Marine Debris Removal Efforts in Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
6IMDC – San Diego, CA March 13, 2018 Rio de Janeiro: “Blessed by its nature” 2009: Rio to host the Olympics – Will they be ready?
Let’s Clean Up the Guanabara Bay !!! Guanabara Bay Drainage Basin
4,081 km2 N 1,575 mi2
412 km2 159 mi2
2 Municipalities Surrounding the GB Sanitation in the Guanabara Bay Watershed
• 8 million people
• Only 20% is served by sewage treatment
• Raw sewage of 6 million people flows into the Bay
• 35% expected to be Sewage generation and treatment in Guanabara Bay Hydrographic Basin. Source: Coelho, 2007. covered by 2018 13 Solid Waste in Guanabara Bay
• 73% of households had solid waste collection services • ~ 3,800 tons/day were not collected • Illegal dumping issue
14 How the trash reaches the GB ?
Source: Grael, 2015 How the trash reaches the Bay?
Source: Sprehe, 2016 How Much Trash Reaches the GB?
INFORMATION QUANTITIES SOURCE
Data from Emmanuel Alencar (O Globo) Amount of trash that reaches the GB (daily 80 t/day (2008) Elmo Amador, Environmentalist and Researcher estimate) 100 t / day (2013) Marinele Ramos, former president of INEA Annual trash collected from 11 ecobarriers 4,714 t (2011) (annual) 4,276 t (2012) INEA Total: 2,878 tires Amount of tires collected (2011 + 2012) average: 4/day
Cost of repairs caused to vessels of Barcas S.A. R$ 2.3 million/year CCR Barcas
(cleaning, divers team, replacement of filters, paitining, energy and maintenance) USD $ 700 millions Data from Victor Coelho (2007) 274 t/day of trash Trash In the Guanabara Bay Observations and estimates from the author 542 t/day of vegetation Source: Grael, 2015 Floatable Trash Mobility
Source: Grael, 2015 Happy New Year ?
Copacabana Beach, 1st of January Source: UOL notícias How to tackle this problem?
70% - PLASTICS Clean Guanabara Program
. Programa Guanabara Limpa – MARINE DEBRIS
• Zero Landfill Program • Bay Without Trash Program • PSAM - Guanabara Bay’s Watershed Sanitation Program • Sewage Treatment Systems Expansion / Enhancement Effluent Treatment Station (ETS) Alegria ETS Pavuna ETS Sarapuí Paquetá Island Sewage Treatment ETS São Gonçalo
9 Zero Landfill Program
. Lixão Zero Program: Subprogram of the Pact for Sanitation designed by SEA . Improve proper SW disposal . Closing of 5 open-air landfills and illegal dumps and remediation of affected areas . Creation of Intermunicipal Consortiums . Reallocation of the Catadores (waste pickers) – important role on the recycling industry
Gramacho Landfill Source: The Business Insider Closing of the Gramacho Landfill
• One of the world’s largest open-air landfills: 60 million tons of trash • Located near the ocean – debris and leachate pollution • Closed after 34 years 244 • 5 k catadores football fields • Petrobras buys gas - 200 wells (CO2 & CH4) • Carbon Credits and Biogas Sales
Source: O Globo Closing of Garbage Dumps (Lixões)
Source: Grael, 2015 Baía Sem Lixo Program
. Promoted by: SEA –Environmental Secretary of RJ State INEA – Environmental Institute of RJ State
. Marine trash collection: • Installation of Ecobarriers (trash booms) in strategic rivers that flow into the GB • Use of Ecoboats (trash skimmers) to collect floating trash to be conveyed at Ecopoints Ecobarriers
17 installed in strategic locations: rivers responsible for 85% of the trash that flow into the Bay
Ecobarrier at the Canal do Cunha. Source: Correia, 2017 Ecobarriers Locations
Trash collection - low or no mechanization OPEX (maintenance+ operations + disposal – USD $ 1700 / ton Source: PSAM - GIS Ecobarriers Stats
MONTH DUMPSTER TONS Aug-15 157.79 t Sep-15 353.45 t Oct-15 348.91 t Nov-15 206.14 t Dec-15 132.14 t Jan-16 170.85 t Feb-16 159.55 t Mar-16 83.26 t Apr-16 05 un 69.09 t May-16 26 un 274.62 t Jun-16 14 un 93.61 t Jul-16 30 un 280.34 t Aug-16 52 un 497.83 t Sep-16 73 un 728.33 t Oct-16 59 un 610.06 t Nov-16 78 un 680.27 t Dec-16 69 un 522.06 t Jan-17 119 un 924.85 t Feb-17 45 un 471.89 t Mar-17 75 un 798.11 t Apr-17 69 un 666.67 t May-17 53 un 433.20 t jun/17 - on going 34 un 374.44 t
TOTAL : 801.00 8,663.02 Ecobarriers Stats
LEGENDA: MEDIÇÃO BARREIRAS ECO 1 - CANAL DO MANGUE ECO 1 180.24 t ECO 2 - CANAL DO CUNHA ECO 2 3,014.87 t ECO 3 - CANAL DA VILA DOS PINHEIROS ECO 3, 4, ECO 4 - CANAL BAIXA DO 5, 6 E 7 95.11 t SAPATEIRO ECO 8 403.20 t ECO 5 - NOVA HOLANDA ECO 9 2,106.21 t ECO 6 - RIO RAMOS ECO 7 - CANAL DA RUA DARCY ECO 10 A 2,813.32 t VARGAS ECO 10 B 1,936.83 t 3,014.87 t ECO 8 - RIO IRAJÁ ECO 11 1,412.66 t 2,813.32 t ECO 9 - RIO MERITI ECO 13 167.74 t ECO 10A - RIO IGUAÇU ECO 10B - RIO SARAPUÍ ECO 14 21.52 t ECO 11 - RIO ESTRELA ECO 15 39.56 t 2,106.21 t ECO 13 - RIO IMBOAÇU MONTANTE ECO 16 197.37 t 1,936.83 t ECO 14 - RIO MARIMBONDO ECO 17 37.05 t ECO 15 - RIO BRANDOAS TOTAL : 12,425.68 1,412.66 t ECO 16 - RIO BOMBA ECO 17 - CANAL VILA DO MARUÍ
403.20 t 39.56 t 167.74 t21.52 t 37.05 t 180.24 t 197.37 t 95.11 t
ECO 1 ECO 2 ECO 3, ECO 8 ECO 9 ECO 10 ECO 10 ECO 11 ECO 13 ECO 14 ECO 15 ECO 16 ECO 17 4, 5, 6 E A B 7 BARREIRAS 180.24 t 3,014.87 95.11 t 403.20 t 2,106.21 2,813.32 1,936.83 1,412.66 167.74 t 21.52 t 39.56 t 197.37 t 37.05 t Source: INEA Ecoboats
12 Ecoboats 4 tons collected/ day
Source: INEA Ecoboats routes Tracking Trash – Deltares Operational Forecasting System
Winds - Currents - Tides
http://guanabaralimpa.deltares.nl/ Ecoboats – Targeting the right location
Small ecoboat near the Museu of Tomorrow Source: Summers, 2017 Environmental Education Projeto Grael – Rumo Náutico Institute OndAzul Institute Recycling Route ReciColeta Guanabara Bay’s Watershed Sanitation Program (PSAM)
. Goals:
• Help restore water quality in the Bay • Increase WW collection & treatment in the watershed • Develop institutional improvements - Governance
Amount Funding Sources ( In US$ Millions)
Inter-American Development Bank 452.00 State Funding 188.00 Total Amount 640.00 PSAM – ETS Improvements
Pavuna ETS Improvements
Alcântara Sewage System Cidade Nova Trunk Collector Effluent Treatment Stations & Trash
Boys of the City of God walk on barrier in the Effluent Treatment Unit Pavuna at the river Arroyo: containment prevents avalanche of waste from reaching Lagoos of Barra da Tijuca. Source: O Globo PSAM Project - KCI’s Project Scope
. Overall objectives: • Assess the current conditions of the Bay • Describe the main threats impacting its health • Develop a restoration framework . Assessment based on existing data . Workshops (4): stakeholder involvement . Development of 2 main reports: • Diagnostic of the State of the Guanabara Bay • Environmental Restoration Plan Framework 10 Why Look at Chesapeake Bay?
20 Comparison to Baltimore – Washington Metropolitan Region
. Population • BWMR – 9.3 million • RJMR – 8.6 million . Political • BWMR – 2 states, 13 counties and 3 major municipalities • RJMR – 1 state, 15 municipalities . Sanitation problems • BWMR - CSOs & SSOs, $4.8 B sewage/drainage system restoration underway • RJMR – 70-80% of sewage untreated, major infrastructure development underway 22 Critical Factors for Bay Restoration
Engagement of all citizens Public education at all federal, state and local Restoration plan based on levels government, universities good science businesses, NGOs
Everyone held accountable for their actions or lack of Political leaders have signed action Critical a formal agreement
Monitoring of Factors restoration actions Dedicated funding and water quality
Measurable commitments Transparent and regular and deadlines with long- Fair and equitable reporting term and short-term “2-year restoration plan Milestones” 23 Technical Cooperation Project Approach
PSAM
Watershed Committees FBDS
Other KCI Universities Project is a COOPERATIVE EFFORT
UFRJ UMCES
INEA Masterplan
IDB 24 Technological Support
• Digital Platform • Spatial Database – BDE • PSAM-GIS • Ecohealth • Partiu Praia App Spatial Database - BDE PSAM MAPS - GIS Guanabara Bay Report Card
Developed by the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science (UMCES) GB Report Card Interactive Version: https://ecoreportcard.org/report-cards/guanabara-bay/ GB – Water Quality Monitoring INEA – App: Public Awareness on Water Quality Conclusions
• The Olympic Games brought attention to Rio de Janeiro Marine Debris issue • A lot of effort for a huge problem • Corruption scandals delayed programs • Lost of an opportunity ? • A lot of trash collected, no issues during the Olympics sailing events, but • There is a lot to be done ! Thank you!