/NSM The Times, 3.3.07 1999 Dec James Shaw NF/BNP/BM Searchlight 295 p12

1999 Dec Stuart Kerr BNP/NF/NSM/C18 Searchlight 295 p13 1999 Mar Roger Gleaves LOSG Bucks Free press 1.1.00

2000 Anthony Donaldson B&H Searchlight 300 p22 2000 Oct Cameron Dudley NF/BNP/KKK Searchlight 306 p17 2002 Apr Andrew McLorie BNP (former NF) Daily Mirror, 5.4.02 2002 Oct Barry Oliver BNP Darlington and Stokton Times, 15.10.02 2002 Oct David Tovey Searchlight 329 p6

2002 Dec Edward Sheppard BNP Coventry Evening Standard, 5.12.02

2004 May Thomas Jackson BNP? The Scotsman, 2.5.04 2004 May Brian Gifford BNP The Scotsman, 2.5.04 2004 Jun Christopher Povey BNP The Sun, 9.6.04 2004 Feb Mark Kilpatrick BNP Northern Echo, 17.3.04 2004 May Mark Weldrake BNP? Essex Evening Gazette, 21.5.04

2004 Apr Robert McMahon The Guardian, 16.4.04

2004 Jan Robert Parry NF/WNP Birmingham Evening Mail, 5 January 2004.

2004 Jun Tony Wentworth BNP Searchlight 361 p20 BBC News, 3.6.04 2005 Jul Ben Boylen BNP Sunday Mirror, 24.7.05 2005 May Karl Hanson BNP Huddersfield Daily Examiner, 18.5.05 2005 Nov Roderick Rowley BNP Birmingham Post, 1.12.05

2006 Feb Anthea Mizzi BNP South London Press, 10.2.06 2007 Feb John Laidlaw BNP BBC News, 23.2.07

2007 Sep John Pakulski NA/WHWB Nottingham Evening Post, 11.9.07 2007 Jan Keiron Richards ex-C18 icWales.co.uk, 21.1.07

2007 Jan Mark Bulman Young BNP ThisisWiltshire.co.uk, 6.1.07 2007 Jun Robert Bennett BNP Tameside Advertiser, 8.6.07

2007 Feb Robert Cottage BNP BBC News, 13.2.07

2007 Dec Sharif Gawad BNP 2008 Nov Andrew Wells BNP News of the World, 23.11.08 2008 Nov Ian Hindle BNP News of the World, 23.11.08

130 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? Appendix A

Details (age, offence, sentence, etc) Court Publishing racist magazine, 6 months suspended Harrow Crown Court 3 bombings in London killing 3 people, 6 life sentences, must serve 50 years London Age 57, possession explosive devices, racially inflammatory material, Old Bailey offensive weapons, jailed 9 years Age 20, firebomb Asian shop and police car, jailed 12 years Chichester Crown Court Rape, attempted rape, incitement of one boy to rape another, indecent assault x 3, jailed 15 years Old Bailey (Tottenham) Child pornography, 6 months Blackpool Crown Court Attempt to purchase guns & explosives, jailed 5 years Grimsby Crown Court (Scunthorpe) Arson (conviction dates back to 1980s) Ulster Assault, 240 hours unpaid work + £500 compensation North Yorkshire Age 37, 9 firearms and explosive offences, Racially aggravated Oxford Crown Court criminal damage, jailed 11 years Shooting and wounding a man, jailed 3 years, Coventry BNP 2001 general election candidate Racially aggravated firebomb attack, jailed 7 years, boasted of BNP membership Hull Racially aggravated firebomb attack, jailed 4 years 6 months Hull GBH + possession offensive weapon, jailed 14 years North West Violent assault on girlfriend on Valentines Day Darlington Racial abuse at football match, wore BNP badge, £200 fine + 3 year Colchester/Hartlepool football banning order Age 24, murder, dismembered body, life imprisonment, Birmingham evidence of interest in BNP and Nazism Racially aggravated intentional harassment, ‘No Mosques Here’ stickers, Birmingham 12 months community rehabilitation order Caused fear & provocation to violence, conditional discharge Salford Smuggling illegal immigrants into Britain Kent Possession heroin + crack cocaine, fined £400 Huddersfield Making & distributing obscene images of children x 14, jailed 15 months, Coventry BNP Coventry candidate Using stun gun against a neighbour in a row over St George flag, jailed 6 months London Series of shootings in north London, life imprisonment, many previous convictions, London claimed BNP member and to hate all black people Manslaughter, jailed six years Worksop Murder after victim joked about England’s World Cup defeat by Portugal, Llandudno, Wales life imprisonment Arson of mosque using BNP leaflet as fuse, jailed 5 years Swindon Affray, assaulted neighbour who asked Bennett’s son to leave a BBQ for racist Manchester remarks, 150 hours unpaid work + £250 compensation Age 49, possession of explosives, former BNP parliamentary candidate, Dewsbury jailed 2 years 6 months Possession of heroin, fined £80 Bradford Sexual activity with, and in presence of, child, jailed 2 years 3 months Blackburn Sex with child, jailed 3 years Blackburn ➤

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 131 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

Appendix A List of some known convictions of members or associates of far-right groups (continued)

Year Name Political affiliation Source 2008 Jun Martyn Gilleard BPP CPS press release, 25.6.08 2008 Dec Nathan Worrell BPP/N9S , 12.12.08

2008 Oct Jason Owen NF The Observer 16.8.09 2009 Oct Ellis Hammond BNP Searchlight 413 p24

2009 Jul Neil Lewington NF/KKK Searchlight 410 p15

2009 Nov Terence Gavan BNP Searchlight 416 p6

2010 Feb Darren Tinklin BM/B&H South Wales Argus 24.02.10

2010 May Ian Davison ASF BBC 14.05.10 2010 May Nicky Davison ASF BBC 14.05.10

132 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? Appendix A

Details (age, offence, sentence, etc) Court Terrorism offences and indecent images of children, Nazi fanatic, jailed 16 years Goole Possession of material for terrorism + racially aggravated harassment, Grimsby jailed 7 years 3 months Age 37, convicted of allowing the death of Baby P Downloading child pornography, 3 year community sentence, Wood Green Crown Court life ban from working with minors Age 44, possession explosives intent to endanger life + preparing for acts of Old Bailey (Reading) terrorism, jailed indefinitely, must serve at least 6 years 22 charges of terrorism, possession of explosives, firearms, collecting information Old Bailey (Batley, West Yorks) useful for terrorism, jailed 11 years Age 24, possession firearm, making + possessing explosives and pipe bomb, Newport Crown Court (Blackwood) information useful for terrorism, jailed 3 years Producing chemical weapon, jailed 10 years Newcastle Crown Court (Co Durham) Age 19, possessing material useful for acts of terror, jailed 2 years Newcastle Crown Court (Co Durham)

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 133 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

Appendix B Extract from Crown Prosecution Service guidelines on prosecuting “violent extremism”

CODE FOR CROWN The main offences employed to prosecutions for deeply insulting PROSECUTORS date have been soliciting murder behaviour. This is behaviour which and inciting racial hatred. falls short of a desire to commit TYPES OF CONDUCT AND violence but is nevertheless OFFENCES LEADING TO threatening abusive or insulting PROSECUTION and intends to stir up racial hatred. FREE SPEECH “Violent extremism” may be defined as: When deciding whether or not to prosecute such offences, we also RACIAL HATRED The demonstration of unacceptable have to bear in mind that people behaviour by using any means or have a right to freedom of speech. Hatred is a very strong emotion. medium to express views which: Free speech includes the right to Stirring up racial tension, opposition, offend. Indeed the courts have even hostility may not necessarily be ● foment, justify or glorify ruled that behaviour that is merely enough to amount to an offence. terrorist violence in furtherance annoying, rude or offensive does Sometimes it may be obvious that a of particular beliefs; not necessarily constitute a person intends to cause racial hatred; criminal offence. for example, when a person makes a ● seek to provoke others to public speech condemning a group terrorist acts; The offences that have been of people because of their race and successfully prosecuted go well deliberately encouraging others to ● foment other serious criminal beyond the voicing of an opinion, turn against them and perhaps activity or seek to provoke free speech, or causing offence. commit acts of violence. Usually, others to serious criminal acts; however, the evidence is not so clear- or The distinct common thread in cut and we may have to rely upon terms of criminal prosecutions people’s actions in order to prove ● foster hatred which might lead under the radicalisation umbrella their intentions. to inter-community violence in has been a manifested desire to kill, the UK. maim or cause a person or group of If we are not able to prove that the people immense fear for their accused intended to stir up racial There are a number of offences that personal safety through the threat hatred, we have to show that, in all can be considered when dealing with of (often) extreme violence based the circumstances, hatred was violent extremism. (See “Offences” on their colour or religion and likely to be stirred up, not simply below). They include offences arising urging others to take this course. liable or possible. through spoken words, creation of tapes and videos of speeches, Prosecutions are not limited to The offence on inciting religious internet entries, chanting, banners cases of the above, however, and in hatred is on the statute books but and written notes and publications. addition there have been has not been brought into force.

134 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? Appendix B

OFFENCES THAT COULD BE ● Terrorist financing offences s15- CONSIDERED 18 Terrorism Act 2000

Offences that could be considered ● Encouragement of terrorism: s1, include: Terrorism Act 2006

● Treason (Desiring death of ● Dissemination of terrorist the monarch, levying war publications: s2, Terrorism Act against the Queen, giving aid 2006 and comfort to enemies of the state,) ● Offences of encouragement and dissemination using the internet ● Soliciting Murder: s4, Offences against the Person Act 1861 ● Distributing, showing playing or (Encouraging or persuading any possessing a recording, with person to murder any other intent to stir up racial hatred: person) s21-23, Public Order Act 1986

● Incitement to commit acts of terrorism overseas: s59, Terrorism Act 2000

● Incitement to disaffection: Various Acts

● Inciting racial hatred - Part III Public Order Act 1986 (as amended by the Racial & Religious Hatred Act 2006)

● Sedition and Seditious Libel (inciting hatred or contempt and violence against the state and its institutions)

● Inviting support for proscribed organisation: s12, Terrorism Act 2000

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 135 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

Appendix C Crown Prosecution Service Counter- Terrorism Division case summaries

The Counter-Terrorism Division of NATHAN WORRELL (OP NATHAN WORRELL the Crown Prosecution Service MOONSTONE) (OP MOONSTONE) (CPS) reports each year on the cases it has concluded. Below is the Jamal Ahmed The defendant had lived in Grimsby introduction to the 2009 report and since 2001. He was a racist who the summaries of the two extreme- Aranachalam Chrishanthakumar followed the political views of the right defendants convicted of aka Shanthan (Op OSMIUM) National Socialist or Nazi Party and terrorism offences included in that in furtherance of his beliefs that year’s report. Mohammed Abushamma (Op this country belongs exclusively to TURNOVER) the indigenous (white) people, he EXTRACTS FROM THE CPS stated that he was fighting for this REPORT 2009 NEIL LEWINGTON (OP OPELLA) country, believing in forced, but peaceful, repatriation. Included in the list below is a brief Daniel James (Op ZOOLITE) summary of the cases which have Living nearby were a mixed race been concluded in 2009 (as of 2nd Isa Ibrahim (Op VULCANISE) couple; the husband was of November 2009). It should be noted Bangladeshi descent. In 2007 the that, as a general rule, a defendant Pa Modou Jobe couple had a daughter and around is entitled to a one third discount this time the defendant began on his sentence if he pleads guilty Hassan Tabbakh posting racist stickers on the rear at the earliest opportunity, with a gate of their home and on a lamp sliding scale for guilty pleas which Kevin Gardner post adjacent to their gate. This are entered later than that. If a continued for several months until defendant is found guilty after trial, Houria Chentouf January 2008. In particular a sticker: the Court can consider the maxi- ‘Only inferior white women date mum tariff to be available, subject outside of their race. Be proud of to any personal mitigation that may your race, don’t be a race mixing be submitted on the defendant’s slut’. These stickers caused behalf. Where a life sentence has harassment, alarm or distress to been imposed, the tariff shown as the couple. the minimum sentence is the time to be served before parole can be Police searched the defendant’s flat considered. Some life sentences on 24 January 2008 and found not are shown as indefinite in which only evidence linking him to the case it is for the Parole Board to racist stickers, but also documents monitor the defendant’s progress for making explosives, incendiary towards a time when he can be devices and booby traps, together considered for release. with chemicals and other materials

136 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? Appendix c

to assist in such preparation, as well NEIL LEWINGTON (OP OPELLA) components of improvised as notes written by him which explosive devices (bombs). showed that he was committed to On 30 October 2008 the defendant the use of violence in furtherance of travelled from reading to Lowestoft In relation to his home address in his beliefs. on trains in order to meet a woman Reading which he shared with his whom he had met on an internet parents, a search of his bedroom On 12 December 2008 he was dating site. resulted in a number of component convicted after trial of two counts, parts to an improvised explosive namely of racially aggravated The defendant was travelling with a device (bomb) as well as a number intentional harassment, alarm or holdall and during the course of the of instruction manuals on how distress to the couple referred to journey was drinking cans of lager to make improvised explosive above contrary to section 31(1) (b) on the train. He was verbally devices (bombs). of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 abusive to the train guards and and for possession of articles for other passengers. As a consequence The defendant was indicted on the terrorist purposes under section the police were called to arrest him following counts: 57 of the Terrorism Act 2000. at Lowestoft station. When the defendant got off the train at Count 1 - Engaging in conduct in He was sentenced on the same day Lowestoft he was seen to place the preparation for acts of terrorism, to a total of 7 years and 3 months holdall on the floor whilst urinating contrary to section 5(1) of the imprisonment. He appealed in public. He was arrested at 1445 Terrorism Act 2006. against this sentence but it was hours that day under Section 5 of upheld by the Court of Appeal on the Public Order Act 1986. Count 2 - Possessing articles for a 14 May 2009. purpose connected with the When the defendant was taken to commission, preparation or Lowestoft police station his holdall instigation of an act of terrorism, was searched and a number of contrary to section 57(1) of the items were found in the holdall Terrorism Act 2000. which raised the police’s suspicions. Some of the items in the Count 3 - Possessing documents or holdall were component parts to an records containing information of a improvised explosive device kind likely to be useful to a person (bomb), a small screwdriver and committing or preparing an act of 2 metal hooked instruments, a terrorism, contrary to section black Samsung mobile phone with 58(1)(b) of the Terrorism Act 2000. a picture images on it containing racist comments, a set of keys and Count 4 - Possessing explosive several handwritten notes substances with intent, contrary to containing lists which related to section 3(1)(b) of the Explosive ➤

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 137 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

Appendix C Crown Prosecution Service Counter-Terrorism Division case summaries (continued)

Substances Act 1883.

Count 5 - Possessing articles for a purpose connected with the commission, preparation or instigation of an act of terrorism, contrary to section 57(1) of the Terrorism Act 2000.

Count 6 - Possessing documents or records containing information of a kind likely to be useful to a person committing or preparing an act of terrorism, contrary to section 58(1)(b) of the Terrorism Act 2000.

Count 7 - Collecting information of a kind likely to be useful to a person committing or preparing an act of terrorism, contrary to section 58(1)(a) of the Terrorism Act 2000.

Count 8 - Possessing explosives, contrary to section 4 of the Explosive Substances Act 1883.

Following a trial the defendant was convicted on 15 July 2009 of counts 1-6 and count 8. On 8 September 2009 he was sentenced to a total of 6 years’ imprisonment, less the time he had spent on remand.

138 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? Appendix D

Appendix D The POWER investigation

Searchlight has always conducted investigations into far-right extremists here and abroad. The growth in terrorist activities from the extreme right over the past decade prompted the Searchlight Information Services research team to investigate a small white supremacist group called Patriots of the White European Resistance (POWER) that was attracting the interest of several hardline nazis who we considered might turn to acting upon their beliefs by using or threatening violence and terrorism. The results of that investigation were recorded in the document that follows, which was written in July 2007, to demonstrate, in particular to specialist investigators in the criminal justice system, how real the threat from the far right was.

Some of the people who feature in that document (though not in all cases under their real names) were later convicted and are included in chapter 3 of this report.

Personal contact details have been redacted.

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 139 Lone wolves: myth or reality? P.O.W.E.R. (Patriots of the White European Resistance)

P.O.W.E.R. is a small white National Socialism is the way ‘remember our fallen… brothers supremacist skinhead gang forward even today in the year and sisters murdered for the colour consisting of approximately 20 2006.’ The group is strongly racist of their [white] skin’ including Kriss people. At the time of writing (July and anti-Semitic viewing the Donald and Ross Parker. The first of 2007) the P.O.W.E.R. forum had 233 ‘Jewish people’ as ‘a threat to the these vigils took place on 30 members, attracting the interest of future of Europe’. September 2006 at Speakers Corner, a number of minor fringe Nazi Hyde Park. The second occurred in Its website denies the Holocaust parties including the British Hyde Park on 24 June 2007. and contains downloadable copies Peoples Party and the Wolfs of the and other Sid Williamson, national organiser Hook/Nationalist Alliance. ‘Holohoax’ documents. It also of the British Peoples Party (BPP) P.O.W.E.R., which stands for contains dozens of other who made a speech (see below), ‘Patriots of the White European downloadable anti-Semitic and attended the second vigil. Resistance’, emerged in 2006. They fascist books including Main Kampf Its members often using the do not consider themselves to be a and The Protocols of the Elders of greeting 816 or 8/16, which political party but rather ‘freedom Zion. Also available is the translates as 8 = H and 16 = P, i.e. fighters’ in the ‘struggle for the ‘Leaderless Resistance’ document H/P or Hitler Power/Heil Power. white race.’ The group is openly written by US extremist Louis Beam, (we think). National Socialist ‘and we will which has been the blueprint for willingly stand and defend National cellular extremist terrorism. At present we have been able to Socialism because unlike the identify the following individuals as The principal activities of P.O.W.E.R. propaganda that surrounds this being connected to P.O.W.E.R. has been its holding of two ‘vigils’ to political stance we feel that

140 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? Appendix D

Details of website registration

Visit AboutUs.org for more information about 14power88.com

AboutUs: 14power88.com

Registration Service Provided By: Affordable Multimedia

Contact: [email protected]

Visit: http://www.afmu.com

Domain name: 14power88.com

Registrant Contact:

14POWER88

Daniel Bryan (‘Ragnarok’) Daniel Bryan The P.O.W.E.R. website was On it he describes himself as (WHAT3V3RITTAK3S@ registered to Daniel Bryan on 14 ‘Militant White’ and also ‘White and HOTMAIL.CO.UK) August 2006. He lives at 4 Stretyn, Ready To Fuck You Up Kike.’ He is Truro, Cornwall, TR3 6LY. This is strongly anti-Semitic. +44.187287JJJJ ‘Danny’ who also uses the name He regularly attends the NF ‘Ragnarok’. He is the principal Fax: +44.187287JJJJJ St. George’s Day gathering but has contact for P.O.W.E.R. not been present for the last two Possibly responsible for the He is aged 25. Height 6ft 5 inches years apparently (according to a ‘Worldwide Aryan Freedom apparently. post on the forum). Fighters’ Mobile number: 07922 27JJJJ The reason he was absent from the 2007 march on 23 April is that http://www.freewebs.com/what He uses a number of e-mail he had a court case due for the 3v3rittak3s/index.htm addresses including the following: same day. odinseye14@JJJJJJJJJJJJ According to POWER He was present at both the 2006 newsletters, he claims he was a RAGNAROKPWER816@ and 2007 P.O.W.E.R. vigils in Hyde conditional discharge for hitting JJJJJJJJJJJJ Park. On the second vigil of which a “paedophile” with a hammer. we have footage Bryan is the What3v3rittak3s@JJJJJJJJJJJJ speaker before Sid Williamson from He is a member of the Also has username ‘odinseye14’ the BPP. www.revolutionaryleft.com forum which he uses because Windows Live Space site: He has a fourteen-year-old stepson. they post details of http://odinseye14.spaces.live.com/ demonstrations and meetings on [appears to have been taken down]. the website advising the rest of Bryan posts on You Tube as ‘UK the P.O.W.E.R. forum ‘so keep Militant’ though claims to be ‘Terry’ an eye out and keep your plans and 34: sweet.’ http://www.youtube.com/user/ UKMilitant1488 The website has a Appears to have a bit of a bee in photomontage of Ian Stuart his bonnet about Searchlight, Donaldson. posts a picture of Gerry Gable on the forum. To date he has posted seventeen videos, all of them racist. Possible other You Tube Site: http://www.youtube.com/user/ BritishUnion14 ➤

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 141 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

Scott Cowan Paul Carrie He describes the sound as “Shitty (‘WarMachine816’) (‘Killthereds’) Nigger Music of MTV, with a Racial twist”. Paul Carrie lives at JJJJJJJ, Rasen, Lincolnshire, Carrie describes himself thus: JJJJJJJ . He uses the name “Well ... im a but “Killthereds”. have realised that Some music E-mail: killthereds@JJJJJJJJJJJJ i like will not wake up Wiggers, etc. Now i have started the He posts on Blood and Honour Wake Up The Lost Whites Forum and is a former member of th Project, by creating as music the November 9 Society. of different Genres as possible Carrie is the administrator of the to ‘wake up the lost whites’. To P.O.W.E.R. forum. In his profile he all you ‘whigga Mo fuckaz’. I pretends that he is 16. On the B&H am not a 12 year old kid, i forum he states that he is 16 and used Pitch shift to change my that he was recently suspended from voice tone to fit it in with the school for breaking a Romanian speed of the track. I am not He is the other key member of the immigrants jaw. Elsewhere, however, pathetic, i am me, im am group. He is also the ‘youth leader’. he has claimed that he was 22. Proud that i am White. To be Claims to have been involved in a honest all you cocks who keep On the P.O.W.E.R. forum he claims number of racist gangs in Scotland Messaging me, i Read your that he owns a 12 bore side-by-side calling themselves ‘Scotland messages and laugh, i laugh at shotgun, Lee-Enfield refurbished Against Pakis’ (SAP), ‘Glasgow your Pathetic ways, i laugh at rifle. He states that he is about to Skinhead Elite’ (GSE), ‘Tyrs Chosen’ you because you think you obtain a shotgun licence in 8 weeks. and the ‘Terror Skins’ – as he admits messaging me with change He has also been experimenting ‘these were mainly the same people my ways and those who are making “Napalm Grenades” and in each little gang but we could proud of there people. WHITE gives instructions on forum on how never decide a name… a few PRIDE WORLD WIDE!” to make “Molotov Cocktails” dropped out but the remaining He was present at the 2006 strong are now in power also’ These He is applying for 1st rifleman P.O.W.E.R. vigil in Hyde Park. gangs are no doubt either figments division of the British army in of his imagination or just a group of February 2007 He left a message of condolence on racist mates. the Mick “Belsen” Sanderson He has a Myspace website under tribute page after this member of Based in Scotland, possibly from the name “Posh Paul’ which was set the Wolfs Hook White Brotherhood Renfrewshire. He is an up on 22 February 2007: was murdered by another member administrator of the forum. Not a of the brotherhood. Celtic fan! http://profile.myspace.com/index. cfm?fuseaction=user.viewprofile&fr http://pub46.bravenet.com/guestb E-mail address: iendid=161305712 ook/3882428660 [email protected] The sound files on the website are A member of the on-line gaming He was present at the 2006 racist parodies of dance music. He “Team Nox” for the game Halo2: P.O.W.E.R. vigil in Hyde Park. describes his mission as: “Using http://teamnox.awardspace.com/c Blacks music against them...” YouTube Site: ontact.htm http://www.youtube.com/ profile_videos?user=British88Skin He has a Myspace website: http://www.myspace.com/foolsno more Less involved due to new girlfriend – Amy Toner (see below) Posts the free phone number for the SNP on the P.O.W.E.R. forum on 4 May 2007 with the injunction ‘give em commie wankers A GOOD OLE TALKIN TO!’

142 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? Appendix D

Michael Heaton Martin Brown On the causes of World War Two he (‘Wigan Mike’) (‘Marbro1’) writes: Another regular on the forum is “It was started by the jude “Marbro1”. This is an abbreviation inciting the allies into a war of his real name. with Germany, which is a stupid thing for us to be E-mail: mr.marbro@JJJJ forced into since We all His profile on the P.O.W.E.R. forum wanted the same thing, the claims that he is 48. annihilation of the jews and Hitler always hoped that we He was born on 4 February 1959. would join him in the struggle He is a divorcee, married for against the jude and slimes.” thirteen years. He has two children, both of whom at University. He is http://www.stormfront.org/forum/ unemployed and lives on the showthread.php?t=393279 disability living allowance. He also Having applauded the “annihilation claims incapacity benefit. He of the jews” Marbro1 then goes on suffers from Agrophobia. Although most P.O.W.E.R. members to claim, “the gas chambers is a lie.” appear to be in their early twenties, He is a former milkman and http://www.stormfront.org/forum/ if not younger, one member in member of the TGWU. showthread.php?p=4206811#post4 particular appears far older. He is a BNP member from 206811 This is Michael A. Heaton, aged 39, Aylesbury. Indeed as he posts on Nevertheless he also expresses who uses the name ‘Wigan Mike’. Stormfront: sympathy on Stormfront following He is ex-National Front (NF). “I am from the death of John Hansl, an 82-year- He lives at JJJJ, Leigh, Lancashire, England and am a member of old former SS concentration camp JJJJ. the BNP, I hoppe [sic] to make guard who was stripped of his US contact with like minded citizenship in 2005 and died whilst E-mail: wigan-mike@JJJJ friends who think the way that still fighting . JJJJ E-mail: northwestnf@ I do and want to cleanse this http://www.stormfront.org/forum/ country and also America of He left the NF after an argument showthread.php?p=4352392#post4 the plague that is spreading in with Richard Lee, one of the ‘global 352392 both our great countries moderators of the NF forum who before it is too late. Great to be He also signed Griffin’s ‘The Truth is lives in Portsmouth. Heaton joined here marbro1” No Defence’ Internet appeal: the NF forum on 25 January 2007, made 41 posts and is now banned. http://www.stormfront.org/forum/ http://www.thetruthisnodefense. showthread.php/new-members- com/petition.htm He may also be involved with the around-world-post- Wolfs Hook White Brotherhood. States on the P.O.W.E.R. forum that 226853p117.html Certainly appears to favour the he owns a .22 air rifle. National Alliance from his post of He posts on Stormfront and BNP He may no longer be a BNP 18 May 2007 in which he refers to forum using same user name. member as he claims to have been them as his ‘favourite’. He is divorced but was married for a member of the New Nationalist Heaton is friendly with Anita fourteen years until his wife Party though he appears oblivious Corbett, the former Oldham BNP divorced him. to the allegations about Ebanks’ organiser. racial ancestry. The impression He is a Hitler worshipper. As he created is that he is not be a He posts on You Tube with the posts on Stormfront, people, member but just reads their following profile: “have been brainwashed into website. http://www.youtube.com/user/ seeing Adolf Hitler as some He is still a registered member on WIGANMIKENF kind of monster when in the BNP Members forum reality he was a great tactician and cared about the true Aryan race and wanted to preserve it. He must be turning in his grave to see how things are going now.” http://www.stormfront.org/forum/ showthread.php?p=4294274#post4 294274

➤

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 143 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

… Joe… http://forum.national- (‘Vonherman’) (‘crazy_white_joe’) front.org.uk/showthread.php?t=387 According to a post by Peter Carrie Male, aged 25. DOB: 24 September He attended 2007 Vigil on the P.O.W.E.R. forum 1981. Located in Swindon. He Youtube site: ‘Vonherman’ is responsible for the moved from Bradford in 2002 and http://www.youtube.com/user/ P.O.W.E.R. website. used to live in Batley (Kirklees). joefrombradford JJJJ JJJJ E-mail: heathen.reich@ E-mail: joefrombradford@ Odinsreich Site: Listed as living in Surrey, near He is one of the more prolific http://www.odinsreich.com/ Guildford. Avatar states ‘The posters on the NF forum as index.php?mode=people_card& Werewolf of Farnham.’ ‘joefrombradford.’ p_id=5394 He is 18 years old and posts on Lists his interests as ‘saving quality Stormfront as ‘Thomicus’ He is an NF member – he applied to genetics’ but refuses to list an He has a Live Journal website: join at the beginning of 2007 and occupation because being a ‘hater’ http://thomicus.livejournal.com/ gets his membership some time in he knows he would get the sack. early February 2007 - and posts on Contains a link to Micetrap He is into NS Black Metal and Stormfront and the NF forum as Records, the NS music supplier in appears to have fantasised about ‘joefrombradford’ the USA. killing a classmate who he believed to be lower than a ‘Jew’. Lists his interests as ‘running, He is friendly with Michael cardio and weights.’ Matthews from Swindon who in Has a website: 2006 was convicted of trying to http://hrdesigns.has.it In July 2007 he handed out 250 NF burn down a mosque and Sikh leaflets near Wroughton School ‘Heathen Reich Designs’ which has temple in Swindon. following the hammer attack on the by-line ‘elite heathen Aryan schoolboy Henry Webster. Claims He himself served 12 months supremacist propaganda creation.’ the BNP made an “empty promise” (Sentenced to 18 months) for a He was present at the 2006 to guard the school. He was racially motivated attack in P.O.W.E.R. vigil in Hyde Park. accompanied by ‘skinhead_mick’ Bradford. [Do we have more who is listed as a 23-year-old details?] Has applied to join “Das Reich college student born on 18 January Clan” which looks like a sort of NS He is a former Cocaine addict. He is 1984 and who also lives in Swindon: gaming and role-play on-line a Bradford City and Rangers fan community: http://forum.national- Gives instructions on POWER site front.org.uk/showthread.php http://kroenen.proboards21.com/ on how to make Molotov Cocktails ?t=1495 index.cgi?board=recruiting&action Plans to visit Berlin in August =post&thread=1136501282"e= On another occasion he appeals for 1136501282&page=1 anyone interested in “activism” in the Swindon area to get in touch. Also applies to join another on-line role-play community – as an Elf. http://wow.allakhazam.com/db/ite m.html?witem=1449

144 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? Appendix D

Miles… … … (‘commando’) (‘WhiteTide’) (‘waynes’) Male, 18, claims to be located in He is 23 years old. He is located in Glasgow, Scotland. ‘Steel City’ – Sheffield? – and lives with his parents. He appears to Email address: work in a local gym. WhiteTideIsRising@JJJJ Email: bootboy@JJJJ He is a College Student, and Irish Catholic by birth. He is a Celtic He is one of the more prolific supporter. posters on the P.O.W.E.R. forum. His is a former Cannabis User He is ex-White Nationalist Party (WNP), the British National Party He possibly lives in the central (BNP) and the National Front (NF). Scotland area as He was guilty of GBH age 12! Youtube Site: http://www.youtube.com/profile? Claims he owns a crossbow. user=WhiteTide88 States on the P.O.W.E.R. forum that Nicholla Ritchie was a candidate in he used to be a self-harmer: his region. He is too young to vote http://www.14power88.com/forum ‘but I made sure a lot of my mates / index.php?topic=742.0 voted for her.’ Posts information on the P.O.W.E.R. forum taken from Redwatch regarding a meeting of the South … Manchester Anarchist Federation to (‘Maiden of Valhalla’) be held on 28 August 2007. He posts information on the 17 August the Female, 31. Has children. day after Redwatch. E-mail: maidenofvalhalla@JJJJ He could be the ‘SHEFFIELD816’ who posts on the NF forum who He lives in Shepperton, Surrey and E-mail: Maid3nOfValhallaUK@JJJJ is a carpet fitter by trade. states that ‘I was in the NF in my Pretty sure that she is trusted by teens and still feel the party is for He is a leading member who can be ‘Ragnarok’ and was braced to post me’. Renewed his membership in identified from photograph. He is a on the forum on his behalf if he had July 2007 – unlike most others he former member of the BNP. been sent to prison (see above). gets his membership card within a E-mail: londonrec@JJJJ month on 30 July ‘and just hopeing [sic] now to get stuck into things’. Telephone: 01932 24JJJJ This could also be John Christian This is also the telephone number (SteelWolf), however. of D C R L P G Services, based at JJJJ, Middlesex, London, JJJJ. On 4 August 2007 Waynes proffers the idea on the P.O.W.E.R. of picking He was present at the 2006 three people from all the various P.O.W.E.R. vigil in Hyde Park. Nazi sects and then linking up to He has not been too active lately form an ‘aryan unity movement’. because he has been in Germany presumably working. But as he announced on 2 June 2007 in a thread entitled ‘shit skins better run, I am coming back’ Miles wrote: ‘things aint worked out too good here in Germany, so I will be coming back soon and becoming active again, I feel things are going to kick off in England within the next 5 years and I aint going to miss that, will be good to see you all again and look forward to recruiting new members. Sieg heil.’

➤

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 145 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

… … Adrian Jowitt (‘Road2hell’) (‘sweaney’) (‘Lord_Lancaster’) Male, 31, DOB: 8 February 1976. From the North East. By his own DOB: 31 July 1973. Located in East Ham. admission he has been active for the Claims to be based in Blackpool, past four years on the C18 forum. E-mail: road2hell@JJJJ Lancashire - possibly located in Had a falling out with ‘Bart’ but Carleton area of Blackpool. He is a Runs the anti-Islamic website: hopes to put this behind him. Joined Blackpool FC season ticket holder. http://www.england-forever.co.nr the P.O.W.E.R. forum on 7 July 2007. He has a 10-year-old daughter. It seems that he is involved in some E-mail: davison924@JJJJ way on the periphery of C.U.N.T.S, He is a civil servant, more You Tube Site: the NF and also B&H. specifically an I.T. Project Manager. http://www.youtube.com/profile? He claims to work in a UK He posts on the NF forum. He user=sweaney88 government building and that he joined on 17 June 2007. Website: http://www.blogtext.org/ has an income between £30,000- He is a West Ham fan. sweaney entitled ‘The DVD Project’ £45,000 which is ‘first and foremost a united E-mail: swhitewizard2003@JJJJ effort by all who wish to see and [sic] end to terror on our streets, all who E-mail: swhitewizard@JJJJ are sick of living under the threat of E-mail: swhitewizard@JJJJ Muslim extremist while our government sits by and does little of He is a pagan and lists his religion nothing. It is a rallying call to all that as ‘Wiccan’. would stand united and in one clear voice cry out “we want our country Has a website which sells ‘100% back, we have had enough.”’ authentic Nazi goods’: http://www.nazi-collectables.co.uk The site markets a downloadable DVD, which is asks you to watch, The contact point is e-mail: JJJJ burn and pass on. It is available sales@ from http://thepiratebay.org.tor/ The website is registered to one 3730615 Adrian Jowitt, no address is He explains the rationale behind provided. the idea on the C18 guestbook as His ‘sponsored links’ page links to a being a non-party political project, number of extremist websites which aims to distribute and anti- including ISD records, Resistance Islamic DVD in order to heighten Records, the National Vanguard, awareness of the menace of multi- Redwatch, Combat 18 and culturalism: Stormfront. It also carries the C18 http://www.drypool.net/cgi- skull logo. Not what one would call bin/system.pl?id=isdgb&cmd=reply a politically impartial website. & topic=78 Posts on He posts on the NF forum. http://www.youtube.com/user/ swhitewizard He joined on 10 July 2007. Myspace site: http://www.myspace.com/ blackpool_ady He submitted an e-petition to No. 10 stating: ‘We the undersigned petition the Prime Minister to Disolve [sic] Parliament forever and install The Sheriff of Lancaster as supreme leader of the United Kingdom and all her territories.’ It was rejected. http://petitions.pm.gov.uk/ rulebyLancs/#detail As he posted on 7 May 2007 on the topic ‘RE: A list of Red Groups, know your enemy’ which can be viewed at:

146 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? Appendix D

John Christian Possibly called Rob (‘SteelWolf’) (‘Odins Law’) DOB: 21 March 1978. Male aged 29. Lives at: JJJJJJJ, Sheffield, JJJJJJJ E-mail: LARDE@JJJJJJJ He has a six-year-old daughter. He has Just lost his job. He posts on the NF forum. He joined on 10 February 2007. Enquiring about the dates of NF marches. http://forum.national- front.org.uk/showthread.php?t=412 He posts on You Tube: http://www.youtube.com/ LOYALBUSHER ‘MY BLOOD IS MY LOYALTY… WE MUST STUDY POLITICS E-mail: shaw1488@JJJJ AND WAR SO THAT OUR He is a forum administrator. He is WHITE CHILDREN CAN from the Yorkshire area but appears STUDY MATHEMATIC AND to be in the USA at present. ECONOMICS’. He was present at the 2006 His videos contain information P.O.W.E.R. vigil in Hyde Park. about bomb making and details of how to make an electronic Knows someone called ‘Jade’ who detonator. There is also a clip of was or is N9S. him CS gassing a friend to be found http://www.14power88.com/forum in the ‘comedy’ section. /index.php?topic=1346.0 In the ‘How to and DIY’ section is ‘I find – www.redwatch.org - is found ‘Home Made Ryan … a pretty good place to keep an Booooommmm’ (‘SouthernWolf’) eye on the wankers. http://www.youtube.com/watch? He is an administrator of the forum. There is even an address of v=zuaALjI-9i0 He lives in England. some nob head commie twat in Lancaster I fancy a ride over E-mail: themanwhoknows@JJJJ to…’ In the same section can be found Claims to be 18 years old ‘Electronic Detonator’. He is undoubtedly referring to He was one of the three contact Ketlan at Lancaster UAF. http://www.youtube.com/watch? points given for the 2007 P.O.W.E.R. v=tHS6NkCF9w8 vigil. ‘Me CS gassing Rene’: Claims that P.O.W.E.R. is the first http://www.youtube.com/watch? political group he’s been involved v=6CsjJFSxLtU with. Also, is a video of him shooting his There is an ‘swolf816’ who posts on mate with a paintball gun: the NF Forum stating his location is ‘south England’ – possible that they http://www.youtube.com/watch? are one in the same. v=og1UoyYnHRY He was married.

➤

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 147 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

… Amy Toner Craig Coombes (‘Spoon Slinger’) (‘Cupcake’) (‘Blitz88’) Based in Manchester. Lives at JJJJ , Ryde, Isle of White, Hampshire, JJJJ E-mail: dark_baz06@JJJJ Aged 43, he runs “Loopy Scooter” Collects Knives – he also claims on which describes itself as “the one the forum that he would like to get stop skinhead shop”. It appears to hold of a Luger pistol. be a small Internet auction site that Despite his age – it is believed that sells skinhead memorabilia etc. He he is eighteen – he claims to be ex- is married (Vivian) and has two Armed forces. children aged 14 and 8. Possible Myspace site: E-mail: http://www.myspace.com/ [email protected] northern_baz Telephone: 0774605JJJJ There is a photo. Both he and his wife are members Female, 17, located in East Kilbride, of The Armed Forces Scooter Club Scotland. (TAFSC). E-mail: amy_toner@JJJJ He is a (former?) member of the Royal Signals Corps. He is also a She states that she is a ‘National Northern Soul DJ though he lists his Socialist’. favourite non-Northern Soul group It appears that she is the girlfriend as being Skrewdriver. of Scott Cowan (‘War Machine816’) http://www.tafsc.com/ – see above. members.htm She is a student at South There is a photograph of Craig Lanarkshire College, possibly Coombes on the website. studying catering. Coombes sells neo-Nazi DVDs. She has two jobs, one in a large cafe Indeed, the Stigger Live DVD we in Hamilton and one in the local have in the office comes from him. Cinema in her hometown. He also has tattoos (possibly of a She has a Bebo Site: white power variety) http://www.bebo.com/Profile.jsp? MemberId=530795 Myspace site: http://www.myspace.com/ cutestcupcake The music on her Myspace website is currently ‘Coon Hunt’ by Chingford Attack who are also ‘Friends’ of her website. She appears to suffer from some as yet unidentified illness which has her shuttling back and forth to hospital and the doctors and which means she is not as active as she would like to be.

148 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? Appendix D

Liam Hankin Gareth Hemingway Deanne Maddocks (‘Nottspower’) (‘Deacon’) (‘Sweet Aryan Girl’) Hankin is 19 years old. DOB: 29th November 1983 He posts on Stormfront as Female, 23. She lives at: JJJJ , ‘Liam14/88’. Bognor Regis, JJJJ . She is originally from the Birmingham He lives in Nottinghamshire, area. possibly in Pinxton/Kirkby in Ashfield. E-mail: dedem83@JJJJ He is a former member of Tagged Website: November 9th Society and appears http://www.tagged.com/ to be involved with the ‘Troops of mypage.html?uid=37268767 DOB: 21 December 1980 Tomorrow’ skinhead outfit. As well as photos of herself it Deacon is actually his son’s E-mail: liam1488@JJJJ features flyers for C.U.N.T.S. and Christian name, also known as the National Alliance (NA). She is a Yorky. former National Front member. Address: JJJJ , Bognor Regis, JJJJ She has a Myspace site: Also uses nickname ‘crazy http://www.myspace.com/sweetyd whiteman’ ethesexyaryangirl E-mail: dea_jo@JJJJ She is the girlfriend of Gareth Hemingway (Deacon) – see above. His partner is Deanne Maddocks – They have been together for 5 years ‘Sweet Aryan Girl’ (see below) – they met at Butlin’s Holiday He has two children, a boy (three) Camp. and a girl (two). Claims on the P.O.W.E.R. forum on He posts extremist material on You 21 May 2007 that she slashed her Tube using the profile ‘Pauldttj’: wrist when she was fifteen as ‘I had a lot of things going on at the time.’ http://www.youtube.com/ Claims her mother’s boyfriend’s son user/pauldttj and his friend abused her when she That they are one in the same is was thirteen. There was a Crown confirmed by a row with Court Case apparently. Her mother NottsNationalist88 (a BNP stayed with the boyfriend, which supporter) in which ‘Deacon’ uses tipped her over the edge. the same e-mail address: http://www.14power88.com/ http://www.youtube.com/ forum/index.php?topic=742.0 user/NottsNationalist88 She has a tattoo that says ‘Deacon’ One of the videos he has posted on on her lower back (I think) You Tube is currently the subject of a police investigation. The video, entitled ‘Dewsbury Needs Help’ features Nazi imagery and threats to the Muslim community. In the video ‘Paul’ states that he is a member of the British Peoples Party. (Source: The Dewsbury Reporter, 26 July 2007). He has a Myspace site under his nickname “Yorkie” though the profile is private: http://profile.myspace.com/ index.cfm?fuseaction=user .viewprofile&friendid=188213188 He has a number of tattoos – there are photos.

➤

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 149 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

… … … (‘Skinheadkid’) (‘Ethan Rome’) (‘smeTANKa’) He is a regular poster on the forum. Joined the P.O.W.E.R. forum on 29 DOB: 13 May 1986. Listed as a ‘global moderator’. June 2007. E-mail: deadnymphe@JJJJ He claims not to be involved with 26 year old male located in E-mail: daemonianymphe@JJJJ P.O.W.E.R. anymore. Politically he Mansfield, claims to be in the British People’s She is a student nurse in the Acute Claims to be in Lockham, Party and the National Front. Male Medical Department (2006 to Nottinghamshire. present). Based in Prestwich, He posts regularly on the NF forum. E-mail: ethanromeKtb@JJJJ Manchester and Lipetsk, Russia. Joined 18 April 2007. Website: http://1488.sm4.biz - She posts on the P.O.W.E.R. forum He is either 16 or 17 years old. He membership of this website is about the arrest of the Format 18 Lives in London according to NF restricted to members only and you leader, Maxim Marsinkevich. forum. He most likely lives in have to register. Has an e-mail Barnet, North London. She is a ‘’ but appears contact address: more interested in NS Black Metal. He claims to have been involved in [email protected] the NF, the BPP, , He posts on the Blood and Honour Has a Youtube website Combat 18 and BNP ‘sort of’. forum as ‘Gemini’ http://www.youtube.com/ He has been banned form You Tube She has a number of blog-style user/EthanRome three times. States that he is Internet sites: Straight Edge. He has served time in prison http://deadnymphe. He has a Faceparty website: Posted details on POWER forum livejournal.com/ http://www.faceparty.com/ about how to make tear gas and http://rusalka741989. skinheadkid explosives livejournal.com/ E-mail: mental_skinhead@JJJJ Also posts about how to modify air http://daemonianymphe. gun pellets Left a threatening message on the livejournal.com/ Australian anti-fascist website Fight Writes poetry and has a book of Myspace site: Dem Back: poetry for sale http://www.myspace. http://www.fightdemback.org/arch http://www.lulu.com/ com/rusalka741989 ive/places/global/ content/908975 She is a member of the following Also posted, though account now Posted on Allpoetry.com until he forum, which lists her interests as disabled, on the following forum was banned for using 14/88 “Slavic ” and “industrial listing his interests ‘boots braces signature photography.” See: combat18 deathmetal metal nationalfront nazism neonazism http://ourworld.iforumer.com/ nsbm oi rac rightwing skin skingirl profile.php?mode=viewprofile& skingirls skinhead skins u=56&mforum=ourworld whitepower whitepride’. She has her own website for her http://www.imvu.com/catalog/we experimental photography; b_tag_search_result.php?tag=nsbm http://deadnymphe. deviantart.com This lists her age as twenty and gives an alternative e-mail: sablina@JJJJ On the P.O.W.E.R. admits to having been a self-harmer: http://www.14power88.com/forum / index.php?topic=742.0 It would also appear that she suffers from an eating disorder.

smeTANKa

150 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? Appendix D

Jade … The following are forum members who play a more peripheral role or (‘xJaeihx’) for whom we have far less detail. Joins the P.O.W.E.R. forum on 24 August 2007. Rachel Blackley Aidan Griffin (‘88Power88’) (‘honour/14’) According to her profile she is 32 E-mail: aidangriffin10@JJJJ Based in Dumfries, Scotland. Lists and has ‘been in the movement Aged 18 around 20 years, most of it as a gender as ‘male’. Website: http://white-power- Skinbyrd now I’m with the NF.’ E-mail: rachel.blackley@JJJJ pics.piczo.com/?cr=4&rfm=y She posts regularly on the NF Came to P.O.W.E.R. through the C18 Attended 2007 vigil. website, particularly on its women’s site. Has a daughter possibly. section. On the following forum asking how Her profile contains a link to the to make a good website: (‘Ben83’) Razors Edge myspace website: http://uk.answers.yahoo.com/ques http://www.myspace.com/ Aged 19, lives in Scotland. tion/index?qid=20061202083109AA cbv0Y&show=7 razorsedgeuk E-mail: europe_awake_88@JJJJ From the way she talks about it Claims an allegiance to Christian elsewhere I think she may be close Identity. He is a College Student. (‘blackshirts1488’) to the band. Claims to have been involved on Male, 17, located in Newcastle. She claims to be a student studying the periphery of the football E-mail: jesus_is_a_cun_t@JJJJ early childhood education. She hooligan scene stating, ‘wen [sic] I posts regularly on Stormfront and was younger I used to run with Possibly the one who is posting on VNN as ‘xJaeihx’. various teams (young inverkeithing You Tube as ‘BritishUnion14’. She is originally from Georgia USA terrors and wen [sic] I moved the but is in process or has recently camdean young team) but power is moved to UK my first and only organasation (‘FM 14/88’) [sic]…’ Posts on Bovverworld: Male, aged 27. He is located in He is probably the Ben referred to ‘Brizzol’ – Bristol? http://www.bovverworld.com/view as having attended the 2006 _contacts.php P.O.W.E.R. vigil in Hyde Park. He is a BNP member. He did not attend the 2007 P.O.W.E.R. vigil. Prolific poster on Aryan Front: http://www.aryanfront.com/search (‘TykeSCS’) .php?search_author=xJaeihx&sid=4f (‘Panzer88’) Claims he is ‘Kev’s (Hartlepool) 01fd0a7490a7f6525150a1fdbd8b70 JJJJ mate’. He is from Sheffield, E-mail: treblinka18@ originally from Cottingley West He/She is Portuguese Yorkshire. E-mail: atn@JJJJ (‘TheQ’) He is a former member of the BNP. Aged, 18. Lives in London. He is approximately 32 E-mail: fascistthx0r@JJJJ Straight Edge Appears not to be involved.

(‘Fearnzy4’) (‘Midsser’) P.O.W.E.R. Northwest. He lives in Manchester. Listed as an Males, located in Midlands. It administrator on the forum. appears that he has left the forum. E-mail: joycentre88@JJJJ

➤

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 151 Lone wolves: myth or reality? P.O.W.E.R. activities

Hyde Park demonstration 24 June 2007 On 24 June 2007 P.O.W.E.R. held a second vigil at Speakers Corner, Hyde Park. The event was publicised in advance by the websites of both the Racial Volunteer Force (RVF) and the National Front (NF) The RVF ‘news’ section (www.rvforce.org/news.html) stated that: “We would urge all comrades to turnout and support the vigil that is going to take place on 24 June 2007 in hyde park. London. The young comrades Hyde Park demonstration P.O.W.E.R. Training camp that arrange this have turned 30 September 2006 February 2007 into into [sic] a annual event On 30 September P.O.W.E.R. held a In February 2007 members of and it deserves support, as do vigil in Hyde Park at Speakers P.O.W.E.R. staged a four-day they. To often are the White Corner for the white victims of training camp in the Lake District, victims of racial crime ‘racism’. An account of the event Cumbria. The proceedings were forgotten, while any Ethnic was carried on the Nationalist very secret. This was not an open that even receives a paper cut Alliance website invitation to all members and was seems to get knighthoods, (http://www.allnationalist.com/vig not discussed on their forum. As benefit concerts, memorials il/htm) though the group stressed was made clear in a briefing etc. Even ZOG’s own statistics that it was not theirs. document: prove that more racial attacks are carried out on White than Approximately sixteen to twenty “During the 4 days we shall be any other group. We need to people attended the event selecting members to lead make our voice heard that no including a polish skinhead called regions of the UK and to build longer will we sit quietly back ‘Wilk’ (see below). Two of those on P.O.W.E.R. growth across the as our Brothers and sisters are there traveled down from Scotland UK, this 4 day training will also slaughtered by Alien scum. and several came from Yorkshire. be a way to test our own Make your voice heard.’ abilities and to build strong bonds with the brothers who The NF announced on their forum. P.O.W.E.R. Tour will form a resistance and will http://forum.national- one day stand side be side as During 2006 the group also held a front.org.uk/showthread.php brothers of a Racial Holy War. ‘P.O.W.E.R Tour’ which consisted of ?p=5060 We shall be enjoying 4 days of nine or two individuals on a hard work and great enjoyment, On 21 June “Hanger 17” wrote: camping trip. A video of the event 4 days of brotherhood and was initially posted on You Tube “there is a nationalist day of stamina challenges, 4 nights of though has since been taken down action by Power group, exercises, walking, climbing, because it violated You Tube’s terms http://www.14power88.com/ mountain biking, fishing, and conditions. It was available at: on Sunday 24th Hyde Park, swimming, camping skills, http://www.youtube.com/ Speakers Corner. night tasks and self defence, watch?v=trVgyFfgMAI and much more.” Although this is not an NF We do have screen shots. activity, I thought that some people may wish to attend this event. Contact Danny [Bryan] from the above web site if you want more information.” The event was publicized by the BPP on their website.

152 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? Appendix D

Links with the British http://www.youtube.com/ Peoples Party watch?v=dzFviH9Gk9s It states that ‘this video is dedicated to the British The BPP are clearly taking an Peoples Party from the 8/16’. It goes interest in the group. Williamson, on to state that ‘your hand of who addressed the second vigil, friendship is well received and posts on the P.O.W.E.R. forum as accepted.’ ‘StGeorgeIsCross’. He also uses this name on Stormfront. It was posted by http://www.youtube. His own blog site carries only two com/user/pauldttj ‘Deacon’. Danny ‘favourite links’ – one to the BPP Bryan made the video itself. and one to P.O.W.E.R. which is indicative of his attempt to court On 1 July 2007 ‘Streicher88’ [who is the group in the last few months also so he claims a member of the and which is also reflective of his BPP and supporter of the NA and increased activity within the BPP. RVF] posted that: ‘The BPP, in light of recent events [i.e. the P.O.W.E.R. vigil P.O.W.E.R. clearly reciprocate this in London] is hoping to org. meeting interest. In the June 2007 P.O.W.E.R. in Glasgow over the next few days. Newsletter Bryan announced: Can POWER’s Scots members PM “That we are standing side by me so we can arrange it.’ side with the BPP in the aim to There is a Glasgow BPP listed: being an end to infighting, to glasgowbpp@JJJJ and a telephone make John Tyndalls [sic] years publicized the event number: 07722 08JJJJ. No idea of hard work mean more than who is behind it though. on his blog: ever, so on behalf of POWER I http://beowulf14.blogspot.com salute Eddie [sic] Morrison, One member of P.O.W.E.R. has Pete (Sid) Williamson and posted some 28 times on the BPP As did Sid Williamson: thank them deeply for the forum since joining on 17 November http://survivalordeath14. support, advice and 2006 using the avatar “Oswald blogspot.com/ encouragement and support Mosley”. He lists his interests as: not just with regards to the “Odinism-Paramilitary-NS-Fishing”. (According to Sid the dates for the London Vigil but also for His profile can be seen at: vigil were put forward from advice Eddie [sic] offered to http://bpp.jconserv.net/profile.ph September to allow the group to me, without which I would concentrate on plans for disrupting p?mode=viewprofile&u=25&sid=8 have been rather stuck on 7f1759ec7618234ec0f69b91df5bf97 the Israel v England game at something that was said to me Wembley.) regarding the POWER Vigil and Another member of the BPP who is At the event Danny Bryan unfurled the distribution of Leaflets involved with P.O.W.E.R. is: [sic]. The 816 stands side by a Polish flag to stress white Martyn E Gilleard (‘Mart8814’) European unity. After he had side with the British Peoples finished talking and arguing with Party, and if there is anything Address: JJJJ, Selby, North the crowd Williamson made a we can do to assist or help the Yorkshire, JJJJ BPP consider it done.’ speech. ‘Buster’ a BPP member E-mail: martyngilleard@JJJJ from Brighton accompanied A video entitled ‘bpp 8/16 unity’ E-mail: martyngilleard@JJJJ Williamson. There was, needless to was posted on You Tube on 20 June say, plenty of heckling. 2007: Joined the P.O.W.E.R. forum on 4 August 2007. States that he is a member of the BPP and the RVF. He is a former member of the White Nationalist Party, the Nationalist Alliance and the National Front. He is a Sheffield Utd fan He is currently the Goole BPP contact Mobile 0770794JJJJ Email: mart8814@JJJJ Goole is in East Yorkshire not North Yorkshire but they are only 15 miles apart. ➤

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 153 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

Links with the Racial Links with the Nationalist He is almost certainly the same as Volunteer Force Alliance/Wolfs Hook the contact listed for Wolfs Hook Ulster. There was a website, now The April 2007 P.O.W.E.R newsletter defunct: http://dave1973.kk5.org/ described the Wolfs Hook White Brotherhood (WHWB) as a ‘brother He also ran another (defunct) of the 816’. The WHWB website website: meanwhile recommended http://www.ulster1488.t83.net/ P.O.W.E.R. as ‘A fantastic site with He made a post on the Chav Scum one hell of a good forum’ website. Commenting on one picture (http://www. of a young girl he commented: wolfshook.com/links2.htm). “Dirty Nigger Loving whore. At least four members of the Wolfs We in Belfast when we see Hook White Brotherhood and these little track suit bitches Nationalist Alliance have joined the hanging out with Wogs we P.O.W.E.R. forum: knock the fuck out of them! Catherine Parker-Brown (‘Cat69’) They run to the cops, but they are never believed! KILL ALL Catherine Parker-Brown is the RACE MIXING CHAVS!” leader of the Nationalist Alliance http://www.chavscum.co.uk/ Website: 4images/details.php?image_id=542 http://www.wolfshook.com 2&sessionid=6 E-mail: whwb1488@JJJJ The February 2007 P.O.W.E.R. According to the “white ulster” profile newsletter announced that the I would put money on that this is on the Oldham BNP pro-boards site group stood ‘side by side’ with the Cathy Parker-Brown. States her he was born on 10 September 1973 RVF: location as ‘Albion’, which is and is thirty-three years old. something CPB always uses i.e. “A group that deserves ‘Catherine of Albion.’ His profile can be viewed at: nothing but utmost respect for http://oldham.proboards3.com/ its dedication to the 14 words Adrian Brooks (‘Kruger’) index.cgi?action=viewprofile&user= and its fight in the White Brooks is a Nationalist Alliance whiteulster Resistance is the RVF (Racial member located in Stockport. Volunteer Force). POWER He regularly ends his posts on this would like to announce that in E-mail: England@JJJJ forum “14 words” and is clearly an the near future, UK sections of Website: admirer of David Lane. POWER and RVF will be in http://www.wolfshook.com There is further NA member discussion to make some vital (‘Dave1973’) “nibelungen” on the forum too. changes for the good of the white race, POWER supports Lives in North Belfast. A link is also carried to the the RVF and Likewise [sic], E-mail: whiteulster@JJJJ P.O.W.E.R. website by Covert again I shall be in contact with Website: Undercover Nuisance Tactics: the RVF POW’s [Mark Atkinson http://www.allnationalist.com http://covert-tactics.blogspot.com/ and Jonathan Hill] in the coming weeks and will be adding an interview from a comrade from the RVF to the site in the coming weeks. Together the RVF and POWER shall make vital leaps forward to make changes to the rot we face, to the RVF both inside and outside of the ZOG walls. POWER sends a big 14 to you all.’ The RVF website subsequently advertised the second P.O.W.E.R. vigil on its website. The April 2007 P.O.W.E.R. newsletter describes the RVF as a ‘brother of the 816’.

154 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? Appendix D Foreign links The P.O.W.E.R. forum has a number of European sections, which are used by skinheads from Holland, Poland, Switzerland, Serbia, Germany, Slovenia, Sweden, France, Italy, Croatia, Norway, Finland, Spain, Portugal, Australia, Canada and the . The most prominent of those who post to the forum from abroad include the following individuals.

Brian A. Boender when posting as a ‘guest’ of the Wilk – Poland (‘R1pCLaW’) – Holland forum. P.O.W.E.R. has a Dutch member His e-mail is: sserrace@JJJJ who is currently in prison whose He has the number ‘14’ tattooed “plight” they advertise on their upon his right shoulder and the forum. words “Blut” and “Ehre” (Blood & This is Brian A. Boender, from Soil) tattooed on his forearms. Almere is currently incarcerated at: He has a You Tube site: P.I.Almere http://www.youtube.com/ Caissonweg 2 profile?user=R1pCLaW A Polish Skinhead called ‘Wilk’ 1332 BX Almere buiten-de vaart There is another Dutch member of attended the 2006 P.O.W.E.R. vigil. Boender the P.O.W.E.R. forum who uses the He had made the trip from B.A. 4901191 name ‘Aesir’. His e-mail is: Germany. According to the rebelshead@JJJJ He claims to have been involved Nationalist Alliance website with Platform de Krijger (PDK), There is a posting listed using this (http://www.allnationalist. National Collectief (NC), address on the following Dutch com/vigil.htm) Wilk, ‘being of Polish Jeugdstorm Nederland (JN) ‘and I website: blood and a citizen of Germany hope to get into C18.’ http://www.kattuk.nl/leden/ meant that we were represented by Age 19, it is believed that he was ?nick=Dimple 2 brother Nations of Europe.’ born on 30 March 1988, though There is a photo. contacts not 100% sure. E-mail: lukas14w@JJJJ He has been imprisoned since the end of February 2007. Together with E-mail: lukas_k_44@JJJJ 10 other people he was in a Dutch DOB 21 November 1987 – He is 19 court on 21, 22 and 23 August as a years old. He is 5ft 11. result of attacking and setting fire to a squat as well as other violent Wilk is currently located in Hessen, political actions. Germany. He attended an American High School in Germany. He was Contacts have spotted him on two born in California USA but his separate occasions, on NVU family originates from Gdansk, demonstrations on 30 September Poland. Both his parents are Polish 2006 in Arnhem and on 24 February but have US citizenship. 2007 in Doetinchem. Father is/was a US service man He has white power tattoos (see stationed in Germany. It is believed attachments) and says he’s a NS that he lived on Rhein-Main Air orientated skinhead. A small new Base for about 10 years. group of young NS activists in Holland, calling themselves “New He claims that he is/was about to National Unity” put his address on move to Scotland in which case he their site because they consider may become more active. him as a POW. This e-mail address is the contact (http://www.nieuwenationaleeenh point for the band Nec Timide eid. com/POW.html) website: http://users.cjb.net/nec- timide/about.htm He posts on the P.O.W.E.R. forum using the name ‘R1pCLaW’ as well According to the blurb on the as ‘RechtsExtrem’ a name he uses website Nec Timide ‘is a project ➤

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 155 Lone wolves: myth or reality? started be and headed by Lord David Innes (‘Wolfsangel’) Kaelzeth. It is an ode to the (‘BaronVonHund’) – Australia misanthropic arts of the third South African but definitely lives in millennium aimed to strengthen the UK and has British citizenship. Slavonic pride and to weaken the E-mail: boer_39@JJJJ enemies of our forefathers.’ He is over 20 years old and was The band has released two albums born deaf. His birthday is 4 June. He to date, Krew i Chwala (2005) and speaks Afrikaans, English and Oblicza Naszych Przodków (TBA). German. Wilk posts on Stormfront as He is a college student, possibly ‘Kaelzeth’ and also on Blood and Doncaster College Honour using same name He has a Windows Live Space Site: He has a You Tube site: http://wolfsangelboer39.spaces. http://www.youtube.com/user/ live.com/default.aspx?partner=Live kaelzeth .Spaces&mkt=en-GB He is an administrator of the Aged 32, Lives in Perth, Western He describes P.O.W.E.R. forum though he did not Australia himself thus: attend the 2007 vigil. ‘I was born E-mail: baronvonhund@JJJJ South African citizen. I’m E-mail: wpww@JJJJ now British Innes is the web-designer, editor There are a number of members citizen. I’m and researcher for the Down Under from Sweden including the Boer-written Nationalist Resource (DNR) following: language website: http://www.dn- because I’m Steffi Kennel resource.org/contact.html deaf and use sign language. I’m (‘SwissAngel88’) – proud of Boerevolk.’ He lists his He is self-employed and married. Switzerland interests as: ‘Animation and He has a profile on X-Tube: European Anime. Martial Arts http://www.thextube.com/ History of Ancients Boerevolk and BaronVonHund Third Reich.’ There is a photograph on the He is a former/current member of website. the November 9th Society and regularly posts on the NF Forum, The DNR website lists his contact which he joined on 19 March 2007. details as: bvh@JJJJ On the NF forum he describes Mobile: 0420 JJJJ himself thus: ‘I’m white British E-mail: landser1291@JJJJ He was a ‘sustaining member’ of Afrikaner. I’m deaf for the birth.’ Stormfront as well as a prolific poster. According to Swiss Indymedia: Describes himself as an ‘Aryan Innes also ran ‘The Thunder From national socialist priest’. http://ch.indymedia.org/de/2006/ Down Under’ Rock Against He also posts on Stormfront as 06/41436.shtml SwissAngel88 is radio show, advertised “Wolfsangel777”. Steffi Kenel, Wybergliweg 64, 6415 on both Stormfront and the Arth. 0788756769. Prussian website: A posting on the following forum in Afrikaans lists his location (on 22 There is another Swiss connection. http://www.stormfront.org/forum/ April 2006) as “Engeland” In June 2007 members of P.O.W.E.R. showthread.php/online-radio- met in London for a ‘weekend tour’ thunder-down-under- http://www.boerevryheid.co.za/ where they met with a number of 366855p2.html forums/showthread.php?t=2809 their gang. One of those present was a Swiss skinhead studying in http://www.officialprussianblue.ne It also lists another e-mail address: London called ‘Tommy’. t/showthread.php?p=37146 gehorlosbure@JJJJ In the last few weeks, however, he Interestingly, at least one of those and his wife have both been thrown who was on the Hyde Park vigil in off Stormfront. He has fallen out 2007 was wearing an AWB patch on (‘Racistagain178’) – ‘WCOTC Australia’. his jacket whilst others have been pictured Seig Heiling in front of an Switzerland In recent weeks it appears that he AWB flag. Aged 36, Switzerland has also been removed from the P.O.W.E.R. forum too. E-mail: racistcartman18@JJJJJJJ

156 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? Appendix D

Eric Norling (‘Sonofodin’) (‘Veronica_88’) – USA – USA Female, based in the USA, possibly Address: JJJJJJJ, Rockford, San Jose – definitely Nevada. , 61109, USA Fourteen years old but she will be fifteen in December. She states that Norling is another leading member. ‘Right now, I’m suffering from a He is an administrator of the forum. mental disorder that might ruin E-mail: hailpower816@JJJJ me’. He has a Windows Live Space Site E-mail: Vernoica_Angelique@JJJJ but it is blank at the moment except Her tag line lists her as ‘Nazi for the heading ‘for race and Veronika’. nation’: http://huginnandmuninn.spaces. live.com/ Based in the USA he and ‘Jim’ are (‘Borum’) – Canada responsible for setting up an borum_88@JJJJ American section of P.O.W.E.R, which was announced in the w.n.e.c.r@JJJJ January 2007 newsletter. Norling controls the P.O.W.E.R. paypal account, a function he has performed since the summer of P.O.W.E.R. Croatia 2007 when, according to the June 2007 P.O.W.E.R. newsletter, Bryan’s There is a Croatian P.O.W.E.R. The shrine allegedly cost $200,000 own account was frozen. website: http://14power88.blog.hr/ and was envisaged as ‘America’s This website is made by a Croatian On 6 August 2007 Norling and his ,’ the name a forum member called ‘Kroenen’. partner had “the first 816 baby” reference to the ‘Hall of which has been called Cailin Aryan Commanders’ that honors German E-mail: no_more_idols@JJJJ Norling. Danny Bryan is the military leaders in Bavaria. “wotan-father”. E-mail: Johnny.lesh@JJJJ More details can be found at: He sells P.O.W.E.R. merchandise http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Based in Zagreb, Croatia. such as T-shirts through the forum Ted_Junker as well as copies of Hunter and Junker has been in contact with the Turner Diaries by Williams Pierce National Socialist Movement and Deceived, Damned and Defiant (NSM), and allowed 25 members of by David Lane. the NSM to gather at the shrine for Norling appears to have been which he was fined $2,000. involved with the Spanish skinhead http://www.splcenter.org/intel/ scene. His name features in Diario intelreport/article.jsp?aid=709 de un Skin an expose of the scene by an Spanish journalist Antonio He was interviewed by the group on Salas. [currently hoping to get a their Internet radio station on 10 translation of these short passages October 2006 by Kris Johnson: from a friend]. http://www.nsm88radio.com/ P.O.W.E.R. advertises a video of Son naziamerica/Nazi_America/ of Odin meeting ‘SS Officer Junker’ 101006.wma and his son. This is most likely Theodor ‘Ted’ Junker, an 87 year- He appears to work with old farmer who claims to have been ‘aryangoddess’ in the distribution a member of the Waffen-SS. Junker of some of his books. She lists came to the US from Germany in herself as a nineteen year old 1955, working as a janitor in female located in the United States Chicago until 1963 when he bought and who is also an ‘administrator’ a farm in Wisconsin. Junker hit the of the P.O.W.E.R forum. headlines in June 2006 when he announced that he was building a memorial to Adolf Hitler on his property in Walworth County, Wisconsin, near Millard, Wisconsin. ➤

Lone wolves: myth or reality? | 157 Lone wolves: myth or reality?

Other links Other Internet activity Troops of Tomorrow (TOT) “14power88” have posted a number of videos, amongst them “Snow P.O.W.E.R. is advertised on the Fell” by Skrewdriver, to a number of ‘Hitler Jugend Division Troops of internet sites including the Tomorrow’ website following: (http://www.freewebs.com/tot_hj/ links.htm) alongside the NF, C18, http://www.youtube.com/results? B&H and also on the “Fourth Reich search_query=14power88 TOT” website - http://www.berm.co.nz/cgi- http://www.freewebs.com/protot/ bin/video/browse.cgi?t=14power88 index.htm http://www.clicnews.com/videos/ Troops of Tomorrow are, according 14power88.html to the SPLC, an emerging international skinhead. Both Liam http://video.aol.com/video- Hankin (‘Nottspower’) posting as search/tag/14power88 ‘Liam1488’ and ‘Wolfsangel777’ http://downthisvideo.com/tag/ appear to be involved. ‘Waynes’ 14power88 also states he has been involved in TOT. There are postings about it on Stormfront but it is at the moment tangential to the investigation into P.O.W.E.R. Indeed it seems that the English section of TOT is largely moribund.

158 | Lone wolves: myth or reality? The magazine of the HOPE not Searchlight hate campaign Against fascism and racism

Every month, for 36 years, Searchlight has been exposing the far right in Britain and abroad. It carries out INVESTIGATIVE investigations, reports on fascist activity and highlights our own campaign. It is the first port of call for ANALYTICAL activists, academics and journalists. The BNP hates it. So if you want to keep yourself informed on what is going on in the INTERNATIONAL BNP and learn about the HOPE not hate campaign around the country you should subscribe to Searchlight. CAMPAIGNING Subscribing by standing order will save you 20% on the cover price and protect you from future price rises. Searchlight, the essential magazine for EXPOSING HOPE not hate organisers.

Subscribe to Searchlight LW/04/2011 £24 UK individuals £18 UK concessions* £32 UK organisations £36 Europe individuals £43 Non Europe individuals £48 All non-UK organisations Please start my subscription with the next issue (cheques made payable to Searchlight)

Name

Address

Postcode

Amount £

Or pay by standing order Please debit my account with the sum of £ ______immediately and annually thereafter until cancelled by me in writing.

Your bank name & address

Account No Sort Code

Signature Date Pay Searchlight Magazine Ltd (Account No 11110608, Sort Code 40-17-45, HSBC, 99 High Street, Chelmsford, CM1 1EQ) PLEASE RETURN TO: SEARCHLIGHT, PO Box 1576, Ilford IG5 0NG. *Unemployed, OAPs, students. Please send proof. Searchlight subscriptions are 100% data-secure, we never give our subscription list to any outside party. For more information about the work of Searchlight visit www.hopenothate.org.uk www.searchlightmagazine.com

Printed and published by Searchlight PO Box 1576 Ilford IG5 0HE © Gerry Gable