ISSN: 2574-1241 Volume 5- Issue 4: 2018 DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2018.07.001553 Maka Sabashvili. Biomed J Sci & Tech Res

Case Report Open Access

Prevalence of Malocclusion Among 6-15-Year-Old Children in Georgia: Case Report

Maka Sabashvili* Department of Dentistry, University of Georgia, Georgia Received: August 01, 2018; Published: August 09, 2018 *Corresponding author: Maka Sabashvili, Administration of Rotational Learning School of Health Sciences and Public Health, University of Georgia, 77a Kostava Street, 1st Building, Tbilisi, 0175, Georgia

Abstract The study of prevalence of malocclusion is one of the common problem of orthodontics. Study of the epidemiological data on the prevalence of malocclusion is an important determinant in planning appropriate levels of orthodontic services. The occurrence of occlusal anomalies varies between different countries, ethnic and age groups. Also, malocclusions have a multifactorial origin and can hardly ever be attributed to a single

or local factors located directly in the dental arch such as supernumerary teeth, tooth decay and premature loss of primary teeth. In patients with specific cause. Causes include general factors, such as genetic and hereditary components, nutritional deficiencies and abnormal pressure habits frequency around the world. Its frequency varies from 11% to 70%. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of malocclusion occlusion anomalies is important aesthetic complaints, which causes to inferiority complex. Analysis of Literature data confirms dental anomalies

amongKeywords: school Malocclusion; children of Georgia. Prevalence; The Dentalsample Anomalies consisted of 500 children (316 females, 184 males) in the age group of 6-15 years.

Introduction in various implications ranging from aesthetic dissatisfaction to Epidemiological data, the malocclusion has the third highest changes in speech, mastication, swallowing, temporomandibular prevalence among oral pathologies, second only to caries and joint dysfunction and orofacial pain [7]. The epidemiological periodontal disease. It is therefore in the third position of the situation of the population is important for planning and scale of priorities as to the dental problems of Global Public implementation of preventive dental services and treatment [8]. Health, according to WHO [1]. Age is the main determinant for Regarding the epidemiological data, the latest survey on Oral progress of any disease. In context to the specialty of Pedodontics Health, known as SB Brazil 2003, had their data published by the and Orthodontics, some developing malocclusions may get self- Ministry of Health. Oral health planners in any country are often corrected with the progress of age. It is necessary to carry out called upon to estimate the orthodontic problems and treatment epidemiologic studies of malocclusion in all regions at different need in their communities by measuring certain occlusal features age groups to grade the severity of malocclusion according to the that if untreated may lead to functional impairment [9] and respective age groups [2]. The causes that promote the evolution of aesthetic dissatisfaction [10]. As socioeconomic factors interfere this process are very diverse, which makes the malocclusion to be considered multifactorial, with hereditary, congenital, functional, problems with children suffering from early tooth loss mostly due significantly with oral health, developing nations still have to caries [11,12]. environmental influences and nutritional, socioeconomic and educational factors [3]. The influences of harmful habits, among as a major etiologic factor of malocclusion in the phase of primary them, finger and pacifier sucking, are described in the literature [4] Angle (1899) classified the malocclusion according to the and mixed dentitions. Another factor worth mentioning is the class I at which the molar relationship is normal (buccal groove of relative position of the mandibular first permanent molar into presence and duration of breastfeeding. Children who are breast fed for at least 6 months, as recommended by WHO, tend to have the mandibular first molar is in line with the mesiobuccal cusp of lower prevalence of non-nutritive sucking habits, and if they are arch like crowding, spacing etc.) and class II or distocclusion where the maxillary first molar but there is/are abnormalities within the present, they will be shorter [5,6]. molars. Class II can be further subdivided into division I where Malocclusions i.e. dental occlusion problems are the result of the lower first molar is posteriorly positioned relative to upper the upper incisors are proclined and division II where the upper orofacial adaptability to various etiological factors which result central incisors are retroclined and lateral incisors are overlapping

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malocclusions. Malocclusion is more often than other anomalies more anterior position of the lower molars relative to upper molars the centrals. Class III is the third classification and characterized by [11]. (Figure 1). Crowding of teeth is often found in the upper jaw teeth of teeth. It was especially high in the Crowding of teeth (24.7%) groups. The reason may be the undevelopment of the jaw bone, Material and Methods hyperdontia, macrodontia, Congenital anomalies, harmful habits. The study was conducted based on the search of review Crowding of teeth causes many problems (Breathing, chewing). Also was high anomalies of Spacing of Teeth (17.9%) (Figure Thomson Reuters, Google Scholar, Pubmed). The search strategy 2). This anomaly can be found in the front part of the upper jaw. articles deposited in international scientific databases (Scopus, was elaborated taking into consideration the index of citation of The causative factors are: Incompatibility of tooth size and jaw concrete articles. Screening and selection of articles was performed size, incorrect location of teeth, bad habits, congenital anomalies. according to actuality of topic and incidence of diseases. The sample Anomalies were recorded in equal numbers between boys and girls. In some cases, a few anomalies have been observed (Figures of 6-15 years randomly selected in “Orthodontic Center” in Georgia. consisted of 500 children (316 females, 184 males) in the age group anomalies. Results 3 & 4). As the picture shows, a 12-year-old girl has multiple dental Table 1:

Anomalies N %

Normal occlusion 30.7

Malocclusion 154 69.3%

Crowding (lack of space in dental arch) 346128

Spacing of Teeth 90 24.7%17.9%

Other anomalies 500 26.7%

Total 500 Figure 3

Figure 1 Figure 4

Discussion The results showed that 69.3% of the children from 6 to 15 had malocclusion. Different ethnic groups have variable occlusal traits; it is not only prevalence and severity of malocclusion

demand differ according to socioeconomic and cultural status of that fluctuates, but also the awareness, need for treatment and children from 6 to 18 years of age. In Turkey have been reported the population. In England, the orthodontic treatment need 34.8% Orthodontic problems 37.77 % in 6-10-years-old primary school children with a high socio-economic standard [12]. The study was Figure 2 conducted in India and in this study, it was observed a prevalence of Table 1 shows the malocclusion of the subjects. Normal occlusions were found in 30.7 % of subjects and 69.3 % had 36.46% of malocclusion in population, classified as mild, moderate and severe. At the age of five, mild malocclusion was the most

Cite this article: Maka Sabashvili. Prevalence of Malocclusion Among 6-15-Year-Old Children in Georgia: Case Report. Biomed J Sci&Tech Res 7(5)- 2018. BJSTR MS.ID.001553. DOI: . 6093

10.26717/ BJSTR.2018.07.001553 Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research Volume 7- Issue 5: 2018

children aged 12, it was found 21% of very severe problems, which frequent (22.1%), followed by moderate or severe (14.5%). In e na ocorrência de maloclusão na dentição decídua. RGO 55 (4): 335- demonstrates that malocclusion may worsen with age, highlighting 6. 341. nica entre the importance of early treatment [9]. hábitos de sucção, má oclusão, aleitamento e grau de informação prévia dasSouza mães. DFRK, Revista Valle Dental MAS, Press Pacheco Ortodon MCT Ortop (2006) Facial Relação 11(6): clí 81-90. The highest scores of dental anomalies were seen among 7. PROFFIT, WR (2002) Etiologia dos problemas ortodônticos. In: patients with Class II and Class III malocclusion. Most common Ortodontia contemporânea. (3rd Edition). Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara occurring anomaly was rotation of teeth (18.80%), followed by hypodontia (10.90%) and most of the anomalies were observed 8. KooganBrito DI, pp. Dias 105-134. PF, Gleiser R (2009) Prevalência de más oclusões em in the mandibular arch. Hence, orthodontists should take this into crianças de 9 a 12 anos de idade da cidade de Nova Friburgo (Rio de consideration while planning treatment to reduce complications 9. Janeiro).(2003) Brasil R Dental Minist Pressério Ortodon da Saú Ortopde, Coordena Facial 14(6):ção Nacional118-124. de Saúde Bucal. Condições de saúde bucal da população brasileira. Bras lia, DF, [13,14]. The reported prevalence of malocclusions is over 60% in In older children and adolescents, crowded teeth due to space í preschool children and between 43 and 78% in schoolchildren14. 10. 2004 Projeto SB Brasil. Malocclusion and Orthodontic Treatment Need In A Sample Of Syrian Ayhab B Alatrach, Fayez K Saleh, Esam Osman (2014) The Prevalence of deficiency in the dental arches are frequent [15,16]. The normal [17] and English children (26.8%) [18]. In African-American occlusion score in Jequié was similar to that in Swedish (26.4%) 11. Children. European Scientific Journal 10(30): 1857-7881. children, it has been reported that 17% of the children had normal occlusion, while another study found prevalence of 16.6% in white Angle EH (1899) Classification of Malocclusion. Dental cosmos 41: 248- 12. 264.Ibrahim Erhan Gelgor, Ahmet Arif Celebi (2013) Prevalence of American children. Other occlusal problems, anterior crossbite Malocclusion and ortodontic treatment need in Turkish adolescents. was found 5.7% and open bite 13% [19]. In Class I and Class III Journal of Society for development in new net environment in B&H. 13. and from 8.2 to 3.7% [20]. The Latino population may be the largest individuals, malocclusion prevalence dropped from 47.6 to 36.2% Fejerskov O, Baelum V, Luan WM, Manji F (1994) Caries prevalencein AfricaKock G, and Martinsson the People’s T (1970) Republic Socio-odontologic of China. Int Dent investigation J 44(1): 425-233. ofschool analyzes the occlusion of 507 Latino adolescents between the ages children with high and low caries frequency. I Socio-economic minority group in the United States by the year 2004. This study of 12 and 18 years. More than 93% of the subjects demonstrated 14. background. Odontol Revy 21: 207-216. some form of malocclusion [21,22]. 15. KS Dwijendra, Vishal Parikh, Soja Sara George, Gururam Tej Kukkunuru, Gali Nagarjuna Chowdary (2015) Association of Dental Anomalies with Conclusion Different Types of Malocclusions in Pretreatment Orthodontic Patients. As the study showed, in Georgia was observed high incidence 16. JournalKöhler L,of Holst International K (1973) oral Malocclusion health 7(6): and 61-64. sucking habits of four-year- of dental anomalies stand and malocclusion. The study revealed old children. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 62: 373-379. that they causes many social and functional problems. The results 17. Sidlauskas A, Lopatiene K (2009) the prevalence of malocclusion among also showed that the reasons of malocclusion is bad habits and 7-15-year-old Lithuanian schoolchildren. Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) congenital anomalies. Exact and fast treatment is very important for future results. 18. 45(2)Bourzgui 147-152. F, Sebbar M, Hamza M, Lazrak L, Abidine Z El Quars F (2012) Prevalence of malocclusions and orthodontic treatment need in 8 References to 12-year-old schoolchildren in Casablanca, Morocco. Progress in 1. Organização Mundial da Saúde (1991) Levantamento epidemiológico básico de saúde bucal: manual de instruções. (3rd Edn.). São Paulo: Ed 19. OrthodonticsRicardo Alves 13(2):de Souza, 164-172. Maria Beatriz Borges de Araújo Magnani, Darcy Santos. Flávio Nouer, FábioLourenço Romano; Manuela Ribeiro Passos (2008) 2. 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Cite this article: Maka Sabashvili. Prevalence of Malocclusion Among 6-15-Year-Old Children in Georgia: Case Report. Biomed J Sci&Tech Res 7(5)- 2018. BJSTR MS.ID.001553. DOI: . 6094

10.26717/ BJSTR.2018.07.001553 Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research Volume 7- Issue 5: 2018

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Cite this article: Maka Sabashvili. Prevalence of Malocclusion Among 6-15-Year-Old Children in Georgia: Case Report. Biomed J Sci&Tech Res 7(5)- 2018. BJSTR MS.ID.001553. DOI: . 6095

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