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(June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) requirements are concepts used to check regular quality attribution, intrinsic, natural to women and men. [2] In this theory, there are certain characteristics based on universal, natural, biological or gender psychological that are at the roots of the differences observed in the behavior of men and women. [3] In Western civilization, it was proposed in writing back to ancient Greece. [4]:1 With the admiration of Christianity, the previous Greek model was expressed in theological discussion as a doctrine that there are two different , male and female created by God, and that the individuals are one or the other. [5] This view remained essentially unchanged until the mid-19th century. [4] This changed the locus of the origins of important differences, in the words of Sandra Bem, from God's great creation [to] the equivalent of its scientific equivalent: the great creation of evolution, but in the inevitable origins of not changing. [4]:2 Alternatives to gender essentialism were proposed in the mid-20th century. During the second wave , and other feminists in the 1960s and 70s theory that gender differences were socially constructed. In other words, people gradually adhere to gender differences through their experiences of the social world. Recently, theorized that people build gender by implementing them. Manifestations In feminism In and , gender needs are a permanent essence attribute to women. [6] Female followers are considered universal and generally identified with characteristics seen as special feminine. [6] These femininity ideas are usually biologically related and often worry the psychological characteristics such as nurturing, empathy, support, discomfort, etc.[6] Feminist theorist Elizabeth Grosz stated in the 1995 publication, Space, Time and Perversion: Essays on Body Politics, that essentialism faces the belief that characteristics are defined as the essence of women shared by all women at all times. It implies a limitation of variation and possible changes—it is not possible for the subject to act in a manner contrary to its essence. Her ethypass underestimated all the variations that significantly distinguished women from each other. Essentialism hence refers to the existence of fixed characteristics, given properties, and ahistorical functions that limit the possibility of change and therein social reorganization. [6] Furthermore, biology is a particular form of essentialism that defines the essence of women in terms of biological capacity. [6] This form of essentialism is based on a form of mitigation, which means that social and cultural factors are the effects of biological causes. [6] Biological reductivism claims that anatomical and physiological differences—especially reproductive differences—the characteristics of human male and female determine both the meaning of masculinity and femininity and the position of different men and women in society. [7] Biology uses reproductive, nurturing, neurological, neurophysiological, and endocrinological functions to limit the social and psychological possibilities of women according to the biologically established limits. [6] It describes biological sciences to form an inevitable definition of identity, which inevitably amounts to a permanent form of social container for women. [6] Naturalism is also part of the essentialism system where properties remain sneaky for women through theological or ontological means rather than biological grounds. An example is the claim that the nature of the woman is the nature of god given, or ontological invariants in the existence of Sartrean or Freudian psychologists who distinguish gender in claiming that the human subject is somehow independent or that the subject of social position is the morphological function of her genitals. [6] The system is used to cascing women into a single category and binary between men and women. [6] In religion This section requires expansion. You can help by adding it. (March 2020) LDS Official View of Church of Jesus Christ of Holy People's Day Final Day (Mormon; LDS) is an important belief in gender. The 1995 LDS statement, Family: Proclamation to the World expresses official views, and declares gender as an important feature of God's son and daughter, and an eternal identity. Mormon people generally believe in a forever life, and that it is impossible for gender forever a person to differ from physical sex, the birth of a person. Church rules allow, but do not mandate, former communications for those who choose sexual re-assignment surgery, and deny them membership in priesthood. [8] Gender alternative criticisms and theories this section may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia quality standards, since the part is full of jargon; There are other articles that are more suitable for this information, this just needs to summarize the topic.. You can help. The discussion page may contain suggestions. (December 2017) Social construction of the main article of gender: Gender social construction The main alternative to essentialism is gender social construction theory. In contrast to gender needs, which sees the difference between men and women as natural, universal, and homeless, social construction sees gender as created and influenced by society and culture, which varies by time and place, with society-defined roles suitable for someone given sex to be standard against those sex members measured. Gender social construction theories grew out of theories in second-wave feminism in the second half of the 20th century. [citation required] Gender performativity Main article: The gender performativity judith Butler's gender performance theory can be seen as a way to demonstrate ways in which the concept of a modified and natural gender may be understood as formed and, therefore, capable of being formed differently. [9] Butler used the theory of the act phenomenon voiced by , Maurice Merleau-Ponty and George Herbert Mead, meaning to explain the mundane manner in which social agents were social reality through language, gestures, and all manner of symbolic social marks, to create his concept [9] He began by quoting simone claims. one is not born, but, on the other hand, becomes a woman. [10] This statement distinguishes sex from the gender suggesting that gender is a gradually acquired aspect of the identity. [11] The difference between sex, as an anatomical aspect of the woman's body, and gender, as a cultural meaning body and various modes of body articulation, meaning that it is no longer possible to attribute the values female social functions to biological needs. [11] Butler interpreted this claim as a doctrine-breaker forming an act from a tradition of phenomenon. [9] Butler concluded that gender was not at all a stable identity or agency locus from which various acts proceeded; On the other hand, it is a robust identity formed in a timely manner— an identity initiated through body vision and, therefore, must be understood as a common way in which body gestures, movements and enactments of various types constitute a self-compliant illusion. [9] Candace West and Sarah Fenstermaker also concepted gender as routines, methods, and continuous achievements, involving complexes of antique activities, interactions and micropolitics that threw certain efforts as expressions of 'nature' in their texts 1995 Made a Difference. [12] This does not mean that the material nature of the human body is denied, on the other hand, it is understood to be re-understood as separate from the process in which the body comes to bear the meaning of culture. [9] Therefore, the essence of gender is not natural because the sex itself is not a natural fact[9][11] but the result of the eradication of certain corporeal acts that have been described through repetition and restructuring from time to time to body. [9] If gender reality is shaped by the performance itself, then there is no recourse to important 'sex' or 'gender' and it is not reliable that gender performance supposedly states. [9] The main intersection of the article: The intersection of this section depends largely or completely on a single source. Relevant discussions can be found on the discussion page. Please help improve this article by introducing quotes to additional resources. Find sources: Gender essentialism - news · newspapers · books · scholars · JSTOR (October 2017) Analyzing gender has become a concern for feminist theory. There are many modes of understanding how gender address means,[7] but developing such gender theories can obscure the importance of other aspects of female identity, such as race, class, and , which marginalizes the experience and voice of women of color, non-Western women, working-class women, women, and trans women. This refers to the problem for the concept of subjectivity presumed by gender feminist theories. [7] There is an argument mainly by black and feminists that feminist theory has leveraged the idea of gender essentialism by using gender categories to appeal to women's experience as a whole. [7] By doing this, the feminist theory made universalization and normalized claims for and about women, which only white, white, heterosexual, , middle or upper female class,[7] but that it implies is a situation, a true perspective and a true experience of all women. Patrice DiQuinzio discusses how exclusion critics see this as a function of feminist theoretical commitment to sheer gender theory and highlight women's experience in terms of gender alone. [7] On the other hand one must be a feminism theory in a way that takes into account the categories of experience between race, class, gender, and sexuality; the crossroads model thinks. [12] The mother of several feminists, such as DiQuinzio and Nancy Chodorow, has used the idea of the essence of a woman to link gender socialization with female mothers exclusively. [7] Butler disagrees, because not all women are mothers, because of age or personal choices, and even some mothers do not consider motherhood as the most important aspect of the political struggle. [13] The Main Article: Additional transfeminism, gender essentialism in feminist theory presents problems when it comes to understanding transfeminism. Rather than understanding trans studies as subsections or other subjectivity to be subdued under the women's category, we understand the task of trans studies to be breakups other than these categories, especially if the break-up requires new articulation of relationships between sex and gender, male and female. [14] Trans subjectivity challenges gender-essentialism because it interferes with gender taxonomy and this creates resistance in women's studies, which as discipline has relied on gender redness. [14] Trans's identity breaks down the possibility of being very important gender by sneaking , gender roles and expectations. [15] In recent years, through transfeminist work such as Passionate Stone, their theory of trans women and their entry into feminist spaces has been opened, similar to the theory of race, class, sexuality and ability. The development of children Such as gender is often detailed by not only adults but children, as young children have been shown to display important beliefs about gender priorities and indicators. [16] Important gender advocates suggest that children from the age of 4 to 10 show a tendency to support the role of nature in determining gender-stereotypical properties, an early bias to see the gender category as an important forecast, which gradually decreases as they pass primary school years. [17] Another important indicator of gender in child development is how they start using important manifestations as a tool to give reasoning and view gender stereotypes from as young as 24 months. [18] Key article post-structural: Post-feminism This section depends largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussions can be found on the discussion page. Discussion. help improve this article by introducing passages to additional sources. Find sources: Gender essentialism - news · newspaper · book · cleric · JSTOR (October 2017) Poststructuralism demonstrates a critical field of practice that cannot be summed up and therefore, undersizes the power of formation and the exclusion of sexual differences, Butler said. [13] Therefore, through poststructuralist canta, important criticism of gender is possible because poststructuralist theory generates analysis, criticism, and political interference, and opens up political imaginary to feminism that is otherwise controlled. [13] Feminist poststructuralism does not establish the position in which a person operates, but offers a set of tools and terms for reuse and restructure, exposed as instruments and strategic effects, and subject to critical rescription and resettlement. [13] Critics such as Susan Bordo suggested that Butler reduce gender to language and abstract. [19] See also Empathizing-system theory of French Essentialism post-structuralist feminism Neuroscience sex sexuality Neuroplasticity The NeuroGenderings Network References ^ Heyman, G. D.; Giles, J. W. (2006). Gender and Psychological Essentialism. Enfance; Psychology, Pedagogie, Neuropsychiatrie, Sociology. 58 (3): 293–310. doi:10.3917/enf.583.0293. PMC 3082140. PMID 21528097. ↑ Declaration. 2010. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.871.3140. Cite Journal requires |journal= (help) ^ Hepburn, Alexa (2003). Feminist critics: hetrosexism and lesbian and psychology. An introduction to critical social psychology. London Thousands Oaks, California: Sage. p. 107. ISBN 9780761962106. ↑ b Bem, Sandra (1993). Introduction. Gender canta: changing the debate over sexual inequality. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. Pp. 1-2. ISBN 9780300061635. ↑ Thatcher, Adrian (2011). Gender: language, power, and history. God, gender, and gender: recognition. Chichester, West Sussex, United Kingdom: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 19. ISBN 9781444396379. ↑ a b c e e g i j Grosz, Elizabeth A. (1995). Space, time, and diversity: a focus on body politics. New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780415911368. ↑ a b e e diquinzio, Patrice (Summer 1993). Exclusion and essentialism in feminist theory: mother's problem. : Journal of Feminist Philosophy. Wiley. 8 (3): 1–20. doi:10.1111/j.1527-2001.1993.tb00033.x. JSTOR 3810402.CS1 main: ref=harv (link)^ Copeland, Mychal; Rose, D'vorah; Gustav-Wrathall, John (2016). The Church of Jesus Christ the Latter-day Saint (Mormon). Struggling with good intentions: LGBTQI entry from 13 American religious perspectives. Woodstock, Vermont: Walking Together, Finding a Way/SkyLight Publishing Path. p. 31. ISBN 9781594736025. ↑ a b d e g h Butler, Judith (Dec. The act of implementing and constitutional gender: mosquitoes in feminist phenomena and theories. Journal of Theatre. Johns Hopkins University Press. 40 (4): 519–531. doi:10.2307/3207893. JSTOR 3207893.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) Pdf. ^ de Beauvoir, Simone (2015) [1949]. Second sex. London: Vintage Classic. ISBN 9781784870386. ↑ b Butler, Judith (1986). Sex and gender in Simone de Beauvoir's Second Sex. Yale French Studies. Yale University Press (72): 35-49. doi:10.2307/2930225. JSTOR 2930225.CS1 maint: ref=harv(link)^b West, Kandace; Fenstermaker, Sarah (February 1995). Make a difference (PDF). Gender &amp; Community. Sage. 9 (1): 8–37. doi:10.1177/089124395009001002. JSTOR 189596. S2CID 220476362.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) ^ a b c d Butler, Judith; Wallach Scott, Joan (1992). Feminist political theory. New York Oxfordshire, England: Routledge. ISBN 9780203723999. ↑ b Salamon, Gayle (2008). Transfeminism and the future of gender. Di Scott, Joan Wallach (ed.). Study of women on the margins. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822389101. ↑ Jakubowski, Kaylee (9 March 2015). No, the existence of trans people does not confirm gender essentialism. Feminism every day. Retrieved 28 May 2017. ↑ Meyer, Meredith; Gelman, Susan A. (November 2016). Gender requirements among children and parents: implications for the development of gender stereotypes and gender-reviewed priorities. Sex Roles. Springer. 75 (9–10): 409–421. doi:10.1007/s11199-016-0646-6. S2CID 148043426.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) ^ Taylor, Morgan G. (August 1996). The development of children's beliefs about the social and biological aspects of gender differences. Children's Development. Wiley. 67 (4): 1555–1571. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01814.x. PMID 8890500.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) ^ Poulin-Dubois, Diane; Serbin, Lisa A.; Eichstedt, Julie A.; Sen, Maya G.; Beissel, Clara F. (May 2002). Men don't wear soles: children's knowledge of gender stereotypical household activities. Social Development. Wiley. 11 (2): 166–181. doi:10.1111/1467-9507.00193.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) ^ Hekman, Susan (1998). Material Body. Body and Flesh: Readers of Philosophy ed. by Donn Welton. Blackwell Publishing. Pp. 61-70. Read more rippon, Gina; Jordan-Young, Rebecca; Fine, Cordelia; Kaiser, Anelis (28 August 2014). Reserves for sex investigation/ gender neuroimaging: key principles and implications for the design of research, analysis and interpretation. Borders on Human Neuroscience. Border. 8: 650. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00650. PMC 4147717. PMID 25221493.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link) Retrieved from

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