Robert M. Summers: Restoration Framework for Guanabara Bay, Rio

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Restoration Framework for Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro Brazil Robert M. Summers, Ph.D. & João Paulo Coimbra EMECS 12 - Pattaya, Thailand - November 5, 2018 Guanabara Bay

4,081 km2 N

384 km2

2 The beautiful Rio de Janeiro

3 The (not so) beautiful Rio de Janeiro

6 2016 Summer Olympics and Funds for Ecosystem Restoration . In 2009 Rio won the bid to host the 2016 Olympics . Financing from IDB: US$ 452 million . Past clean-up efforts include the Guanabara Bay Restoration Program (PDBG) . Current restoration effort is the Guanabara Bay’s Watershed Sanitation Program (PSAM) . Goals: • Help restore water quality in the Bay • Increase WW collection & treatment in the watershed • Develop institutional improvements - Governance . The initial intention was to achieve these goals before the Games 9 The Project . Overall objectives: • Assess the current conditions of the Bay • Describe the main threats impacting its health • Develop a restoration framework . Assessment based on existing data . Workshops: stakeholder involvement . 2 main reports: • Diagnostic of the State of the Guanabara Bay • Environmental Restoration Plan Framework

10 Report 1: Diagnostic of the State of the Guanabara Bay . Rio de Janeiro is world famous for its beautiful sub-tropical scenery and beaches, but...

Sewer outfall in Guanabara Bay

11 Land use in Guanabara Bay Watershed

. Highly urbanized • 2100 people/ km2 . Forest cover in the MRRJ was 27.9% in 2005 . Urban uses close to Bay – Western shore . Urbanization rates • 1990 to 2005: 30% growth • Projected growth 2005 to 2020 is much lower (3%) 12 Sanitation in the Guanabara Bay Watershed

. Sewage infrastructure has fallen behind population growth . Old urban sewage collection systems are not able to handle higher flows . No system improvements: 1980 and 1990 . Since 1990, the pace of sewage system improvements has increased due to PDBG and PSAM, but… . PSAM estimates 21% of the Source: Data from 1940 to 2007 is from Coelho 2007 and data for population is served by sewage 2015 was extrapolated using data from SNIS. treatment • No treatment services for 6.8 million • Projects are underway to bring that up to 35% by 2018

13 Pathogenic Bacteria Threaten Public Health

. “Potentially pathogenic bacteria are found in higher abundance in the inner bay. . The identified bacterial taxa may represent a serious threat to human and animal health. . Multidrug resistant bacteria have been isolated from GB areas, indicating a further threat to human health. . The spread of organic matter rich and anoxic regions around the Fundão and Governador islands may further contribute to the dissemination of important pathogenic microbes in the GB.”

Soares-Gomes, A., et al., An environmental overview of Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Regional Studies in Marine Science (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.10.16/j.rsma.2012.01.009 Solid Waste in Guanabara Bay

. Poor handling of solid waste • 73% of households have solid waste collection services • Estimated that approximately 3,800 tons/day are not collected . Illegal dumping • Particularly in waterways • 2015 report: estimated 80-100 tons/day enters Bay  Evidence of cultural/ social/ behavioral problems . Problems caused by trash: • Visual pollution • Odors • Disease vector • Barrier to recreation and boat traffic, including transportation • Hazard to wildlife

14 Industrial Pollution in Guanabara Bay

. 2nd largest industrial hub with high concentration in the watershed . Western shore: ~85% . Main sectors: Chemical, petrochemical, non-metallic minerals and metallurgical, food and beverage, and textile . ~20% of organic load and almost the entire toxic load . Industrial pollution regulations are not enforced consistently with sporadic monitoring

The sub-basins that most contribute for industrial organic load according The areas with significant presence of heavy metals. Source: ITPA (n.d.). information from 2000. Source: Pacific Consultants International, 2003. 15 Guanabara Bay Watershed 2013 Water Quality Index NFS

Source: INEA/GEAG, 2014 16 2013 Conformity Index for Guanabara Bay Monitoring Stations

Source: INEA/GEAG, 2014 17 Ecosystem Impacts

. Guanabara Bay ecosystem is overloaded with organic pollution from untreated sewage, wastewater from industries and ships and other sources, trash and other contamination from the land. . Plants and animals living in the Bay are severely stressed and populations are not healthy, particularly in the inner parts of the Bay further from the ocean. Report 1: State of the Bay

19 Why Look at Chesapeake Bay?

. Guanabara Bay and its watershed are much smaller than Chesapeake Bay . The watershed is much more densely populated . Guanabara Bay is closer to the ocean and better flushed . But, Chesapeake Bay shares many of the same challenges as Guanabara Bay . And, Chesapeake Bay is further along in the restoration process and may provide some helpful insights to benefit the Guanabara Bay restoration. 20 GB Watershed is also similar to the Baltimore – Washington Metro area

Overlay of Guanabara Basin on Upper Chesapeake Bay Basin

. Drainage area . Pollution sources . Population . Water quality problems . Dense urbanization 21 Comparison to Baltimore – Washington Metropolitan Region

. Population • BWMR – 9.3 million • RJMR – 8.6 million . Political • BWMR – 2 states, 13 counties and 3 major municipalities • RJMR – 1 state, 15 municipalities . Sanitation problems • BWMR - CSOs & SSOs, $4.8 B sewage/drainage system restoration underway • RJMR – 70-80% of sewage untreated, major infrastructure development underway 22 Maryland - Rio de Janeiro Sister - State Agreement 1999 – Maryland-Rio de Janeiro Sister-State agreement signed 2011 – Memorandum of Understanding for the establishment of a technical cooperation program. 2013 – Technical Cooperation Program for Guanabara Bay and Chesapeake Bay 2014 – Delegation of State and local government officials from Rio de Janeiro to Chesapeake Bay 2014 – Delegation of State, local government, academic, business and NGO representatives from CB to GB Critical Factors for Bay Restoration

Engagement of all citizens Public education at all federal, state and local Restoration plan based on levels government, universities good science businesses, NGOs

Everyone held accountable for their actions or lack of Political leaders have signed action Critical a formal agreement

Monitoring of Factors restoration actions Dedicated funding and water quality

Measurable commitments Transparent and regular and deadlines with long- Fair and equitable reporting term and short-term “2-year restoration plan Milestones” 23 Technical Cooperation Project

. Restoration Plan (KCI) • Plan of action, environmental indicators, short-term milestones and initial goals of the restoration developed by government, academia and NGOs . Governance Model (FBDS) • Recommended organizational structure to guide the restoration . Report Card (UMCES) • Public “scorecard” for Guanabara Bay to communicate progress, similar to the Chesapeake Bay Report Card

25 Report 2: GB Restoration Plan Framework

This restoration “plan” is only a framework because most of the information and data Adaptive Management needed to make a plan is not available and needs to be compiled by the groups Revise Objectives working together in the new governance Plan organization Current efforts Performance PRA-Baía and gaps to be - A specific restoration plan must be evaluation filled developed and updated by Rio’s universities, agencies and citizens so they have ownership and feel responsible for it. Management Monitoring - The majority of the recommended strategy actions in this plan framework are program development and data collection efforts need to support a restoration plan. 26 GB Restoration Plan Framework

A) Establish strong governance for the restoration

B)B) RecuperarRestore water qualidade quality das in C) Recuperar habitats da D) Recuperar habitats da C) Restore Basin habitat D) Restore Bay habitat águasrivers da andBaía Bay e rios bacia hidrográfica Baía de Guanabara

1. sewage collection and 1. water security and treatment 1. mangrove restoration and availability 2. industrial and port preservation 2. drainage, runoff and flood pollution control 2. fishing activity restoration control 3. Enforcement of 3. anchoring control and 3. forest preservation and environmental laws and derelict ship removal restoration regulations 4. Desilting, dredging and 4. land use control 4. solid waste collection and removal of contaminated disposal sediments

E) Climate change effects mitigation and adaptation 24 GB Restoration Plan Framework

A) Establish strong governance for the restoration

E) Climate change effects mitigation and adaptation 25 Goal: A) Establish Strong Governance for the Restoration

1) Sign a formal agreement with the federal government to carry out the restoration effort Actions needed: i. Contact the federal Secretary of the Environment to inform him of the plans proposed by the Technical Cooperation. ii. Request the support of the federal Secretary and participation of the federal government with the implementation of the plan. iii. Work with the federal Secretary of the Environment to have the federal government formally endorse and support the restoration of the Bay by signing a document similar to the Chesapeake Bay Agreement of 1983 or President Obama’s Executive Order issued in 2009 directing the federal agencies to participate in the development and implementation of the restoration plan for Chesapeake Bay.

26 Goal: A) Establish Strong Governance for the Restoration

2) Host Guanabara Bay Restoration Summit

Actions needed: i. The State and federal Secretaries of the Environment together should host a summit of all of the Mayors of the municipalities of the Guanabara Bay Basin to gain their support for the restoration and sign an agreement to work together.

27 Goal: A) Establish Strong Governance for the Restoration

3) Establish and staff the Guanabara Bay governance structure Actions needed: i. Work with Mayors and federal officials following the summit to build support for the legislation and funding to implement the governance structure. ii. Governor and legislature of Rio, federal government and municipalities should lead by example and put initial funding in place to begin hiring of staff of the Centro. iii. Identify strong leaders at federal, state and local level to be appointed to the Conselhos. iv. Ensure that all stakeholders and citizens have the opportunity to participate in selection of the Conselho members. v. Seek additional funding from federal, state and local governments and the private sector. 28 Goal: A) Establish Strong Governance for the Restoration

3) Establish and staff the Guanabara Bay governance structure Appoint the members of the Conselho Fiscal and the Conselho Short- Administração, hire the Executive Director and staff of the Centro term Integrado de Gestão da Baía de Guanabara. Evaluate ongoing actions and enhance the restoration plan to achieve Medium- the initial goals and establish new goals, milestones and actions term needed to strengthen the restoration effort.

29 Goal: B) Restore water quality in rivers and Bay

1. Sewage collection and treatment

2. Industrial and port pollution control

3. Enforcement of environmental laws and regulations

4. solid waste collection and disposal Goal: B) Restore water quality in rivers and Bay

1) Sewage collection and treatment a) Renovate existing and build new sewage collection and treatment systems Actions needed: i. Continue to design and construct IDB funded sewage collection system and treatment plant upgrades. ii. Restore full operation of existing treatment plants by repairing and replacing parts that have fallen into disrepair (this was a major finding and recommendation of the JICA ex-post evaluation of the PDBG). iii. Identify opportunities to collect sewage from existing conveyances (including ditches and rivers), design and build systems to pipe the heavily polluted sewage/river water for treatment at the nearest sewage treatment plant iv. Continue working with municipalities to develop sanitation plans and seek funding for implementation 31 Goal: B) Restore water quality in rivers and Bay

1) Sewage collection and treatment a) Renovate existing and build new sewage collection and treatment systems

Short- Connect 60% of all households term Medium- Connect 80% of all households term Long- Connect 95% of all households term

32 Goal: B) Restore water quality in rivers and Bay

1) Sewage collection and treatment a) Renovate existing and build new sewage collection and treatment systems Metric number of households, number connected, % connected Grouping by municipality, by river basin, by treatment plant Graphic simple grouped, side by side bar graphs of current values and goal Maps sewerage basins showing connections an coverage areas Information INEA, CEDAE, Águas de Niterói, SNIS, PSAM summary of municipal source plans

33 Goal: B) Restore Water Quality in Rivers and Bay 1) Sewage collection and treatment

Short term goal is to increase to 60% the population served with sewage treatment in the Guanabara Basin by 2020

Population with sewage treatment

100

% 50

0 2016 2020 2025 2032

34 Goal: B) Restore Water Quality in Rivers and Bay 1) Sewage collection and treatment

Medium term goal is to increase to 80% the population served with sewage treatment in the Guanabara Basin by 2025

Population with sewage treatment

100 80 60 % 40 20 0 2016 2020 2025 2032

35 Goal: B) Restore Water Quality in Rivers and Bay 1) Sewage collection and treatment

Long term goal is to increase to 95% the population served with sewage treatment in the Guanabara Basin by 2032

Population with sewage treatment

100 80 60 % 40 20 0 2016 2020 2025 2032

36 C) Restore Basin habitat

1. Water security and availability

2. Drainage, runoff and flood control

3. Forest preservation and restoration

4. Land use control C) Restore Basin Habitat Drainage, runoff and flood control

Floods in the Baixada Fluminense. Source: Photos: R. Summers http://projetoiguacupaclotexv.blogspot.com.br/. Public health

Safety

Water contamination

Economic impacts 38 C) Restore Basin Habitat Drainage, runoff and flood control

Flooding before implementation of the Iguaçu Project interventions

Source: Master Plan for Water Resources of the Iguaçu-Sarapuí River Basin - Final Report, 1996. 39 C) Restore Basin Habitat Drainage, runoff and flood control

Reduction in flooding after implementation of the Iguaçu Project interventions

Source: Master Plan for Water Resources of the Iguaçu-Sarapuí River Basin - Final Report, 1996. 40 C) Restore Basin habitat

2. Drainage, runoff and flood control Actions needed: i. Convene a special committee including as many of the agencies and other participants of the Nova Iguaçu Project as possible to review the project, identify best practices and develop a strategy to complete the project. ii. Work with key agencies and other participants to develop a project plan and obtain funding to complete it. iii. Develop a plan to expand the work to other priority areas. .

41 C) Restore Basin habitat 2. Drainage, runoff and flood control Review the status of the Nova Iguaçu Project to determine what has Short- worked, not worked and why; complete as mush of the project as term possible Compile maps of flood risk areas and estimate the population at risk in each area; provide environmental flood risk education for citizens and develop a flood warning system to alert citizens when flooding is expected that will affect them. Complete flood studies for areas that present the highest risk, using the Project Nova Iguaçu example; ensure full engagement of communities Medium in the identification and design of control measures; initiate projects to -term restore flood plains, design and begin construction of polders for flood storage where necessary Long- In consultation with citizens, complete high priority flood projects, term including relocation of highest risk homes and businesses.

42 C) Restore Basin habitat

2. Drainage, runoff and flood control Metric - Area with flood control, - Reduction in flood-days Grouping Sub-basin, basin, municipalities Graphic Bar graph of reduction in flood-days Maps: Risk rating in vulnerable areas - color code showing intensity and occurrence of floods by sub-basins, areas with structural interventions Information INEA, Universities source

43 C) Restore Bay habitat

1. Mangrove restoration and preservation

2. Fishing activity restoration

3. Anchoring control and derelict ship removal

4. Desilting, dredging and removal of contaminated sediments Anchoring control and derelict ship removal

Prevents navigation Siltation Water contamination Spills

Photo: Joao Coimbra Public health protection and safety

Anchoring Abandoned Priority areas areas ships for clean up Fonte: Frega & Muniz, n.d. 45 C) Restore Bay habitat

3. Anchoring control and derelict ship removal Actions needed: i. Convene meeting of agencies responsible for monitoring, inspection and enforcement of pollution from ships to clarify roles and responsibilities and coordinate inspection and enforcement activities. ii. Review anchoring areas and develop a plan to reduce the area occupied and limit the number of ships using the Bay for anchorage at any one time iii. Issue a contract for a survey of abandoned ships and development of a plan for removal

46 C) Restore Bay habitat

3. Anchoring control and derelict ship removal Short- Establish pollution control requirements for ships and coordinate term enforcement agencies to ensure requirements are kept Review anchoring areas to ensure that they are a small as possible to preserve open areas of the Bay – establish strong anchoring regulations and enforcement Medium- Survey and map areas of abandoned ships, select priority areas for term restoration, develop plan and schedule for removal Long- Begin removal of abandoned ships in highest priority areas term

47 C) Restore Bay habitat

3. Anchoring control and derelict ship removal - Remove derelict ships presenting environmental risks Metric Number of ships removed Bay area cleared Grouping Bay as a whole, regions of Bay Graphs Bar graphs of ships removed, area cleared, critical areas cleared Maps Location of vessels to be removed, areas cleared Information INEA, DPC-MB, CPRJ sources

Source: Project to remove ships and dredge São Lourenço Channel in Niterói Source: ASCOM / SEA, 2013.

48 Report card website guanabarabay.ecoreportcard.org FIM

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