DOCSLIB.ORG

George Jacob Holyoake Exemplifies the Development of Popular Liberalism

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
George Jacob Holyoake Exemplifies the Development of Popular Liberalism The life of George Jacob Holyoake exemplifies the development of popular Liberalism. Edward Royle analyses his biography and impact. George Jacob HolyoakE s a young artisan at the Eagle Foundry where he George Jacob following May he was promoted eager for education was subsequently apprenticed as Holyoake to social missionary in Sheffield. and self-improve- a whitesmith. Through the influ- (1817–1906) At this stage Holyoake’s opin- ment, Holyoake’s ence of fellow apprentices he was ions were still being formed. His personal journey took drawn into Birmingham politics association with the Birmingham himA through the radical protest in the early 1830s when Thomas Political Union, revived in 1837 as movements of the 1830s and 1840s Atwood organised the agitation part of the early Chartist move- to a career in journalism and for parliamentary reform through ment, marked him out as a radi- political agitation and a position of the Birmingham Political Union. cal and democrat. As a follower some importance on the fringes of Even more important was his of Owen, he looked to the trans- the Gladstonian Liberal Party. He association with the followers of formation of society by peaceful is significant today as a pioneering the socialist, Robert Owen, led means into a cooperative com- agitator for those individual civil locally by William Pare. In 1836 monwealth. In religious matters, rights and liberal values which Holyoake began attending classes early Unitarian influences at the J. S. Mill championed in his essay at the mechanics’ institute where mechanic’s institute gave way to On Liberty and which remain he soon demonstrated his apti- the deism of Robert Owen and part of the liberal programme in tude for mathematics and gained this was probably Holyoake’s our modern multi-cultural and ambitions to become a teacher, position until an incident in 1842 multi-faith society; and he is best but his association with the pushed the young lecturer into remembered as an advocate of Owenites counted against fur- declaring himself an atheist when cooperation and co-partnership as ther progress at the institute. In he was imprisoned for six months the middle way between capital- March 1839 he married Eleanor in Gloucester gaol for blasphemy ism and state socialism. Williams (1819–1884), daughter following a flippant comment Born on 13 April 1817 in of a small farmer, and in May about God at an Owenite lecture Birmingham where his father, 1840 his first child, Madeline, in Cheltenham. This punishment, George, was a whitesmith and was born. These changed fam- coming in the midst of simi- his mother, Catherine, a horn- ily circumstances and his grow- lar sentences for other Owenites button maker, Holyoake was ing aspiration to teach led him and leading Chartists in 1842–43, educated only at dame and Sun- in October 1840 to apply to the brought Holyoake’s name to the day schools. At the age of nine Owenites to become their sta- fore and gave him status as a mar- he began work with his father tioned lecturer in Worcester. The tyr to free thought, making him a Journal of Liberal History 67 Summer 2010 35 george jacob holyoakE national figure in popular radical the South Place Chapel grouping active in the campaign against circles. He now became what he around W. J. Fox and those who the so-called Taxes on Knowl- was to be for the rest of his long gravitated to the Muswell Hill edge which imposed financial life – a prolific writer, a percep- home of W. H. Ashurst, Robert constraints on a free press. In 1849 tive journalist and a public lec- Owen’s solicitor and friend of he had, with his brother Austin, turer, though his thin voice and the Italian republican, Mazzini. commenced printing on his own slight stature scarcely fitted him In 1849 Holyoake’s rising status behalf and in 1853 he took over for the latter role. His first taste of among this radical intelligentsia James Watson’s stock and began journalism had come before his of the metropolis was marked by publishing in his own right. Glad- imprisonment when he edited a an invitation to become a mem- stone’s work as Chancellor of the short-lived weekly periodical, the ber of the Whittington Club, and Exchequer, accepting in 1853 a Oracle of Reason (1841–43), whose his correspondents from the later motion to reduce the newspaper first editor – fellow Owenite mis- 1840s include such leading liber- stamp to zero, and his challenge sionary, Charles Southwell – had als as George Dawson, George to the House of Lords over the been imprisoned for a year in 1841 Henry Lewes, Harriet Martineau, abolition of the paper duty in the for attacking the Bible. After his John Stuart Mill, Francis William 1861 budget were key moments in release from Gloucester gaol in Newman and Peter Alfred Taylor the transformation of the former 1843, Holyoake then edited the as well as Ashurst himself. Holy- Conservative and Peelite into ‘the Movement (1843–45) followed by oake was also, with some of these People’s William’. At the same the Reasoner, which he began at people, associated with the Leader time, the struggle for Italian lib- the behest of the publisher, James newspaper, edited by Thornton eration and unification provided Watson, in 1846 to sustain the Hunt, which advocated advanced another reason for radicals like causes of democracy, republican- liberal principles in political and Holyoake to see Gladstone as their ism, Owenite socialism and free- Holyoake is social affairs. parliamentary leader. Since 1848 thinking rationalism. The paper This association with the Holyoake had been increasingly was published weekly until 1861 significant liberal intelligentsia may have involved in the European repub- and its successors continued under gratified Holyoake but his grow- lican movement where moder- various names until 1872. With today as a ing moderation caused increas- ates in England could support the revival of Chartism in 1848, ing controversy with his former foreign extremists with a good Holyoake also co-edited, with pioneering friends and allies. Chartists criti- conscience. He collected money the republican poet and engraver, cised his expediency in settling for Mazzini, tested prototype William James Linton, a short- agitator too readily for a step-by-step bombs for Orsini, and was secre- lived weekly under the title, the approach to democracy, and his tary to the committee which sent Cause of the People. for those insistence that Secularism meant a legion out to Italy to fight with In the chaos of recrimination concentrating on driving out reli- Garibaldi in 1860. By the early which followed the failures of individual gious influences in this world, not 1860s Holyoake’s work for liberty Owenism in 1846 and of Chartism civil rights undermining belief in the exist- both at home and abroad reflected in 1848, Holyoake emerged as one ence of God, alienated those who those broader shifts in political of several national figures with a and liberal believed that the latter was a nec- structures which were leading to claim to lead these movements. essary precondition of the former. the formation of the Gladstonian Through his publishing activities values which Holyoake was not a charismatic Liberal Party. and lecture tours he bid to unite public speaker and, when such Secondly, Holyoake developed the scattered local remnants of J. S. mill a person appeared in the form of through the Secularist movement latter-day Chartists and Owen- Charles Bradlaugh at the end of his connections with local groups ites in a new organisation which championed the 1850s, Holyoake found him- of former Chartists and Owen- he called Secularism. Though this self no longer recognised as the ites to form links with the infant embraced his support for democ- in his essay most important leader of what he cooperative movement. In 1858 he racy at home and republicanism always regarded as his own move- published a history of the Roch- abroad, its chief purpose was to On Liberty ment. His resentment at this never dale Pioneers Equitable Society, campaign against all religious faded, but the time had come to founded in 1844, and in so doing influences, in the law, politics and and which move on, and he did so in two fashioned their mythic role in the morality. Secularism was, above directions. post-Owenite cooperative move- all, to be a movement to secure remain part The first was in promoting ment and also made his own repu- the civil rights of all, irrespective specific agitations to secure what tation as a leading publicist for of theological persuasion. This of the liberal he regarded as the aims of true that movement. The book was to represented a shift away from the Secularism. Chief of these was go through ten English editions extremism of the earlier 1840s, to programme freedom of belief, expression and and also appeared in four differ- which he was always reluctant to in our mod- publication. Many of his aspira- ent French translations as well as admit, and grew out of his tem- tions were summed up in Mill’s ones in German, Italian and Hun- peramental discomfort with the ern multi- essay On Liberty (1859) which – garian. He also wrote histories position into which he had been notably in Chapter 2 – drew upon of cooperation in Halifax (1867) forced by circumstances in 1842. cultural and Holyoake’s own experiences of and Leeds (1897) as well as several The move was also encouraged the dead hand of prejudiced public general histories of cooperation by the links he was forging with multi-faith opinion in general and his cam- (1875–1906) and other propagan- middle-class liberal intellectu- paigns against the judicial oath dist works in the cause, including als in the later 1840s, particularly society.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Giuseppe Mazzini's International Political Thought
    Copyrighted Material INTRODUCTION Giuseppe Mazzini’s International Political Thought Giuseppe Mazzini (1805–72) is today largely remembered as the chief inspirer and leading political agitator of the Italian Risorgimento. Yet Mazzini was not merely an Italian patriot, and his influence reached far beyond his native country and his century. In his time, he ranked among the leading European intellectual figures, competing for public atten­ tion with Mikhail Bakunin and Karl Marx, John Stuart Mill and Alexis de Tocqueville. According to his friend Alexander Herzen, the Russian political activist and writer, Mazzini was the “shining star” of the dem­ ocratic revolutions of 1848. In those days Mazzini’s reputation soared so high that even the revolution’s ensuing defeat left most of his Euro­ pean followers with a virtually unshakeable belief in the eventual tri­ umph of their cause.1 Mazzini was an original, if not very systematic, political thinker. He put forward principled arguments in support of various progressive causes, from universal suffrage and social justice to women’s enfran­ chisement. Perhaps most fundamentally, he argued for a reshaping of the European political order on the basis of two seminal principles: de­ mocracy and national self­determination. These claims were extremely radical in his time, when most of continental Europe was still under the rule of hereditary kingships and multinational empires such as the Habs­ burgs and the ottomans. Mazzini worked primarily on people’s minds and opinions, in the belief that radical political change first requires cultural and ideological transformations on which to take root. He was one of the first political agitators and public intellectuals in the contemporary sense of the term: not a solitary thinker or soldier but rather a political leader who sought popular support and participa­ tion.
    [Show full text]
  • Unitarian Members of Parliament in the Nineteenth Century
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Stirling Online Research Repository Unitarian Members of Parliament in the Nineteenth Century A Catalogue D. W. Bebbington Professor of History, University of Stirling The catalogue that follows contains biographical data on the Unitarians who sat in the House of Commons during the nineteenth century. The main list, which includes ninety-seven MPs, is the body of evidence on which the paper on „Unitarian Members of Parliament in the Nineteenth Century‟ is based. The paper discusses the difficulty of identifying who should be treated as a Unitarian, the criterion chosen being that the individual appears to have been a practising adherent of the denomination at the time of his service in parliament. A supplementary list of supposed Unitarian MPs, which follows the main list, includes those who have sometimes been identified as Unitarians but who by this criterion were not and some who may have been affiliated to the denomination but who were probably not. The borderline is less sharp than might be wished, and, when further research has been done, a few in each list may need to be transferred to the other. Each entry contains information in roughly the same order. After the name appear the dates of birth and death and the period as an MP. Then a paragraph contains general biographical details drawn from the sources indicated at the end of the entry. A further paragraph discusses religious affiliation and activities. Unattributed quotations with dates are from Dod’s Parliamentary Companion, as presented in Who’s Who of British Members of Parliament.
    [Show full text]
  • The London Gazette, November 20, 1868. 5997
    THE LONDON GAZETTE, NOVEMBER 20, 1868. 5997 Borough of Preston. Borough of Newcastk-under-Lyme. Edward Hermon, of Winchley-square, in the said Edmund Buckley, Esq. borough, Esq. William Shepherd Allen, Esq. Sir Thomas George . Jenner Hesketh, of Rufford Ci^y'of London. Hall, in Rufford, Lancashire, Bart. The Right Honourable George Joachim Goschen, Borough of Boston. ( Robert Wigram Crawford, John Wingfield Malcolm, of Great Stanhope- William. Lawrence, street, London, Esq. Charles Bell, Esqrs. Thomas Collins the younger, of Knaresbbrough, in the West Riding of York, Esq. City^qf Exeter. John Duke Coleridge, Esq., Q.C. Borough of Cambridge. Edgar Alfred Bowring, Esq., C.B. Robert Richard Torrens, William Fowler, Es>qrs. Borough of Bodmin. The Honourable Edward Frederick Leveson Borough'of Leicester. Gower, of Chiswick House, Middlesex, Esq. Peter Alfred Taylor, of Aubrey House, Netting Bupghs ofFortrose, Inverness, Nairn, and Forres. Hill, Middlesex,'Esq. John Dove Harris, of Katcliffe Hall, in the county Eneas William Mackintosh, of Raigmore, in the of Leicester, Esq. county of Inverness, Esq. Borough of Rochdale. Borough of Wednesbury. Thomas Bayley Potter, of Buile Hill, Pendleton, Alexander Brogden, Esq. Lancashire. City of Winchester. County of Westmorland. ^ William Barrow Simonds, Esq. The Right Honourable Thomas Taylour (com- John Bonham Carter, Esq. monly called Earl of Bective), of Virginia Lodge, Cavan, Ireland. Borough of Lymington. William Lowther, of Lowther Castle, in the.said county, Esq. - George Charles Gordon Lennox (commonly called Lord George Charles Gordon Lennox). Borough of JVestbury. Borough of Tynemouth. John Lewis Phipps, of Westbury, Esq. Thomas Eustace Smith, Esq. Borough of Chatham. Arthur John Otway, of Harley-street, London, Borough of Ludlow.
    [Show full text]
  • 67 Summer 2010
    For the study of Liberal, SDP and Issue 67 / Summer 2010 / £10.00 Liberal Democrat history Journal of LiberalHI ST O R Y Liberals and the left Matthew Roberts Out of Chartism, into Liberalism Popular radicals and the Liberal Party Michael Freeden The Liberal Party and the New Liberalism John Shepherd The flight from the Liberal PartyLiberals who joined Labour, 1914–31 Matt Cole ‘An out-of-date word’ Jo Grimond and the left Peter Hellyer The Young Liberals and the left, 1965–70 Liberal Democrat History Group Liberal Leaders The latest publication from the Liberal Democrat History Group is Liberal Leaders: Leaders of the Liberal Party, SDP and Liberal Democrats since 1900. The sixty-page booklet contains concise biographies of every Liberal, Social Democrat and Liberal Democrat leader since 1900. The total of sixteen biographies stretches from Henry Campbell-Bannerman to Nick Clegg, including such figures as H. H. Asquith, David Lloyd George, Jo Grimond, David Steel, David Owen and Paddy Ashdown. Liberal Leaders is available to Journal of Liberal History subscribers for the special price of £5 (normal price £6) with free p&p. To order, please send a cheque for £5.00 (made out to ‘Liberal Democrat History Group’) to LDHG, 38 Salford Road, London SW2 4BQ. RESEARCH IN PROGRESS If you can help any of the individuals listed below with sources, contacts, or any other information — or if you know anyone who can — please pass on details to them. Details of other research projects in progress should be sent to the Editor (see page 3) for inclusion here.
    [Show full text]
  • Before New Liberalism: the Continuity of Radical Dissent, 1867-1914
    Before New Liberalism: The Continuity of Radical Dissent, 1867-1914 A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2019 Nicholas A. Loizou School of Arts, Languages and Cultures Table of Contents: List of Figures 4 Abstract 6 Introduction 10 Research Objectives: A Revision in Politico-Religious History 10 A Historiographical Review 13 Methodology and Approach 23 1. Radical Dissent, Social Gospels and the Community, 1860-1906 28 1. Introduction 28 2. Growing Communitarianism and Religious Theology 29 3. The Importance of Radical Dissent and the Community 37 4. Nonconformity and the Urban Working Class 41 5. Nonconformity and the Liberal Party 51 6. Conclusion 56 2. Nonconformity, Liberalism and Labour 58 1. Introduction 58 2. The Significance of Nonconformity in Co-operative Class Relations 62 3. The Reform League 69 4. Nonconformity, Class and Christian Brotherhood in the Age of Gladstone 77 5. ‘That Church and King Mob’: Nonconformity, Brotherhood and Anti-Tory Rhetoric 82 6. Liberal-Labour Politics and the Late Nineteenth Century Social Turn in Nonconformity 87 7. Conclusion 93 3. Birmingham and the Civic Gospel: 1860-1886 94 1. Introduction 94 2. The Civic Gospel: The Origins of a Civic Theology 98 3. The Civic Gospel and the Cohesion of the Birmingham Corporation: 1860 – 1886 102 4. The Civic Gospel and Municipal Socialism: 1867-1886 111 5. The National Liberal Federation 116 6. The Radical Programme 122 7. Conclusion: The Legacy of Birmingham Progressivism 128 4. From Provincial Liberalism to National Politics: Nonconformist Movements 1860-1906 130 2 1.
    [Show full text]
  • LONDON METROPOLITAN ARCHIVES ALLEN-COOPER FAMILY ACC/0351 Page 1 Reference Description Dates Personal Property Records. ACC/0351
    LONDON METROPOLITAN ARCHIVES Page 1 ALLEN-COOPER FAMILY ACC/0351 Reference Description Dates Personal property records. ACC/0351/0001 Pedigree of the Allen family from Sir Thomas N/D. Allen, d. 1681, who married Mary weld, with pencil addends down to E. P. Cooper, (1833). ACC/0351/0002 Pedigree of Allen family from Sir Thomas Allen, 1822 d.1681, down to Rev. Edward Cooper. ACC/0351/0003 Pedigree of the Allen family from Sir Thomas 1822 Allen, d.1681, with pencil addenda (similar to ACC/0351/001). ACC/0351/0004 Pedigree of Edward Noel whose daughter N/D (after Martha married Thomas Allen. 1833) ACC/0351/0005 Pedigree of Allen family from Sir Thomas Allen 1845 down to Edward Philip Cooper, with notes on family history by E. P. Cooper. ACC/0351/0006 Copy of Grant of Arms by 'Guyan, King of Arms 1458 of the Duchy of Guyan'. Thomas Aleyn of the County of Northampton. (See article in Northamptonshire Past and Present vol. 1 No. 6, p.17 by F. W. Steer, F.R.Hist.S.) ACC/0351/0007 Probated Copy of Will. 1558 Richard Alyn the elder, citizen and haberdasher. Wife, sons and son-in-law named. Owtwyll, co. Norfolk, Little Baylie, St. Martin's Ludgate, Phillypp Lane in St. Alphage in the ward of Cripplegate, Carter Lane in St. Mary Magdalene tenements in St. Brides, Secoll Lane, Beare Alley and Lynbourne Lane in parish of St. Sepulchre. House in St. Martins Farringdon, Burton Yeres, Myddylton, Lemster co. Hereford. Seal of Archbishop of Canterbury (good condition). ACC/0351/0009 Probated copy of Will.
    [Show full text]
  • Radical Politics in the 1860S: the Writing of Felix Holt
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln The George Eliot Review English, Department of 2017 Radical Politics in the 1860s: The Writing of Felix Holt David Paterson Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/ger Part of the Comparative Literature Commons, Literature in English, British Isles Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons Paterson, David, "Radical Politics in the 1860s: The Writing of Felix Holt" (2017). The George Eliot Review. 687. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/ger/687 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the English, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in The George Eliot Review by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. RADICAL POLITICS IN THE 18605: THE WRITING OF FELIX HOLT By David Paters on While Felix Halt the Radical was being written there was a transformation in the atmosphere surrounding further parliamentary reform in Britain. In March 1865, when George Eliot began the novel, the Liberal Prime Minister Palmerston remained cautious about an extension of the franchise. Yet Felix Holt was finished on 31 May 1866 amidst great political excitement: a Reform Bill was being debated and the outcome uncertain. This change in emphasis in the political mood had its effect on Eliot's writing, since the 'reform campaign had not gained enough momentum' I to explain Eliot's initial choice of subject. To say in early 1865 that Britain was 'on the brink of parliamentary reform' is to be wise after the event,2 It was not impending Reform legislation but philosophical discussion about who should possess the right - or privilege - to vote that initially inspired Eliot's theme.
    [Show full text]
  • Unitarian Members of Parliament in the Nineteenth Century
    TRANSACTIONS OF THE UNITARIAN HISTORICAL SOCIETY SUPPLEMENT Vol. 24 No 3 April 2009 Contents Unitarian Members of Parliament in the Nineteenth Century A Catalogue Compiled by DW BEBBINGTON Professor of History, University of Stirling 2 Introduction The catalogue that follows contains biographical data on the Unitarians who sat in the House of Commons during the nineteenth century. The main list, which includes ninety-seven MPs, is the body of evidence on which the paper on ‘Unitarian Members of Parliament in the Nineteenth Century’ is based. The paper discusses the difficulty of identifying who should be treated as a Unitarian, the criterion chosen being that the individual appears to have been a practising adherent of the denomination at the time of his service in parliament. A supplementary list of supposed Unitarian MPs, which follows the main list, includes those who have sometimes been identified as Unitarians but who by this criterion were not and some who may have been affiliated to the denomination but who were probably not. The borderline is less sharp than might be wished, and, when further research has been done, a few in each list may need to be transferred to the other. Each entry contains information in roughly the same order. After the name appear the dates of birth and death and the period as an MP. Then a paragraph contains general biographical details drawn from the sources indicated at the end of the entry. A further paragraph discusses religious affiliation and activities. Unattributed quotations with dates are from Dod’s Parliamentary Companion, as presented in Who’s Who of British Members of Parliament.
    [Show full text]
  • 86 Owen Struggle for Political Representation
    THE STRUgglE FOR POliTICAL REPRESENTATION LABOUR CANdidATES AND THE LIBERAL PARTY, 1868 – 85 In November 1868 a leading article in The Bee-Hive, a weekly trade unionist journal, declared that ‘there is a vast amount of rottenness in the ranks of the Liberal Party which must be rooted out before the working men can expect to be treated fair and honourably in their efforts to enter the House of Commons’.1 The call for direct labour representation – understood here as the election of working-class men to parliament to represent the labour interest as Liberal MPs rather than independently – had enjoyed a broad range of support during the reform agitations illiam Gladstone, However, in the decade follow- that followed the along with several ing the 1867 Reform Act – which establishment of the Wprominent Liberal enfranchised ‘registered and resi- MPs, such as Henry Fawcett and dential’ male householders, giving Reform League in Peter Alfred Taylor, had spoken in the vote to 30 per cent of work- support of working-class parlia- ing men – the labour movement February 1865. James mentary representation, while the struggled to secure the return of Owen explores what working-class radicals in whom the their own representatives. For management of the Reform League many labour activists, at the heart happens between 1968 was vested were zealous advocates of this struggle was the unwill- for the labour movement having its ingness of the managers of local and 1885. own voice inside the Commons.2 Liberal Associations to select a 14 Journal of Liberal
    [Show full text]
  • Kohn Debating Difference in an Age of Reform
    Debating Difference in an Age of Reform: Liberal Praxis and Representation in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Britain by Jenny Deborah Kohn A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (English Language and Literature) in the University of Michigan 2019 Doctoral Committee: Professor Lucy Hartley, Chair Professor Geoff Eley Professor Daniel HacK Professor Kerry Larson Professor Adela Pinch Jenny Deborah Kohn [email protected] ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2819-2070 © Jenny Deborah Kohn 2018 Acknowledgements This dissertation is a tangible representation of collective action. Thanks are due to the following people, without whom I would never have been able to complete this project. First and foremost, I thank my dissertation committee. Danny HacK generously supported my completion during a difficult semester. It is also thanks to him that the novel plays the role it does in this dissertation. Adela Pinch has been a mentor since I taught for her; I cannot now imagine any other introduction to the Michigan classroom than learning regency dance with one’s students. Anticipating Kerry Larson’s questions has inspired no small degree of terror throughout my graduate career; it has also made me a better, more rigorous scholar. Geoff Eley kindly agreed to use precious leave time to sit on my committee, and in so doing pushed me to genuinely interdisciplinary ways of thinking and questioning. Above all, I thank Lucy Hartley, Whose intellectual rigor and curiosity, careful thought and analysis, and generosity of time and spirit represent everything worthwhile about the academic endeavor, and whose mentorship has shaped my growth as a scholar and a teacher since my first semester at Michigan.
    [Show full text]
  • The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, Volume XVII - the Later Letters of John Stuart Mill 1849-1873 Part IV [1869]
    The Online Library of Liberty A Project Of Liberty Fund, Inc. John Stuart Mill, The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, Volume XVII - The Later Letters of John Stuart Mill 1849-1873 Part IV [1869] The Online Library Of Liberty Collection This E-Book (PDF format) is published by Liberty Fund, Inc., a private, non-profit, foundation established to encourage study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals. It is part of the Online Library of Liberty web site http://oll.libertyfund.org, which was established in 2004 in order to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. To find out more about the author or title, to use the site's powerful search engine, or to see other titles in other formats (HTML, facsimile PDF), please visit the OLL web site. This title is also part of the Portable Library of Liberty DVD which contains over 900 books and other material and is available free of charge upon request. The cuneiform inscription that appears in the logo and serves as a design element in all Liberty Fund books and Web sites is the earliest-known written appearance of the word “freedom” (amagi), or “liberty.” It is taken from a clay document written about 2300 B.C. in the Sumerian city-state of Lagash. To find out more about Liberty Fund, Inc., or the Online Library of Liberty Project, please contact the Director at [email protected]. LIBERTY FUND, INC. 8335 Allison Pointe Trail, Suite 300 Indianapolis, Indiana 46250-1684 Online Library of Liberty: The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, Volume XVII - The Later Letters of John Stuart Mill 1849-1873 Part IV Edition Used: The Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, Volume XVII - The Later Letters of John Stuart Mill 1849-1873 Part IV, ed.
    [Show full text]
  • The Edinburgh Gazette, July 18-1865
    894 THE EDINBURGH GAZETTE, JULY 18-1865. City of New Sarum. Borough of Woodstock. Matthew Henry Marsh, of Ramridge House, in the Henry Barnett, Esq. county of Southampton, Esq. Edward William Terrick Hamilton, of Upper District of Burghs of Inyerkeithing, Dunfermline, Brook Street, in the county of Middlesex, Esq. Queensferry, Culross, and Stirling. Borough of Huntingdon. Lawrence Oliphant, Esq., of Berkeley Street, London. The Eight Honourable Major-General Jonathan Borough of Chatham. .: Peel. Thomas Baring, of Norman Court, in the county Arthur John Otway, of Harley Street, in the of Hants, Esq. county of Middlesex, Esq. Borough of Dudley. Borough of Birkenhead.. Henry Brinsley Sheridan, Esq. John Laird, of the said borough, Esq. Borough of Bodmin. Town of Haverfordwest. The Honourohle Edward Frederick Leveson John Henry Scourfield, Esq. ;..-,•' G-ower, of Chiswick House. Borough of Preston. James Wyld, of Gloucester Road, Esq., both in the county of Middlesex. Sir Thomas George Hesketh, Barti, of Rufford Hall. Borough of Leicester. The Honourable Frederick Arthur Stanley, of John Dove Harris, of Ratcliffe Hall, in the county Knowsley, both in the county of Lancaster. of Leicester, Esq. Borough of Macciesfield. Peter Alfred Taylor, of Aubrey House, in the John Brocklehurst, of Hursfield House, in the county of Middlesex, Esq. said borough, Esq. Borough of Flint. Edward Christopher Egerton, of Lowndes Square, Sir John Hanmer, Bart., of Bettisfield Park, in the in the county of Middlesex, Esq. county of Flint. Borough of Calne. Borough of Maldon. The Right Honourable Robert LOAVC. George Montagu Warren Peacocke, of Hertford ., Borough of Salford. Street, -Esq. John Cheetham, of Eastwood, in the county of Ralph Anstruther Earle, Esq., of Park Street, Chester, Esq.
    [Show full text]