Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
INDEX
1. ENTREPRENEUR: ...... 8 2. ADVISORS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PREPARATION OF EIA/RIMA...... 9 3. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENTERPRISE...... 10 3.1. WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE ENTERPRISE?...... 10 3.2. WHERE IS CNAAA LOCATED?...... 10 3.3. WHAT LOCATION IS BEING CONSIDERED FOR THE SETTING UP OF ANGRA 3?...... 13 3.4. WHAT IS THE MAIN INFORMATION ABOUT ANGRA 3?...... 14 3.5. HOW DOES A PWR NUCLEAR PLANT WORK?...... 15 3.6. WHY WAS THE “PWR” REACTOR CHOSEN?...... 18 3.7. WHAT WILL THE GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF ANGRA 3 BE LIKE ?...... 19 ATTACHED FILE IN DWG FORMAT...... 20 FIG07_ARRANJO_RIMA.DWG...... 20 WHAT ARE ANGRA 3 SUPPORT BUILDINGS & STRUCTURES AND WHAT ARE THEY FOR?...21 3.8. WHICH ARE THE MAIN ASSOCIATED ENTERPRISES?...... 23 3.9. NON-RADIOACTIVE REFUSE...... 26 3.9.1. What kind of non-radioactive refuse is produced by Angra 3? ...... 26 3.9.2. How will Angra3 non-radioactive solid residues be treated?...... 26 3.9.3. How will Angra 3 non-radioactive atmospheric emissions be treated ?...... 28 3.9.4. How will Angra 3 non-radioactive liquid effluents be treated ?...... 28 ARQUIVO ANEXO EM FORMAT PDF...... 29 PICTURE13_ROTAS_EFLUENTES_RIMA.PDF...... 29 RADIOACTIVE REFUSE...... 30 3.9.5. What is radiation? ...... 30 3.9.6. What does radioactive refuse mean?...... 31 3.9.7. How is radioactive refuse classified? ...... 31 3.9.8. What kinds of solid radioactive refuse are produced by Angra 3 and in CNAAA ?...... 31 3.9.8.1. How will solid refuse be dealt with in Angra 3? ...... 32 3.9.8.2. What amount of radioactive solid refuse will be produced by Angra 3?...... 34 3.9.8.3. Where will the radioactive solid refuse of Angra 3 be packaged?...... 34 3.9.8.4. What amount of irradiated combustible elements is produced in Angra plants and where are they stored?...... 35 3.9.9. What radioactive gaseous refuse will be produced by Angra 3?...... 36 3.9.9.1. How will Angra 3 radioactive gaseous refuse be treated/processed ?...... 36 ATTACHED FILE IN PDF ...... 38 Pic14_Radioactive Gaseous Refuse System Flowchart.pdfWhat kind of liquid refuse shall be produced by Angra 3?...... 38 What kind of liquid refuse shall be produced by Angra 3?...... 39
1 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
3.9.9.2. How is the radioactive liquid refuse generated by Angra 3 going to be processed/treated? ...... 39 3.10. IMPLEMENTING SCHEDULE...... 40 3.11. ANGRA 3 SAFETY SYSTEMS...... 42 3.11.1. How is the safety system in ANGRA 3 going to be like?...... 42 3.11.2. What are the Passive Safety Devices?...... 43 3.11.3. What are the Active Safety Devices?...... 45 3.11.4. Which are the human factors that interfere with safety?...... 47 3.11.4.1. Safety Culture...... 49 3.11.4.2. Safety Culture at ELETRONUCLEAR ...... 51 3.11.5. What are the experiences at similar power plants?...... 52 4. why nuclear power plantS? (JUSTIFICATIons for implementing ANGRA 3) 53 4.1. TECHNICAL JUSTIFICATIONS...... 53 4.2. ECONOMICAL JUSTIFICATIONS...... 55 4.3. SOCIAL AND EVIRONMENTAL JUSTIFICATIONS...... 57 4.4. LOCATION JUSTIFICATIONS...... 61 5. areas of influence of the enterprise...... 63 5.1. AREA OF INDIRECT INFLUENCE – AII...... 63 5.2. AREAS OF DIRECT INFLUENCE - ADI ...... 64 6. ENVIRONMENTAL DIAGNOSIS...... 66 6.1. PHYSICAL MEDIUM ...... 66 6.1.1. What is the enterprise region climate?...... 66 6.1.2. Transport Conditions...... 67 6.1.3. How is the Region’s Geology like?...... 68 6.1.4. Indicated Lithostratigraphic Units...... 68 6.1.5. How is the Region’s Geomorphology like?...... 70 6.1.6. What are the Soils of the Region? ...... 72 6.1.7. What are the Region’s Water Resources? ...... 73 6.1.8. Continental Waters...... 73 6.1.9. Oceanography ...... 79 6.1.10. What is the Region Air Quality Like?...... 80 6.2. BIOTIC MEDIUM...... 82 6.2.1. What is the terrestrial flora of the region like?...... 82 6.2.2. What is the terrestrial fauna of the region like?...... 86 6.2.3. What is the aquatic fauna of the region like? ...... 90 6.2.4. How can the region’s fishes be characterized?...... 95 6.2.5. Conservation Units...... 96 6.3. SOCIOECONOMIC MEDIUM ...... 97
2 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
6.3.1. How is the CNAAA area of influence characterized regarding its archaeological, natural and cultural heritage?...... 97 6.3.2. How are the Indian lands characterized at the CNAAA area of influence?...... 100 6.3.3. How is the population dynamics presented in the areas of influence at Angra 3 nuclear plant?...... 100 6.3.4. How are the districts within the municipal area of Angra dos Reis and Parati distinguished by their infra-structure?...... 103 6.3.5. Regarding Leisure and Tourism, what is the dynamics of these sectors and what is the effect on the inhabitants of the municipal areas of Angra dos Reis and Parati? ...... 110 6.3.6. What is the perception of the population of the municipal areas of Angra dos Reis and Parati regarding its living conditions and how are their social organizations arranged? 112 7. IDENTIFying and evaluating environmental impacts / mitigating and compensatory measures ...... 115 7.1. METHODOLOGY...... 115 7.2. DESCRIBING THE TRANSFORMING ACTIVITIES...... 118 7.3. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS - IMPLEMENTING PHASE ...... 121 7.3.1. Physical Medium...... 121 7.3.2. Biotic Medium...... 122 7.3.3. Socioeconomic Medium ...... 125 7.4. OPERATION PHASE...... 130 7.4.1. Physical Medium...... 130 7.4.2. Biotic Medium...... 132 7.4.3. Socioeconomic medium...... 132 7.5. QUALITATIVE - QUANTITATIVE MATRIX...... 135 7.5.1. Implementing Phase...... 135 7.5.2. Operation Phase ...... 138 8. Environmental prognosis...... 140 9. ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMS...... 142 10. WHAT ARE SAFETY AND RISKS ANALYSES, AND EMERGENCY ACTION PLANNING?...... 158 10.1. WHAT WERE THE CONSEQUENCES OF NUCLEAR ACCIDENTS THAT OCCURRED IN THE PAST?...... 159 10.1.1. What are the important conclusions about the historical record of accidents with nuclear power plants? ...... 161 10.1.2. Do you know what the INES scale is? ...... 161 10.1.3. How can accidental events be classified on levels?...... 162 10.2. SAFETY ANALYSIS...... 166 10.3. WHAT IS NRA - NUCLEAR RISK ANALYSIS?...... 167 10.4. EMERGENCY PLAN...... 168
3 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
10.4.1. What is an Emergency Plan? ...... 168 10.4.2. Who is responsible for the Emergency Plan?...... 168 10.4.3. What is the range area for the Emergency Plan?...... 169 10.4.4. How is the National System structured to Respond to a Nuclear Emergency? ...... 169 10.4.5. What are the protective measures foreseen by the Plan?...... 171 10.4.6. How is the population going to be notified in case of emergency?...... 171 10.4.7. What should you do in case of emergency? ...... 171 10.4.8. Conclusive Analysis...... 172 11. TECHNICAL TEAM...... 174 11.1. TECHNICAL TEAM – MRS ESTUDOS AMBIENTAIS LTDA...... 174 11.2. TECHNICAL TEAM – ELETRONUCLEAR...... 176 11.3. TECHNICAL TEAMS IN CHARGE OF THE PREPARATION OF BASIC STUDIES FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL DIAGNOSIS ...... 179 11.3.1. Technical team of Rio de Janeiro Federal University (UFRJ), Institute of Biology...... 179 11.3.2. Technical Team of Rio de Janeiro Federal University (UFRJ), Institute of Geosciences – Mathematical and Nature Sciences Center...... 181 11.3.3. Technical Team of Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Institute of Geosciences, Departament of Oceanography and Hydrology...... 182 11.3.4. Technical Team of the Scientific Society of the National School of Statistical Sciences – Science...... 183 12. BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 184 13. GLOSSARY ...... 193 14. ACRONYMS USED...... 208
PICTURE INDEX
Picture 1 – CNAAA location – Approximate distances...... 11 Picture 2 – CNAAA location (without scale)...... 12 Picture 3 – Place being considered for the setting up of Angra 3 Nuclear Power Plant...... 13 Picture 4 – Electronic scale model of Angra 3...... 14 Picture 5 – Nuclear Fission Process...... 16 Picture 6 – PWR reactor circuit operation Table...... 17 Picture 7 General arrangement of CNAAA Angra 3...... 20 Picture 8 – Overview of the enterprises associated with Angra 3...... 22 Picture 9 View of the main CNAAA substation. On the back, Angra 1 and 2 Power Plants...... 23 Picture 10 View of the structure for the discharge of the cooling water from CNAAA Plants in Saco Piraquara de Fora...... 24
4 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
Picture 11 – Environmental Monitoring Lab – LMA ...... 25 Picture 12 – Diagram of the Operational System for the discarding of Industrial Refuse Generated by CNAAA...... 27 Picture 13 – Plan of the interconnection of the various currents of conventional liquid effluents (liquid refuse)...... 29 Picture 14 – Radioactive Gaseous Refuse System Flowchart...... 38 Picture 15 – Simplified Table of the Radioactive Liquid Refuse Storage and Treatment System...... 40 Picture 16 Barriers against the release of radioactive products...... 44 Picture 17 – Comparing a nuclear power plant with a coal power plant...... 58 Picture 18 – Comparing a nuclear power plant with a gas power plant...... 59 Picture 19 – Areas of Influence of the Enterprise: AID 5 km, AID 15 km and AII 50 km...... 65 Picture 20 – Profile in tridimensional scan in N S direction cutting across the Plateau Region and the Escarpments of the Mantiqueira Ridge [Serra da Mantiqueira], the Depression Region of the middle valley of Paraíba do Sul River and the Plateau Region and the Escarpments of the Bocaina Ridge [Serra da Bocaina] ...... 71 Picture 21 – Schematic Map of Morphostructural Domains and Regions used as a basis for the subdivision of the forms of relief acknowledged for the State of Rio de Janeiro...... 72 Picture 22 – Drainage Basin Scheme...... 73 Picture 23 Topography of the CNAAA region...... 81 Picture 24 View of the Ombrophilus Dense Forest in the ridge in front of Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant (CNAAA ) ...... 83 Picture 25 View of a restinga next to the mouth of Mambucaba River ...... 84 Picture 26 Overview of Bracui mangrove where it is highlighted the predominance of specimens of Laguncularia racemosa (white mangrove)...86 Picture 27 Matriz Nossa Senhora dos Remédios Church, located at Parati’s Historical Centre, preserved by IPHAN in 13/02/1962, Parati RJ...... 98 Picture 28 Polishers /Sharpeners. Piraquara de Fora Bay...... 99 Picture 29 Fortress. Piraquara de Fora Bay...... 99 Picture 30 Areas of Direct and Indirect Influence of Angra 3...... 101 Picture 31 – Schematic representation of the interaction leading to a direct impact...... 118 Picture 32 – Schematic representation of the interaction leading to indirect impact – effect (2) as illustrated...... 118 Picture 33 – EIA implementing Matrix ...... 135 Picture 34 – EIA operation Matrix...... 138 Picture 35 – Nuclear Events International Scale...... 163 Picture 35: [DEVIATION: 0 = Below the Scale. No relevance regarding Safety. INCIDENT: 1 = Anomaly; 2 = Incident; 3 = Serious Incident. ACCIDENT: 4 =
5 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
Accident without Significant Risks outside the Facility; 5 = Accident with Risk outside the Facility; 6 = Serious Accident; 7 = Severe Accident]...... 163 Picture 36 Basic structure of the International Scale of Nuclear Events...... 164 Picture 37 Criteria and examples Of the International Nuclear Events Scale...... 166 Picture 38 – Emergency Planning Zones – ZPEs...... 169
6 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
TABLES INDEX
Table 1 Characteristics of Angra 3 Power Plant...... 14 Table 3 – Estimate of the amounts of uranium and plutonium to be accumulated during the operation of an Angra 2 and future Angra 3 type of reactor...... 35 Table 4 – Landmarks necessary for the implementing of Angra 3 ...... 42 Table 1 – Energetic content of the main fuels...... 56 Table 2 – Areas needed for implementing Power plants with 1.000 MWe capacity60 Tabela 9 Situation of Mangroves in the Basin of Ilha Grande Bay...... 75 Table 1 – Describing the transforming activities ...... 118 Table 11 – Environmental programs ...... 143
7 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
1. ENTREPRENEUR:
Eletrobrás Termonuclear S.A. – Eletronuclear, a mixed capital corporation, a subsidiary of Centrais Elétricas Brasileiras S.A. Eletrobrás was organized to exploit electric energy generation activities through nuclear technology, for the Federal Government.
Name: ELETROBRÁS TERMONUCLEAR S.A. ELETRONUCLEAR Registration with the Ministry 42.540.211/0001 67 of Finance: Address:: Head Office: Rua da Candelária 65, Downtown Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Zip Code 20.091 020 CNAAA: Rodovia Rio Santos (BR101) Km 522, Itaorna, Angra dos Reis, RJ, Zip Code 23.900 000 Sede: (21) 2588 7000 / 2588 7200 Telephone / FAX: CNAAA: (24) 3362 9000 Authorized Representatives: Paulo Roberto Almeida Figueiredo – Director President (CPF: 378.777.477 72) Telephone / FAX: (21) 2588 7018 / 2588 7212 E mail: [email protected] Luiz Rondon Teixeira de Magalhães Filho – Diretor of Planning, Administration & Environment (CPF: 029.773.698 13) Telephone / FAX: (21) 2588 7019 / 2588 7213 E mail:[email protected] Pedro José Diniz de Figueiredo – Director of Operations and Marketing (CPF: 020.040.627 20) Telephone / FAX: (21) 2588 7045 / 2588 7214 E mail: [email protected] Luiz Soares – Technical Director (CPF: 546.971.157 91) Telephone / FAX: (21) 2588 7050 / 2588 7214 E mail: [email protected] José Marcos Castilho – Director of Administration and Finance (CPF: 613.896.767 49) Telephone / FAX: (21) 2588 7040 / 2588 7211 E mail: [email protected] Contact: Iukio Ogawa – Superintendent of Licenses and The Environment (CPF: 824.864.338 72) Telephone / FAX: (21) 2588 7503 / 2588 7253 E mail: [email protected]
8 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
2. ADVISORS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PREPARATION OF EIA/RIMA
MRS Estudos Ambientais Ltda., organized in 1992, has a staff of experts in various areas with experience in advisory & planning services. Nowadays, the corporation is a national reference center for environmental advising and services. It has two offices in the cities of Porto Alegre and Brasilia. Outstanding national and international corporations, as well as government enterprises, are clients thereof.
Name: MRS Estudos Ambientais Ltda. Registration with the CNPJ: 94.526.480/0001 72 Ministry of Finance: Address: Head Office: Rua Barros Cassal 738, Bonfim, Porto Alegre, RS. Zip Code: 90.035 030 Branch Office: SCN Quadra 5, Bl.A, Room 1.108, Brasília Shopping, Brasília, Federal District, Zip Code: 70.715 970. Telephone / FAX: Matriz: (51) 3029 0068
Filial: (61) 3201 1800
E-mail: Matriz: [email protected]
Filial: [email protected] Contact: Alexandre Nunes da Rosa, Managing Partner, CPF Nr. 339.761.041 91 (Registration with the Ministry of Finance). Address: SCN Quadra 5, Bl.A, Room 1.108, Brasília Shopping, Brasília, Federal District, Zip Code: 70.715 970 Tel./Fax: (61)3201 1800 E mail: [email protected] CTF (IBAMA): 196572 CREA: 82.171
9 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
3. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENTERPRISE
3.1. WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE ENTERPRISE?
The official name of the enterprise described in this report is: Unit 3 of CNAAA (Central Nuclear Almirante Álvaro Alberto) – Angra 3. Such unit will be an integral part of Angra Nuclear Center, where two nuclear plants are already set up and operating: Unit 1 (Angra 1) and Unit 2 (Angra 2).
The name of the Nuclear Center was chosen in honor of Admiral Álvaro Alberto da Motta e Silva (1889 1976), pioneer of nuclear technology research in Brazil, main coordinator of a national policy for the sector and one of the men who stimulated the creation of CNEN (National Nuclear Energy Committee).
3.2. WHERE IS CNAAA LOCATED?
CNAAA has an area of approximately 1,250 ha and is located in Cunhambebe District, Municipality of Angra dos Reis, State of Rio de Janeiro, approximately 133 kilometers far from the City of Rio de Janeiro, 216 kilometers far from the City of São Paulo and 343 Km far from Belo Horizonte (Picture 1 and Picture 2). The main access to such place by road is Federal Highway BR 101 (stretch between Rio and Santos), which makes the connection with the City of Rio de Janeiro. The access to the City of São Paulo begins with Highway BR 101, and goes up to Caraguatatuba, in the State of São Paulo and goes on by State Highway SP 99, up to São José dos Campos and continues by Federal Highway BR 116, until the capital of the State. Such connections provide road access to the rest of the country.
10 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
Picture 1 – CNAAA location – Approximate distances.
Source: Eletronuclear
11 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
Espírito Santo Minas Gerais
BRASIL Rio de Janeiro
São Paulo
lântico no At Ocea Rio de Janeiro
Sem escala
Sem escala
RESENDE BARRA MANSA AREIAS
SÃO JOSÉ DO BARREIRO SILVEIRAS ARAPEÍ BANANAL
RIO CLARO CANAS
LORENA
MANGARATIBA
ANGRA DOS REIS
CNAAA
CUNHA
Baía da Ilha Grande Ilha Grande (município de Angra dos Reis)
PARATI
UBATUBA O C E A N O A T L Â N T I C O
Picture 2 – CNAAA location (without scale).
Source: Eletronuclear
12 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
3.3. WHAT LOCATION IS BEING CONSIDERED FOR THE SETTING UP OF ANGRA 3?
CNAAA Central Nuclear Almirante Álvaro Alberto
Picture 3 – Place being considered for the setting up of Angra 3 Nuclear Power Plant.
Source: Eletronuclear
The place being considered for the setting up of Angra 3 Plant, in Ponta Grande, Praia de Itaorna, is located in CNAAA, land where plants Angra 1 and 2 (in operation) are also located and it has been studied and monitored since the seventies, through many environmental surveys and programs, in accordance with rules and directives of regulatory and supervisory bodies.
13 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
It must be pointed out that CNEN (the National Nuclear Energy Committee) has, through CNEN Resolution nr. 11/02, published in the Federal Official Gazette of September 23, 2002, countersigned the Deed of Approval of Angra 3 Location.
Picture 4 – Electronic scale model of Angra 3.
Source: Eletronuclear
3.4. WHAT IS THE MAIN INFORMATION ABOUT ANGRA 3?
Table 1 - Characteristics of Angra 3 Power Plant
Type of Reactor: PWR – Pressurized Water Reactor
Manufacturer/Supplier: GHH Gmbh – Gutehoffnunsghütte(German
14 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
Company)/KWU (currently Framatome – ANP)
Fuel Characteristics Enriched Uranium
Origin Germany
Caloric Power of the Reactor: 3.765 MWt
Electric Power of the Plant: 1.350 MWe
Thermal Efficiency of the Plant: Aprox. 34%
Useful Life of the Power Plant: 40 years
Source: Eletronuclear
3.5. HOW DOES A PWR NUCLEAR PLANT WORK?
A nuclear plant generates caloric energy, i.e., the turbine connected to the generator is driven by steam. In conventional caloric plants the steam is produced by the heat derived from the combustion of coal, oil derivatives, gas or biomass, whereas in the case of a nuclear plants, heat is obtained from the fission of uranium atoms in the core of the reactor. Plants like those in Angra have three completely independent water circuits. The water heated in the reactor runs in the primary circuit. Such heating is due to the strong heat produced by the fission of uranium atoms (Picture 5) contained in the combustible elements (consisting of rods made of an alloy of zirconium and tin into which the ceramic tablets of uranium dioxide are embedded UO2).
15 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
Picture 5 – Nuclear Fission Process.
Source: Eletronuclear
The intensity of this chain reaction (the fission of one uranium atom releases two or three neutrons which, in turn, bombard the nuclei of other atoms, releasing other neutrons which bombard other atoms, and so on, successively) is controlled by special bars. When inserted by gravity force into combustible elements, such bars absorb neutrons which thus control the chain reaction. That is why a nuclear plant may be set to work with low power or with full power (100%), adjusted according to the demand of energy. Nuclear plants do not depend upon the pluvial index to generate energy, because it is not necessary to regulate the power of the plant according to the volume of water previously existing in the reservoirs, as in the case of hydro electric plants.
16 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
Picture 6 – PWR reactor circuit operation Table.
Source: Eletronuclear
1) Contention vessel 2) Reactor 3) Pressurizer 4) Pressure vessel 5) Control bars 6) Combustible element 7) Main refrigeration pump of the reactor 8) Steam 9) Steam generator 10) Water 11) Transmission tower 12) Electric generator 13) Turbine 14) Condenser 15) Pump 16) Pump 17) Water feed tank 18) Primary circuit 19) Secondary circuit 20) Refrigeration water system
17 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
Operation system: As one may see in Picture 6, the water that goes through the reactor is heated to a temperature of 320 degrees Celsius. In order for it not to boil, when it reaches 100 degrees Celsius, it is maintained under strong pressure, (equivalent to 157 atmospheres, i.e., 157 times the atmospheric pressure we are subject to when we are at sea level). That is why the system is designated as “light pressurized water reactor” (PWR). In another equipment, designated as steam generator, there is heat exchange between the primary circuit and the secondary circuit, which are independent from each other: water in the primary circuit does not come into contact with the water in the secondary circuit, because they run in different pipes. Upon the heat exchange, the water in the secondary circuit is vaporized and then, with its pressure, moves the blades of the turbine (at a speed which may reach 1800 revolutions per minute), and, in turn, turns on the electric generator. Having gone through the turbine, the steam in the secondary circuit goes into a condenser, where it is cooled by sea water, brought in through a third circuit. The assembly of these three circuits is made so as to prevent contact between the radioactive water, running through the reactor, and any other water. The risk of contamination of the water which is thrown back into the sea is minimum, because, in order for it to be contaminated, there would have to be a rupture in the primary circuit and, subsequently, a rupture in the secondary circuit and, later on, a rupture in the third circuit, in order for the flows of water to get mixed up.
3.6. WHY WAS THE “PWR” REACTOR CHOSEN?
The PWR is utilized in 27 countries, among which the United States, France and Japan, the greatest users of electric energy of nuclear origin. Approximately 60% of the nuclear reactors in operation throughout the world are of PWR type and the greatest acceptance thereof in comparison with the others is attributed, among other things, to the strict principles of safety involved in the design, the operation and the maintenance of the plants.
18 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
Designed within the concept of “Profound Protection” under which fission products are confirmed, with regard to the environment, through a series of successive barriers the integrity of which is warranted by a set of automatic measures, systems and barriers which prevent any escape radioactive material to the environment. Nowadays there are 214 PWR reactors in operation. 56% of the nuclear plants being built in august 2004 will be equipped with PWR reactors, because such type of reactor is acknowledged throughout the world as the safest one. It must be pointed out that there was never any fatal nuclear accident with this kind of generator in operation.
3.7. WHAT WILL THE GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF ANGRA 3 BE LIKE ?
Angra 3 project includes the construction of several buildings and support structures, distributed as shown in Plan “General Arrangement of CNAAA Unit 3 – Angra 3”, shown in ( Fehler! Verweisquelle konnte nicht gefunden werden. ).
19 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
Picture 7 - General arrangement of CNAAA - Angra 3.
Source: Eletronuclear
ATTACHED FILE IN DWG FORMAT
FIG07_ARRANJO_RIMA.DWG
UJA – Reactor Building (Internal Structure) UJB – Reactor Building (Ring-shaped Structure) UBA – Control Building UBP – Emergency Generators & Cold Water Building UJE – VAL Compartment, Main Steam from Water Feed UJF – Structure of the Dam in Portal Equipment ULB – Emergency Feeding & Cold Water Building ULD – Condensed Matter Purification Building UPC – Main Structure of the Refrigeration Water Intake UKA – Reactor Auxiliary Building UKH – Gas Escape Chimney UMA – Turbogenerator Building ½ UGX – Oil Separating Tanks and Oil Sumps UYA – Administration Building 1UQB & 2UQB – Pump Rooms for Refrigeration Water UQJ – Sealing Well – Refrigeration Water UQM – Power Water Well UQN – Pipes for the Discharge of Refrigeration Water UYF – Main Entrance UST – Workshop BCT - EXTERNAL AUXILIARY NETWORK TRANSFORMERS
20 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
WHAT ARE ANGRA 3 SUPPORT BUILDINGS & STRUCTURES AND WHAT ARE THEY FOR?
The Reactor Building, consisting of an internal structure and an external structure (Annulus Reactor) of reinforced concrete, has an outer diameter of 60.40m, is 0.60m thick around the contention sphere and encircles the core emergency cooling system. The building was designed to act as a barrier to the ionizing radiation, during the normal operation of the plant and in case of an accident. The contention sphere is, in turn, enclosed inside a reinforced concrete protection structure, designated as the Reactor Building – designed to withstand earthquakes and pressure waves. The contention sphere completely envelops the reactor, the steam generation system, the pool for used combustible elements and the deposit of new combustible elements, as well as a 1.2 to 2m thick concrete shielding which surrounds the pressure vessel of the reactor. Structure of the Equipment Dam through which the combustible material goes in and also serves as an access to large Equipment in the Reactor Building. Compartment for the Main Steam Valves and Feeding Water, also part of the Reactor Building. Reactor Auxiliary Building – where facilities for the treatment of gaseous, liquid and solid waste derived from the systems installed in the Reactor Building and in the very Reactor Auxiliary Building are located, with control of the access to the neighboring Reactor Building; Control Building – which houses the control of the plant operations. The Turbine Building – which houses the energy turbogenerator, is connected to the condenser cooling water galleries and the (three) main transformers, (two) auxiliary transformers and the reserve transformers; Emergency Power and Cold Water Feed Building; Emergency Generators and Cold Water Building; Condenser Purification Building; Administration Building; Auxiliary Administration Building; Main Entrance Building – provides controlled access to the entrance of the plant.
21 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
Complementing the facilities, there are two tanks of demineralized water, the cooling water intake for the condensers, the structure for the treatment of conventional liquid effluents, the sewer treatment station, the oil separation tank and the oil sump, the gas discharge chimney, the pump rooms (two), the main sealing well, the service and refrigeration water sump, the warehouse and the workshop, the deposit of lubricants in use and the storage of gas cylinders used in the general process of generating power. It may also be said that, in order to operate, the reactor cooling system requires several auxiliary and complementary systems. The auxiliary systems are intended to inject, drain, purify, degas, adjust the concentration of boric acid and add chemicals to the cooling water, whereas the complementary systems treat refuse. The main auxiliary systems are the systems of volume control, cooling water purification, cooling water treatment and storage and the control of chemicals. The main complementary systems are the ventilation system, the radioactive gaseous waste treatment system and the system for the treatment of solid refuse contaminated with radiation.
Picture 8 – Overview of the enterprises associated with Angra 3.
Source: Eletronuclear
22 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
3.8. WHICH ARE THE MAIN ASSOCIATED ENTERPRISES?
Os The main enterprises associated with Angra 3 are: Angra 1 – 657 MWe nuclear plant which, together with Angra 2 and future Angra 3, make up CNAAA; Angra 2 – 1350 MWe nuclear plant which, together with Angra 1 and future Angra 3, make up CNAAA; Refuse Management Center – CGR Initial Deposits of Radioactive Refuse receive refuse of low and medium radioactivity derived from Angra 1. Angra 2 will use Deposit 3 of CQR, now being licensed by IBAMA. Angra 3 will not use CGR Deposits 1, 2 and 3, and the plants is that they will deposit their low and medium radioactivity refuse in the Definitive Deposit of Radioactive Refuse, which is scheduled to start its operation concurrently with the start up of Angra 3. Main Substation – where the high tension network will be fed by there single phase transformers of 25/525 kV, which will receive the energy generated by Angra 3. The substation can be seen in Picture 9..
Picture 9 - View of the main CNAAA substation. On the back, Angra 1 and 2 Power Plants.
Source: MRS Environmental Studies, September, 2002.
23 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
500 kV High Tension network – which will receive the energy generated at 60 Hz and 25 kV by generators; 1400 meters Transmission Line, which will transfer the 500 kV tension energy generated by CNAAA; Furnas Substation (500 kV) which receives the energy generated by CNAAA and connects the network with three substations (two in the State of Rio de Janeiro and one in the State of São Paulo). With the Start of Operations in Angra 3, a fourth line will be set up connecting the network with the other substation in the State of Rio de Janeiro; 138 kV Substation which will make another connection with Furnas System, in case there are losses in the 500 kV system; 138 kV Transmission Line which will connect the 138 kV substation to the 500 kV substation by means of a 138/500 kV three phase transformer;
Picture 10 - View of the structure for the discharge of the cooling water from CNAAA Plants
in Saco Piraquara de Fora.
Source: Eletronuclear
24 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
Structure for the discharge of Refrigeration Water – a channel/gallery will be build to Connect Angra 3 refrigeration water discharge system with the gallery/tunnel which also receives the water derived from Angra 1 and 2 refrigeration water systems and carries such effluents until they are discharged into Saco Piraquara de Fora; Environmental Monitoring Lab, crated in 1978, is located in Mambucaba, about 10 Kilometers far from CNAAA, is developing permanent environmental monitoring and control in the area. The main purpose of this is to prepare, implement and perform the required studies and programs in order to assess possible impacts caused by the operation of the Nuclear Center upon the environment and local population (Picture 11).
Picture 11 – Environmental Monitoring Lab – LMA
Source: Eletronuclear
25 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
3.9. NON-RADIOACTIVE REFUSE
3.9.1. What kind of non-radioactive refuse is produced by Angra 3?
Similarly to the radioactive refuse generated by CNAAA plants, non radioactive refuse may be gaseous (atmospheric emissions), liquid (liquid effluents) and solid or viscous (solid refuse). Solid refuse: The construction stage of Angra 3 will produce residue of organic matter, mud, chemical cleaning products, organic sewage, rubbish from works, wood residue, masonry residue, tips of steel rods used in construction, empty cans of paint and solvent. During its operation, the plant will produce scrap, paper, organic residue, various chemicals and oily residues, among other things. Atmospheric emissions: Atmospheric emissions will be practically limited to those derived from the combustion of Diesel oil used in the Auxiliary Boiler as well as in the engines of the two Diesel generators of the Emergency System, which will be operated continuously. Liquid effluents: Main types of liquid effluent (non radioactive) will derive from the cooling systems of exhaust steam condensers of low pressure turbines (basically sea water), as well as from the effluent neutralizing tanks, effluent treatment basins, draining well of respective turbine buildings from the water/oil separation tanks of the main, auxiliary and spare tanks, as well as from sanitary effluent treatment systems.
Before they are released into the environment, such residues will be processed and treated in order that any pollutants eventually present (and/or which exceed the limits acceptable for release into the environment) are diminished to a rate below the maximum concentration limits for release, as defined and established by environmental laws in force in the country.
3.9.2. How will Angra3 non-radioactive solid residues be treated?
During the construction, assembly and operation stages, Angra 3 will comply with the rules already established and put into practice by CNAAA: Residues will be transferred to licensed earth fillings; or
26 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
Marketed by auction if they have any residual commercial value, as in the case of scrap (ferrous, nonferrous, metallic in general, sold for reprocessing) of oils and lubricants (sold for subsequent refining); or Sent for specific treatment/destination, as applicable to each kind of residue (recycling/reprocessing, incineration, etc), upon contracting for specific services.
GERAÇÃO DO RESÍDUO
ACONDICIONAMENTO e IDENTIFICAÇÃO
ATESTADO DA PROTEÇÃO RADIOLÓGICA (*)
COMUNICAÇÃO PARA O DMAS.O
TRANSPORTE INTERNO LEILÃO DEFINIÇÃO DA DESTINAÇÃO VALOR COMERCIAL RECICLAGEM / FINAL / TRATAMENTO REPROCESSAMENTO SEM VALOR COMERCIAL ARMAZENAMENTO TEMPORÁRIO CONTRATAÇÃO DE SERVIÇO RECICLAGEM / ATERRO / CO-PROCESSAMENTO
EMISSÃO DE MANIFESTO DE RESÍDUOS
TRANSPORTE EXTERNO
DESTINAÇÃO FINAL / TRATAMENTO
Picture 12 – Diagram of the Operational System for the discarding of Industrial Refuse
Generated by CNAAA.
Source: Eletronuclear
1) Residue generation; 2) Packing & identification; 3) Certification of radiological protection; 4) Notice to DMAS.O; 5) Internal Transportation; 6) Temporary Storage; 7) Definition of final treatment; 8) No Commercial value; 9) Contracting for Recycling/Earth-Work/Co-processing Services; 10) Commercial Value; 11) Auction/Recycling/Reprocessing;
27 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
12) Issue of Residue Manifest; 13) External Transportation; 14) Final Destination/Treatment.
3.9.3. How will Angra 3 non-radioactive atmospheric emissions be treated ?
Atmospheric emissions in the case of Angra 3, even when analyzed together with those of Angra 1 and Angra 2, do not require treatment, because their generation is not continuous for they are generated only when emergency diesel generators are utilized and in concentrations below the maximum rates stipulated in Conama Resolution 8/90.
3.9.4. How will Angra 3 non-radioactive liquid effluents be treated ?
Angra 3, as well as Angra 2 shall use various systems and processes in the treatment of liquid effluents. One may point out the following: Conventional liquid effluents derived from the draining of buildings and tanks, as well as electric transformers which may contain oil with impurities, both in normal operation and in plant stoppages, shall be taken through the appliance which separates water and oil. Sanitary sewage generated during Angra 3 construction and assembly will be collected into drain boxes, according to normative standards, located in the Building Yard and sent to a Sewer Treatment Station built during the implementation of the Building Yard. During the operation stage, a new Sewer Treatment Station will be designed, similar to the one built in Angra 2. The conventional liquid effluent treatment system uses a UGM station which treats liquid effluent drained from various origins, in the same plant, including watery effluent already free from oils originated in the water/oil separation structure. The various effluents are treated in two treatment basins (each with 608m3 capacity), operated in alternate daily cycles of “reception/accumulation of effluents” and of actual “treatment of effluents”. This system is basically intended to remove ammonia (NH3) and hydrazine (N2H4) contained in such effluents. The same system will also be used for correction of effluent pH.
28 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
Picture 13 – Plan of the interconnection of the various currents of conventional liquid effluents
(liquid refuse).
Source: Eletronuclear
ARQUIVO ANEXO EM FORMAT PDF
PICTURE13_ROTAS_EFLUENTES_RIMA.PDF
UJA – Reactor Building (Internal Structure); UJB – Reactor Building (Ring-shaped Structure); UBA – Control Building; UBP – Emergency Generators & Cold Water Building; ILB – Emergency Feeding & Cold Water Building; ULD – Condensed Matter Purification Building; UMA – Turbogenerator Building; UPC – Water Intake Structure (1/2 UQB); UKY – Bridge between UKA & UKH (ventilation); UGD – Water demineralization System Building; UQB – Pump Room for Power Water; UQJ – Sealing Well for Refrigeration Water; UQN – Pipes for the Discharge of Refrigeration Water; UQM – Power Water Well; UKA – Reactor Auxiliary Building; UKH – Gas Escape Chimney; UTG – Gas Cylinder Deposit; UYA – Administration Building; BAT – Step-up Transformers; BBT – Auxiliary Transformers; BCT – External Network Transformer; GHC – Demineralized Water Tanks; PAB – Refrigeration Water Intake Pipes; UGM – Drainage Sump; PCB – Refrigeration and Power Water Ducts & Pipes for Conventional System; UYF – Main Entrance; USU – Electromechanical Stockroom; UGH – Rain Water System; UGN – Conventional Liquid Effluent Treatment System; UGV – Sewage Treatment Station; UST – Cold Workshop & Deposit, Conventional;
29 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
RADIOACTIVE REFUSE
3.9.5. What is radiation?
Every matter is made up of atoms and, in nature, most of them are stable; the exceptions, those with unstable nuclei, are designated as “radioactive” because, in order to stabilize the nucleus they emit radiation. The radiation can be of two types: Ionizing radiation which, in the form of particles or electromagnetic radiation, is capable of adding or removing electrons from atoms or molecules, as in the case of alpha and beta particles, gamma rays, X rays and neutrons. Non ionizing radiation which cannot add or remove electrons from atoms or molecules, occurs, for example, in the case of radar waves, radio waves, microwaves and visible light.
Sunlight is the best known form of radiation and transfer of energy in electromagnetic waves, in three frequency bands: short, medium and long band.
Energy waves are classified in frequency waves according to speed, length and frequency. The frequency is proportional to the wave length and, the shorter the wave, the longer its frequency and, the more frequent it is, the largest amount of energy will be carried by it. Short waves are situated at said extremity and at the other extremity the longer waves will be found, therefore, less frequent and with smaller energy content. In the case of the radiation emitted by the sun, mentioned as an example hereinabove, the ultraviolet rays belong to the short wave band and the infrared rays to the long wave band. Natural radiation or “background” radiation is that with which our planet is familiar with. It is designated by specialist as background radiation. “Fallout” refers to the incorporation into the biosphere of the radionuclides derived from experiences with atomic bombs. Despite the issues of artificial radionuclides caused by human activities and fallout, natural radiation is the greatest cause of human exposure, approximately 88% of the total exposure.
30 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
Actual exposure caused by natural radiation varies greatly geographically speaking, and there are regions where it is twenty times higher than the planet average, which corresponds to 2.4 mSv per year (EIA Angra 2). In Brazil, the people who live in Guarapari and in the Village of Meaípe, in the State of Espírito Santo, receive significant amounts of natural radiation because the soil in these regions is rich in monazitic sand, which contains radioactive elements. In Guarapari, the average annual rate of radioactivity received by the resident population is 12 mSv/year, whereas in Meaípe it is approximately 38 mSv/year. These average rates are much higher than the limit established by CNEN for the radiological control of effluents released into a nuclear center (1 mSv/year).
3.9.6. What does radioactive refuse mean?
CNEN NE 6.05 rule (governing the Management of Radioactive Refuse in Radioactive Facilities) of December, 1985, considers radioactive refuse any and all matter resulting from human activities, which contains radionuclides beyond the limits established by CNEN NE 6.02 rule (about the licensing of Radioactive Facilities) and by the Basic Safety Standards – Safety Series 115, the reusing of which is not advisable and not foreseen.
3.9.7. How is radioactive refuse classified?
In compliance with CNEN rules, such refuse is classified in categories, according to its state (liquid, solid or gaseous), the nature of the radiation (beta, gamma or alpha), the concentration (in Bq/m3 or Ci/m3) and the rate of exposure on the surface of the refuse (in ?C/kg.h or R/h), also determining if they have low, medium or high rate of radioactivity.
3.9.8. What kinds of solid radioactive refuse are produced by Angra 3 and in CNAAA ?
Solid radioactive refuse with medium and low level of radioactivity produced during CNAAA operation have been classified, according to type and source, as follows: Evaporator Concentrate (CE) – derived from the treatment of liquid radioactive effluent in the plants. Such refuse is solidified in a die, made of cement (Angra 1) and bitumen (Angra 2 and later Angra 3). Primary Resin (RP) – used in the purification of the reactor refrigeration system. Packages with Primary Resin are generated when the content of the Storage Tank (Resin Drained from the Primary) has been encapsulated. Such kind of refuse is mixed with cement (Angra 1) and with bitumen (Angra 2 and Angra 3) for solidification of the content thereof;
31 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
RSecondary Resin (RS) – used in the purification of the purgation water of the steam generators. Packages of Secondary Resin are generated when the content of the Storage Tank containing Resin Drained from the Secondary is packed. In Angra 1 such kind of refuse is packed directly into drums. In Angra 2 and later in Angra 3 the generation of such refuse has not been foreseen, because the resin is regenerated for future use; Filter (F) – such equipment is used in the purification and treatment systems of the reactor cooler. It is packed in 200 liter drums and fixed with cement (Angra 1) and bitumen (Angra 2 and later, Angra 3); Compact Refuse (RC) – This is compactable matter grinded and compacted in an hydraulic press to reduce its volume, and packed in 200 l drums. Compactable refuse consist of plastic, paper, gloves, slippers, clothes etc; Noncompacted Refuse (RNC) – This kind of refuse cannot be compressed. It consists of parts, tubes, metal pieces etc, which, besides the normal segregation process undergo cutting and resegregation, in order to optimize de volume. In order to ensure the stability of the content, such matters are immobilized in cement (Angra 1) and with bitumen, in 200 l drums (Angra 2 and, later, Angra 3).
3.9.8.1. How will solid refuse be dealt with in Angra 3?
The procedures which will be adopted with regard to solid radioactive refuse produced in Angra 3 are the same procedures already implemented and already in use in the other units of CNAAA. They are documented and they establish the system adopted for the control of solid radioactive refuse generated during the operation of the plants and the following definitions and procedures stand out in that connection: Free Areas: These areas are exempt from special radiological protection rules, according to which actual equivalent annual dosages cannot exceed the primary limit for the individual person. Restricted Areas: Such areas comply with special rules of radiological protection, applicable when the exposure conditions may allow equivalent dosages one tenth higher than occupational limits recommended for workers. In order to minimize the generation of refuse in CNAAA, only the material, equipment and tools required for the performance of the services may enter the Restricted Area. Procedures to be followed in the handling of Contaminated Solid Refuse: The solid contaminated refuse generated in the Restricted Area must be put on yellow plastic bags or in drums. Noncontaminated solid refuse will be placed in colorless plastic bags. The collection and transfer
32 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
thereof will be carried out by the employees responsible for the solid refuse produced in the Restricted Area. Procedures for the Segregation (separation) of Compactable Solid Refuse : The contaminated solid refuse produced in the Restricted Area will be placed in duly marked yellow plastic bags. It will then be sent to the Segregation Area or to the Capsulation Station (those presenting a higher level of contamination). In the Segregation Area, materials will be separated and submitted to another monitoring and, those presenting contamination will be sent to the Capsulation Station. Procedures to be followed with Radioactive Noncompactable Solid Refuse: In Angra 1 such refuse is placed in metal boxes and immobilized with cement. In Angra 2 and, later on, in Angra 3, the noncompacted refuse is solidified with bitumen, inside de 200 l drums. Before being capsulated, noncompressible contaminated solids undergo strict decontamination processes intended to reduce the amount of radioactive refuse generated. Capsulation Procedure: This procedure is meant to completely enclose the radioactive content in appropriate packages, to ensure the complete isolation there of from the environment, as well as to avoid mechanical shocks. Marking and Control of Packed Matter: The technician responsible for Radiological Protection classifies the packed matter, measures the dosage rates, weighs, marks and identifies the package, and then evaluates the level of external contamination which may be transferred from its surface. Packaging and Transportation of Packed Matter: The transportation of drums to be stored in the initial deposit will be carried out by an electrical cart, operated by remote control in the case of drums with refuse immobilized in bitumen dies and, by a hand cart, for the drums with compactable refuse, to the points of transfer determined for the rolling bridge which will deposit the drums.
33 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
3.9.8.2. What amount of radioactive solid refuse will be produced by Angra 3?
Table 2 presents an estimate of Angra 3 annual production (in 200 l drums) of the different kinds of solid refuse with low and medium levels of radioactivity.
Table 2 – Type of refuse and amount of radioactive solid refuse.
Type of refuse Number of drums/year (Estimate)
Compactable 30
Non compactable 10
Evaporator concentrate 36
Resins 48
Filter 5
Total 129
Source: Eletronuclear
3.9.8.3. Where will the radioactive solid refuse of Angra 3 be packaged?
Angra 3 initial deposit, where the packaged radioactive solid refuse will be placed, will be located in the Reactor Auxiliary Building, as it is currently done in Angra 2, whereas Angra 1 radioactive solid refuse will be stored in CGR (the Refuse Management Center), located in an internal area of CNAAA. The interim and final disposal of such refuse are the responsibility of CNEN, whose studies for the definitive disposal of such refuse are underway, with preliminary surveys already made by companies with international experience.
34 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
The final destination of nuclear residues is a technically solved question, and there are safe processes available for the control, storage and deposition thereof, until they no longer offer any risk to human beings and the environment.
3.9.8.4. What amount of irradiated combustible elements is produced in Angra plants and where are they stored?
Angra 1 Angra 1 irradiated combustible elements are stored in the used combustible pool, located next to the reactor, with capacity to hold 1252 combustible elements, an amount which will last all its useful life. Until December 1997, there were 285 irradiated combustible elements stored in the pool, with 1,500 Kg of uranium 235 and 900 kg of total plutonium. Whereas the same amount of such radioisotopes will be produced by combustible elements in the same period of time, one may estimate that the pool, when full of irradiated combustible elements, will contain approximately 6,589 Kg of uranium 235 and 3,957 Kg of total plutonium.. Angra 2 and 3 The reactors of Angra 2 and future Angra 3 plants have an operational life calculated for 40 years. In order to calculate the approximate amount of uranium and plutonium accumulated during such period of time, one uses the parameters typical of a PWR type reactor. Table 3 presents an estimate of the amounts of uranium and plutonium accumulated in the combustible elements during 40 years of operation of the plants, used as reference for the calculations and which indicate the order of magnitude of the amounts of such matters in the irradiated combustible elements of Angra 2 and Angra 3, at the end of their operational life cycles.
Table 2 – Estimate of the amounts of uranium and plutonium to be accumulated during the operation of an Angra 2 and future Angra 3 type of reactor.
Material Amount accumulated in 40 years (kg)
Uranium 235 10.880
Total plutonium 12.640
Source: EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment) Angra 2
35 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
3.9.9. What radioactive gaseous refuse will be produced by Angra 3?
The gaseous refuse which will be generated in Angra 3 will have 3 origins: Gas directly derived from the primary circuit, including fission gas, the oxygen and hydrogen derived from the decomposition of water by the neutronic flow (radiolisis) and nitrogen (purge carrying gas); Potentially radioactive gas and aerosol, activation gas eventually dragged by the ventilation system from the area of controlled access and potentially radioactive gas and aerosol sucked by the ventilation system of the Reactor Auxiliary Building and the Annulus ; Noncondensable gas directly derived from the secondary circuit (from the vacuum pumps of the condensers).
3.9.9.1. How will Angra 3 radioactive gaseous refuse be treated/processed ?
The gaseous refuse processing system is meant to reduce the rate of radiation released into the environment as well as avoid the formation of explosive chemical mixtures, through the following operations: Removal of the gas released from the evaporation columns in the reactor auxiliary systems; Purge, with inert gas, of all the tanks containing depressurized coolant of the reactor to remove released fission gas; Maintenance of subatmospheric pressure in the tanks through depressurized coolant in order to avoid the escape of radioactive gas into the atmosphere; Recombination of the hydrogen and oxygen present in the flow of purge gas, producing water, in order to maintain the hydrogen rate below 4% and the oxygen rate below 0,1%; Retardation of noble radioactive gases until most of them have declined, in order to reduce the rate of their release into the environment; Controlled release of gaseous effluent into the environment, when necessary, through the gas release chimney; and Reduction of H2 concentration inside the Contention Cover, upon an accident causing loss of coolant .
36 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
Atmospheric emission, after treatment and in concentrations within the limits established for release into the environment, are duly monitored. The monitoring of the chimney which releases radioactive gaseous effluents is intended to measure the concentration of radioactivity present in the released gas, to activate the alarm upon the occurrence of excessive concentrations and to account for the quantity of radioactive noble gas, aerosol, iodine and tritium released and suspended in the air, for assessment of radiological effects.
37 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
Picture 14 – Radioactive Gaseous Refuse System Flowchart
Source: Eletronuclear
ATTACHED FILE IN PDF
Pic14_Radioactive Gaseous Refuse System Flowchart.pdf
38 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
What kind of liquid refuse shall be produced by Angra 3?
Radioactive liquid refuse may have the following origins: Drainage from the primary circuit and auxiliary system; Water from laboratories, laundries and showers in the controlled area. The power plant’s mechanical systems may, during their useful life, present small leakages. For that reason, the plant’s buildings that house equipment that contain or might contain radioactive material are equipped with special draining systems that collect and store any liquids spilled in tanks located in the lowest level of each building. From there, said refuse is pumped into storage tanks for further treatment. The waters derived from showers and from the laundries, due to the fact that they present low rates of radioactive material, shall be transferred directly into monitoring tanks, from where they shall be released into the power plant’s environment, in accordance with the radiological requirements for such release.
3.9.9.2. How is the radioactive liquid refuse generated by Angra 3 going to be processed/treated?
The system for processing liquid effluents has the purpose of collecting radioactive and non radioactive liquid effluents produced in the controlled area and treat them in such a way as to enable them to be disposed of without significant impact, in compliance with environmental safety rules. The refuse shall be collected in storage tanks, that are meant for the evaporation units and, when they are full, they are aligned with the appropriate treatment system, in accordance with the radioactivity and chemical characteristics of the refuse, or directly into the monitoring tanks. Any mud that occasionally accumulates at the bottom of the tanks may be pumped out into the concentrate tanks. The chemicals station provides the chemical solutions necessary for the treatment. The system may be visualized, in a simplified manner, in Picture 15.
39 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
Picture 15 – Simplified Table of the Radioactive Liquid Refuse Storage and Treatment System
Source: NATRONTEC, 1998.
1 Liquid refuse with higher amount of boron 3.7 x 10(6) – 3.7 x 10(9) Bq/m3 / 2 x 70m3 / group I liquid refuse storage tanks / 3 x 70m3 [monitoring tanks] = into the environment < 1.85 x 10(7) Bq/m3
2 Liquid refuse with lower amount of boron < 3.7 x 10(7) Bq/m3/ 3 x 70m3 / group II liquid refuse storage tanks / installing evaporator I / 3 x 70m3 [monitoring tanks] = into the environment < 1.85 x 10(7) Bq/m3
3 Inactive liquid refuse / 3 x 70m3 / filter for group I and II liquid refuse / installing evaporator II / 3 x 70m3 [monitoring tanks] = into the environment < 1.85 x 10(7) Bq/m3
The effluents resulting of the treatment of radioactive liquid refuse are released under control into the sea water derived from the main capacitors, only if their activity concentration is below the legal limits.
3.10. IMPLEMENTING SCHEDULE
Angra 3 executive schedule forecasts 66 months for its implementing, involving activities in civil construction, electromechanical mounting, commissioning of equipment and systems, as well as
40 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
the operational test phase. Such given time starts with the pouring of concrete into the bottom slab of the Reactor’s Building, and finishes with the end of the Plant’s Power Demonstration Tests. In that executive schedule of 66 months there is a forecast of a few main landmarks: Starting Point: Starting the pouring of concrete in the Reactor’s Building. 9th month: Starting the Mounting of the Contention Sphere. 10 th month: Starting the Mounting of “Civil Dependent” Tanks. 13 th month: Starting the Reactor’s Building Pouring concrete and Starting Ventilation Systems Mounting. 17 th month: Starting the Electric Mounting. 22 nd month: Starting Assembly of Piping. 32 nd month: Starting the Mounting of the Electric Generator Bars. 35 th month: Connecting the External 138 kV Network. 46 th month: Starting the System’s commissioning. 51 st month: Starting Pressure Tests on the Primary Circuit and Connecting the main 500 kV Network. 52 nd month: Starting Pressure Tests on the Contention Sphere. 56 th month: Starting the First Heated Operation. 60 th month: Starting of the Reactor’s Core Charging. 63 rd month: First Critical Use of the Reactor’s Core, Starting Power Tests and Synchronizing with the 500 kV Main Network. 66 th month: End of Power Tests and Starting Business Operations.
While preparing the schedule, it took as basis the previous experience in planning for several nuclear plants of PWR type, with German design around the world, already built and/or designed, and similar to Angra 3. It was also taken into account the experience acquired by Eletronuclear technical staff in the building, electro mechanic mounting and commissioning of Angra 2. The given time of 66 months for Angra 3 is perfectly executable, considering that we already have the whole project. Angra 3 design is practically identical to that of Angra 2 “as it was built”, with some updating in the Instruments & Control area, and other minor changes or improvements in order to keep the plant in “state of the art” technology. Before the pouring of concrete is started for the bottom slab in the Reactor’s Building, there is a period ranging between 9 to 12 months scheduled to be used in preliminary activities, such as executing the preparatory engineering services, installing the infrastructure at the construction site and the procedures regarding the licensing process. Table 3, indicates the main landmarks needed for the implementing of Angra 3.
41 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
Table 3 – Landmarks necessary for the implementing of Angra 3
Marcos Activities 1 Civil and structural works 2 Mountings 3 Commissioning the systems 4 Tests
3.11. ANGRA 3 SAFETY SYSTEMS
3.11.1. How is the safety system in ANGRA 3 going to be like?
In nuclear power plants’ design, as well as in Angra 3, there is a set of redundant safety systems comprised, which are independent and physically separated, and broach, among other things, emergency core cooling systems and of emergency feed water, and the containment isolation system, which is intended to confine radioactive matters within the containment encircle, in the eventual occurrence of abnormal conditions or accidents. Accidents can be avoided with the strict observance of the design, manufacture, operation and maintenance requirements, as specified, to increase nuclear safety, such as: Adequate safety margins in the power plant’s systems and components project; Careful selection of materials, together with ample assays on the same; Guarantee of quality encompassing the manufacture, construction, mounting, commissioning, operation, maintenance and de commissioning of the power plant; Repeated and independent control of the level of quality attained; Supervising the quality along the power plant’s useful life, with routine periodical inspections; Easy maintenance of the power plant’s systems and components; Reliable monitoring of operational conditions; Recording, evaluating and utilizing the experience acquired during operation, with the aim at improving operational safety; Systematic and strict training of the operational personnel; and
42 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
Developing the concept of Safety Culture in the party responsible for the venture and in all sectors involved with the manufacturing of components, design, project, construction and operation of the power plant.
The need to protect human beings and the environment from the adverse effects of radioactivity implies in the utilization, by nuclear power plants, of sophisticated safety and protection systems – active devices – and of successive radiological barriers – passive devices.
3.11.2. What are the Passive Safety Devices?
Most of the radioactive chemicals, approximately 95%, existing in a nuclear plant is generated by the nuclear fission of the core’s fuel, while the reactor is in operation. Those fission products are confined, in order to protect the environment, by means of a series of successive barriers defined below, that utilize the concept of deep defense and which integrity is guaranteed through a set of automatic measures and systems adequate to this purpose: First Barrier – Having Fission Products Absorbed by Fuel Itself: the innermost barrier of fission products is the nuclear fuel, uranium dioxide itself. Only a small fraction of the volatile and gaseous fission fragments is capable of escaping the fuel structure; Second Barrier – Lining of the Fuel Rod: in order to prevent that small fraction from reaching the cooler, uranium dioxide in the form of tablets is placed inside the fuel lining tubes, manufactured with a special alloy of zirconium and tin designated as zircaloy 4, and sealed with impervious gas welding; Third Barrier – Sealed Primary Cooling Circuit: despite the extreme care with which the lining tubes (second barrier) are manufactured, and of the rigorous examinations and non destructive tests to which they are submitted, that does not rule out completely the possibility of diffusions through micro fissures in some of the individual fuel rods during the plant’s operation. In view of this fact, the cooler’s purifying and degasifying systems are dimensioned to enable the reactor to keep operating safely even with a few fuel rods malfunctioning. In such cases, the reactor’s cooling system presents itself as a impervious barrier, preventing the release of radioactive products into the containment sphere; Fourth Barrier – Containment Steel Sphere: in order to prevent the uncontrolled release of radioactive products into the environment, in case there are any leakages in the reactor’s cooling system, said system is enveloped in an impervious containment steel sphere. As this
43 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
is the final barrier, it must remain fully functional, in case all other barriers fail. Briefly, it is designed to resist even the most sever cooler loss accident; Fifth Barrier – The Reactor’s Building: The containment sphere, on its turn, is enclosed within a protective building constructed with armored concrete, designated as the Reactor’s Building, designed to resist earthquakes and pressure waves.
Picture 16 - Barriers against the release of radioactive products
Source: Eletronuclear
1 – Fission products are absorbed by fuel itself 2 – Fuel rod lining 3 – Sealed primary circuit 4 – Steel containment sphere 5 – Reactor’s building
44 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
During ordinary operation, the pressure inside the containment covering is kept lower than the external atmospheric pressure, aiming at preventing the radioactive products from escaping its compartments into the environment.
The integrity of containment barriers for radioactive products is monitored by means of continuous measurement of radioactivity levels in the various systems and compartments. Besides the above mentioned barriers, there are steel and concrete armoring with the purpose of attenuating direct radiation arising from the reactor’s core and from contaminated components and locations.
3.11.3. What are the Active Safety Devices?
The barriers efficiency must be maintained not only during normal operations and under abnormal operation conditions, but also in case of more severe accidents, in order that the power plant’s personnel, the public and the environment protection is assured under all circumstances. Therefore, some precautions are taken to control also those accidents which occurrence is so unlikely that, in fact, it would not be necessary to forecast them, in view of the range of measures already taken to prevent them. To control those accidents, Angra 3 shall be equipped with a special safety system, comprising a reactor’s protection system the safety devices it operates, in the same manner already happening in Angra 2. The activating of the reactor’s protection system does not depend on the cause of failure being identified, because it eliminates the abnormal conditions it detects, and thus, avoids the need for previous identification of all possible causes of failure during the system’s design phase. To ensure high reliability of the active safety systems, the following design principles must be followed: Redundancy The consequences of simple random faults are avoided by means of applying the principle of redundancy. Redundancy implies in a multiplicity of components and systems, that are installed in a greater number than necessary to perform their functions. Therefore, the residual heat removal system for the reactor’s core, for instance, is of the redundancy type “2 among 4", to wit, if at least 2 of its 4
45 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
available gears work, that system which provides emergency cooling for the core shall still be able to fulfill its safety function. In the considerations about redundancy, we are assuming that: A gear fails due to one single failure – simple fault; Another gear is isolated for maintenance; and The two remaining gears are 100% capable of handling the abnormal conditions. Diversity Applying that principle one avoids ordinary failures, such as design or manufacture errors in specific areas of the reactor protection system. Diversifying implies in the use of different modalities in types of measurements, equipment manufacturers, etc. Thus, several criteria are evaluated in order to start a fast shutdown of the reactor, in case of abnormal conditions. For instance, an increase in the reactor’s power is initially indicated by an increase in the neutron flow, which causes the coolant’s temperature to rise and, due to its thermal expansion, raises the water level in the reactor’s cooling system pressurizer. That alone provides three different criteria for the quick shutting down of the reactor. Physical separation For protection against failures which may affect the redundant and adjacent gears of a system, those are physically separated from each other. That provides an appropriate structural protection where non repeated components must be protected, or where such physical separation between the gears is not possible or adequate, to the physical installation of the redundant gears. Principle of Failure in the Safe Sense Whenever possible, safety systems are designed in such a way that failures in the very systems or in electric energy supply would start actions directed to the safe side. For instance, the reactor’s control bars are kept outside the reactor by electromagnets. If there is a failure in the electric power supply, the sparking coils shall be de energized, which shall cause the drop down and insertion of the control bars into the core, due to the gravitational pull, causing the reactor to be quickly shut down. Automation Actions for controlling abnormal events are initiated automatically, regardless of the attention and of the capacity to make decisions by the power plant’s operating team. Aiming to minimize the probability of incorrect decisions being made under pressure in the first minutes after an event has started all essential safety features are automatically operated from the start of the incident until, at least 30 minutes afterwards. International experience has shown that automaticity in nuclear power plants has been contributing remarkably to avoid accidents that could possibly happen due to human error.
46 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
3.11.4. Which are the human factors that interfere with safety?
Human interactions cause more or less mistakes, depending on the type of system operated, and they might lead to several kinds of accidents. Various statistics indicate that in aviation, of 60 to 87% of aircraft crash cases are caused by human error; in the chemicals industry 80 to 90% of the incidents involve the human element and in the nuclear industry the contribution of human error to system failure during an accident sequence is 50 to 85%.
The safety principles applicable to nuclear power plants and described before, the same are designed and constructed taking into account the optimization of man machine interaction aspects, particularly regarding the design of control rooms and panels, in order to facilitate the operators performance and, therefore, minimizing the occurrence of incidents or accidents caused by human error.
At Angra 3 power plant, as it already happens at Angra 1 and 2, the operation shall be conducted by a tem of operators in 8 hour shifts, each shift having a supervisor and a foreman, licensed as Senior Reactor Operator (SRO); Panel Operators licensed as Reactor Operators (RO) and Field Operators. Additionally, part of the power plant team is formed by licensed Radiological Protection Supervisors; radiological protection specialists; chemists and radio chemists; maintenance specialists for mechanical, technical, electrical and instrumentation and control procedures; mechanical technicians, electricians, systems engineers and instrument operators, besides the supporting engineering team and administrative team. As a fundamental condition for guaranteeing operational safety and a higher rate of availability in the power plant, all those technicians are enrolled in long courses, both general and specific, managed and conducted by specialists at facilities of the Advanced Training Center with Simulator (ATCS), located in the residential village at Mambucaba, with an average duration of three years.
47 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
Additionally, the personnel to be licensed as Senior Reactor Operator and Reactor Operator, including the operation team, heads of the power plant and some engineers from technical support areas, must undergo, according to CNEN regulations, a training at the integral simulator for that particular power plant, installed at CTAS since May 1985. That simulator, which is a replica of the control room, contains practically all of the power plant’s instruments and may reproduce the same dynamic behavior observed in normal, abnormal and emergency operation of the plant. Such training is specialized, and ministered in Portuguese language by Brazilian instructors. The training of the licensable technical personnel – Senior Reactor Operators, Reactor Operators and Radiological Protection Supervisors – includes also the said training on duty in similar power plants in other countries, as in the case of the managers and operators and, in Angra 1, the case of Radiological Protection Supervisors. Furthermore, the whole technical team shall participate in preoperational and operational tests for Angra 3, in its commissioning phase. The training is ministered for groups of four people on a shift scale, in such a way as to replicate in the simulator the performance of a team at the power plant’s control room – one supervisor, one shift foreman and two panel operators – and it is intended to familiarize them with the power plant’s routine in the various operational situations. Conditions simulating the most varied kinds of events are introduced during the training, without the operators being previously warned about them. Besides training the operation personnel for Angra 2, the simulator in reference has been much used to training operational and management personnel for power plants in Germany, Switzerland, Spain and Argentine, under the guidance and control of Eletronuclear’s very the instructors, many of those have begun their careers as instructors during the phases of design and construction of the power plant. Those Brazilian instructors ministering training courses for the licensable and technical support personnel from foreign countries have developed a high competency level and high specialization level. Such considerable experience acquired shall be extremely beneficial for the training of key managers, operators and specialists for Angra 3.
48 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
CTAS simulator is a specific simulator for power plants similar to Angra 3, all operational procedures may be tested and validated, even before its utilization in the power plant, which shall contribute to reducing possible operational human errors due to an occasional deficiency in those same procedures.
Senior Reactor Operators and Reactor Operators shall be trained mandatorily at each period of two years; however, training in the simulator shall happen every year, a time when abnormal, incidental and accidental operational conditions shall be simulated, in order to keep them ready with knowledge and responses to those circumstances, and capable of handling well the power plant’s emergency situations. The licensable technical personnel (Senior Reactor Operators, Reactor Operators and Radiological Protection Supervisors) shall be submitted to training that shall include the designated “training on duty” in similar power plants. In the case of Angra 3, such “training on duty”, during preoperational phase, shall take place in Angra 2. Furthermore, the whole technical team shall take part in the preoperational and operational tests, during the commissioning of Angra 3.
3.11.4.1. Safety Culture
The relevance of safety in nuclear facilities is appreciated since the start of the peaceful use of nuclear energy. But that was the end of the 70’s, and due to the occurrence of an accident at Three Miles Island (TMI 2) Power Plant, in the United States, the relevance of this matter started growing. The term “Safety Culture” was first introduced by the International Safety Group – INSAG/AIEA, at INSAG’s Summary Report on the Post-Review Meeting on the Chernobyl Accident , published in 1986 by the International Agency of Atomic Energy AIEA under the title of Safety Series No. 75 - INSAG 1 and later supplemented at Safety Series No. 75 - INSAG 3 , published in 1988.
The International Safety Group – INSAG/AIEA defines the term “Safety Culture” as the set of characteristics and attitudes in force at organizations that establishes, with the utmost priority, that matters related to the safety of nuclear power facilities shall receive attention compatible with their significance.
49 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
It considers, also, that any problem in a nuclear facility involves human fault and any organization with responsibilities over nuclear safety must implement and keep a Safety Culture, with the purpose of avoiding or reducing the occurrence of human errors, as well as benefiting from the positive aspect of human action in detecting and eliminating potential problems which may cause impacts on safety. The most positive aspect in the use of the “Safety Culture”, as a fundamental managerial principle, is that organizations and individuals acquire a broad interest on safety. Relevant aspects of the “Safety Culture”, that include dedication and the responsibility of all the people involved, with a mentality impregnated of this Culture, result in: An attitude of permanent questioning; Preventing complacency; Commitment to excel; and Promoting individual responsibility and institutional self regulation in safety matters. The good practices of “Safety Culture” in all, although being essential components, are not sufficient, if mechanically applied. One must go beyond the pure and simple implementing of said good practices, in such a way that all the important obligations related to safety are met in a satisfactory way and with: Due attention; Correct thinking; Perfect understanding; Proper judgment; and Accurate perception of the responsibility. Attention towards safety involves yet other elements, such as: The individual awareness of the importance of safety; Knowledge and competence; Motivation; Supervision; Responsibility, etc. Further in the context of universal devices of the Safety Culture, it is important to stress out that in relies on the following aspects:
50 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
Political requirements, regarding which the basis of the Safety Culture can be established; Managerial requirements, for establishing the practices of an effective Safety Culture in accordance with the organization’s safety policies and goals; Response of individuals who strive to excel in matters regarding nuclear safety, characterized by an inquisitive attitude, and a strict and careful recognition procedure; Communication, which final results can be translated into a higher contribution to safety. There are three main safety goals applicable to a nuclear power plant, to wit: General Nuclear Safety Goal: protect the people involved in the power plant’s operation, the neighboring society and the environment, through the implementation and maintenance of defense mechanisms against the risk of radiological accidents. Radiological Protection Goal: ensure that, during ordinary operation of a nuclear power plant, the exposure to radiation or to radioactive material releases is kept at levels as low as possible, under the pre established limits and ensure the minimizing of exposure to radiation in case of accidents. Safety Technical Goals , which are: o Preventing, to a highly reliable degree, the occurrence of accidents in the nuclear power plant; assuring that all the accidents considered in the plant’s design, even those that have a low probability of happening, but with radiological consequences, in case they occur, that they are minimized; and assuring that sever accidents, com serious radiological consequences, have extremely low probability of taking place; and o Preventing accidents should be the highest concern of designers and operators in nuclear power plants, and that is achieved by using the structures, components, systems and reliable procedures in the power plant, operated by personnel who have developed a strong Safety Culture.
3.11.4.2. Safety Culture at ELETRONUCLEAR
Since 1997, Eletronuclear has formalized its Safety Policy, where it established its principles, commitments, goals and all else related to safety, including the guidelines that rule the conceptual basis of its “Safety Culture ”. At the end of 1999 and Starting 2000, a self evaluation of the “Safety Culture” was implemented, with operational support from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), from which an improvements program was developed.
51 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
Since then, several actions towards continuous improvement of its “Safety Culture”, have been taken: Implementing a tri annual program of External Evaluations and Self Evaluations for the plants in operation, Angra 1 and Angra 2; Maintaining an intensive cycle of “Safety Culture” lectures; Participating in external missions, jointly with Wano and AIEA; Participating in international “Safety Culture” meetings; Organizing jointly with AIEA, an International Conference on Safety Culture, in December 2002, in Rio de Janeiro; Organizing a workshop in November 2003, for its executive officers and managers in general; and Including “Safety Culture” seminars in the qualification and re training of all its employees, in general.
3.11.5. What are the experiences at similar power plants?
In Angra 3, the method used shall be Management of the External Operational Experience Procedure (EOE), currently utilized by Eletronuclear in Angra 1 and Angra 2, looking for an efficient and effective way to use external experiences gained on similar power plants and, consequently, has as its purpose increasing the safety and reliability in the power plant’s operations. The EOE process comprises basically in analyzing the applicability of information and, if relevant to the operation, evaluate and broadcast to the several technical support areas and to all the involved employees. From that point onwards, preventive measures can be implemented to avoid the occurrence of similar events. During an EOE process, the various international organizations generating information are considered (for instance: Wano, Inpo, VGB) and Westinghouse (Angra 1) and Framatome (Angra 2 e 3) manufacturers, as well as the exchanging of experiences between the different CNAAA Units. Additionally, the fact that Eletronuclear is a member of EPRI ( Electric Power Research Institute ), an institution that develops research in several areas, many of which focused on finding solutions to problems identified through the operational experience in nuclear power plants.
52 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
4. WHY NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS? (JUSTIFICATIONS FOR IMPLEMENTING ANGRA 3)
Electric power may be generated from renewable and non renewable sources. Renewable sources are water, the sun, the wind, the sea and wood, used in generating hydraulic, wind, wave and geo thermal power. Non renewable sources are mineral coal, natural gas, oil byproducts and uranium, used in the thermal generation of electric power .
4.1. TECHNICAL JUSTIFICATIONS
Of the power plants utilizing renewable sources, hydrelectric ones are the only feasible options, technically and economically, for the generation of large blocks of steady power. The others, notwithstanding their possible use in meeting low demands in regions possessing the appropriate natural conditions, are not a guaranteed choice for continuous production of electric power. Sun light and winds are intermittent, demanding from Power plants an extra capacity of storing energy, in order to have a reliable supply. On another aspect, biomass requires an area of considerable extent (400.000 ha for each 1.000 MWe generated) for the planting of trees. And the technology for producing energy from the tides has not been sufficiently developed yet. From the power plants using non renewable sources, the best choices, in the case of Brazil, are nuclear and natural gas power plants, in view of the limited national reserves of other fossil fuels and the existence, and proof, of significant reserves of natural gas and uranium. The thermal source to generate electric power in nuclear power plants is the nuclear fission, from the chemical element named uranium. There are several types of heat generating nuclear reactors, in order to produce electricity, from the nuclear fission of uranium. In Brazil, power plants Angra 1 and Angra 2 utilize reactors of the PWR type. That type of reactor utilizes enriched uranium and light water as cooler. PWR type reactors were developed in the United States and are used in 27 countries, comprising 60,37% of the nuclear reactors installed in the world. Of all the energy produced in all nuclear power plants in the world, about 65% are generated by that type of reactor. Of the 25 nuclear power plants under construction in August, 2004, 56% shall be equipped with PWR type reactors.
53 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
In the United States, the country with the largest nuclear power industry in the world, with currently 104 power plants operating and 98.298 MW of power installed in 2003, a set of actions was established in order to strengthen nuclear power production, and that includes extending for about 20 more years the life span of the operating units, developing more economical, safer and non polluting reactors, and establishing the Yuka Mountain as the place for the final disposition of radioactive refuse of high radioactivity, coming from all nuclear activities in the country (military, power producing, industrial and healthcare areas). Until September, 2004, 26 power plants had already received authorization to extend their life span, thus adding 22.795 MW more of energy, and other 19 power plants were awaiting clearance by the American regulatory agency – Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). PWR power plants, particularly those designed and built by Siemens/KWU, have shown an excellent operational performance, both regarding the amount of electric power generated as well as regarding the cumulative availability factor. The ten largest nuclear power plants in the world are PWR type, being the first three of them and the other five German power plants by Siemens/KWU. The wider acceptance of PWR type reactors is due to their reliability, provided by the strictness of safety principles applied to design, to the operation and maintenance of the power plants, and to economical aspects, provided by the economics of scale resulting from the construction of large sized reactors, for standardization and consequently the reduction in construction time, licensing, and for its relatively simple and compact structure, due to the use of enriched uranium as fuel and to the favorable thermal and neutronic properties of light water, used simultaneously as cooler and moderator. Regarding the safety of nuclear power generation, it must be highlighted that due to all the facts described above, and in view of the experience in more technologically developed countries, such as the United States, France, Japan Germany, the decision to have Brazil’s power plants fitted with PWR type reactors has been the most correct one.
54 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
4.2. ECONOMICAL JUSTIFICATIONS
The main characteristic of the Brazilian Electric Power System, that renders it unique and differentiates it from other countries, is that almost 90% of the implemented generating capacity has its source in water. Nevertheless, the lessons learned from the electric power rationing imposed on the Brazilian population during the period from June 2001 to February 2002 advise for greater diversification of electric matrixes, in order to decrease our dependency on the seasons, a fact which electricity derived from water is subject to. Adding to that, the fact that the less expensive water resources closest to the regions of higher consumption – Southeast and South – are already being used in their majority and tend to wear out in the medium run. The large reserves still available are located in the Amazon Region, and making use of them shall demand considerable implementation expenses, and to build transmission lines that, due to the distance from major urban centers, shall cause significant energy losses, contributing to increase costs – including compensatory costs for the loss of ecosystems caused by the installation of transmission lines (TL), including their lateral security areas. Besides, the cost shall be high due to the quantity of equipment needed for the TL’s construction and their maintenance. Setting aside the 80’s, which presented an elasticity rate off the standards, it may be considered that the trend of growing consumption of electricity shall hold about 40% over the GDP growth. Therefore, presuming that the average of the country’s economic growth on this decade is set on 4.5% a year, according to the projections of economy specialists, the growth in electrical consumption must be set about 6% a year. Thus, with the aim at acquiring production supplements corresponding to such projected consumption growth, the Government is searching for ways to diversify the national electric matrix, and its best example is Proinfa Program, which foresees the use of several energy sources, as for instance, wind power and biomass, as well as the usage of small water resources, by means of PCHs – Small Hydrelectric Centrais. Another option for diversifying the matrix is the use of conventional thermal sources, represented mainly by mineral coal, oil byproducts, natural gas and uranium.
55 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
Of the commercial thermal sources available for the generating of electric power in large blocks, uranium stands out as one with the highest energetic content per kilogram. This data means that, when comparing the cost for energy production of all thermal sources, the one utilizing uranium has the lowest production costs, compared to the others, except for those which use natural gas, in which production costs are equal
Table 4 – Energetic content of the main fuels
Can produce an Fuel average of
1 kg of wood 2 kWh
1 kg of coal 3 kWh
1 kg of oil 4 kWh
1 m3 of natural gas 6 kWh
Nuclear power pant with PWR type reactor 60.000 kWh 1 kg of natural uranium Nuclear power plant with FBR(*) type reactor 3.000.000 kWh
(*) FBR – Fast Breeder Reactor. Source: International Nuclear Societies Council, Report on nuclear power.
This added of the fact that Brazil has one of the largest uranium reserves in the western world: 309 thousand tons identified solely in one fourth of the Brazilian territory (INB, 2001), an amount sufficient to feed 32 nuclear power plants equivalent to Angra 3 for all of their useful life. Other economic justifications for the construction of Angra 3: Budget for completion of the works compatible with and comparable to those related to the implementation of nuclear power plants of the same size abroad; Economic recovery of investments already made (about US$ 750 million); Interrupting the process of yearly expenditures with no pay back, of an amount close to US$ 20 million, for storage and conservation of equipment and other expenses (insurance, structures, etc.);
56 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
Minimizing, comparatively to the thermal production with natural gas, the exchange risk and the impact on the balance of payments, due to: o Use of low cost fuel with only a small fraction of its composition in foreign currency; o Larger part of the investment yet to be realized in legal tender. Increasing the orders placed with Nuclep (heavy equipment manufacturing plant, created within the Brazil Germany Nuclear Agreement, located at Itaguaí, RJ), leveraging its economic feasibility and reducing expenditure with the National Treasury’s budgetary resources; Increasing the orders placed with domestic manufacturers and contractors, consequently creating jobs; Increasing the revenue and ensuring economic range to Indústrias Nucleares do Brasil S.A INB, the manufacturer of nuclear fuel; Releasing the National Treasury from covering the costs of INB’s operational activities; Utilizing uranium, a Brazilian strategic raw material, beneficiated in the country, and which reserves are the sixth largest in the world.
4.3. SOCIAL AND EVIRONMENTAL JUSTIFICATIONS
The sources with greater potential for production of hydroelectric energy are located in the Amazon, which gathers about 43% of the Nation’s electric potentials. In that area, that ranges from the country’s North and Central West regions, Rivers are torrential and their surface is quite flat, due to the limited number of deltas in the region, few areas could be put to use without considerable flooding. Any dam would flood vast areas, which would demand the expropriation of wide extents of land and the displacement of the populations installed there. Furthermore, the Amazon concentrates tremendous biological wealth and a large protected area in the form of indigenous land. Thus, to form large reservoirs would certainly bring enormously negative consequences to the environment. Regarding thermoelectric coal power plants, the electricity generating source most widely used in the world, and responsible for approximately 40% of all electric power generated in the planet. The advantages of nuclear power plants against thermoelectric plants are significant, in environmental terms, compared to a modern thermoelectric power plant, which uses powdered coal and advanced techniques for reducing pollutant emissions. A nuclear power plant the size of Angra 3 would prevent the annual emission into the atmosphere of approximately 2.3 thousand tons of
57 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
particulate matter, 14 thousand tons of sulfur dioxide, 7 thousand tons of nitrogen oxides and 10 million tons of carbon dioxide. Compared to a thermoelectric gas power plant, the annual emissions avoided by a nuclear power plant the size of Angra 3 would be approximately 30 tons of sulfur dioxide, 12.7 thousand tons of nitrogen oxides and 5 million tons of carbon dioxide.
Nuclear power plants contribute to the reduction of the greenhouse effect, a global problem that is in the highlights nowadays, and that has been the object of scientific studies and worldwide concern regarding the planet’s future (Kyoto Protocol).
USINA NUCLEAR PWR DE 1.300 MW USINA TERMELÉTRICA A CARVÃO DE 1.300 MW
2.300 t / ano 14.000 t / ano 7.000 t / ano (*) SO EFLUENTES MP 2 NO x 10.000.000 t / ano EFLUENTES RADIOATIVOS RADIOATIVOS 3 3 3 CO 50 mg / m 400 mg / m 2 (QUANTIDADES DESPREZÍVEIS) 200 mg / m
170 t / ano M R URÂNIO NATURAL R
3,3 milhões t / ano 32 t / ano ANTRACITA URÂNIO ENRIQUECIDO (1,8% de enxofre) M R
MÉDIO NÍVEL DE BAIXO NÍVEL DE ALTO NÍVEL DE 250.000 t / ano 150.000 t / ano REJEITOS RADIOATIVIDADE RADIOATIVIDADE RADIOATIVIDADE CINZAS GESSO DO SISTEMA DE DESSULFURIZAÇÃO COM 3 3 3 4,8 m / ano 47 m / ano 531 m / ano REPROCESSAMENTO M = METAIS (450 t / ano) R = 1,3 µSv / ano R = RADIOATIVIDADE (9 µSv / ano)
Picture 177 – Comparing a nuclear power lpant with a coal power plant.
Source: SIEMENS (*) MP = particulate matter
58 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
USINA NUCLEAR PWR DE 1.300 MW USINA TERMELÉTRICA A GÁS (CICLO COMBINADO) DE 1.300 MW
EFLUENTES RADIOATIVOS (QUANTIDADES DESPREZÍVEIS)
170 t / ano URÂNIO NATURAL R POLUENTES 2.000 t / ano 30 t / ano 12.700 t / ano 5.000.000 t / ano SO CO CO 2 CH 4 2
32 t / ano URÂNIO ENRIQUECIDO
CONSUMO DE GÁS: 1,9 bilhões de m3 /ano (5,2 milhões de m3 /dia) ALTO NÍVEL DE MÉDIO NÍVEL DE BAIXO NÍVEL DE REJEITOS RADIOATIVIDADE RADIOATIVIDADE RADIOATIVIDADE
COM 3 3 3 4,8 m / ano 47 m / ano 531 m / ano REPROCESSAMENTO
R = 1,3 µSv / ano
Picture 18 – Comparing a nuclear power plant with a gas power plant.
Source: International Nuclear Societies Council
Another aspect to be considered is the area needed to implement each type of power plant. For comparison purposes, presented on Table 5 below are the areas required for implementing power plants that use renewable energy generating sources (Hydroelectric) and non renewable (Thermoelectric), with 1.000 MWe capacity, and it was verified that the first demand much larger areas than the second, causing, according to the case, expenses with expropriations and with indemnification due to property improvements, population displacement, flooding of natural or productive areas, and de characterization of the flora and fauna, with significant social and biological impacts. Regarding those aspects, power plants utilizing non renewable sources are much more favorable, because they take up much smaller areas, that may be implemented in locations where those impacts are less significant or do not happen, besides the proximity to consuming centers, providing an economy in terms of transmission lines. To compensate all those impacts caused by flooding, displacement of populations and loss of species diversity, hydroelectric projects shall be required to present compensatory environmental programs for re planting, infrastructure and social assistance that shall affect the cost of the venture and the prices related to the same, and that shall actually be passed on to the general public. Besides, the eutrophy that takes place in those dams produces gasses and changes the quality of the water downstream the dam, causing impacts on the riverbank populations.
59 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
For that reason, and for many other considerations, nuclear power with all its costs masked by safety, equipment, technology and technical training of its staff, is still undoubtedly a Power plant with no significant effects on environmental degradation, provided that its refuse is under control, as demonstrated by this study, and that its accident risk level is extremely low, as evidenced by such kind of operations in a power plant, without compromising the plant’s external area.
Table 5 – Areas needed for implementing Power plants with 1.000 MWe capacity
Energy source Types of power plants Area needed (ha)
Hydroelectric. 25.000
Solar photovoltaic, in a very sunny place. 5.000 Renewable (*) Wind power, in a very windy place. 10.000
Planted biomass. 400.000
Oil and coal, including fuel storage. 100 Non renewable Nuclear and natural gas. 50
(*) Indicative amounts, in view of the fact that the area depends upon the topography of the implementing location. Source: International Nuclear Societies Council
The other renewable power sources are not feasible for generating large quantities of energy, besides depending upon natural phenomena which cannot be controlled, (as the case is with Solar Power and Wind Power) and of excessively large areas, in which geo thermal Power is the extreme example. Thermal sources constitute feasible options to complement power demands, particularly during periods not favored by rain. However, to the exception of nuclear power plants, they cause considerable environmental damages or expenses, also significant, in order to control pollutant emissions. Additionally, nuclear power plants may be installed in the vicinity of consumer centers, dismissing the use of extensive transmission lines and avoiding the transportation of great energy flows between regions; they do not depend upon natural phenomena, such as in the hydroelectric system, and that facilitates compensations of reactive Power, to wit, electric tension regulating; and require small areas for implementation, that significantly reduces or even eliminates the social impacts related to population displacement.
60 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
Particularly in the case of Angra 3, there is an additional advantage, which is the fact that the Power plant is designed to be implemented in a place where two other nuclear power plants are already operating, and they have a staff with consolidated knowledge regarding protection and safety, and approximately 30 years’ technical experience in the industry. Furthermore, since the power plant is on CNAAA’s site, there shall not be a local environmental degradation considering the physical, biotic and anthropic mediums, at least regarding the venture’s physical occupation and its direct effects. Specifically in the social area, implementing Angra 3 shall result in the surging of better employment opportunities for that region: it shall have an average of 3,613 jobs per year, reaching a maximum total of 9,100 jobs during the peak phase of the power plant’s construction, of which 5,700 associated to electro mechanic mounting. For the operation phase, the power plant shall provide approximately 770 jobs during the whole of its life span, not considering the national scope, with increased participation of the labor force and its own technology, by virtue of the surging of programs for the nationalization and qualification of parts and components in a process of continuous development.
4.4. LOCATION JUSTIFICATIONS
Since the implementing of nuclear power plants began in Brazil, the area occupied by CNAAA was measured to comprise the three units, two of which – Angra 1 and Angra 2 – are already in operation. The third shall be Angra 3. The final choice of site for Angra 1, preceded of a study of alternatives along the shore which took eighteen months, followed the “Rules on Choosing Locations for Installing Power Reactors”, the object of CNEN Resolution – 09/69, of June 25, 1969. Itaorna, located in the municipality of Angra dos Reis, State of Rio de Janeiro, was chosen for being located within a protected bay, in an area with low population levels, with favorable geological conditions and close to supplier and consumer centers. Implementing three units on the same location had as its purpose to maximize the use of infrastructure necessary for the operation of power plants, including logistics, technical and specialized labor force resources.
61 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
Besides, CNAAA is located 190 km from the Fuel Elements Plant (FEP) in the Industrial Complex of Resende (ICR), belonging to Indústrias Nucleares do Brasil (INB) and near the main consumer centers for electricity in the country (133 km from the city of Rio de Janeiro, 216 km from the city of São Paulo and 343 km from the city of Belo Horizonte).
62 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
5. AREAS OF INFLUENCE OF THE ENTERPRISE
The area of influence of an enterprise for an environmental study can be described as a space liable for alterations in its physical, biotic and/or socio economic environment arising out of its implementation and/or operation. The delimitation of the areas of influence is a determining factor for all the work, once only after this stage, it is possible to be guided by different thematic analyses to be made, as well as access the intensity of the impacts and their nature. In the definition of the areas of the study, the following variables, among others, were taken into account: Characteristics and scope of the Unit 3 of CNAAA (Angra 3); Hydrographic basins; Planimetry of the region; Meteorological data; Network of points of the operational and pre operational monitoring system of CNAAA; Experiences of the previous environmental studies (e.g.: EIA of the Unit 2 of CNAAA – Angra 2); Emergency Action Plan of CNAAA; Possible interventions in the neighboring communities; and Applicable Environmental Law.
5.1. AREA OF INDIRECT INFLUENCE – AII
For this study, the AII was defined as an area limited by a 50 kilometers radius circumference (AII – 50 km) and center in the place intended for the construction of the reactor of Unit 3 of CNAAA. In the studies of the socio economic environment, the AII covered partially or totally an area of 14 municipalities belonging to the States of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo: Ubatuba, Cunha, Lorena, Silveiras, Areias, São José do Barreiro, Arapeí and Bananal, belonging to the mesoregion of Vale do Paraíba Paulista, and Parati, Angra dos Reis, Rio Claro, Barra Mansa and Resende, belonging to the
63 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
Sul of Rio de Janeiro State mesoregion and Mangaratiba belonging to the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan mesoregion.
Table 7 – São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro Municipalities, in alphabetical order, which are part of the
Area of Indirect Influence (AII-50 km).
Rio de Janeiro São Paulo 1.Angra dos Reis 1. Arapeí 2. Barra Mansa 2. Areias 3. Mangaratiba 3. Bananal 4. Parati 4. Cunha 5. Resende 5. Lorena 6. Rio Claro 6. São José do Barreiro 7. Silveiras
8. Ubatuba
Source: Scientific Society of the National School of Statistical Sciences. Socio economic environment analysis for the Area of Influence of Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant (CNAAA). Rio de Janeiro: Science, 2002.
5.2. AREAS OF DIRECT INFLUENCE - ADI
For this study, two areas of influence were defined. Both, which are limited by the circumferences centered in the location intended for the installation of the reactor of the Unit 3 of CNAAA, have actually two distinguished radii: 15 (ADI – 15 km) and 5 (ADI – 5 km). The Area of Direct Influence with 15 km radius (ADI – 15 km) covered the districts of Angra dos Reis (headquarter district), Mambucaba, Cunhambebe, situated in the municipalities of Angra dos Reis and Tarituba in Parati, in the State of Rio de Janeiro. For the socio economic analysis of ADI 15, the headquarter district of Parati was included. The Area of Direct Influence with 5 km radius (ADI – 5 km) covered Frade, Sertãozinho do Frade, Frade’s Development and the area surrounding CNAAA, in the district of Cunhambebe; the residence village of Brava Beach (an employees’ village of CNAAA, Barlavento, Vermelha Beach and Goiabas Developments and the Historical Village of Mambucaba in the district of Mambucaba. For the study of the physical environment, the AID 15 km was stretched up to the border of the hydrographic basin cut by an imaginary 15 km radius circle. The oceanographic studies are limited
64 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
to the region of Piraquara de Fora cove, site for the disposal of liquid effluents of CNAAA, and Itaorna Cove.
Picture 19 – Areas of Influence of the Enterprise: AID-5 km, AID-15 km and AII-50 km.
Source: Scientific Society of the National School of Statistical Sciences. Socio economic environmental analysis for the Area of Influence of Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant (CNAAA). Rio de Janeiro: Science, 2002.
65 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
6. ENVIRONMENTAL DIAGNOSIS
The expression environmental diagnosis has been used with different connotations by environmental agencies, universities, professional associations, etc. However, the environmental diagnosis can be defined as the knowledge of all environmental components of a specific area (country, state, hydrographical basin, city) for the characterization of its environmental quality. Therefore, to prepare an environmental diagnosis is to interpret the environmental situation of that area, pursuant to its components interaction and dynamics, whether related to physical and biological elements or to socio cultural factors. The situation or the environmental quality (environmental diagnosis) characterization may be carried out for different purposes. One of them is to serve as a basis for the acknowledgment and assessment of the environmental situation, aiming at drawing the action guidelines or make decisions to prevent, control and correct environmental problems (environmental policies and programs of environmental management) All studies made show the environmental situation of the Areas of Direct Influence (ADI of 5km and ADI of 15 km) and Areas of Indirect Influence (AII of 50km).
6.1. PHYSICAL MEDIUM
The Physical medium is a set of physical conditions of an area characterized by air, water, soil and climate. The physical aspects of the enterprise region form the Environmental Impact Assessment [EIA] and the Environmental Impact Report [EIR].
6.1.1. What is the enterprise region climate?
The geographical situation of Itaorna, where CNAAA is located, presents some interesting climate characteristics. The climate pattern is subtropical, with some temperature changes in winter and rains in summer due to cold front penetrations coming from the southern hemisphere. Being a coastal region, it is often under the influence of the great South Atlantic subtropical anticyclone (wind), representing an important raise in the average values when, after the passage of a cold front, the cold air mass with high pressures originating in the Antarctic region.
66 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
The average temperature throughout the year varies between 19°.C and 26°.C, and, in the years 2002 and 2003, the values remained within this range. As for relative humidity values, the month of July is the driest period, due to the entrance of strong cold air masses and to the distance from the sun and, in the month of October, time of change between winter and summer, the rain becomes more significant, which leads to a maximum of humidity, with values near 90%. The rainiest trimester comprises the months of December, January and February, whereas the least rainy trimester comprises the months of June, July and August. Among other benefits, the rains cause air pollutants removal in higher or lower degree, depending on the rain intensity. In the region of Angra dos Reis and surroundings several atmospheric components can be associated, such as: cold fronts (throughout the year), instability lines (spring summer) and regional convective formations (spring, summer and autumn) originated from systems coming from the north northeastern sector. The entrance of cold front is usually more intense as far as rain and specially wind are concerned, after the frontal system passes by Parati and enters Ilha Grande bay. The winds direction and speed are associated to several atmospheric circulation scales. Generally speaking, the maritime circulation systems next to the surface at the coastal area prevail from Sepetiba to the coast of Parati, passing by Angra dos Reis. This is a parameter of extreme relevance in the evaluations of air pollution, since it represents the direction of the plume displacement and its form of dissipation. As far as the area of interest is concerned, there are regimes, predominant in the southern sector and derived from the ocean area, which can be felt in the farther points of the areas, where the buildings of Unit 1 and 2 of the Nuclear Centre are located. For the years of 2002 and 2003, the winds direction and speed followed the pattern established for the last 20 years of data. And it was verified that: In April and from May to June, the prevailing directions were S/SE, S and N/NE, respectively; January and June were months of higher frequency of lulls and March the month of least occurrences.
6.1.2. Transport Conditions
Pathways simulations to evaluate the different directions taken by the wind following the morning cycle of continental warming, which certainly affects the local and regional circulation centred in Angra dos Reis have been carried out The results showed that the free atmosphere pathways tend to deviate from the continent, following towards the Atlantic Ocean, that 6:00 a.m. in summer is the
67 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
time when the pathways turn farther from the continent. In winter, at 6:00 and 9:00 a.m. local time, all pathways are totally directed towards the sea.
6.1.3. How is the Region’s Geology like?
Geology is the science that studies the origin, composition and evolution of Earth, as well as the processes that occur in its interior and surface. Lithostratigraphy and Geological Mapping o Regional Geological Context The region of the enterprise is formed by crystalline rocks formed between 540 millions years and 2 billion years approximately and recent sediments. Due to age and transformation processes, which rocks suffer throughout the years, it can be asserted that the region’s geology is rather complex.
6.1.4. Indicated Lithostratigraphic Units
Lithostratigraphic Units are bodies of rock characterized by a single type or a combination of several lithologic types or by certain remarkable lithologic features. The lithologic units of the Areas of Influence, both Direct or Indirect, are mainly formed by crystalline and sedimentary rocks. The crystalline rocks are mainly located, at the hillside, while the sedimentary rocks are found mainly at beaches and rivers throughout the area. o Local and Regional Seismic Shocks In an area of hundreds of kilometers around Angra dos Reis, there were recorded several seismic shocks relevant to the characterization of risk in the CNAAA area. Generally speaking, these are events of small magnitude and do not characterize a major risk for plants with building specifications like Angra 3. o Technical Evaluation of Seismic Risk Analysis for Angra 3 In the evaluation of the most recent seismic risk analysis for Angra 3, it was evidenced a low seismic risk for the enterprise, due to the local geology stability and the low density of seismic shocks, which happened in the region.
68 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
Geotechnical Aspects Geotechnical aspects comprise a set of operations intended to establish a location nature, disposition and its accidents as well as other characteristics. Therefore, it is important to know the geology and the geomorphology of the enterprise area of influence, which presents the characteristics of Serra do Mar, where crystalline rocks covered by soils prevail. At the foot of the rock escarpments presenting almost vertical slopes, one can also observe deposits of talus (rock fragment of variable shape and size, originated by the gravity effect and deposited at the foot of a cliff or a hillside), colluviums (material deposited at the foot of the hillsides brought by the gravity action from the top of the hogback) and residual soils. o The hillsides in the Area of CNAA The hillsides in the area of the nuclear plants and their surroundings are characterized by movements that can be intensified during the rain season, which exceed the 2000mm/year, mostly in the summer months (November March). The problem is worsened due to heavy rains that happen in the region and to the non consolidated coverage of the area which is formed by residual soils, colluviums and talus in steep hillsides and by the sharp transition soils rocks. The main feature on the stretch of Rio Santos Road that goes from km 519.5 to km 522.5 derives from the great volume of material, made of soil, blocks of rock and vegetation. The intense cracking of the rock causes the appearance of several “fountainheads” with taps of water built at the foot of the hillside near the roadbed. o Considerations on the stability of slopes At present occupation conditions, the stability problems of slopes in the region are related to three factors: lithologic (of rocks) variety and deriving alteration produces; geomorphology, produce of a very young relief; and heavy rains. o Geological and Geotechnical characteristics in the site of the nuclear plant Angra 3 The areas studied for the enterprise were: rocky massif Ponta Grande and nearest adjacent areas, Saco Fundo and Itaorninha lowlands. In the area of Ponta Grande, geotechnical drillings indicate that the buildings of the Nuclear Plant are seated on good rock and therefore in favorable geotechnical conditions, defining the place for Angra 3 construction.
69 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
Mineral Resources Researches carried out by the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro did not identify significant mineral deposits in the considered region. The mineral resources of interest to commercial exploitation or, under explored, can be characterized almost in its totality as material used in building like: granites, crushed stone, sand, gravel, clays and gross sand. The enterprise location does not suffer the interference of areas of mineral interest. Nevertheless, the implantation of Angra 3 nuclear plant may, otherwise, increase mining activities, related to materials of interest to building.
6.1.5. How is the Region’s Geomorphology like?
Geomorphology is the science that studies earth’s surface relief, its classification; description, nature, origin and evolution, including the analysis of the processes of landscape formation. In the Area of Indirect Influence (see Image 20) two large morphostructural domains (large structural sets, which create regional arrangements of relief, maintaining a relation or cause between them) were identified: the Atlantic Plateau and Cenozoic Tectonic Depressions. The Atlantic Plateau is characterized by extending over a jagged coastline until a mountain region, presented in the form of steep hillsides and almost linear ones. The Cenozoic Tectonic Depressions form a surface with a mild inclination, formed by erosion processes, less irregular than the one in the plateaus and that can be found in areas fitted between old massifs and the sedimentary units .
70 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
Sa. Mantiqueira
N Rio Paraíba do Sul
Sa. da Bocaina
S Picture 18 – Profile in tridimensional scan in N-S direction cutting across the Plateau Region and the Escarpments of the Mantiqueira Ridge [Serra da Mantiqueira], the Depression Region of the middle valley of Paraíba do Sul River and the Plateau Region and the Escarpments of the Bocaina Ridge [Serra da Bocaina] .
Source: “Levantamento e Diagnóstico Ambiental (Meio Físico) da Área de Influência da CNAAA – Vol III (Eixo 3 – Geomorfologia e Solos)”, IGEO/UFRJ [Survey and Environmental Diagnosis (Physical medium) of the Area of Influence of CNAA Vol III (Axle 3 – Geomorphology and Soils)].
The Area of Direct Influence (see Image 21) is characterized by the contrast between the escarpments which delimitate the scarped edge of the Plateau Region and the escarpments of the Bocaina Ridge in direct contact with the quaternary morphological features of the fluvial maritime plains which characterized the inlets of Angra dos Reis bay.
71 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
Picture 19 – Schematic Map of Morphostructural Domains and Regions used as a basis for the subdivision of the forms of relief acknowledged for the State of Rio de Janeiro.
Source: SILVA, 2002.
6.1.6. What are the Soils of the Region?
Soil is the solid surface of earth staying in the most superficial layer of the terrestrial globe. In the Region where CNAAA is located, the soils found belong only to the five these orders, as follows: a) Cambisol – shallow appearing on the hillsides; b) Latosol – thick and very well drained; c) Neosol – less developed soil, appearing at steeper hillsides; d) Argisol – clay soil; e) Espodosol – sandy soil, related to coastline areas.
72 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
6.1.7. What are the Region’s Water Resources?
Water resources correspond to the waters of rivers (continental waters), oceans (oceanography) and subsoil (hydrogeology).
6.1.8. Continental Waters
The continental waters are associated to water bodies of the surface, like rivers and other forms of drainages. o Drainage Basins Drainage Basins are drainage areas, topographically limited by the relief, where all waters drain to a same place, usually a river (Image 22). The drainage basins situated inside an area of 15 to 30 km of radius from the CNAAA cover two sets of drainage systems: those that drain to several inlets of the coastline of Ilha Grande Bay and another set of fluvial basins that form tributaries of some of the confluents of the south margin of the Paraíba do Sul River.
Picture 20 – Drainage Basin Scheme.
Source: www.ana.gov.br
It is important to highlight that the characteristics of the relief of Ilha Grande Bay region have a decisive influence on the raise of urban occupation alongside the main roads, resulting in areas of large population occupation. This population uses the water resources, which suffer deforestation
73 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
impact and disordered occupation, what worsens the quality conditions and the quantity of water in the rivers. The main degradation processes found are listed below in Table 8.
Table 8 – Main activities related and repercussions on coastal drainage basin water resources of the enterprise region.
Process Main Activities Related Repercussion on water resources
Extraction of palm heart, firewood, Decrease in the infiltration capacity (raise of hardwood; agricultural activities runoff), impairment of production and water Deforestation (specially, banana planting), cattle quality, silting of superficial water courses, breeding hillside instability and floods increase
Housing settlement for low income Water Pollution (discharge of in natura population, summer houses, hotels, sewage and solid residues into the water Urban Expansion luxury condominiums, industrial, bodies; raise in demand for water resources; commercial and service rendering silting up of water bodies, floods and establishments decharacterization of a coastal region
Change in drainage and penetration patterns Destruction of Embankments for building. of marine waters, besides its capacity of Mangroves sediment retention
Disorderly Human and animal water supply, Significant seasonal drop in the volumes of Collection of leisure, industrial use, irrigation, water of the water bodies Water Resources water tank cars
Widening of fluvial channels, changes in Sand Extraction Usage in the Building Industry hydrodynamics of the water courses and worsening of the silting
Inadequate Domestic and Industrial waste Water bodies and ground water Disposition of production contamination Solid Residues
Source: : “Levantamento e Diagnóstico Ambiental (Meio Físico) da Área de Influência da CNAAA – Vol III (Eixo 3 – Geomorfologia e Solos)”, IGEO/UFRJ Survey and Environmental Diagnosis (Physical medium) of the Area of Influence of CNAA Vol III (Axle 3 – Geomorphology and Soils)] based on the Environment Diagnosis Report for Ilha Grande Bay MMA/SEMA RJ (1997), and field observations.
74 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
Mangroves constitute one of the main impacted ecosystems within the coastal drainage basins, since they have been the main target of: disorderly urban growth; several tourism enterprises and industrial building in the region (Table 2). They are considered as important ecosystems, particularly for the maintenance of the quality of coastal waters and also to ensure the continuity of fishing.
Tabela 6 - Situation of Mangroves in the Basin of Ilha Grande Bay.
Place Situation of Mangroves
Narrow strip, where the greatest part was embanked for the Monsuaba construction of Vila of Monsuaba for of PETROBRAS employees, in the beginning of 1970’s
Completely eliminated due to the construction of Verolme Jacuecanga shipyard and further premises in the 1950’
Practically eliminated by the expansion of the Balneário district, Praia da Chácara [Chácara Beach] it has been partly recovered since 1989 through induced planting
Retiro Completely eliminated by a real estate expansion.
Area partially occupied by the facilities of Angra dos Reis airport Japuíba and by low income population, still showing a significant mangrove formation.
Partially embanked for the construction of housing development Gamboa sectioned by the opening of BR–101 road, which is being silted due to the gravel pit situated uphill of the road.
Partially embanked for the construction of housing developments, marinas and hotels, still presenting significant Pontal natural mangrove formations, as well as part of recovered mangroves
Is the largest continental mangrove of the region, presenting the best environment conditions and preserving the majority of its Ariró Jurumirim original feature; suffers repercussions from the straightening of Jurumirim river.
75 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
Place Situation of Mangroves
Partially embanked for the construction of the real estate Itanema projects Porto Itanema and Porto Marisco and of a shipyard, however still significant.
One of the largest mangroves of the city of Angra dos Reis, Bracuí /Cansado partially deforested, dredged and embanked, aiming at the construction of a large housing development and marina.
Totally embanked for the construction of a housing Bracuí development and a marina of the same name
Partially impacted by the construction of an access way linking BR 101 to Ilha do Jorge [George’s Island] housing development; Saco do Bracuí [Bracuí Inlet] shows signs of natural recovery, but with change in its plant communities.
Partially embanked, aiming at a housing development Ponta do Quitumba construction.
Totally embanked for the construction of hotel facilities and Frade related housing development.
Partially embanked by the Mambucaba river dredging works in the 70’s, Mambucaba currently suffers interventions due to a Mambucaba hotel situated there, which is trying to develop ecotourism activities related to the mangrove presence. saco Grande Shows physical interference introduced by BR 101 road
Mangue do Tu Shows similar situation to the Saco Grande mangrove.
Partially embanked for the construction of housing Jabaquara developments and cut by an access way linking the Jabaquara Beach to BR 101 road.
Developed in front of the historical centre of Parati, Terra Nova generated a visual impairment to the architectonic complex Terra Nova under government trust; it was cut off by the municipal government under controversial conditions.
76 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
Place Situation of Mangroves
Practically 100% of its original area was embanked aiming at Ilha das Cobras airport and housing construction
Mangrove intersected by BR 101 road and partially embanked Boa Vista aiming at the construction of a marina
Undergoes problems related to the presence of kiosks, located Parati Mirim on the restinga, using the mangrove as a storage area and has been embanked for construction of second residences. saco Grande e saco do Fundão No information.
Have been suffering disturbances by the presence of the waste Caetana/Meros/Turvos/Itatinga refuse pit of Parati, located near BR 101 road, which pours leachate to the plain near the mangrove.
Does not suffer great disturbances, only the catch of crabs, Mamanguá following the example of others
Fringe Mangrove located on Ilha Grande, which covers the shores of both lagoons, characterized as the least disturbed of Praia do Sul e do Leste all the South Coast of the State of Rio de Janeiro. All its area is included in the Biological Reserve of Praia do Sul
Source: Relatório de Diagnóstico Ambiental da baía da Ilha Grande [Ilha Grande Bay Environmental Diagnosis Report] MMA/SEMA RJ (1997).
At the city of Angra dos Reis, the system and water collection system for public supply are controlled by city Independent Water and Sewage Service [Serviço Autônomo de Água e Esgotos (SAAE) municipal], and have several problems.
77 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3
Occurrence of Floods It is observed the existence of a tendency to the occurrence of floods in the coastal region of Angra dos Reis, in places near the rivers banks, during the periods of heavier rains. Water availability in the basin of the Frade river In the basin of the Frade River, there is a collection of Eletronuclear in the same river, designated as collection ETN 1 and another one at Sacher creek, tributary to Frade River, designated as ETN2. This basin offers a water availability to supply Angra 3 building site. Water Quality Some samples have been collected from the basins of the following fluvial courses: o Ambrósio River, situated at the district of Frade, in three separate places: riverhead – Bica, trench (downstream urban occupations) and riverhead – Collection for the Water and Sewage Supply Service/ SAAE); o São Gonçalo River, situated next to the city limit of Parati, in two separate places, in the low course of the river, out of tide reach and at the mouth of the river o Mambucaba River, near the lower course fluviometric station of this river, in two separate places, right and left bank and also in the mouth of this river, one place; o Rio Bracuí, one place; o Basin of Frade River, in two separate places, one in Sacher Creek at the water collection for SAAE and the other at the mouth of Frade River; o Japuíba River, in two separate places, at the water collection for SAAE and the other at the mouth of river;
Applying the Water Quality Index (IQA) to the results obtained from the analysis made, it can be verified the waters in the monitored rivers can be considered good (51 78 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 6.1.9. Oceanography o Bathymetry Bathymetry can be defined as the measurement of a water mass depth, like oceans, lakes, rivers. Ilha Grande Bay shows a very jagged coast and a typical form of a submersion area, with some “rias” [curvy inlet] (Mamanguá and Parati Mirim Bays) and quaternary deposits less developed. In Piraquara de Fora Bay, the bottom relief, according to the bathymetry carried out in 1981, shows the great part of the area with depths above 5m and maximum depth between 10 and 11 m. In terms of variation, according to 1981 data, it is a region formed, in its greater part, by mild slopes (<2 degrees), with values above this level (> 20 degrees) in the areas near the coast, following its outline, and on the sides of the sunken mole. Based on the study made, it was possible to declare that Piraquara de Fora Bay has a bottom relief typical of the inlets situated in the areas next to hillsides, with a small, sedimentary plain and small sediment input. The shallow part is at the banks and next to bathymetrics elevations and upwelllings; the bottom relief was severely damaged by the landslide of the hillside in 1985, with depth variations of approximately 8m; the total volume of silting of the sunken area is about 509.000m3; with the landslide, a great depositional fan shaped area, in which, according to sedimentological data, there is a barrier of thick sediments made by gravel with sand and mud. o Sea Water Temperature The highest temperature recorded in Piraquara de Fora was of 31ºC, and the lowest 24,1ºC, in the region outside the bay (in the inlets). o Circulation The water flow, in the most exterior part of Piraquara de Fora bay, shows a tendency to penetrate by the south extremity and go out by the north side, uniting with the water that follows by the adjacent area in the direction of the Ribeira Bay. In the inner part of the bay, the low flow gives an impression of immobility. According the studies of thermal dispersion carried out in the area, for the same tide period, it was verified that the hottest water spreads equally throughout the interior of the bay, next to the thermal effluent discharging point of the nuclear plants. 79 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 In the periods of ebb tides the circulation in Piraquara de Fora is greater, the water penetrates by the north end, circulates in the inner part of the bay and goes out by the south side. The superficial circulation evidences the entrance of the colder water in the by the south end, indicating a tendency to a contrary direction of the deeper circulation, this happens at the most exterior part of the bay. 6.1.10. What is the Region Air Quality Like? The available information, related to emission of gaseous effluents, were taken from the Environmental Impact Study of Angra 2 and provided by Eletronuclear. These data contribute for case studies, carried out through the models of air quality and effluents dispersion. The atmospheric emissions of Angra 2 come from the oil combustion gases used in the auxiliary boiler and in the diesel generator group of the emergency system. Boiler oil consumption is of 1400kg/h and of the consumption of generator groups is of 30,13 kg/h. Image 23 below shows the topographic characteristics particular to CNAAA site, forming a wall due to the presence of Serra do Mar next to Itaorna. In the simulations, the topographic effects over the mechanism of radioactive and conventional effluents dispersion in the atmosphere are considered. The presence of this wall together with the atmosphere conditioning of the region, where there is an advantage of the stable stability classes, increases the level of concentration in immediate surroundings of CNAA and significantly lowers the pollutants concentration in the outer regions the exclusion zone. 80 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 1700 1600 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Picture 21 - Topography of the CNAAA region. Source: “Levantamento e Diagnóstico Ambiental (Meio Físico) da Área de Influência da CNAAA [“Survey and Environment Diagnosis (Physical medium) of the CNAAA Area of Influence] – Vol I (Axis I – Metereology)”, IGEO/UFRJ. It can be concluded, with the simulations carried out throughout this work, that the region, where CNAAA is inserted, as well as the atmospheric conditions of the region, are not favorable to pollutant dispersion. What is observed, however, is that, due to the low rate of emission of conventional pollutants that come from the CNAA, the quantities verified in the neighbor regions show maximum values inferior to the values that would exceed the national standards of air quality. Radioactive Effluents The calculation of the average concentrations standardized by the intensity of the source is carried out for several particular periods. The result for the average deposition of the radioactive effluents, standardize by the source intensity, for the nuclear plant of Angra 3, shows that the depositions are found evenly spread, within a radius of 20km. The highest pollutant concentrations happened at the northeast southeast axis, and the estimated maximum values, occurred within a radius of 5km, having as centre the sources of emission. 81 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 Air Quality in the Enterprise Region Due to the existing preoccupation, relative to atmospheric flows of chemicals (primary and secondary pollutants) originated in human activities, a survey of data from the studies carried out was made, and disclosed, for the region of Sepetiba bay, taking this area as being the most similar to the Area of Influence of the enterprise. In a first analysis, for Angra dos Reis case, it seems that there is no relevant sources which may alter the chemistry of the rain waters in the region’s atmosphere. The emissions of SO2 e NOX that occur in Unit 3 of CNAA, are sporadic, of short duration and irrelevant in quantity to influence the air quality and the chemical composition of the rain waters, according to what can be verified from the project data. 6.2. BIOTIC MEDIUM The Biotic medium comprehends the fauna (animals) and flora (plants), which have been studied by the specialist of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro UFRJ. 6.2.1. What is the terrestrial flora of the region like? The Angra dos Reis region has a very jagged coast and several ecosystems in its extension: forests, mangroves, restingas and unprotected steep rocky coast. These ecosystems have been suffering strong anthropic pressures, up to the colonial period, so that today it is verified the extinction of species and the disappearance of communities and ecosystems, which leaded to severe modifications in the landscape. Nevertheless, the awareness of the need for conservation and of environment recovery is growing, the State of Rio de Janeiro being responsible for 39 units of conservation, in the Federal and State sphere, representing approximately 5700km² protected in Atlantic Forest domain. Yet, it stands out that the region of “Costa Verde” [“Green Coast”], where the enterprise is located, represents one of the most representative centres of Atlantic Forest. 82 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 How is the Atlantic Forest of the Region? The current designation for the forest environment which is known as Atlantic Forest is Ombrophilus Dense Forest (Ellenberg and Mueller Dombois 1965/6), being characterized by ligneous plants situated at 0.25m above the soil, reaching up to 50m of height, dominated by forms of 30 to 50m of height, besides the ligneous lianas and epifites. The Ombrophilus Dense Forest (RADAMBRASIL, 1983) is divided in two subtypes according to height, being acknowledged for the Green Coast region as: Low Lands Forest, Submontane Forest, Montane Forest and High Montane Forest. The formation reckoned in this study was the Submontane, with variations in the state of conservation. Part of the vegetable covering is currently formed by secondary vegetation in several stages of degeneration, while other areas are covered by altered forests in its original composition and structure, taken into account the selective timber extractions, to which they were submitted throughout the years. On the other hand, remaining forests in a better state of conservation can be observed in certain parts where access and agriculture are hindered. Picture 22 - View of the Ombrophilus Dense Forest in the ridge in front of Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant (CNAAA ) Source: Levantamento e Diagnóstico Ambiental da Área de Influência da CNAAA, Instituto de Biologia/UFRJ 2003 [“Survey and Environment Diagnosis (Physical medium) of the CNAAA Area of Influence] – Biology Institute/UFRJ 2003 83 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 In this survey, two physiognomies of the Ombrophilus Dense Forest were listed, and disagree mainly with relation to their states of conservation. One of them is situated in the mountain chain in the area of CNAAA, which also shows signs of human activity. The other region, situated at the basin of Praia Brava Creek, ancient area of water collection, showing signs of selective extraction, with tall specimen, however, continuing to prevail, and signs of ancient human occupation. Endangered species were not found in the sampled areas. The forests studied showed three well defined strata. It has been noticed that the two sample forest areas are presently in a succession stage. Yet, this fact has confirmed that the Green Cost region has increased its extension and has probably advanced in the ecologic succession. How are the Restingas of the Region? The restingas of Rio de Janeiro occupy an area of approximately 1200 km2 of the State territory (Araújo & Maciel, op. cit.). They cover the coastal plains with a wide range of communities with their own and diversified features. They present rare vegetation of gramineous plants, grouped in bushes, marsh areas with aquatic plants and dense forests. All of them including a rich and assorted flora and fauna, restricted sometimes, to remaining spots (Araújo, 2000). Picture 23 - View of a restinga next to the mouth of Mambucaba River Source: Survey and Environment Diagnosis (Physical medium) of the CNAAA Area of Influence] – Biology Institute/UFRJ 2003 The coastal plains, excepting Praia do Sul, located in Ilha Grande, are generally narrow, characterized by beach vegetation, followed by a transition to restinga with Atlantic Forest. The beach vegetation comprises mainly species of herbaceous plants, which form an entanglement of 84 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 rhizomes and stolons over the sand. The restinga also presents a shrub and arboreal vegetation, becoming taller as the hillside forest gets nearer. Two areas were sampled: restinga of Bataguera Beach and restinga of Mambucaba Beach, among which one prevails the feijão de porco (Ipomea pes crape), an herbaceous plant which is developed by vegetable growing, being well adapted to instable strata. Although no endangered specie has been found, both areas present an anthropization rate, due to the flow of bathers, especially during the summer. What is the Mangrove of the region like? This ecosystem is typical of the tropical and subtropical estuary areas, being ruled by a system of tide variations that flood it twice a day, where the mixture of sea water with the fresh water coming from the continent give this water a brackish condition. This typical condition exerts an important selection feature when related to the type of plant, which shall colonize this environment, that is, it only allows some species to inhabit this ecosystem. For the purpose characterizing the mangroves next to CNAAA, five places were selected, where this ecosystem exists. They are: the mangroves of Bracuí, Recife Beach, Ilha do Jorge Grego, of Pousada do Bosque, and of Ariró River. The data showed that groves of the Bracuí kind, as well as of Ariró, Pousada do Bosque were of the white type, while groves of the Recife Beach and Ilha do Jorge Grego are of the red type. The physiography of the studied mangroves is of the fringe mangrove. The existing mangroves in the areas of study, have generally, were anthropizated, being however, deprived of their native state characteristics. They started to suffer the first modifications in the 70’s due to the construction of BR 101 road and of tourism enterprises. References (Moscatelli et al., 1993; Kjerfve & Lacerda, 1993 apud) NATRONTEC ( op. cit .), indicate that 50 a 60% of the mangroves are already lost in all the bay of Ilha Grande. 85 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 Picture 24 - Overview of Bracui mangrove where it is highlighted the predominance of specimens of Laguncularia racemosa (white mangrove). Source: [“Survey and Environment Diagnosis (Physical medium) of the CNAAA Area of Influence] – Biology Institute/UFRJ 2003 The mangroves studied showed evident impacts such as: deforestation, embankments, house building, road construction, changes in the pattern of water circulation and waste disposal. The occurrence of a great number of logs observed in parts of Ariró and Pousada Do Bosque mangroves reflexes wood cutting and sand deposition, respectively. Although all mangroves studied presented a good wood structure, an intense cutting of mangrove logs was observed. Thus, based on information obtained for the preparation of this Report, the mangroves studied can be listed according to their state of conservation in: Ariró; Praia do Recife; Pousada do Bosque; Ilha do Jorge e Bracuí. 6.2.2. What is the terrestrial fauna of the region like? The herpetofauna (amphibians and reptiles) 86 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 The region where CNAAA is located represents an area of concentration and reproduction of many species of amphibians and reptiles. It can be seen the presence of a recovered forest in its surroundings, with good vegetation and several micro environments favorable to the herpetofauna. The number of amphibians and reptiles species found was greater than the one recorded in the survey made for the preparation of the Control Plan for the Ecologic Station of Tamoios (Phase 1). Among the three visited islands, the Pingo d’Água Island was the one which presented the most favorable surroundings for the existence of amphibians and reptiles. The presence of poisonous snakes always raises the issue of risks of ophidian accidents. However, nothing was verified in relation to any case of poisoning, supposedly not common for the region, as the species in question are found only inside the forest, not normally coming to areas of human residence. It was also verified that the area of the immediate surrounding of CNAA is well preserved, whereas the region of Angra dos Reis suffers an accelerated process of environment degradation by deforestation. This situation is certainly due to the population respect for the nuclear plant area and to the fact that there is permanent guard over this area. The Avifauna (birds) Altogether, there were recorded 331 species of birds in the lowlands and submontane forests. Among these, 16 species are considered endangered species worldwide and 26 almost endangered. Some species deserve distinction: Formicivora erythronotos [papa formigas de cabeça negra, endemic specie of the Green Coast, Phylloscartes paulistus [não pode parar], species only recorded for the regions at the last five years (D.Buzzetti, com. pess.) and Iodopleura pipra [anambezinho], whose several recent record turns the area in one of the most important areas for its preservation. During the study, it has been verified that the Mambucaba Valley and the Ariró lowland , places inserted in the area of influence of Angra 3 nuclear plant, shelter more than 90% of the total population of formigas de cabeça negra (Mendonça & Gonzaga, 1999). Out of the reproductive period (April and June), the region receives latitudinal migrants, that leave the south of the country fleeing from the austral winter. There also come to the region visitors coming from the north during the northern winter (November to April). The local avifauna composition also suffers with the alterations during the cold months, with the arrival of altitudinal migrants. Species with distribution predominantly mountainous visit the low lands of the Green Coast in the months of July and August, fleeing from the low temperatures of the high altitudes. The reproductive activities of the local avifauna were concentrated between mid August and the beginning of February. This period coincides with the general pattern observed for the birds of the South Hemisphere (Skutch 1950, Pinto 1953, Snow 1976 e Sick 1997). 87 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 Exceptions to the reproductive pattern of the local avifauna were observed for the insectivorous. These variations may result from human activities in the region, altering the normal pattern of insect offer in the environment. According to Oniki & Willis (1982, 1983), granivorous and insectivorous birds with capacity to benefit from the constant availability of food produced by human action (synanthropy), like plant irrigation, are able to reproduce throughout the whole year. Habitats destruction, hunting, introduction of predators, competitors and exotic diseases are the main causes to bird extinction. Especially in the State of Rio de Janeiro, the destruction and fragmentation of the Atlantic Forest is the leading threat to native avifauna (Alves et al., 2000). The size of the remaining fragments may not be sufficient to shelter species that require a broader space for their survival. The aquatic birds segment is composed of species that live in water related environments, like seas, lagoons, mangroves, marshes and swamps and can be divided in three basic groups: marines, freshwater and mixed. The field records, summed up with the secondary data, already existent for the region, taking into consideration the areas of influence of the enterprise, total to 56 species of aquatic birds. At Tamoios Ecologic Station, the survey of the aquatic avifauna identified 13 bird species. There were surveyed 500 individuals of Cayenne Tern (Sterna eurygnatha) [trinta réis de bico amarelo], a bird very sensible to human interferences whose populations need protection in their few reproductive sites known. It is most endangered coastal specie in Brazil (Antas, 1991). The field works in the islands of Tamoios Ecologic Station, in other 37 islands and plane rock islets of the region and in the mangroves of Bracuí, Cansado e Ariró Bays, listed 24 species of aquatic birds, including three new occurrences in the region. There were recorded 56 species of aquatic birds for Angra dos Reis and Parati, 24 were observed in the field works carried out on the islands of the Ecologic Station, on other islands of the region and in the mangroves of Ariró, Cansado and Bracuí Bay. In the area of Tamoios Ecologic Station, the greater diversity of aquatic species was found in Rochedos de São Pedro, followed by Sabacu e Zatin Islands, with predominance of one specie of kelp gull, followed by three species of Cayenne Tern. Excursions to other islands of Angra dos Reis region had the purpose of gathering more data related to the group of aquatic birds. Thus, 37 islands were researched, where 19 species of aquatic birds have been identified. In the flooded areas of the Atlantic Forest, there is, among other species, the Muscovy Duck (Cairina moschata), a species very chased after by hunters (Sick, 1997). As to restingas, very common species of wide distribution can be named. As to mangroves, several migrant species can be verified, among others, which seek food, shelter and places for reproduction in these 88 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 ecosystems. The mangroves of Bracuí Bay and Cansado have the greater number of recorded species. In this formation, the occurrence of Chloroceryle aenea (American Pygmy Kingfisher) is new for the region. Among the 24 species observed in field, 16 are piscivorous. These birds, however, complement their diet consuming items like: squids, crustaceans, eggs and nestlings of other aquatic species, aquatic insects, amphibians and reptiles. Aquatic birds, generally, are indicatory species of the environmental quality of water and of the associated ecosystems, depend for their survival on the food resources found solely in the aquatic environment. There is no record of endangered aquatic birds for the region. On the other hand, there occur three species considered probably endangered in the State of Rio de (Alves et al., 2000) and other three, of which the current data do not allow for an evaluation of their status. The coastal areas are being destroyed at an intense rhythm and several mangroves have already been destroyed. Angra dos Reis region is not different. The insular ecosystems also suffer several pressures, although distant and of difficult access, they receive the impact of the fishing activities in their surroundings; disturbances in their sea birds colonies, use of their egg as food, use of the nestlings of these birds as live bait, introduction of exotic fauna and flora, building of houses, deforestations, etc. The mammalian fauna (mammals) The inventory of existing data about the mammalian fauna in the area of influence of Angra 3 is based on recent work and on identification of material deposited in the collections of National Museum and of the Museum of Zoology of Unicamp (Campinas University). 89 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 The collection of the National Museum was studied, with the purpose of identifying the mammals of Ilha Grande Bay region and near localities, in a radius of approximately of 20km of the nuclear plant area, including, by this way, the areas of direct influence. A bibliographic survey was also carried out and part of the mammals’ occurrence, listed as follows, was done pursuant to data included in these publications. When compared to the number of species previously surveyed in the literature for the region, where there were recorded nine orders and approximately 46 species of small wild mammals in a radius of 15 km of Angra 3 Nuclear Plant, it is observed that the number compiled in the first campaign was lower (20 species). It is interesting to note that only one marsupial species (Didelphis aurita) was surveyed in the region during the campaign period. Although this marsupial has been one of the most abundant species in the area, there was no record in the present study of several other species of marsupials that should have potentially been present in the area. Concerning the rodents, the number of species compiled in the campaign (nine species) is also lower than the expected, of that previously surveyed in the literature (twenty five species). It is taken for granted that one of the factors contributed to this shortage, may be the time of the year when the campaign was carried out, which corresponds to the end of the rainy season in the region. For small mammals, marsupials and rodents in particular, the time of the year when the populations present higher densities coincide with the end of the dry season, which for the Angra dos Reis region is in September Despite this limitation, it is important to highlight the presence, in the forests situated around the area of the implementation of species project apparently demanding in terms of the habitat quality relative to arboreal stratification, at least. Certainly, a higher collection effort would provide with additions to the present list, and considering the compiled species until now it would not be surprising the discovery of rare species or even considered disappeared in the region, since the area of direct influence of the project has been spared of the modifications imposed by human presence, either in the establishment of framing or in non planned urban occupation, fact that can be easily seen if compared to neighbouring areas. 6.2.3. What is the aquatic fauna of the region like? The coast of the State of Rio de Janeiro corresponds to north the portion of the Continental Platform of Brazilian Southeast (CPS). This area is marked by the presence of the Brazilian Current which carries the hot water to the south. 90 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 A mass of water designated as Subtropical Convergence results from the encounter of the cold waters Falklands Current, rich in nutrients, which flows from south to north with the Brazilian Current, approximately at the estuary of the Prata River. The Subtropical Convergence brings about seasonal variations in the marine environment in the south of Brazil. As a consequence to these variations, spatial and temporal oscillations in the distribution and affluence of the living marine resources in the region occur (Vazzoler, 1975). This region is even considered as a transitional region as far as the fauna is concerned, presenting a rich fish fauna (Figueiredo, 1981). Anjos (1993) highlighted the biodiversity potential of this part of the Brazilian coast, showing four sectors with high productivity, which, except for Cabo Frio, are all related to estuary systems, in the three largest bays of the State: Guanabara, Sepetiba and Ilha Grande. Ilha Grande Bay is distinguished by presenting a coastal plain with irregular outline, where small rocky pointed capes and inlets, bays and islands alternate. The presence of mangroves developing in the inlet ends, in places more sheltered from the influence of waves can also be observed. A Mammals and Marine Reptiles o What are Cetaceans? The Cetaceans belong to the group of aquatic mammals, represented by whales, dolphins and porpoises, among others. Next, the characteristics of the 14 species of cetaceans recorded for Ilha Grande Bay: o Southern Right Whale ( Eubalaena australis ) The Southern Right Whale is an endemic species of the south hemisphere. The individual makes great latitudinal migrations, occupying, during winter and spring, time of reproduction, the coastal waters of the Brazilian coast, being observed from Rio Grande do Sul to the south of Bahia (Lodi et al., 1996). At Ilha Grande Bay, this species has been observed in the winter and spring months and the records reported in the literature confirm that the area has been used during the migration. Observations of mother cub pairs are more common, although lonely individuals can also be seen in the region (Fragoso et al ., 1995). o Humpback Whale ( Megaptera novaeangliae ) Humpback Whale is found in all oceans and makes lengthy latitudinal migrations between the reproduction (low latitudes) and food (high latitudes) areas (Jefferson et al., 1993). The species uses Brazilian waters to reproduction, mainly in winter and spring months. The region of Abrolhos, south of Bahia is the main concentration area of species in Brazil (Siciliano, 1997). Pairs of mother and cub have been observed in Ilha Grande Bay. The records reported in the literature evidence that the Humpback Whale uses the region during its migration. Thus, like the Southern Right Whale, the coastal habit exposes the species to several threats, specially the involvement in fishing operations. 91 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 Accidental catches of adult and young individual have been reported for the region, always in gill nets (Fragoso, 1995; Pizzorno et al., 1998). o Bryde's whale ( Balaenoptera edeni ) The Bryde's whale does not make lengthy latitudinal migrations. The species is found in coastal and ocean Waters in tropical and subtropical regions (Jefferson et al., 1993). Little is known about the habitat use and the abundance of the species at the Brazilian coast. However, the Bryde's whale seems to be present throughout the whole year in Brazilian southeast cost. At Ilha Grande Bay, some observations have been made, inclusive reports of predation over shoals of sardines and one grounding in the 80’s (Fragoso et al., 1995). o Minke Whale ( Balaenoptera acutorostrata ) The Minke Whale is widely distributed and prefers ocean waters. (Jefferson et al., 1993). Along the Brazilian coast the species is rarely seen. In Ilha Grande Bay, the records of the species are rare (Hetzel & Lodi, 1996). o Sperm Whale ( Physeter macrocephalus ) The Sperm Whale is widely distributed and prefers ocean waters. (Jefferson et al., 1993). In Brazil, the species is rarely seen. In Ilha Grande Bay, the Sperm Whale was observed only once (Hetzel & Lodi, 1996). o False Killer Whale ( Pseudorca crassidens ) The False Killer Whale is found at tropical and hot temperate ocean waters (Jefferson et al., 1993). Due to this distribution, the species is rare in coastal waters. Relating to Ilha Grande Bay, the single record is a skull found on a beach of the region (Fragoso, 1995). o Short finned Pilot Whale ( Globicephala macrorhynchus ) Short finned Pilot Whales are found at tropical and hot tempered waters of all oceans, generally, in ocean waters (Jefferson et al., 1993). Like False Killer Whale the oceanic habit of the species is responsible for the low observation frequency of the species in coastal Waters. At Ilha Grande Bay there is a single Record of the species reported by Hetzel et al. (1994). o Orca or Killer whale ( Orcinus orca ) The Orca is found in all oceans and seas, from pole regions to equatorial regions (Jefferson et al., 1993). 92 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 Along the coast of the State of Rio de Janeiro, the species seems to be present, preferably in spring and summer months (Siciliano et al., 1999). Its occurrence in Ilha Grande Bay seems to follow this same seasonality, besides being related to the opportunist occupation of the area in foraging activity. Among the records related to the Orca in Ilha Grande Bay, it stands out the observation of individuals near Jipóa Island and the grounding of a female on Comprida Island. The groups observed at Ilha Grande Bay are made of immature adults and, in some cases, of cubs. Few data available do not permit to define the species usage pattern in Ilha Grande Bay, although there are evidences that the species feed in the region. o Common Dolphin ( Delphinus sp .) The Common Dolphin occurs in temperate, tropical and subtropical waters of all the oceans (Jefferson et al., 1993). Along the coast of Rio de Janeiro State, the occurrence of the species, which has preferably ocean habits, seems to be related to areas of high productivity. At Ilha Grande Bay, there have been reported groundings and the common dolphin has been observed (Fragoso, 1995) and the species seems to occur in an opportunist way in the light of food offer and of the variation of oceanographic factors. o Bottlenose Dolphin ( Tursiops truncatus ) The Bottlenose Dolphin occurs in temperate and tropical waters of all oceans (Jefferson et al., 1993). The species has ocean and coastal habits, living in the estuaries exits of the Brazilian south region (Pinedo et al., 1992). At Ilha Grande Bay, groundings and species observations have been recorded (Fragoso 1995; Lailson Brito et al., 1998) and its occurrence seems to be opportunist according to food availability and oceanographic factors, which influence the species distribution. o Rough toothed Dolphin ( Steno bredanensis ) The Rough toothed Dolphin has been reported as a species with ocean habits, which occurs at tropical and subtropical waters (Jefferson et al., 1993). In Brazil, however, it has been frequently observed in coastal waters (Lailson Brito et al., 1996b). The species is one of the delphinidae most frequently recorded in Ilha Grande Bay, by observation or by animals found dead in the region beaches (Hetzel & Lodi, 1993; Fragoso, 1995). Despite its constant presence in the region, the lack of systematic studies does not allow for the knowledge of usage of the area by such species). o Atlantic Spotted Dolphin ( Stenella frontalis ) The Atlantic Spotted Dolphin is an endemic species of the Atlantic Ocean, can be found in coastal and ocean waters of the tropical and subtropical regions (Jefferson et al., 1993). Like Rough toothed Dolphin, the species is frequently recorded at Ilha Grande Bay, by observation or 93 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 groundings (Hetzel & Lodi, 1993; Fragoso, 1995). However, the life area and the utilization area for these dolphins are unknown. o Tucuxi dolphin ( Sotalia fluviatilis ) The marine form of the Tucuxi dolphin is distributed in the coastal waters of the Atlantic Ocean from Santa Catarina up to Nicaragua (Jefferson et al., 1993). In Ilha Grande Bay, Tucuxi dolphin is the cetacean with the greater number of records and groups of hundreds of individuals have been reported in the literature (Lodi & Hetzel, 1999). Distinctively from other dolphins, the species uses the region throughout the whole year. Previous studies indicate the existence of preferential areas of the species occurrence in some sections of the bay, as near Parati and Ribeira Bay. o Franciscana ( Pontoporia blainvillei ) The franciscana lives in the coastal waters of the Western Atlantic, from Argentina up to Espírito Santo (Jefferson et al., 1993). The species is one of the most endangered cetaceans of the Brazilian coast (Ibama, 2001). This condition is due, mainly, to its limited world distribution and to its coastal habit, which turns it susceptible to impacts related to human activities, particularly the accidental catch in fishing nets. Only recently, the species was recorded in Ilha Grande Bay, in the events of three groundings, two of which happened at the vicinities of Itaorna (Azevedo et al., 2001). Such records have widened the species distribution limits along the State of Rio de Janeiro coast, since the southern coast of the state was considered a gap area in its distribution (Siciliano & Santos, 1994; Zerbini et al., 2000). The little data about the presence of the species in Ilha Grande Bay does not allow for a more accurate diagnosis of its situation in the region. Nevertheless, the Franciscana is not used to long movings and, for that reason, the species may be present throughout the whole year in the waters of Ilha Grande Bay Among the species recorded for the region of Itaorna, two have exclusive coastal habits, do not make long movings and, probably use the region throughout the year: Tucuxi dolphin (Sotalia fluviatilis) and Franciscana (Pontoporia blainvillei). The use of Ilha Grande Bay and the region of Itaorna by the Franciscana, species, whose conservation status is defined as vulnerable, was only confirmed in 2001 (Azevedo et al., 2002). Among the whales that frequent Ilha Grande Bay, the Southern Right Whale, during its migration (winter and spring months), deserves special attention. It has had its populations extremely reduced by hunt and the population recovery is, currently threatened by the interaction with human activities in shallow coastal waters. In Ilha Grande Bay, pairs of mother and cub are being exposed to a series of threats, represented mainly by the entanglement in fishing nets and by intentional molestation. Records of mother cub pairs of this species were recently carried out in Mambucaba 94 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 and Itaorna Beaches. The period of stay of the individuals in this region has varied from a few days to a week. Due to external characteristics (lack of dorsal fin) and to its behavior of staying adrift for long time, the risk of shock with vessels and entanglement in fishing artifacts cannot be disregarded, since there are previous records in the region. Who are the Chelonians? In the region, the only reptiles specimen, which use the sea to reproduce or to survive are the chelonians– group represented by the sea turtles. In Brazil, there are five of the seven species of sea turtles, all of them considered endangered (TAMAR, 1999). In the Southeast, the spawning areas are situated in Espírito Santo and north of Rio de Janeiro State, and the other areas of the region are used for food. Some data show that the coast of the southeastern region is an important area for the development of the life cycle of the five species of sea turtles that occur in the Brazilian coast (Sanches, 1999). Chelonian data at Ilha Grande Bay are scarce. However, the region may be an important food area for sea turtles, as it has been for the extreme north of the coast of São Paulo State. Due to difficulties in observing and identifying the sea turtles during the research cruises and to the lack of spawning area, information about the use of the regions are based on the accidental catch of animals. The monitoring of coastal communities may provide information about turtle occurrences, through interviews with the region inhabitants, and through the notice of animal that eventually drown after an accidental entanglement. Ilha Grande Bay meets all the necessary characteristics to its use as a food area for the five species of sea turtles, mainly the green turtle (Chelonya mydas). the presence of the leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) has already been confirmed by groundings at Ilha Grande. In food areas, fishing activities are the main direct threat to sea turtle survival. Taken into consideration that the five species are endangered, the need to basic studies for the region is reinforced, in order to check the patterns of area use and its importance to the populations. 6.2.4. How can the region’s fishes be characterized? Several studies carried out since the 80’s, besides the Monitoring Program of Marine Flora and Fauna (MPMFF), depict the regional fish fauna considering several aspects. Essential alterations were not verified in the fishing community, although an increase in the diversities was verified throughout the years since the beginning of CNAAA operation. 95 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 Considering some data (from 1980 to 1995 , by Furnas), it was suggested that there existed favourable conditions for the raise in number and proportion of some species of fishes in Piraquara de Fora Bay, to the detriment of other fish populations, according to food and size category. The area next to the discharge of thermal effluent has a less diversified fish fauna, made up by young fish of species of low environmental selectivity, besides observing a lower number of predators. Marine and Continental Fish Fauna There were 57 species recorded with a total of 2.994 individuals collected by means of dragnets in the sectors of Itaorna, Piraquara de Fora e Piraquara de Dentro. As shown by the surveys, there is a qualitative evidence of several species of limited restriction in Itaorna. There, fishes present a large species diversity. It was observed great activity and diversity, especially over coral bottoms and amongst rocks, which form a large quantity of shelters for fishes As for underwater evaluations, carried out mainly in Piraquara de Fora, they showed an area with low diversity, when compared with the coast of Itaorna, particularly next to the point of thermal effluent discharge, where there is a strong and continuous current. All the evaluated results concerning the abundance and diversity of the fish fauna show that the impact of thermo chemical effluent discharge is extremely restricted. There is a need to expand future evaluations in the area of Piraquara de Fora, the control monitoring remaining in Itaorna and Piraquara de Dentro. Fresh Water Fish Fauna The contributing region to Ilha Grande Bay, situated south west of Rio de Janeiro State, has an irregular relief and a jagged coastline. Other peculiar characteristic of Ilha Grande drainage basin is the large variety of rivers and creeks, with several waterfalls and cascades. The basin in question has a low wealth of species when compared to other basins of the State (Bizerril & Primo, 2001). No significant statistic differences were observed among the points of the approached and control areas in the studied rivers. Such observation allows an inference that the factors associated to nuclear plants will not influence a reduction on the local biota abundance. 6.2.5. Conservation Units The south western cost of Rio de Janeiro State shelters important Atlantic Forest remaining forests, protected under four main Conservation Units: Cairuçu Environmental Protection Area, Juatinga Ecological Reserve and Serra da Bocaina National Park, the latter being the largest Federal Conservation Unit, which includes this type of ecosystem. Standing out is the Tamoios Ecological 96 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 Station, a conservation unit of total protection created for the Atlantic Forest research and monitoring, specially for the maritime insular ecosystem and its maritime aquatic surroundings Nowadays, the basin region of Ilha Grande Bay is the second micro region in an area of the Conservation Units of Rio de Janeiro State (Mendonça et al.1996) and became an important area of preservation since the creation of the following Conservation Units: Ilha Grande State Park (State Decree 16.067 of 04/06/1973), Praia do Sul Biological Reserve (State Decree 4.972 of 02/12/1981), EPAs (Environmental Protected Area) of Cairuçu (Federal Decree 89.242 of 27/12/1983) and Tamoios (State Decree 9.452 of 05/12/1986), Ilha Grande Biological Reserve (State Decree 9.728 of 06/03/1987) and Marine Park of Aventureiro (State Decree 15.983 of 27/11/1990). As the region has a high diversity and high number of endemic species and/or endangered species, it is included in one the Brazilian centres for plant diversity acknowledged WWF World Wildlife Fund for Nature e IUCN – International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (Davis et al., 1997). Even so, the species of that region, still are less represented in the surveys, showing the gaps in scientific knowledge (Marques, 1997). Amongst the main degradation processes of the forest ecosystems of the basin of Ilha Grande Bay are: deforestation, hardwood cutting, hunting, palm heart and ornamental plants extraction, land extraction, embankments and urban expansion, and agriculture activities (SEMA, 1997). From the analysis of aerial photos and information of the local population, it was verified that, in adjacent lowlands and hillsides, there is an enlargement of pasture areas, monoculture plantation and urban expansion, which have been the main factors responsible for the vegetation de characterization in the last 40 years. The situation of these lands becomes more critical, when taking into consideration that the largest part of its area is not inserted in conservation units, and has also been subject to one of the strongest pressure of real estate speculation of the State. 6.3. SOCIOECONOMIC MEDIUM 6.3.1. How is the CNAAA area of influence characterized regarding its archaeological, natural and cultural heritage? The region has a privileged landscape and one of the few strips of rainforest still remaining in Brazil covering Serra do Mar, which stimulates the creation of protected areas, dedicated to the environmental preservation of the existent ecosystems. 97 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 Picture 25 - Matriz Nossa Senhora dos Remédios Church, located at Parati’s Historical Centre, preserved by IPHAN in 13/02/1962, Parati - RJ. Source: “Análise do ambiente socioeconômico da área de influência da CNAAA”, Science. The different historical moments, which the region has gone through have left a great artistic and cultural heritage. In Parati and Angra dos Reis there are squares, chapels, churches and fortresses preserved due to their importance as historical landmarks. The Morcego Farm, at Ilha Grande, is preserved, and near the CNAAA, there is the architectural compound of Mambucaba Historical Village, with varied buildings, which reflect the organization of urban sites in XVIII and XIX centuries, being remarkable the Rosário Church. This compound has been recognized as historical heritage since December 1969. The region’s archaeological heritage is related, mainly, to landmarks of great importance left by Indian populations. Within the area of research, there were the Tupinambás or Tamoios (Tupi) and the Guaianás (non Tupi) tribes, which contended for that coastal region. The Tupinambá would camp on the coast due to war expeditions that they took twice a year, apart from the practice of fishing and mollusc collection. The archaeological landmarks were identified in many camps at Rio de Janeiro, in Guaratiba and at Guanabara Bay. The Guainá occupied the neighbourhood of the territory, which corresponds to the strip from Angra dos Reis until the Cananéia do Sul river (SP). There, they would have contact with the Carijó 98 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 (Guarani) tribe, going to the interior of Serra da Mantiqueira and, to the North the Jequitinhonha valley; to the South they would take over the states of Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul. There were many routes all over the territory, which connected points from the interior to the coast, which were later used by the colonizers for many centuries, originating some of the roads used nowadays. The gold exploration period has also provided the formation of a series of routes on the South of the state of Rio de Janeiro, although a big part of the trails used for gold smuggling were still those made by the region’s Indians. There are also registers of pre Colombian nations in many sites, revealed in “sambaquis” [pre historical shell deposits] found and studied at the region. According to the surveys made by Science for the Angra 3 Environmental Assessment, OLIVEIRA and AYROSA (1991) describes the identification of a sambaqui and three sharpeners at the region of Piraquara de Fora bay(Picture 28), on Praia do Velho surroundings. They show, still, the existence of a granite rocky block with marks of use for polishing on Sandri Island. From the colonial and Brazilian empire period, there are reports on the findings of ruins, foundations of a building (Picture 29), also at Piraquara de Fora inlet, which are attributed to the residence of Priest Salvador Francisco da Nóbrega, a Portuguese Court land grantee of the Angra dos Reis region, in 1797. From the XIX century, emerge the ruins of a building on the left of the previous one. The archaeological site is being object of scrupulous studies by a team of researchers from the State of Rio de Janeiro University, sponsored by Eletronuclear. Picture 26 - Polishers /Sharpeners. Piraquara de Picture 27 - Fortress. Piraquara de Fora Bay. Fora Bay. Source: Eletronuclear Source: Eletronuclear. 99 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 Foundations or buildings from the XVIII an XIX centuries, located at Piraquara de Fora bay, will also be studied, aiming at establishing a relationship with the regions’ past occupation processes . 6.3.2. How are the Indian lands characterized at the CNAAA area of influence? On the CNAAA’s surroundings, on a radius of 50 km of distance, there are 3 indigenenous areas and one remaining from quilombos. These areas are related to the Serra da Bocaina National Park, two on the area called Mitigation Zone and another inside the Park. The reservations of the mitigation areas are: the groups Parati Mirim – Cairuçu Environmental Protected Area, at the municipal area of Parati and Guarani do Bracuí, located at the valley of the Bracuí River, on the district of Cunhambebe, in Angra dos Reis. The Guarani Araponga Indian Reservation is located at the Park, which is within the municipal area of Parati. These groups live from vegetal picking, hunting, subsistence farming and handcraft sales. The number of inhabitants is not accurate, due to the intense spatial mobility of these groups. The Guarani Nation is the most numerous, and dedicate themselves to agriculture, especially corn, sweet potato, cassava, peanut and mate. The group’s spirituality is present in their music, although they are quiet. The spoken idiom is the Guarani, and through it, they transmit their culture in legends, beliefs, music and expressions. The handcraft is rich and full of aesthetic meaning as they represent the woods and living beings. The place where the Guarani Araponga reservation is located is considered to be good by the group, however, it is a small area considering their “way of life”, due to the fact that the land or territorial delimitation has a special meaning for the Guaranis, for a historical and social situation is established there. In the past, they inhabited areas in far greater numbers and more compatible with the group’s quality of life. The Governmental Decree Nr. 494, of July 14th 1994, of the State Ministry of Justice has demarcated the Guarani Araponga Indian Reservation. 6.3.3. How is the population dynamics presented in the areas of influence at Angra 3 nuclear plant? The AII 50 comprises 14 municipal areas in the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. The total population of the whole territory, as per IBGE (Demographic Census of 2000), is of 658.615 inhabitants, being more than 18% of this population in Angra dos Reis (119.247 inhabitants) and 4,49% at Parati (29.544 inhabitants), municipal areas directly related to the complex of CNAAA. 100 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 Área de influência da Usina Angra 3 Fumaça ' Pedra Selada ' Nossa Senhora do Amparo ' Agulhas Negras ' Fl oriano ' Resende @ Engenheiro Passos ' Barra Mansa @ Areias @ Rialto ' Antônio Rocha ' São José do Barreiro@ Silveiras @ Getulândia ' Arapeí@ Bananal@ Passa Três ' Lorena @ Rio Claro @ LídiceSão João ' Marcos ' Vila muriqui Campos de Cunha ' Itacurussá' ' Cunhambebe ' Mangaratiba @ Jacuecanga ' " @Angra dos Reis Legenda Mambucaba ' Conceição de Jacareí ' Tarituba ' limites Distritais Cunha @ @ Cidade Abraão Praia de Araçatiba ' ' ' Distrito Parati@ Parati Mirim ' Afastamentos Criticos da Usina Angra 3 " usina Escala Picinguaba ' Ubatuba @ 0 10000 20000 30000 Picture 28 - Areas of Direct and Indirect Influence of Angra 3. Source: “Analysis of the socioeconomic medium of the CNAAA influence area ”, Science 2002. Almost 90% of the municipalities population, which are part of the AII 50 occupy the urban area. From 1991 to 2000, in average, there has been an urban population growth of almost 20%. In Angra dos Reis, this growth has outgrown 45% and, in Mangaratiba, approximately 52%. In historical terms, the region has known the economic apogee initially through the gold routes, and later, through the coffee and sugar cane expansion. With the decline of those activities and the end of slave work, cattle raising, tourism and industry started to characterize the structuring movements of the area. Part of the social relations of economic character are the installations for the tourism and leisure infra structure, the thermonuclear power generating unit, port terminals for export and import of natural and industrial products and the agricultural and forest use of the parts of the soil incorporated to the productive process. Nowadays, Angra dos Reis and Parati are important touristic centres, which coexist with infra structure deterioration. The population of Angra has doubled during the decades of 50 and 60, anticipating the transformation dynamics, which would begin in 1972 with the BR 101 road construction, connecting the coastal region of Santos Parati Angra dos Reis Rio de Janeiro. The works, concluded in 1974, have stimulated the tourism industry in the region, which, with its hotels, 101 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 marinas, condominiums and housing developments, not only has completely modified the coastal landscape, but has also become the main transforming agent of the region’s natural environment. In terms of urban occupation, in the area of direct influence, considering the closest area of CNAAA, one should highlight: the Eletronuclear Residential Village – more of a housing project than a village, located at Praia Brava, the Mambucaba Historic Village, main village of the Mambucaba district; the Frade Hotel and an expressive part of the Frade Village, main village of the Cunhambebe district, both Angra dos Reis’ districts. Still in Mambucaba, near the Rio Perequê’s mouth, the locality of Perequê stands out, and on Tarituba district in the municipal area of Parati, the Mambucaba Residential Village, also from Eletronuclear. The occupation of the villages is marked by the vicinity of residences with little structure and condominiums of high economic pattern and the leisure network hotels. The urban expansion process on the traditional occupation sites, Mambucaba and Cunhambebe, threaten the southern limits of Serra da Bocaina National Park and completely trespass the BR 101’s right of way strip. Apart from this, there is pressure made on the Angra dos Reis infra structure, by a growing number of people, which are drawn by the employment offer provided by the tourism industry (clubs, lodgings, hotels, and condominiums with hotel services) and by other activities and services related to CNAAA. The absorbing of local labour and labour from the neighbouring municipalities, especially, Rio Claro and Barra Mansa, plus the stimulus provided to workmen without his family, could reduce their permanence after the works termination, avoiding the enlargement of the unemployed quota and the hillside irregular occupation. The great majority of people who has migrated to the region closest to CNAAA for at least 11 years does not have professional qualification and belongs to a segment, which subsists upon the tertiary sector, probably rendering services, and should represent the labour surplus from Verolme, nowadays Brasfels, and Angra 1 enterprises. Even if taking as reference the period of permanence of 11 years or more, one has, as the diverse steps of CNAAA implementation, Angra 1, from 1973 to 1985, and Angra 2, started in 1974, as the main motivation agents of the migrating flux. Even if not exclusively characterizing the ADI 5 km, one cannot fail do consider the conclusion of the BR 101 municipal stretch in 1976 a facilitator agent for the migration to the area.. The immigrant contingency composes the main concentration of the ADI 5 km, 59,5% of the area’s population, coming mainly from other federation units (57%), while only (41,9%) from Rio de Janeiro. The migration movement reduces its intensity between 1992 e 1996, period corresponding to the time of residence between six and ten years. Taking into consideration that Angra 2 works were resumed in 1993, one can infer that, in this case, there hasn’t been the same demographic impulse observed during Angra 1’s work, or even in the initial phases of Angra 2. 102 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 Therefore, a new lot of migrants has chosen Angra dos Reis as place of residence from 1997 on, characterizing a new group, with up to five years of residence. This new demographic impulse can be attributed to the growth observed in the tourism industry, phenomenon which characterizes the coastal municipal areas of the state of Rio de Janeiro, where the rise in residences destined for occasional use is significant, as demonstrated by the results of the last census accomplished by IBGE. 6.3.4. How are the districts within the municipal area of Angra dos Reis and Parati distinguished by their infra-structure? ANGRA DOS REIS The districts which constitute the municipal area of Angra dos Reis have basic sanitation service. The sanitary sewage treatment is rendered in five districts, and its final destination is the Ilha Grande bay. Urban cleaning and the garbage collection are performed in every district. At the end, the garbage is deposited in a controlled landfill, recycling plants and composting plants, located inside and outside the urban perimeter. In 1991, according to a survey from Information and Data Centre Foundation of the State of Rio de Janeiro CIDE, the municipal area had 20.829 residences. IBGE’s Demographic Census, carried out in 2000, showed that the municipal area had, on that date, 50.604 residences, an increase, therefore, of more than 142%. o Health Angra dos Reis has, nowadays, three hospitals registered with the Government Health System – SUS, being one of them owned by the municipality, offering 266 beds in various specialties resulting in a rate of 2.4 beds per thousand of inhabitants, greater than the rate available at the micro region (2,2%). In the municipal area, there are 17 health stations, four private clinics registered by SUS, five stations of the Family Health Program (FHP) and one station of the Indian Health Program (IHP), totalling 652 employers, between doctors, nurses, nurse auxiliaries and administrative labour. Regarding the infra structure, private units offer 11 ambulatories, 09 nurseries, 05 surgical centres, 09 radiologic service units, 01 clinical analysis laboratory, 9 Intensive Care Units and 01 pharmacy for the distribution of free prescription drugs. It is worth highlighting that the municipality’s medical care, due to the great demand, cannot take care of the real needs of the population, leading the great majority to seek assistance at the closest hospitals, amongst those the Eletronuclear Medical Assistance Foundation Hospital (Emaf) and the Codrato de Vilhena Maternity Hospital, both part of the private network. 103 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 According to the Municipal Health Secretary, the lack of hospital units in the municipal area is significant, be it for the lack of infra structure, or for the staff hired in Angra dos Reis. The enterprises settled in the municipal area, especially as of the 1970 decade, have drawn people of low purchasing power and low professional qualification, who have even occupied areas without basic water and sewer services, contributing, in this way, to the proliferation of diseases and the substantial increase of services at the health units. Lack of information, combined with lack of adequate basic sanitation in many of the municipal area’s districts, represents one of the alleged causes of the increase of the number of services at the municipal area’s public health network. To reduce this situation, the Family Health Program (FHP) has been created, which services the underprivileged families on a prophylactic manner, with the aim of making them conscious of prevention and of the necessary habits to reduce the number of diseases. Nowadays, the municipality suffers with the intense afflux of patients, whether local, or from the neighbouring municipal areas, such as Parati, which patients seek Angra dos Reis’ hospital units for a quality service. The great majority receives the necessary service, as the high complexity cases are lead to neighbouring municipal areas, such as Volta Redonda, Resende, Barra Mansa and Rio de Janeiro. In this case, the patients receive all the help needed, including medicines and transport on the city hall’s account, up to the place of treatment. Apart from that, the creation of a program by the State Health Secretary is expected, which should make the services between the municipal area of Angra dos Reis and the municipal areas in the Vale do Paraíba regional, aiming at preventing the great afflux of patients to the state’s capital, contributing to a faster and more effective service. Meanwhile, the Municipality’s Health Secretary has entered a partnership with the Civil Defence and the Naval College, apart from the Praia Brava Hospital, which is a reference for patients’ service, particularly for those coming from Parati and Mangaratiba. Apart from the difficulties faced, the mortality rates in the Municipal area, different from those observed in the State of Rio de Janeiro, between 1997 and 2000, have been expressively reduced, although they still deserve attention from the public authorities. It is worth mentioning that the health units have means to service approximately 90 thousand people, when, in reality, the population has reached the number of about 119.247 inhabitants, not taking into consideration the high season period, between December and march, when the population doubles and in patients numbers have a tendency to increase. As per the Health Secretary, regardless of which enterprise takes place within the municipal area, it is essential that the local labour is absorbed and qualified. Health cannot be regarded separately, but as a reflex of social and environmental conditions. In this sense, there must be a professional qualification program which allows absorbing and qualifying local labour. 104 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 o Education In 2000 the municipal area of Angra dos Reis had 80 primary education establishments, which presented 27.467 enrolments. As for secondary education, the municipality had 18 establishments and 6.526 enrolments. The municipal area of Angra dos Reis has one unit of higher education pertaining to the Fluminense Federal University, which offers a course on pedagogy. Due to the low offer of higher education courses within the municipal area, the great majority of the population, especially the teachers, who acted in the public education network of Angra dos Reis, have to go to neighbour municipal areas (Volta Redonda, Barra Mansa and Rio de Janeiro) for technical courses to improve their professional development. Data from the socioeconomic survey effected in the region, therefore reaching the main district of Angra dos Reis Cunhambebe and Mambucaba of the municipal area of Angra dos Reis and Tarituba in Parati showed that, from the 91.006 inhabitants in permanent private residences of an age equal or superior to 7 years, 91% know how to read and write and 9% don’t. The proportion between men and women, who know how to read and write is quite similar. The highest rate of illiteracy is found amongst the inhabitants of Cunhambebe (10%) and, in contrast, the highest literacy rate is found amongst the inhabitants of Tarituba (98%). The average rate of education years for the territory is of 6.4 years, meaning that the population of 15 years old, or more, has not completed the basic education. Cunhambebe stands in the worst position regarding this age group, which the average numbers of years of education is 5.7. It becomes clear that there is an inverse relation between the average of years of education and age, revealing the growing importance of investments in education to favour the access of the population to employment. People of 50 years old, or more, present lower average years of education than the preceding age ranges. In average, these people have completed only the first part of basic education. In Cunhambebe, not even this average has been reached (3.5 years).). o Communication media The municipality of Angra dos Reis has four post offices. In relation to the media, the municipality has three radio stations (one AM and two FM), apart from seven newspapers, six of those being weekly distributed. Among the TV stations, which broadcast a daily set of programs, there are Rede Globo, Rede Bandeirantes, Record and Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão SBT. In 2000, approximately 4.500 telephone devices, apart from 119 residential telephones and 66 switchboards were set up within the municipal area. o Public Security 105 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 The municipality has one police station (civil and military), one Civil Defence Superintendency, one Firemen subgroup and one Forest Military Police Battalion. The Firemen sub grouping is composed by three groups: The main district counts with a corporation of 191 militaries, from which 26 are officers; Frade district counts with 60 militaries, from which one is an officer; Mambucaba district, counts with 69 militaries, from which one is an officer. o Transport and Road Network The region has only one federal road, BR 101, on northwest southwest direction from CNAAA. The road presents asphaltic covering recently recovered, good traffic signs and footbridges at critical points, located in the areas of greater urban concentration. It also has a state road connecting the municipal area of Angra dos Reis to the municipal area of Rio Claro, the RJ 155. The vicinal routes are precarious, normally with gravel covering, presenting defective maintenance, which is the case of the Sertão de Mambucaba or Cativeiro road, which goes along the left margin of the Mambucaba River, from the northern limits of the Perequê Park, until Funil River, affluent of the Mambucaba River from the right margin. Other vicinal routes may be observed from the Frade plane, giving access to Sertãozinho do Frade; on the Grataú plane; on the Bracuí plane, giving access to the places called Gamboa Bracuí and Santa Rita do Bracuí. The vicinal access routes leading to the big condominiums present asphaltic covering, good driving conditions, which is the case of Frade Condominium and Bracuí. The transport service takes place through the interstate, inter municipal, municipal and circular routes, apart from taxi fleets and vans, which ride within the municipal area, due to the lack of public transportation vehicles to assist the resident population of Angra dos Reis. The company, which performs the urban transport in the municipal area, is the Senhor do Bonfim, while Empresa Colitur performs the inter municipal area service (between Angra dos Reis and Parati). The alternative transport cooperatives have a fleet of 60 vans. The municipal area also has a taxi cooperative, with a fleet of 54 cars. The regular public maritime transport service to Ilha Grande, from the port, is performed in pre determined schedules. Small boats promote maritime excursions, especially in the high season period. In the municipal area, there is also a small capacity airport built for small airplanes. PARATI o Basic Sanitation The three districts which compose the municipal area of Parati present insufficient basic sanitation services. The general water distribution network is present only in one district (main district). There is no sanitary sewage treatment in the districts. The alternative chosen was the use of patent concrete cesspits and escape holes pipes. The urban cleaning and garbage collection are 106 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 performed in all districts, however, the final destiny of the garbage is on open sky deposits, away from the town and near environmental protected areas. The garbage results from urban cleaning, from the gathering of residential waste and from selective collection (still at an initial status). These deposits, apart from the olfactory and visual discomfort, cause water pollution by leachate and air pollution by the smoke of its combustion, apart from favouring the environment for the proliferation of insects and diseases. The lack of government investment, associated to the lack of resources, especially of the rural population, may be one of the reasons, which contribute to the present state of the municipal area. It is worth mentioning that the deficient collection, mainly on the high season periods, and the inadequacy of the areas destined for waste disposal, create large open sky waste disposals. Another big trouble is the casting of fuel residues, either through fishing or tourism boats, from which it leaks or is dumped into the sea. These residues disperse affecting areas more extensive than domestic sewers, polluting areas around bays or harbours of greater maritime traffic. 107 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 o Health Parati has a municipal area hospital registered with the SUS, offering 48 beds, which results in a rate of 1,6 beds per thousand inhabitants. Besides the hospital, there are 12 health stations located in the rural zone, in which prophylactic and curative services are rendered. It is worth mentioning that the medical services at the municipal area do not contemplate the real necessities of the population and part of the customers have to seek the closest hospitals, like the Praia Brava Hospital (belonging to Eletronuclear) and the ambulatory units located at the centre of Angra dos Reis. If the medical service is performed outside the municipal area, especially in what high complex cases are concerned, statistics regarding deceases cannot register the cases occurred within the municipal area in its totality. The lack of medical and hospital service of Parati demands, therefore, better conditions and hospital units capable of offering good quality service in the municipal area, avoiding unnecessary displacements. That will contribute, as well, to reduce the service overload that takes place in Angra dos Reis, which suffers with the reduction of investments and with the high demand from patients coming from neighbour municipal areas, which reduces the quality of the service rendered. o Education Taking into account the population resident in the main district of Parati with seven years old or more, the illiteracy index is of 9.1%. There is a greater result in the illiteracy index for the female segment, which presents 9,8%, against 8,3% for the male segment. Apart from this, only 5,4% of the resident population in the district of Parati, have 12 years or more of education, which is equivalent to the higher education level, a better result than the one achieved by the main district in Angra dos Reis. An analysis taking into consideration the average years of education indicates that, among the population of 15 years old or more, the average number of years of education is 6.6 for the whole the population. Considering the age, one can observe a significant difference between the segment of people from 15 to 49 years old (7,3 years of education, in average) and only 4.2 years relating to the segment of 50 years old or more. Under the point of view of the working population of Parati, the average number of education years of the local work force, is slightly superior to the average of education of the Brazilian adult population, which is of 6 years. It should be highlighted that this slight superiority, when compared to the education of the Brazilian adult population, is still below the intended educational level. Another aspect to be observed is the poor distribution regarding the level of education highlighted by the differences between age and sex groups. This fact surely shows the need for investment in 108 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 education and an education level upgrading regarding the actual and future work force, in order to guarantee greater productivity, as well as trying to ease the inherent difficulties related to labour market insertion and minimizing social inequalities existing in the area. o Communication media Amongst the TV stations, which can be watched in Parati are: Rede Globo, TV Educativa, Rede Bandeirantes and Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão SBT (IBGE, 2000). Nowadays, the municipal area has one FM radio station and a weekly newspaper (Jornal Comunitário de Parati). Apart from this, there is a daily newspaper publishing the news, both from the Ilha Grande bay region, and from the Paraíba valley, part of the Rio de Janeiro state, called “A Voz da Cidade” (The voice of the town), established in 1970. Parati has only one post office. o Public Security There is one police station (civil and military), one Civil Defence Superintendency, one company of the Municipal area Guard and a Firemen substation. o Transport and Road Network The BR 101 road, which crosses the municipal area of Parati in the north south direction, leads to the majority of places located at the surroundings of the Serra da Bocaina National Park, crossing its limits at the state border region between Parati (RJ) and Ubatuba (SP) and in the neighbourhood of Frade Village and Perequê, this in the Mambucaba district, municipal area of Angra dos Reis. Another important road is the state RJ 165, giving access to the municipal area in the east west direction. Besides the roads, there are docks and landing grounds at Parati. The road transport takes place through the interstate, inter municipal area, municipal area and circular bus lines, apart from the taxi and van fleets. The municipal area’s urban transport is performed by Empresa Colitur, while Viação Eval is responsible for the inter municipal area transport (connecting Rio de Janeiro, Angra dos Reis and Parati). The public transport is characterized by various bus lines, which connect district villages to the municipal area main district. The presence of BR 101 contributes to the circulation among regional sub centres and the capital of the states of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. The bus lines frequency is enough to service the demand. The electric power distribution is rendered by the CERJ system, nowadays AMPLA, reaching all the urban and rural areas. 109 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 6.3.5. Regarding Leisure and Tourism, what is the dynamics of these sectors and what is the effect on the inhabitants of the municipal areas of Angra dos Reis and Parati? On the coast line of the municipal area of Angra dos Reis, the tourism industry was the main agent of change for the natural environment, starting in the last century’s 79’s decade, reaching its climax in the 80’s. It has changed not only the coastal landscape but has also become the main agent of spatial changes. Some of the mangrove areas have been leveled hotels, condominiums, marinas and building development projects have been added to the landscape. It has also been responsible for significant changes in the social body, a process commenced with the speculative appreciation of the land, as it is characteristic of the enterprises associated with real estate capital. These changes may be observed with the reduction of the primary sector activities such as agriculture and fishing as the land is transferred to the tourism activity. Nowadays, tertiary activities prevail in Angra dos Reis, and the commerce and service sector is the second economic activity of more expression in the municipal area. The Frade Hotel and the Golf Resort compose a hotel and a condominium complex set up on the Frade river plane, to the south of Cunhambebe village, occupying an area of 178 million square meters. It is a large dimension tourism enterprise begun in the 70’s, last century, which contributes to the social spatial arrangement, to the fixation of a significant population contingent in the surrounding areas of Cunhambebe. At the historical village of Mambucaba, municipal district of Angra dos Reis, there are small lodgings with improvised installations, which serve the intense local seasonal tourism. The floating population can be equaled or even greater than the resident population. According to the Demographic Census of 2000, 20,8% of residences in Angra dos Reis are intended for occasional use. Parati has 164 lodging establishments, with a total of about 5.580 beds approximately. The municipal area presents tradition and a great potential for the development of activities connected with tourism about 44% of the tourists that visit Parati during the year are from São Paulo State, and receive the benefits provided by the development of cultural events and the creation of the road that connects Parati to the municipal area of Cunha. Especially due to the importance of the activities linked to fishing and tourism, the port nautical support services present a growing potential to the municipal area. It shows that the lodging sectors devoted to tourism, deserve distinction in those municipal areas, demonstrating the importance of this sector’s activities. Tourism, designated as the municipal area natural inclination for development, has 73 lodging establishments, totaling 1.401 housing units. Local commerce is relatively structured to receive 110 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 every kind of tourist, with a great variety of hotels and accommodations for varied income levels, including the most sophisticated, which rely on five high standard hotels. The socioeconomic survey “Analysis of the socioeconomic medium of the CNAAA area of influence” performed by Science, has established that the low education level of the population strongly interferes with the leisure habits of the surveyed population. Among the people interviewed, with ages of 15 years old or more, about 80% of them affirmed not to practice sports and physical activities, or go to the movies, or to the theatre. It can be said, from the survey “Analysis of the socioeconomic medium of the CNAAA area of influence” performed by Science, that watching TV and video tapes are the most frequent leisure activities for 80% of the inhabitants, especially those at the age group from 31 to 60 years old (43%) in all districts of Angra. In second place, the option is reading books and newspapers, involving 44% of the surveyed population. Next, receiving and visiting friends, with 42% of the inhabitants choosing this activity among the usually performed alternatives. Examining the facts at this point concerning beach frequency habits in Angra dos Reis or Parati, it has been noticed that 42% of the inhabitants of the districts in the investigation area do it and 58% don’t. Among the districts, the inhabitants of Tarituba go to the beach in a greater proportion than the others (57%) and those from Cunhambebe in a lesser proportion (36%). Among the beach goers of the region, the majority belongs to the age groups from 0 to 19 years old and from 20 to 39 years old. In terms of leisure on the headquarter district of Parati, there are some questions regarding the main leisure habits of the inhabitant population, as well as the uses and habits which they make of the beach of Parati and Angra dos Reis. Considering the resident population with 15 years old or more, it is observed that this population does not practice sports or physical activities usually. Only 23.1% of the interviewed state population practices sports or physical activities. Those who practice sports and physical activities do so at least twice a week and are, mainly, young (from 15 to 30 years old). Taking into consideration the other alternatives presented as leisure habits, it can be stated that watching television and video tapes is the Parati inhabitants’ preferred activity. On the opposite direction, 93,6% stated having never been to the shopping mall, 98,1% to the movies and 98,5%, to the theatre or to concerts. On the other hand, the habit of visiting and receiving friends is quite expressive amongst the resident population aged 15 years old or more. about 41,3% state visiting and receiving friends frequently, while 44,3% sometimes visit and receive friends and only 14,4% state not to practice 111 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 these social activities. Apart from that, attending and participating of religious events is also an activity performed by 52,8% of the inhabitants of Parati. More than 48% of the inhabitants of Parati state to go to the beach at Parati and Angra dos Reis and most of those are belong to the age group from 20 to 39 years old. 6.3.6. What is the perception of the population of the municipal areas of Angra dos Reis and Parati regarding its living conditions and how are their social organizations arranged? ANGRA DOS REIS The results of the survey Analysis of the socioeconomic medium of the CNAAA area of influence, performed by Science in the region, reveal the opinion of the inhabitants about their living conditions in the municipal area of Angra dos Reis. The key question is the perception towards the improvement, maintenance or deterioration of the living conditions in the municipal area during the last years. The high percentage (48%) of inhabitants who consider that positive changes have taken place towards the living conditions in the municipal area of Angra dos Reis stands out. Amongst those, who consider that there were no changes in the living conditions of the municipal area, 14% were, in March of 2002, from 31 to 60 years old. It is also in this age group that the greater number of inhabitants, who stated that the living conditions in the municipal area have deteriorated, is concentrated. From those, who considered that there had been an improvement in the living conditions, 60% attribute this situation to the governmental investments and attribute the better conditions to the improvement of public services. The results presented demonstrate that, taking into account an area of direct influence as a whole, and taking into consideration the population of 15 years old or more, the evaluation of the living conditions of the municipal area of Angra dos Reis is very positive. However, the same evaluation should comprehend a more extensive territorial level, in this case, the districts, for the confirmation of these conclusions, taking into consideration the social and economical inequalities existing among the districts. In this case, it is worth mentioning that in the district of Cunhambebe, 54% of the inhabitants stated that their living conditions had improved. Mambucaba presents the highest rate regarding those, who considered that those conditions had worsened: 28%. Regarding ownership of personal documents, this can favour the organization and mobilization of the local population. The survey registered that 85% of the inhabitants of the districts of Angra dos Reis have ID documents, working card, CPF/CIC (registration with the Ministry of Finance), military service certificate (for male inhabitants 18 years old or more) and voting card, that is, the basic set of documents for any citizen. 112 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 The analysis of the results towards the inhabitants degree of associativism regarding those, who were 15 years old or more in the survey area, who lived in private permanent residences, showed the low level of communitarian involvement of the inhabitants. These associations and/or mobilizations are fundamental elements for the practice of citizenship and may result in a motivation for associativism. Apart from that, it is directly linked to the promotion of better living conditions for the territory population. Amongst those, who declared to take part in some entity, the majority says to be connected to a resident association and, in second place, to some religious movement. PARATI Regarding the perception towards the living conditions in the municipal area of Parati, the cost of living and violence are some of the disadvantages of living in the main district of Parati, mentioned by 15 years old or more residents. In relation to living conditions, 45,6% of the population with 15 years old or more, considered that there had been no significant changes to the living conditions during the last years in the municipal area of Parati. 30,1% stated that there had been positive changes and 24,2% considered that the conditions had deteriorated. However, analyzing the results by district, the inhabitants of Tarituba have had a more positive evaluation than those residents in the main district (Parati). Amongst those people, who considered that there had been an improvement in the living conditions, 30,8% attributed this situation to improvements in public services, while 29,8%, to governmental investments, 9,8%, to benefits sponsored by private companies; 13,4% attribute the improvement in the quality of life to the generation of new working positions. Generally, the evaluation of living conditions in the municipal area of Parati was positive. An analysis of the citizenship subject indicates that 80% of the inhabitants of Parati have the basic documents for any citizen, identity card, working card, CPF / CIC [registration with the Ministry of Finance] and voting permit. But the military service certificate was declared by only 36,8% of the resident population of more than 18 years old, and a driver’s license was declared by 27,3% of the inhabitants of Parati. An analysis of the results towards degree of associativism of the inhabitants of Parati with 15 years old or more reveals, as in Angra dos Reis, low a participation degree. Amongst those, who declared to participate in some entity, 84.4% informed to be connected to the resident association, while 20,9% said to be associated to religious movements; 19,9% to philanthropic associations and 13,6% to some authority / association linked to environmental movements. 113 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 In the opinion of 10.5% of the inhabitants of Parati, it is important to join a syndicate or some class organization for the practice of citizenship (especially amongst the group aged from 31 to 60 years old). 114 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 7. IDENTIFYING AND EVALUATING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS / MITIGATING AND COMPENSATORY MEASURES Environmental laws rule the rational use of environmental resources and the conservation of environmental quality. One of its instruments, Decree no. 88.351/83, which was later revoked by Decree no. 99.274/90, ruling over Law no. 6.938/81, binds the use of the environmental impact assessment to the licensing systems of State environmental control agencies for activities either polluting or mitigating the environment. According to the enterprise’s characterization and the study of the environmental situation for the affected areas, we identified the environmental impact arising out of installing and operating said enterprise. Environmental impacts are defined by Conama Resolution no. 001/86 as “any alteration of the physical chemical and biological properties of the environment, caused by any form of matter or energy resulting from human activities, which directly or indirectly affect the health, safety and welfare of the population; to social and economical activities; a biota; the environment’s aesthetical and sanitary conditions; the quality of environmental resources”. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) guarantees a systematical analysis of environmental impacts. Its aim is to guarantee that those responsible for decision-making submit appropriate solutions to the population and the environment, generating control and protection measures, and mitigating and compensating measures, in proportion to the impact. 7.1. METHODOLOGY The methods or assessment techniques for the impacts are intended to identify, evaluate and synthesize the effects of a certain Project or program upon the areas of environmental influence of a certain enterprise. With that purpose, in December, 2002, Eletronuclear held a meeting that culminated with the primary presentation of a roll of impacts suggested by the representatives of Eletronuclear, Ibama, Feema, CNEN and the institutions in charge of the preparation of studies for the Environmental Diagnosis. The impacts resulting from Implementing and/or operating the enterprise were described and quantified/qualified, as well 115 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 as the corresponding mitigating/compensatory measures. Finally, the matrix method was elected as the technique that relates actions to environmental aspects (Fischer and Davies, 1972), aiming at a general view of the impacts and their characterization, and a Qualitative - Quantitative Impact Matrix was produced (TOMMASI, 1994). The interactions with the environment produced by the Implementing and operating of the enterprise, which generate the environmental impacts, shall be called in this study the TRANSFORMING ACTIVITIES (KOHN, 1993). It is important to stress out that from a transforming activity there may occur several environmental impacts with distinctive qualitative - quantitative. On a further stage, those impacts were described in categories and given values under conceptual classes, not in numbers, in accordance with the Conama Resolution 001/86 directives (Ibama 1992), presented as follows. Magnitude is defined by the extent of the effect of that kind of action upon the Magnitude environmental characteristic, on a space and time scale. It is classified as being high, medium or low. Significance indicates the impact’s importance within the analysis context. It is Significance classified as being high, medium or low. Indicates if the environmental impact is positive or negative, in the form below: positive impact Nature (or beneficial) – When the action results in the improvement of the quality of an environmental aspect or parameter; negative impact (or adverse) - when the action results in damage to the quality of an environmental aspect or parameter. Indicates if the environmental impact is direct or indirect, in the following manner: Manner direct impact – resulting of a simple cause and effect relationship; indirect impact – resulting of a secondary reaction regarding an action, or when it is part of a chain of reactions. Indicates if the environmental impact occurs at an immediate rate, or a medium or long term, in the following manner: immediate impact – when the environmental impact (effect) occurs at the same time the transforming activity is taking place Term of occurrence (cause); medium term impact – when the environmental impact (effect) occurs at a medium term, as of the moment a transforming activity takes place (cause); ); long term impact – when the environmental impact (effect) occurs at a long term, as of the moment a transforming activity takes place (cause). 116 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 Indicates if the environmental impact in question is temporary, permanent or cyclic, in the following manner: temporary impact – when the effect (environmental impact) is of a certain duration; permanent impact – when, upon Constancy/duration executing the transforming activity, the effect is continuously manifesting itself within a known time frame; cyclic impact – when the effect manifests itself at certain time intervals. This parameter indicates if the environmental impact is local, regional or strategic, according to the following definitions: local impact – when the action affects only Extent the site itself and its vicinity; regional impact – when the impact is felt beyond the vicinity of the site where the action is taking place; strategic impact – when the affected environmental component is of relevant interest to a community or nationwide. Indicates if the environmental impact in question is reversible or irreversible, according to the following definitions: reversible impact – when, upon ceasing the Reversibility action, the affected environmental aspect or parameter returns to its original conditions; irreversible impact - when, once the action occurs, the affected environmental aspect or parameter does not return to its original conditions within the foreseen period of time. If there are any cumulative and/or synergic effects, those shall be highlighted in the environmental impact’s description, indicating their magnitude and relations. Following are their respective definitions: Cumulative effects: when the impact results from the adding of other impacts or chain of impacts added up, but is nevertheless contiguous, in one same environmental system. Environmental Cumulative effects and impact resulting from the action’s incremental impact when added of other past, synergy present and future actions, reasonably foreseeable (MAGRINI, 1990). Synergy: is the effect, or power, or action resulting of the simultaneous conjunction of two or more aspects, including from other enterprises (in the case of Angra 1 and 2 Plants, located on the same site: CNAAA), in such a way that the result is superior to the action of those aspects severally, under the same conditions. In other terms, associating those aspects not only increases their action as well as may also produce a distinctive effect (MAGRINI, 1990). 117 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 Picture 31 – Schematic representation of the interaction leading to a direct impact. Source: Eletronuclear (transforming activity = cause environmental impact = effect] Picture 32 – Schematic representation of the interaction leading to indirect impact – effect (2) as illustrated. Source: Eletronuclear (transforming activity = cause environmental impact = effect (1) environmental impact = effect (2)] 7.2. DESCRIBING THE TRANSFORMING ACTIVITIES Aiming at a better understanding of the description and qualification – quantification of environmental impacts, this item shall describe the transforming activities – actions arising out of the enterprise’s implementing and/or operating, generating environmental impacts. Table 7 – Describing the transforming activities Implementing Phase It is expected that 9,100 workers shall be hired during construction peak time. Hiring Workers Analyzing the construction histogram, the enterprise shall, on average throughout 118 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 the whole implementing period, be counting upon 3.612 workers. Preparing the soil and That activity shall involve cleaning the land (muddy water of pits resulting from the installing construction digging of the foundations in sã rock), small earth movements (leveling for the site erection of support buildings), preparing service pathways and erecting support buildings to the construction site (repair shops, sewage treatment stations, dining hall, offices, etc). During the construction and mounting phase in Angra 3, there shall be produced Producing solid waste large quantities of solid waste (non radioactive), coming from organic materials leftovers (dining halls and toilets), mud, chemical cleansing products, construction site debris, wood residue, masonry residue, tips of steel rods used in construction, empty cans of paint and solvent. The construction works for implementing Angra 3 imply the use of machines and equipment that produces noise, particularly when moving earth (bulldozers, Generating noise and diggers, mechanical shovels, electric chain saw, trucks and other), foundations vibrating sounds (pneumatic hammers, compacting machines and other) and civil construction (concrete mixers, buzzers). The civil construction necessary for the enterprise’s implementing shall demand the Increase in the traffic of traffic of light and heavy vehicles: buses – driving workers from/to their residencies vehicles (light and to the construction site and vice-versa; Automobiles and motorcycles- carrying heavy) workers from/to their residencies to the construction site and vice-versa; trucks – transporting materials and equipment necessary to the enterprise’s construction and mounting. . Construction works of a size such as the enterprise in question are characterized by Generating effluents producing large quantities of effluents, from toilets to service waters, coming from (sanitary and the several erections within the construction site, such as: parking lots, repair wastewaters) shops, toilets, locker rooms, dining halls. The generating of atmospheric pollutants during the works for implementing Angra 3, shall consist mainly of particulate matter, arising out of operations with vehicle Generating particulate traffic, particularly in unpaved locations, and transporting materials (fugitive matter, gases and smoke emissions). Erecting buildings generates cement and wood particles, besides a variety of dusts. Gases such as SO 2, NO 2 and CO, arising out of the moving of machines and vehicles connected to the construction works, shall also be generated temporarily, on a smaller scale. Operation Phase Hiring Workers The plant shall, at an average, employ approximately 770 workers during the whole of its life cycle. Producing Energy It shall have a thermal power of 3.765 MWt and electric power of 1.350 MWe. The 119 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 capacity to generate electric power foreseen to Angra 3 is of 10.5 thousand GWh per year. The main conventional liquid effluents to be generated shall be produced by the capacitors cooling systems, as well as from effluent neutralization tanks, from Generating liquid non effluent treatment basins, drainage wells in the turbine building, tanks for the radioactive effluents separation of water/oil of the main, boost and back up transformers, besides toilet effluents. In order to be used, the waters undergo treatment processes with chemicals and generate conventional liquid effluents. Among other things, one might highlight the presence of hydrazine, ammonia and sodium hypochlorite. Those emissions, considered as atmospheric pollutants, shall be practically restricted to those produced by the combustion of Diesel oil used in the Donkey boiler, as well as in the engines of Diesel power units for the Emergency System 1 Generating non and from the engines of Diesel power units for the Emergency System 2. The radioactive atmospheric Donkey boiler is practically operated when the nuclear plant is not under normal emissions operation, while Diesel engines operate upon the performing of routine tests or in situations where they have to be operated to perform emergency tasks. Besides, Angra 3 shall issue hydrogen gas, released into the atmosphere without treatment. During the expected 40 years of its operation, Angra 3 shall produce organic solid Producing solid refuse waste (dining halls and toilets), contaminated by oils or chemicals (workshops and (non radioactive) laboratories), lamps, papers, metal, among other, resulting from the various activities necessary for the enterprise’s operation. Producing solid Angra 3 shall produce solid refuse of low, medium and high radioactivity level, radioactive refuse which shall be accommodated in accordance with their radioactivity rate. The liquid radioactive refuse generated at the plant are separated, according to the radioactivity level and their origin. The refuse of higher radioactive levels comprise material drained from radioactive components rooms, laboratories and facilities for Generating radioactive the decontamination of equipment, tools and materials. And the refuse with lower liquid refuse radioactive levels are produced by services and operations compartments, laundry, and showers within the controlled area and in the demineralizators regenerating system. The Radioactive gaseous refuse that shall be generated in Angra 3 shall come from three sources: gases resulting directly from the primary cycle; gases occasionally Generating radioactive dragged by the ventilation system at the Plant’s controlled access area; non gaseous refuse condensible gases coming directly from the secondary circuit (from the capacitors vacuum pumps). Angra 3 shall have a radioactive gas waste processing system, which shall capture all gases arising from the Plant’s operation, guaranteeing thus that they are all treated and released into the environment in accordance with CNEN rulings. 120 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 7.3. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS - IMPLEMENTING PHASE Following we shall present the environmental impacts generated from transforming activities as described above, (direct impacts), or from other environmental impacts (indirect impacts). Qualification – quantification of the impacts is submitted in the impacts matrix. 7.3.1. Physical Medium Increasing Susceptibility to Landslides in Slope Areas Increasing Susceptibility to Landslides in Slope Areas as aspects associated to the characteristics of Serra do Mar – besides a high rate of rainfall that occurs in that region, it must be highlighted that there are areas naturally prone to the occurrence of landslides. Those shall potentially increase in case there is non regulated occupation of the most vulnerable places. o Proposed Measures: Prioritizing the hiring of local labor force; Supporting the City Hall’s Program for Containment of Irregular Urban Occupation in the Municipality of Angra dos Reis; Promoting the broadcasting of the Guiding Plan in the Municipality of Angra dos Reis; Lodging for temporary hired labor force not residing in Angra dos Reis; Promoting Environmental Education. 121 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 Changes in the Quality of Water Altering the quality of water, either surface or subterranean water, may occur through the discharging of sanitary effluents, used contaminated water, oil, greases or chemicals spills or leakages, directly into the ground or into the receptive bodies of water, at the marine region in Itaorna and at Praia Brava, thus affecting the quality of those bodies of water. In order to avoid contamination, a contingency plan shall be employed. o Proposed Measures: Installing a draining network and an effluents treatment system; Monitoring the quality of effluents and receptive bodies. Changes in the Quality of the Air A change or decrease in the air quality, caused by the generating of dusts, particulate matter, gases and smoke, may cause harm to human health, such as respiratory diseases, for instance. Air pollution also affects the biota. o Proposed Measures: Humidifying and Protecting the Soil; covering trucks; preventive equipment maintenance; Utilization of individual (EPI) and protective equipment. Starting or Accelerating Erosive Processes Soil materials, exposed by occasional earth movements, would be removed by rain and running water, and transported and deposited in lower locations, affecting, on a final level, the receptive body. Upon hitting that, part of the material (of not very fine grain) would be deposited at the bottom, while the finer grain would remain in suspension for a long time, being carried away to longer distances. o Proposed Measures: Protecting the soil and executing drainage works. Soil Contamination by Chemicals, Fuels, Oils and Greases As much as the water resources, the soil around the construction site, particularly close to the facilities involving chemicals, fuels, lubricating oils and grasses, as well as workshops and loading courtyards, shall be subject to contamination, due to occasional leakages or spills. o Proposed Measures: Installing drainage networks and effluents treatment systems; Contingency Plan. 7.3.2. Biotic Medium The impacts upon the biotic Medium during the enterprise’s implementing phase are basically restricted to the land environment. Therefore, the impacts which may have negative repercussion 122 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 shall be those resulting specially from the minimal terraplanagem activities, from the noise and people moving. Soil removal and the noise generated by traffic of trucks used to transporting materials, and other activities at the construction site, may put to flight the most sensitive species that inhabit CNAAA’s surroundings , leading them to seek refuge in nearby locations, being their return expected when the operation phase is initiated. Therefore, the possible environmental impacts on the biotic Medium, at the implementing phase, are summarized as follows: Pressure to occupy protected areas Pressure to occupy protected areas would come from the disorganized occupation of the land, resulting from an increase in the population brought together with the implementing of the new enterprise, and would result, among other aspects, in the pressure to occupy protected areas, particularly those with full protection, which main purpose is to preserve the biological diversity. At CNAAA area of influence there are other UCs, such as those of sustainable use, that although allowing for the presence of population groups, must be used in accordance with the provisions of the rules established by a Management Plan or Ecological and Economic Zoning. o Proposed Measures: Environmental Education Program. Reducing the Vegetation Cover Removing vegetation for new human occupation, particularly irregular one, is a risk that might occur in a diffuse and uncontrolled manner. There is no way to make forecasts on such occupation, but it tends to be inherent to environmentally fragile areas such as Permanent Preservation Areas and Conservation Units. o Proposed Measures: Prioritizing the hiring of local labor force; Promoting the broadcasting of Guiding Plan of the Municipality of Angra dos Reis; lodging for temporarily hired workers who are not residing in Angra dos Reis; promoting Environmental Education; Recovering of degraded areas. Increase in the Number of Fauna being Run Over by Vehicles During the plant’s implementing phase, there are a few steps to be taken, such as preparing the construction site, transporting the workers, the de activation of the construction site, among others, that shall provide an increase in vehicle traffic on BR 101 Highway, as well as on secondary access roads and roads inside CNAAA. o Proposed Measures: Informative Campaigns and training sessions. Altering Diversity and Abundance of Land Communities The decrease in the vegetation cover and the flight of fauna are impacts which result from varying diversity and abundance of land communities caused by the disorganized occupation of the soil. 123 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 That occurs either because of the destruction or change on their habitats, or because it interferes or interrupts the pathways which the animals are used going through in search of food and water. o Proposed Measures: Prioritizing the hiring of local labor force; Supporting the broadcasting of Guiding Plan of the Municipality of Angra dos Reis; lodging for temporarily hired workers who are not residing in Angra dos Reis; promoting Environmental Education; Modifying the Natural Scenic Landscape In view of the fact that Angra 3 is expected to be constructed in the CNAAA area where there are already two plants in operation, the natural scenic landscape would not suffer significant modifications. Those modifications might occur only in connection with the surging of new settlements in nature areas. Therefore, the pressure of human settlements would cause desmatamento, cutting of noble woods, hunting, removal of palm trees and decorative plants, removal of earth, aterros, urban expansion and agricultural and cattle farming activities. With the increase of population groups, it is probable that those activities shall intensify, causing greater changes on the natural scenic landscape. o Proposed Measures: Regional insertion, prioritizing the hiring of local labor force; Supporting the broadcasting of Guiding Plan in the Municipality of Angra dos Reis. Increasing the Risk of Extinction of Species or Groups of Fauna and Flora The increase in the risk of extinction of species or groups of fauna and flora would be resulting from the impacts: Variation of diversity and abundance of land communities, decrease in the vegetation cover, and increase in the number of animals being run over by vehicles and animals being put to flight. All those aspects would be influencing the quantity and distribution of species in the areas affected by the enterprise. The risk of extinction would refer necessarily to one particular species, but also to entire groups which by misfortune could be settling on a location to be degraded. For the fauna, there are other impact aspects, initiated by non regulated settlements that could maximize the risk of extinction: the systematic elimination of the animals that might be causing financial losses, poaching, illegal hunting for fur markets and uncultivated animals market. As each component of a community is part of a chain of interaction, the possible local extinction of a species might cause other losses, in consideration of the various relationships occurring between those animals within the environment. o Proposed Measures: Regional insertion, prioritizing the hiring of local labor force; Supporting the broadcasting of Guiding Plan in the Municipality of Angra dos Reis; Environmental Education Program . Fauna Evasion 124 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 Changes in the habitats might provoke the phenomenon known as fauna evasion, the flight to nearby areas, in search for habitats where there is less human interference. Evasion may occur on a temporary basis and limited to a certain location, when dealing with the impact of changes in the marine ecosystem. However, it would occur in a permanent and possibly diffuse way when the case is pressure from settlements in protected areas, which on their turn would cause a decrease in the vegetation cover and the changing of the natural scenic landscape. o Proposed Measures: Regional insertion, prioritizing the hiring of local labor force; supporting the broadcasting of Guiding Plan in the Municipality of Angra dos Reis; Environmental Education Program. 7.3.3. Socioeconomic Medium The Reference Term indicates the assessment of radiation levels to which the workers at the Angra 3 construction site shall be exposed to, resulting from the operation of the other CNAAA Units (Angra 1 and 2). It must be made clear that this aspect was not considered an environmental impact, due to its non occurrence. The enterprise’s construction site, located at an internal CNAAA area, is a radiation free area, to wit, the workers or any person shall not be subject to radiation exposure resulting from the plants operation. The Operational Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program, was implemented at CNAAA’s site in 1980, for the follow up of radiation levels due to the beginning of Angra 1 operations 1 and from then on they started issuing reports once a year to CNEN, with the results obtained from the several environmental matrixes – its Yearly Environmental report for 2003 presents the following conclusions: “on the samples composing the program, results obtained in 2003 are compatible with those from the preoperational period, and it may be concluded that there was no radiological impact on the environment caused by the operation of Angra 1 and Angra 2 power plants. All results obtained are compatible with historical values, obtained since the pre-operational period”. The main environmental impacts of the Socioeconomic medium are: Increase in the Pressure upon the Basic Healthcare Services Infrastructure (increasing of the incidence of illnesses) At present, Angra dos Reis is suffering with the intense flow of patients, either local or from nearby municipalities, such as Parati, who come to their hospital units, a situation that worsens during the high season, when population numbers increase and the existing infrastructure is not capable of meeting the additional demand for hospital care. The arrival of the contracted workers and the population attracted by new employment opportunities, and the consequent possibility of an 125 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 increase on the incidence of diseases in the local population shall exercise a severe pressure upon the healthcare network, and particularly upon the one located in the enterprise’s vicinity. o Proposed Measures: Prioritizing the hiring of local labor force; Information campaigns, through Public Health Programs; Supporting the Municipal Healthcare Secretariat. Increase on the Pressure on Basic Highway Transportation Services Infrastructure BR 101 Highway (Rio Santos) concentrates all the traffic in the State’s southern region and gets a significant amount of vehicles, particularly during the high season periods for tourism. It shall be the main highway for transportation of equipment, input and labor force for the enterprise. Increasing on the traffic volume and the possible degrading of BR 101 highway, on their part, may cause an increase in traffic accidents and highway interruption, and might affect tourism, which is of the utmost importance for the region, and the transit of those who live in the area. Besides, it is well known that there is shortage of public utility vehicles to serve the population in Angra dos Reis. Considering the increase on population flow during the construction phase of Angra 3, this deficiency tends to increase, and there will be a demand for more transportation means and more frequent highway maintenance. o Proposed Measures: Maintaining the covenants with Municipality City Halls and DNIT; Information Campaigns and training sessions; Planning schedules for personnel, material and equipment transportation hours. Increase in the Pressure upon Basic Education Services Infrastructure The arrival of new people in the area affected by the enterprise – particularly the population attracted by the prospective of jobs in the construction of Angra 3 – shall put pressure upon the educational infrastructure on the places where those families are living, particularly the districts of Mambucaba and Cunhambebe, causing a possible drop in the quality of the services rendered and worsening the current crisis situation in the public education system. o Proposed Measures: Prioritizing the hiring of local labor force; Maintaining the covenants with Municipality City Halls. Increase in the Pressure upon Basic Public security Services Infrastructure (higher crime and violence rates) Hiring a significant number of workers for the construction works leads to a population growth, together with a possible uncontrolled settlement on urban clusters near the enterprise – particularly Parque Perequê, Sertãozinho do Frade and Boa Vista. This number might cause a rise in the current criminal and violence rates, if there is no planned settlement for the area and the accurate analysis of indirect job offers in the region, regarding that population growth. 126 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 That situation might be triggered particularly by the share of the population attracted by employment opportunities created by the enterprise and who did not achieve placement in the job market. The lack of a job, as well as the lack of a family infrastructure or living quarters, with no alternatives of cultural or leisure activities and no opportunities for professional growth, might lead to illegal and/or anti social behavior. o Proposed Measures: Prioritizing the hiring of local labor force; Maintaining the covenants with Municipality City Halls. Changes in Tax Collection The new workers shall represent a growth in aggregate salary payments, which shall be reflected on expenditure with purchase of local goods and services, improving the expansion of the third sector. Such growth, on the other hand, tends to create a new investment cycle, and is characterized by the generating of a multiplication effect over local economies, at the extent that investments and the purchasing of goods and services are focused on the municipalities in the affected area. Such impact shall have its effect mainly upon the municipalities of Angra dos Reis and Parati, where the labor force used in the enterprise’s construction shall be concentrated. o Proposed Measures : Prioritizing the hiring of local labor force; Informing the local population about the benefits of the enterprise. Changes in the Aggregate Salary Payments The presence in the region of a significant and new group of wage earners, for a period of approximately six years, shall cause an increase on aggregate salary payments in the region, providing an improvement of the workers purchasing power. With the amount of new jobs, the family income shall also rise, facilitating social inclusion, increasing purchasing power and fostering the growth in local economy due to higher demand for goods and services, and allowing for the growth of such sectors, besides leading to new employment contracts. It is considered that such impact shall be felt mainly in the municipalities of Angra dos Reis and Parati, where the vast majority of the labor force for the enterprise’s construction shall be located, including those with higher nominal wages, as well as, in a secondary manner, in the municipalities of Rio Claro and Barra Mansa, which shall represent also labor force supplying sources for the enterprise. o Proposed Measures: Prioritizing the hiring of local labor force; Informative campaigns before trade associations. Changes in Economic Dynamism 127 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 The presence of a large number of new wage earners and the possibility of expanding the existing activities, as well as new businesses resulting from the picture being established in the Area of Influence during the enterprise’s construction, shall foster the growth of investments and activities in the various economic sectors in the region. Such growth may be even more encouraged if there are local goods purchased and hiring of local services directly by the enterprise. This new situation shall allow the growth of the primary sector, particularly regarding fruticultura, horticultura, cattle farming and fishery. The third sector shall be certainly the best beneficiary of an improvement in economic dynamism, and it is easy to foresee a significant increase in the trade market, particularly regarding the food, clothing and services industry, and specially those related to real state activities, leisure, food and vehicle fueling and repairs, communications and transport. The secondary sector shall also show some growth, probably less visible than other sectors. o Proposed Measures: Favoring the acquisition of input and the hiring of services in the region for implementing the enterprise; Yearly Communication Program of the company; Promoting courses, lectures and seminars before society about the need to pursue professional and entrepreneurial qualification. Technological Development The workers and companies hired for the construction and assembling of the enterprise shall be submitted to training sessions, re training, learning, knowledge of equipment, new construction techniques, assembling and maintenance, besides environmental preservation/conservation practices, team work, health and safety. This impact shall recycle, strengthen and update the workers for the market of labor in the civil construction, among others. o Proposed Measures: Intensifying training programs and workers qualification. Increase in the Pressure upon Basic Sanitation Infrastructure Services It is considered that only the district of Tarituba is being served accordingly, whether the other districts are in need, regarding the aspects of basic sanitation. As a consequence of the implementing of Angra 3 and the foreseen population growth, particularly in the districts of Mambucaba and Cunhambebe, there shall be pressure upon the basic sanitation infrastructure (water supply, sanitary sewage, collection and final destination of solid waste), deteriorating even more the current situation. o Proposed Measures: Maintaining the agreements with Municipal City Halls; Prioritizing the hiring of local labor force; Environmental Education Programs; Campaigns for the workers and the population of awareness regarding basic precautions with toilet effluents, solid waste and water consumption. Disorganized Land Occupation 128 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 Due to the new jobs being offered, the population being drawn to the region shall be concentrated mainly in the districts of Cunhambebe, where CNAAA is located, and Mambucaba, where Eletronuclear has its residential village, and in the district of Tarituba, where part of Eletronuclear employees live at the residential village. The distribution pattern of those districts is characterized by the mixing of precarious dwellings and high economical standard condos. Today, the urban expansion process in Mambucaba and Cunhambebe is already threatening the boundaries of Serra da Bocaina National Park (PNSB) and trespasses completely the public domain stripe of BR 101 (Rio Santos) highway. The growing population numbers in areas of disorganized settlement and subnormal clusters shall aggravate the problems already noticed, and a stronger pressure upon the settlement on protected areas is to be expected. On that same note, the building of rudimental dwellings shall pose pressure upon natural resources, due to higher demand for constructive input. o Proposed Measures: Prioritizing the hiring of local labor force; Supporting the Program for Containment of Irregular Urban Occupation, issued by the City hall in Angra dos Reis; Supporing in conjunction with the City hall of the Municipality of Angra dos Reis, the broadcasting of its Guiding Plan; Environmental Education Program; Eletronuclear and the contracted companies shall make available, in accordance with local City Halls, the specific areas for lodging contracted and non resident personnel during the enterprise’s Implementing Phase, aiming at an urbanized and orderly occupation. Incidence of Labor Related Accidents Brazil is currently inserted in the group of countries with the highest rate of labor related accidents (MPS/INSS, 2000). Therefore, such impact must be taken into account for the construction and assembling works at Angra 3. o Proposed Measures: Training and qualification of workers; Safety, Labor Health and Environment (SSTMA); Usage of individual safety equipment (EPI). Exposure of People to Noise and Vibrating Sounds The affected population, exposed to noises and vibrating sounds, encompasses the workers directly involved with the construction and mounting of Angra 3 and, on a smaller scale, CNAAA’s workers and the population along BR 101 highway. According to the level and time of exposure, the affected population might suffer temporary hearing loss. It is a short term effect represented by a decrease in hearing sensitivity, which shall gradually return to normal after the exposure is terminated. 129 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 o Proposed Measures: Preventive equipment maintenance; Usage of individual protection equipment (EPI); Planning transportation hours. Increased Risk of Road Accidents The increased circulation of vehicles on the roads shall also concur to heighten the risk of accidents involving the population along the highway who tends to use the same pathway. The simple presence of larger size vehicles circulating among other vehicles changes the drivers’ perception, when they are forced to share the same lane with cargo vehicles, wider and taller than ordinary ones. o Proposed Measures: Maintaining covenants with Municipalities City Halls and DNIT; Campaigns for information and training; Planning schedules for personnel, materials and equipment transportation hours. Increased Pressure upon Solid Waste Management Services (non radioactive) The increased production of solid waste shall require higher efficiency and resources for its appropriate management, besides a place for its final allocation. Any failure in waste management shall cause problems in basic sanitation and consequential damage to human health. o Proposed Measures : Information campaigns and training; Continuity of the CNAAA Solid Waste Management Program. Demobilization of the Labor Force There shall be a gradual demobilization of the number of workers at the end of the 5th year of the Implementing Phase. The discharge of a large number of employees causes impacts of a social and economical nature, and it shall affect above all the municipality of Angra dos Reis. o Proposed Measures: Prioritizing the hiring of local labor force; Maintaining the covenants with Municipal city halls; Broadcasting of the Guiding Plan of the Municipality of Angra dos Reis; Campaign focused on enlightening workers and the regional and local populations about the actual employment prospects resulting from the enterprise’s implementation; Campaigns providing guidance to workers about reinsertion in the job market. 7.4. OPERATION PHASE 7.4.1. Physical Medium Considerations on Radioactive emissions (liquid and gaseous) 130 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 It should be stressed out that radioactive liquid and gas emissions shall not be significant, considering besides the concurrent operation of three CNAAA units. The summary of predicted releases must not harm human health or the environment, and is at levels fairly lower than those permitted by the appropriate legislation (CNEN). Therefore, technically, there is no way to consider such effects as being of environmental impact. Additionally, the Operational Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program, was implemented at CNAAA’s location in 1980, for the follow up of radiation levels due to the beginning of the operations in Angra 1 and from that moment CNEN started receiving once a year reports of the results obtained in the several environmental matrixes – its Yearly Environmental report for 2003 presents the following conclusions: “on the samples composing the program, results obtained in 2003 are compatible with those from the preoperational period, and it may be concluded that there was no radiological impact on the environment caused by the operation of Angra 1 and Angra 2 power plants. All results obtained are compatible with historical values, obtained since the pre-operational period”. Following, the main impacts upon the Physical Medium during the Operation Phase: Changes in the Quality of Water The impact upon the quality of water to be caused by Angra 3 operation, shall occur in the body receiving the liquid effluents produced by the plant: the sea, in Itaorna and in Piraquara de Fora. Rain water, as well as toilet effluents shall be directed to Itaorna. Liquid effluents coming out of the capacitors cooling system shall have saco Piraquara de Fora as their final destination, and the rest, coming out of their respective treatment systems, shall be discharged into the main poço de selagem. With the implementing of Angra 3, besides the increase in flow as mentioned before, there shall be a rise in temperature variations. However, this shall not be enough to significantly change the global temperature of the receptive body. It may be stated that the impact on physical medium caused by temperature changes and the drainage system, would only be significant through the enhancement of indirect effects, caused upon the marine aquatic biota at saco Piraquara de Fora. o Proposed Measures : Installing effluents treatment systems; monitoring the quality of effluents and receptive bodies. Changes in the Air Quality Atmospheric emissions of conventional gas effluents from Angra 3, considered as atmospheric pollutants, resulting from the combustion of Diesel fuel, used in the donkey boiler, as well as in the Diesel engines of the power units for the Emergency Systems, shall cause an increase in the 131 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 concentration of carbon and sulfur in the atmosphere, thus altering the air’s physical and chemical qualities. o Proposed Measures : Equipment maintenance; Monitoring generating sources. 7.4.2. Biotic Medium Following, the main impacts upon the biotic medium during the enterprise’s operation phase: Changes in the Marine Ecossistem With the start of Angra 3 operation, it is expected a rise in flow and temperature in saco Piraquara de Fora, considering the combined effects of Angra 1 and 2. Studies indicate that the marine ecosystem might be affected in the vicinity of the water discharge, in view of the fact that a higher sea temperature would cause a thermal stress, and the heightened flow would prevent sesseis organisms from fixating. o Proposed Measures: Monitoring the quality of effluents and receptive bodies; Monitoring Marine Fauna and Flora. Variations in Marine Aquatic Communities Diversity and Abundance The increase in flow on the area immediately close to the thermal effluent’s discharge structure (range up to 200 m) may alter the pattern for sediment transportation and affect the bottom bentônicas communities, with possible change in the diversity and distribution of those communities. Effluents discharge may also interfere with the settling of larvae from incrustrating organisms. As a consequence of the continuous operation of three power plants, there will be prevalence in colonization by marine species with better endurance for thermal stress, compared to those more sensitive to temperature variations. o Proposed Measures: Monitoring the quality of effluents and receptive bodies; Monitoring Marine Fauna and Flora. 7.4.3. Socioeconomic medium Considerations on the Exposure of People (workers and the general public) to radiation It must be stressed out that liquid and gaseous radioactive emissions shall not be significant, especially considering the concurrent operation of three CNAAA units. The summary of discharges expected must neither harm human health, nor the environment, and it is actually in levels fairly lower than those permitted by the appropriate legislation (CNEN). Therefore, there is no way to consider those effects technically, as environmental impact. 132 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 Additionally, the Operational Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program, was implemented at CNAAA’s site in 1980, for the follow up of radiation levels due to the beginning of Angra 1 operations 1 and from then on they started issuing reports once a year to CNEN, with the results obtained from the several environmental matrixes – its Yearly Environmental report for 2003 presents the following conclusions: “on the samples composing the program, results obtained in 2003 are compatible with those from the pre-operational period, and it may be concluded that there was no radiological impact on the environment caused by the operation of Angra 1 and Angra 2 power plants. All results obtained are compatible with historical values, obtained since the pre- operational period” . Following are the main impacts upon the socioeconomic medium during the enterprise’s operation phase: Reliability of the Electric Sector The start of Angra 3 operation shall result in the immediate availability of about 10,8 TWh/year of electric power in the area of Rio de Janeiro, and shall provide an increase in electric Power offer for the Southeast and Central West regions, reducing the risks of a deficit, particularly during the driest season, besides involving a considerable increase in the Power supply, it shall also meet the policies of domestic power matrixes diversification, increasing the operational reliability of the national electric system. Electric Power Self-sufficiency in the State of Rio de Janeiro The State of Rio de Janeiro, being the second Federation state regarding the composition of Brazilian GDP, needs a consistent and reliable electric system, an essential condition for the maintenance and expansion of its industrial area and its other activities. However, the State of Rio de Janeiro is currently importing electric power. Starting the operation of the proposed enterprise would strengthen the State of Rio de Janeiro’s electric power "self sufficiency", with the state produced power surpassing the 100% of the required demand. Changes in Tax Collection It should be highlighted that Angra 3 operation, jointly with the two other CNAAA units already installed and running (Angra 1 and 2), shall imply on a rise in the amounts colected with taxes such as ISS (Services Tax) by the contracted companies, ICMS (Value Added Taxo n Sales and Services), collected over the purchase of goods and services in the State and IPI (Excise Tax), due to the aquisition of industrialized products. It must also be taken into account the rise on CNAAA’s IPTU (Municipal Real State Tax) and the residential villages pertaining to Eletronuclear, collected directed by Angra dos Reis and Parati city halls. 133 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 o Proposed Measures : Keep Eletronuclear’s economic data (taxes, covenants, collections) in a transparent and accessible manner to the general public. Such data is available at present on the website (www.eletronuclear.gov.br). Changes in the Aggregate Salary Payments It should be stressed out that the professional needed to operate the Power plant shall be necessary throughout its life cycle, which shall be at least 40 years, and its majority is composed of specialized work force, a fact which shall reflect on higher salaries. The direct employment expected to be generated by the enterprise’s operation shall, furthermore, provide the surging of countless indirect jobs. The new amount of wage earners shall cause an increase in the aggregate salary payments in that region. Consequently, there shall be an improvement in the workers purchasing power. o Proposed Measures : Prioritize the hiring of local labor force. Changes in Economic Dynamism The local scenery added of Angra 3 operation shall involve a significant increase in the aggregate salary payments on the region, of tax collections and the presence of an expressive higher number of new people. With the implementing of Angra 3 there shall be new employment opportunities arising in the region as a whole. Consequently to such process in the region affected by Angra 3, there might be new economic processes in other municipalities in the region. Anyway, the enterprise shall enable the occurrence of advantages attractive to other enterprises. o Proposed Measures : Keeping businessmen, traders and the population informed about business opportunities and the enterprise’s needs, through the company’s Annual Communication Program; Promoting courses, lectures and seminars before society about personal and entrepreneurial qualification; Fostering the organization of qualification courses, in accordance with the needs on labor force for the operation of the proposed enterprise. Increase in the Pressure upon Radioactive Waste Management Services The radioactive solid waste to be produced by CNAAA’s Unit 3, shall need a managing process, including after their final disposal, which shall imply on the need to occupy physical room (final storage), and human and financial resources. It is important to stress out that, as of the forwarding of radioactive waste to its final storage, the management is handed over to the National Nuclear Power Committee – CNEN. The final storage, or final repository, has not been constructed, up to the present time. The project is currently in the phase of having a location defined for its facilities. 134 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 o Proposed Measures : Radioactive waste management; Executing, on a periodical basis, social communication campaigns for the population, explaining the management concepts and methods used. Technological Development The workers hired shall undergo training sessions, equipment knowledge, new technologies, including perfecting courses and exchanging skills in other countries. Fixating cutting edge technologies in the State of Rio de Janeiro must also be considered, because it shall contribute to the increase of the State’s competitiveness for attracting new enterprises. o Proposed Measures: Intensifying programs for the training and qualification of workers. Increase in the Pressure upon Solid Waste (non radioactive) Management Services Angra 3 operation shall provide a significant rise in the production of solid waste at CNAAA. Therefore, it shall demand more efficiency and resources for appropriate management, as well as more room for the final disposal. Deficiencies in waste management may cause basic sanitation problems and consequential damage to human health. o Proposed Measures: Continuing with CNAAA’s Solid Waste Management Program; promoting campaigns with workers and communities aiming to enlighten about solid waste; Environmental Education Programs. 7.5. QUALITATIVE - QUANTITATIVE MATRIX 7.5.1. Implementing Phase Qualitative – quantitative matrixes allowing a view in a synthetic and systematic manner of the environmental impacts identified and analyzed for the operation phase of CNAAA’s Unit 3 are presented as follows, on the next page. Picture 29 – EIA implementing Matrix Source: Eletronuclear ATTACHED FILE IN DOC FORMAT 135 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 Matrix_ENVIRONMENTAL_IMPACTS_13052005(implementing).doc 136 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 137 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 7.5.2. Operation Phase Qualitative – quantitative matrixes allowing a view in a synthetic and systematic manner of the environmental impacts identified and analyzed for the operation phase of CNAAA’s Unit 3 are as follows. Picture 30 – EIA operation Matrix. Source: Eletronuclear ATTACHED FILE IN DOC FORMAT Matrix_ENVIRONMENTAL_IMPACTS_13052005 (operation).doc 138 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 139 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 8. ENVIRONMENTAL PROGNOSIS In the hypothesis of not implementing the Unit 3 of CNAAA, the environment scenario of the area of influence would go on with its current evolutionary trends according to the regional reality, i.e., the area directly affected of the intended enterprise would remain with their two other units (Angra 1 and Angra 2), whereas this would not bring benefits from the economic growth for the taxes levied, skilled and non skilled manpower in the phases of the implementation and operation, as well as the electric energy generated making it possible to achieve self sufficiency levels in the State of Rio de Janeiro and, as a consequence, bringing greater security against problems arousing out of the failures in the power distribution. Upon the implementation of the Unit 3 of CNAAA, the areas of exposed hill, with more steep slopes and next to the current housing density surrounding CNAAA, they would have their susceptibility to land slides potentialized. This fact, arising out of likely disordered use of the soil together with the high rainfall rates of the region. As regards the standard of air quality, there would be no significant changes of the current levels, which are lower than the limits established by the current law. The cooling water will interact with the waters of Ilha Grande Bay. This environment, specifically in the Piquara de Fora Cove, with the receipt of cooling effluent will favor potential effects of plume variation of thermal effluent as a punctual occurrence. Therefore, such conditions may indicate another standard of behavior for the presence of species which are more tolerant to thermal stress. The pre treated water to be used in Angra 3 for the primary and secondary circuits will come from the water pretreatment plant (EPTA), already existing and supplying both Units 1 and 2 through the pipeline of interconnection of this plant with the new unit. The system of drinking water supply of the Unit 2 will be connected with the future Unit 3 through the pipeline of interconnection between these two units. Such operational conditions of Angra 3 will be carried out in compliance with norms, standards and regulation relevant to the nuclear activity adopted by Electronuclear. The unit operation will imply the production and disposal of gas emissions, liquid effluents and solid waste. In order to minimize the potential impacts, Eletronuclear puts forward some environmental actions, as well as several projects for the control and monitoring, aiming at lessening and/or reducing the possibility of occurrence of negative impacts and maximizing the positive impacts. These are the Projects of Environmental Monitoring and Pollution Control. There are also projects for the Training of Workers, Social Community and Environmental Education. A nuclear power plant 140 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 introduces a risk of radiological accident, meaning the likelihood of causing an environmental impact by radioactive contamination. This risk is deemed by the safety engineers and risk analysts as extremely low (once every 10,000,000 years). Therefore, the levels of safety for the population and the environment in the neighborhood of the Angra 3 power plant, with a wide margin, will be ensured. In turn, it produces energy with virtually zero impact to the atmosphere, without the generation of CO 2 or any other harmful gas, and without the release of liquid pollution in the receptor body used for condensing the vapor from the condenser of the turbine. A nuclear power plant, as a consequence, does not either contribute to climate changes from the greenhouse effect or change the quality of seashore water in which it is installed. As regards the socio economic aspects, it is estimated some improvement in the promotion of economic processes, for instance, creation of demand of goods and services, hiring of workers and companies engaged in building, increase of the total payroll and tax collection, some increase due to the implementation phase. While in the operational phase, such contributions refer to the generation of electric energy, related taxes and the economic reality intimately related to the hiring of workers, to the centers of workers, as well as service provision by third parties. Nonetheless, some changes highlighted in the profile of economic activities and in the use of soil would represent therefore some significant reflection on the water availability in the basin of Ilha Grande bay. The urban growth, diversification and intensification of the sector of services and growth of tourism would contribute to variations in the water consumption and quality. The regional landscape would encompass its multifaceted mosaic in the neighboring lowlands and slopes by the areas of pasture, monoculture and urban growth. Such environmental issues would be linked to the regional reality, with or without the Angra 3 enterprise. Even with all actions taken during the implementation and operation of such an enterprise, impacts on the physical, biotic and socio economic environment are an inescapable aspect of it. However, the effective implementation of mitigating measures and plans and programs for the control and environmental protection presented herein, further on, will allow that the enterprise be developed in a less impacting fashion to the environment, ensuring its environmental feasibility. 141 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 9. ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMS The Environmental Plan for Angra 3 is composed of several Environmental Programs, which may or may not be subdivided into environmental subprojects, with a view to minimizing the possible impacts stemming from the construction of Unit 3 of the Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant – CNAAA. The environmental programs currently being executed by Eletronuclear as well as those proposed herein – which point out the protection measures to be adopted – have been structured on the basis of the impacts generated by the various activities pertaining to the implementation and operation phases of CNAAA as a whole and those of its Unit 3 (Angra 3) on the physical, biotic, and socioeconomic environments. The purpose of this chapter is to present the general structure of the programs and to define the actions to be implemented and those already underway. 142 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 Table 81 – Environmental programs Methodology and Interrelationship with Justification Goals Targets Execution Stages Responsible Agents Description of Program Other Plans and Programs Environmental Construction Program This program is justified To follow up on the To establish criteria for After the receipt and This program is related to The program will be The responsibility for as long as the development of the work related activities, selection of the waste the procedures found in implemented before executing this procedures to be construction of Angra 3, such as: location of the generated in the the (non radioactive) the civil engineering program resides with adopted avoid or controlling all of the job sites and work construction by the Industrial Waste work starts with a view Eletronuclear, by minimize the occurrence activities related to the support buildings; same organizational unit Management Program, to establishing the means of its Work of the environmental work as regards the treatment and disposal of the company in the Annual necessary control Office in Angra dos impacts stemming from environmental issues of rubble and solid charge of this activity, Communication parameters, and it Reis. the performance of and relevant legislation, waste; suitable treatment the latter shall be Program, and the shall be performed construction work with a view to avoiding of liquid effluents; control processed for its final Conventional Liquid throughout the entire pertaining to Angra 3. significant impacts. of possible erosion disposal in suitable Effluent Treatment period of construction processes; cleanup of areas. Program. of Angra 3, reaching land and earthwork; its conclusion after revegetation; training the plant starts and qualification for operating. workers; safety, work related health issues, and the environment (SSTMA). Geological and Geomorphologic Impact Control Program – Monitoring of the Itaorna Slopes To follow up on the To monitor and retain To implement monitoring The program is This program is related to The program is Responsibility for the evolution of geological the Itaorna slopes, and control actions on undertaken through the Weather Conditions permanent and implementation of and geomorphologic typically found in the the marginal slopes of measurements Surveillance Program – measurements are the program shall 143 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 Methodology and Interrelationship with Justification Goals Targets Execution Stages Responsible Agents Description of Program Other Plans and Programs changes, Eletronuclear Serra do Mar region, Itaorna, thus preventing conducted by the Acquisition of undertaken on a reside with has been undertaking which consist of the occurrence of instruments installed in Meteorological Data, monthly basis. Eletronuclear, by the control of marginal landslides caused by landslides during the the field, data analysis, which supplies data on means of its Civil slopes, as well as of the intense rainfall on rainy season. and issuance of a rainfall indices for Engineering and water table and natural residual soils. technical report on the purposes of monitoring Metal Structures cavities. To that end, conditions of the the slopes, mostly during Management stabilization and marginal slopes. The rainy periods. And it is Department. monitoring actions have measurements have also related to all of the been implemented been undertaken since other safety programs since 1985 on the slopes 1995 by a technician of and to the emergency around CNAAA, by Eletronuclear under the plan, which uses the data means of the Program guidance of a produced as yet another for Monitoring of the geotechnical engineer source of information for Itaorna Slopes. of the company. The the actions to be frequency is monthly. developed in case of accidents. Soil Use Control Program The required guidelines in the Term of Reference for the execution of the Soil Use Control Program are distributed throughout the existing procedures in other programs already developed by Eletronuclear, such as those aimed at the control of slopes, at the acquisition of meteorological data and, most importantly, the Environmental Education Program. Flood Risk Management Program Eletronuclear does not undertake specific actions against the risk of flooding, for it was ascertained – through the information presented in the oceanographic studies of the environmental assessment – that there is no risk of flooding in either the area where Unit 3 will be installed or in the whole of CNAAA. 144 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 Methodology and Interrelationship with Justification Goals Targets Execution Stages Responsible Agents Description of Program Other Plans and Programs Weather Conditions Surveillance Program – Acquisition of Meteorological Data To allow for the Gathering Establishing a collection The following This program is akin to all The execution of the Responsibility for the gathering of reliable meteorological data in rate higher than 90%, in meteorological data are of the programs related current program shall execution of the meteorological real time and order to comply with automatically collected: to the safety of CNAAA be permanent, and program shall reside information and data establishing historical CNEN Standard 1.22 and wind direction; wind and to the Emergency the collection shall be with Eletronuclear, by conducive to the weather records for the the reliability of data speed; air temperature; Plan, inasmuch as the undertaken means of its assessment of possible region covered by the representing weather relative humidity; and acquisition and automatically at the Environmental radiological and project with a view to conditions in the region. rainfall. Afterwards, the monitoring of weather monitoring stations. Management environmental obtaining indicators, data collected are sent data are essential to the The stages are Department. consequences under which shall be used in to the Technical Support efficient fulfillment of all cyclical and may be accident conditions, the program. The Center of the plants. The of the protection and divided into: data and to plan measures meteorological data data are processed and rescue measures in case collection; data aimed at protecting the collected are those transformed into hourly of accidents, as in the compilation; inclusion workers, the population, referring to wind series, and are later protection of the in the databank; and and the environment. (direction and speed), incorporated into the marginal slopes of issuance of semester air temperature, relative meteorological Itaorna, which may lead reports. humidity, and rainfall. databank. to landslides as a result of intense rainfall. Water Quality Monitoring and Control Program – PMCQA The execution of this The goal of this program To maintain the quality of The program establishes This program is related to This is a permanent Supervision of this program aims at is to monitor the quality the water used at the monitoring points, the Temperature program, and program shall be the upholding the quality of of potable water, CNAAA within the limits the frequency of Measurement Program at collection takes place responsibility of the the water used at wastewater, saline established in current collection, the analyses the Piraquara de Fora daily and monthly, Environmental CNAAA and released water, and industrial standards. that shall be carried out Bay and at Itaorna, with with the issuance of a Monitoring Laboratory into the environment, in water in the areas with their respective the Marine Fauna and monitoring report LMA of CNAA. compliance with current owned by Eletronuclear limits, defined in the Flora Monitoring Program every semester. 145 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 Methodology and Interrelationship with Justification Goals Targets Execution Stages Responsible Agents Description of Program Other Plans and Programs standards, within their or in those areas that specific standards in in the Operational Phase respective limits as well may be affected by the force; and the actions to and with the Residual as the actions to be operation of CNAAA. be taken in case of Chlorine Measurement taken should occurrence of results Program at the Piraquara nonconformities occur. that do not comply with de Fora Bay. such standards. The analyses take place in a different manner for the various parameters analyzed, and measurements are taken on a daily, weekly, biweekly, and monthly basis, according to the parameter analyzed. Environmental Control Program for the Tamoios Ecological Station Area The Tamoios Ecological Station is located in Ilha Grande Bay, in Angra dos Reis, and in the Paraty Bay, in the State of Rio de Janeiro, with the purpose of protecting a representative sample of the Atlantic Rainforest, its land as well as marine fauna, in a region marked by great scenic beauty and ecological significance. In 2000, FAPUR – the Scientific and Technological Research Support Foundation – of the Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro signed a partnership agreement with Eletronuclear with a view to drafting Phase 1 of the Management Plan of the Tamoios Ecological Station. The Management Plan is currently being analyzed by Ibama, and the actions to be taken are contingent upon approval by the agency prior to their implementation. Therefore, the actions required in the Term of Reference have been included in the Management Plan that has already been drafted. However, pursuant to Article 36 of the abovementioned Law, the actions are associated with building and maintaining the Conservation Unit. Thus, Eletronuclear will continue to assist ESEC Tamoios through actions of support to the Conservation Unit by means of its environmental programs, most notably the one aimed at Environmental Education. Population Resettlement Program 146 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 Methodology and Interrelationship with Justification Goals Targets Execution Stages Responsible Agents Description of Program Other Plans and Programs Angra 3 shall be set up within the area owned by Eletronuclear (CNAAA). Therefore, there will be no removal or resettlement of any population groups currently residing in the region, which renders a population resettlement program unnecessary. Infrastructure Relocation Program Eletronuclear does not have a specific program for the relocation of the infrastructure of the region affected by the project, since Angra 3 will be set up within the area owned by Eletronuclear (CNAAA). Therefore, there will be no removal or resettlement of any population groups currently residing in the region, which renders an infrastructure relocation program unnecessary. Public Health Program The region of Angra dos To ensure continuous Establishing annual Actions and measures The current program is The program takes Responsibility for the Reis and Paraty is improvements in budgets for the Santa for the drafting of related most notably to place on a execution of the undergoing a process of medical and hospital Casa Hospital of Angra partnership agreements the Social permanent basis, in program resides with development, and the care in the region as dos Reis and Paraty; with local municipalities; Communication and all of the activities Eletronuclear, by installation of Angra 3 provided by the Establishing annual the creation of Environmental Education carried out at Praia means of the will increase its company to the budgets for the foundations; the Programs, as well as to Brava Hospital, as well Eletronuclear Medical population, most population in the micro Eletronuclear Medical modernization, the various partnership as in the existing Care Foundation – notably during the region around the Ilha Care Foundation – FEAM expansion, agreements signed by partnership FEAM. construction work Grande Bay, both (Praia Brava Hospital); enlargement, and Eletronuclear with the agreements currently phase. Thus, public directly by way of Establishing annual improvement of hospital municipalities. in force.. health initiatives will bear outpatient clinics as well budgets for the purchase facilities; increasing the 147 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 Methodology and Interrelationship with Justification Goals Targets Execution Stages Responsible Agents Description of Program Other Plans and Programs great relevance to the as hospital stays through of drugs and equipment number of medical existing and future the Eletronuclear for the Health Care personnel; and ensuring population as a whole. Medical Care Centers of Angra dos Reis the allocation of the Foundation – FEAM and Paraty; Establishing resources needed for (Praia Brava Hospital), an annual budget to operation at full and indirectly, through provide assistance to the capacity; protecting the partnership agreements Family Doctor Program as health of employees signed with the well as Community through the services municipalities of Angra Health Agents in Angra specialized in Safety dos Reis and Paraty. dos Reis. Engineering and Occupational Medicine – SESMET and the Internal Accident Prevention Commission– CIPA. Pollution Control Program The environmental guidelines established for the control of pollutants by means of environmental programs shall be undertaken by Eletronuclear in the various programs, procedures, manuals, and reports listed: the (Non Radioactive) Industrial Waste Management Program; the Conventional Liquid Effluents Treatment Program; the Environmental Radiological Control Manual; and Semester Reports on Waste and the Release of Radioactive Effluents; Procedure: Radioactive Solid Waste; Operational Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program of the Initial Deposit of Low and Medium Activity Solid Waste of the Admiral Álvaro Alberto Power Plant, and its corresponding Annual Report. Social Communication Program To follow the social Within this context, it is a To define the To use the following This program is related to This program is This program is communication policies fundamental goal of the communication goals means of all of the other programs permanent and is permanent and is the 148 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 Methodology and Interrelationship with Justification Goals Targets Execution Stages Responsible Agents Description of Program Other Plans and Programs and guidelines of each current program to and identify the communication: developed by developed on a responsibility of agency comprising the define and ensure that messages to be Institutional Image; Eletronuclear, in such a continuous basis and Eletronuclear, through Government the necessary actions publicized; to establish a External way that all of the integrated with the its Safety and Communication System will be implemented so strong relationship with Communication; Internal actions undertaken are a other departments of Communication of the Federal Executive that the institutional the media and media Communication; source of information for Eletronuclear. Coordination Branch – SICOM, which image of Eletronuclear professionals; to operate Communication under the program under Department. defines the actions, will effectively be that of in conjunction with crisis conditions; consideration. targets, public a company recognized opinion makers; to seek Selection of the major segments, by its commitment to adequate coverage and national publications in implementation the improvement of the dissemination for the the areas of technology schedules, as well as quality of life of the events of interest to the and the environment in means of using the population, the company; to improve order to utilize necessary resources. preservation of the communication through institutional ads Eletronuclear has the environment, and by the the Internet; to conduct throughout the year; mission of “producing excellence of its opinion polls that may Institutional ads on electric energy with the performance in the serve as the basis for special dates in the highest safety and generation of a clean improvements in the newspapers of the areas efficiency standards at and safe source of communication of regional insertion of competitive costs, while energy. undertaken by the the Company; preserving the capacity company. Awareness campaigns to design, build, and about radioactive manage its projects. waste; Environmental Such safety is a priority education campaigns in and supersedes partnership with other productivity and other publications; Drafting economic issues, and it material of an shall never be informative and compromised for any educational nature reasons whatsoever, catering to the public 149 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 Methodology and Interrelationship with Justification Goals Targets Execution Stages Responsible Agents Description of Program Other Plans and Programs due to the company’s interest in support of profound respect for its initiatives of a social workers, society, and the nature. environment.” Environmental Education Program To raise the population’s To increase the To define a sustainable Expositive classes as well Theses projects are part Explanation of the This program is awareness regarding ecological awareness of development strategy for as practical classes shall of the Eletronuclear goal of the project permanent and will environmental aspects company workers and the municipalities; to be undertaken in the Environmental Education and the financial be undertaken by and what can be done of the population convey information region, supplemented Program – PEEA and are support needed to Eletronuclear, through in order to located in the micro about reducing by initiatives conducted interconnected with the achieve it; its Environmental preserve/conserve the region of Ilha Grande consumption to satisfy in cooperation with the other Eletronuclear Presentation of an Management environment is of Bay (municipalities of basic requirements, municipalities. Proposals Environmental Education Environmental Department. paramount importance Angra dos Reis and reusing materials as will be discussed with Projects – PrEEA, thus Education project to the task of reducing Paraty), thus ensuring a much as possible, and the institutional partners complementing them. containing an analysis environmental greater balance recycling through identified. The external of the company in a degradation in this between individuals and incentives; to encourage institutional partners balanced fashion; micro region. the environment in the maintenance of identified are the formal Receipt and analysis which they live, as well seedling nurseries of entities representative of of the proposals as compatibility native plants from the the communities received; Selection of between technological Atlantic Rainforest; to situated in the micro proposals in terms of development and convey to the fishing region of Ilha Grande technical and environmental community the concept Bay financial aspects; preservation and and the need to defend Signing a Service conservation. fish species; to explain Authorization or the goals of the ESEC Contract; Follow up Tamoios; to convey basic of the stages of the technical knowledge project; Analysis of 150 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 Methodology and Interrelationship with Justification Goals Targets Execution Stages Responsible Agents Description of Program Other Plans and Programs about the environment, the indicators (1 the degradation of month); Approval of areas, and the ways to the Final Report of the recover them. Project; Finalizing the project. Environmental Monitoring Program The programs undertaken by Eletronuclear for environmental monitoring are intended to assess the environmental effects in the pre operational and operational periods of Angra 3, as well as those of the units already in operation. Thus, monitoring activities are undertaken on both radiological and non radiological parameters, as well as their sampling frequency, as presented in the programs described in this chapter. The monitoring of the pre operational phase is already undertaken by Eletronuclear, since Units 1 and 2 of CNAAA (Angra 1 and Angra 2) are already in operation and, with a view to ensuring the integrity of the environment, the environmental monitoring programs of CNAAA are undertaken. In the operational phase of Angra 3, the programs already in execution in the other units shall be undertaken also for the environmental monitoring of the activities stemming from the operation of Unit 3 of CNAAA (Angra 3). Decommissioning Program In several years of To ensure the protection To secure licenses for The decommissioning A Decommissioning Plan This program is related This program shall be studies, periodic works of the population decommissioning; to process is based on US shall be drafted, to the Social carried out in a and reassessments residing in the micro undertake the inventory methodologies, with contemplating: the Communication period no shorter than ensued with a view to region around the Ilha of all contaminated three alternatives: decommissioning Program as well as ten years for the the decommissioning of Grande Bay and its pieces of equipment, DECON, SAFSTOR, and technology to be the other programs decommissioning of nuclear power plants. environment with with data on the levels of ENTOMB, or that of three adopted; studies for the developed by Unit 3 of CNAAA. When Angra 2 started respect to residual radiation and stages, adopted by the dismantling and safe Eletronuclear, so that operating, a fund raising radioactivity, as well as measurements of AIEA. In the case of the storage of the all of the actions process started to be suitable resources so pipelines and shields; to nuclear power plants of components of the plant; undertaken are implemented for the that the determine methods to CNAAA, the alternative site studies and studies of sources of information decommissioning of decommissioning may facilitate the considered in order to storage conditions; to the program under 151 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 Methodology and Interrelationship with Justification Goals Targets Execution Stages Responsible Agents Description of Program Other Plans and Programs Angra 2 similar to the be carried out in decommissioning accomplish development of the consideration. one adopted for the first compliance with both process; to prepare a decommissioning is environmental and power plant. environmental and legal report on the impact on SAFSTOR, in which nuclear licensing requirements. the environment; to dismantling is preceded processes; contracting of analyze the safety of the by confinement for a services. process; to determine the period of 10 to 30 years. modifications to be made in the buildings, according to the decommissioning alternative to be adopted. Regional Seismological Monitoring Program To improve the This program has the Obtaining and recording The data are recorded This program is related to The gathering of data Responsibility for the seismological and goal of proceeding with data on the following: continuously and the other programs linked is undertaken execution of the tectonic knowledge of the seismic monitoring of data on local and analyzed by to the safety of the periodically in ESAR, program resides with the region through the the region around the regional seismic seismologists from USP, facilities of CNAAA, such and the seismic Eletronuclear, by records of low intensity Admiral Álvaro Alberto movements as well as and a quarterly seismic as the Marginal Slope reports are issued on means of its Stress movements. The seismic Nuclear Power Plant – data on teleseismic report is issued. The Monitoring Program. a quarterly basis. Analysis monitoring of the region CNAAA, where the area movements; determining results allow for the Management aims at maintaining a proposed for the epicenters of small determination of Department, in complete and reliable installation of Angra 3 is magnitude; and epicenters, an cooperation with the database pertaining to situated. acquiring knowledge of assessment of the Institute of Astronomy regional seismic the crust structure under thickness of the Earth’s and Geophysics of the region of Angra dos crust, and the speed of 152 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 Methodology and Interrelationship with Justification Goals Targets Execution Stages Responsible Agents Description of Program Other Plans and Programs movements. Reis. propagation of seismic USP IAG/USP. waves in the region. Temperature Measurement Program for Piraquara de Fora Bay and Itaorna Bay The execution of this The goal of this program To maintain the quality of Temperature This program is related to This is a permanent Supervision: program is aimed at is to monitor the the waters used at measurements will be the Water Monitoring and program, and Environmental and upholding the quality of temperature of the Admiral Álvaro Alberto made in Piraquara de Control Program, to the measurements shall Occupational Safety saline waters where the waters in Piraquara de Nuclear Power Plant – Fora Bay and in Itaorna. Marine Fauna and Flora be made every Division. effluents of CNAAA are Fora Bay and Itaorna CNAAA within the limits Monitoring Program in fifteen days, with the The measurements are Execution: discharged into the Bay, for follow up of the specified by the the Operational Phase issuance of monthly undertaken along the Environmental environment, in thermal dispersion of the standards in force. and to the Residual reports to Feema and water intake centerline Monitoring Laboratory accordance with the Units of Admiral Álvaro Chlorine Measurement annual reports to of Angra 1 (Itaorna Bay) (LMA) of CNAAA. existing standards, within Alberto Nuclear Power Program in Piraquara de up to the final point of Ibama. Responsibility for their respective limits. Plant– CNAAA. Fora Bay. 1.100 metros. In the drafting and sending Piraquara de Fora Bay the monthly and the measurements are yearly reports to the undertaken along the inspection agencies discharge centerline up shall reside with the to the final point of 1,200 Environmental m. Management Department. Marine Fauna and Flora Monitoring Program To comply with the Continuity of the Marine To maintain the flora, The sampling sites are: This program is related to This is a permanent Responsibility for environmental Fauna and Flora fauna, and quality of Piraquara de Fora Bay the Temperature program, and data supervision of this legislation with respect Monitoring Program seawaters within the limits (area B Impact), Measurement Program in are collected on a program resides with to water quality criteria (PMFFM). specified by current Piraquara de Dentro Bay Piraquara de Fora Bay monthly, bimonthly the Environmental 153 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 Methodology and Interrelationship with Justification Goals Targets Execution Stages Responsible Agents Description of Program Other Plans and Programs for preservation of the standards, in the liquid (area A Control) and and Itaorna, with the and seasonal basis, and Occupational marine fauna and flora effluent discharge area. Itaorna (area C Water Quality Monitoring with issuance of the Safety Division, and it (NT 319 of Feema, DZ Control). Besides the and Control Program and Annual Monitoring shall be carried out 302 – “Padrões de marine fauna and flora with the Residual Chlorine Report. under the Qualidade dos Corpos samplings, temperature Measurement Program in responsibility of the D’água segundo os Usos and chlorine Piraquara de Fora Bay. Environmental Benéficos” or Quality measurements are Monitoring Laboratory Standards of Water made. (LMA) of CNAAA. Bodies according to Beneficial Uses). Residual Chlorine Measurement Program at Piraquara de Fora Bay The execution of this The goal of this program To maintain the quality of Values above the limits This program is related to This is a permanent Execution: program is aimed at is to monitor the the waters used by stipulated in the the Water Quality program, with Environmental upholding the quality of concentration of CNAAA within the limits standards shall be Monitoring and Control samples being Monitoring Laboratory saline waters where the residual chlorine specified by the existing reported to the Program, to the Marine collected on a LMA effluents of CNAAA are discharged into standards. Environmental and Fauna and Flora weekly basis, and with Supervision: discharged into the Piraquara de Fora bay Occupational Safety Monitoring Program in issuance of follow up Environmental and environment in by water circulation, so Division, which, by the Operational Phase reports on a monthly Occupational Safety accordance with as to ensure that the means of the Monitoring and with the and yearly basis Division. existing standards, within limits stipulated by Management, will notify Temperature their respective limits. Feema will not be the Environmental Measurement Program at exceeded. Management Piraquara de Fora bay department so that the and Itaorna. latter can subsequently notify Feema. 154 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 Methodology and Interrelationship with Justification Goals Targets Execution Stages Responsible Agents Description of Program Other Plans and Programs (Non-radioactive) Industrial Waste Management Program To ensure the treatment To establish the To ensure the The organizational unit The program is related to The program occurs Responsibility for and disposal of non methodology for segregation, packing, that generates the the Environmental in a permanent carrying out the radioactive wastes destination of solid, identification, temporary waste shall pack it in a Education and Social manner in the program lies with generated at CNAAA in semi solid, and liquid storage, transportation, suitable manner, Communication activities described Eletronuclear, by accordance with the waste not susceptible to and final disposal of properly identifying it. Programs, and especially above in all means of the standards specified in conventional treatment, industrial wastes to the Environmental In specific cases the organizational units of Environmental and current legislation. minimizing its generation generated at CNAAA. Construction Program, to Radiological Protection CNAAA. Occupational Safety and prioritizing be implemented in the Division shall assess and Division and is related recycling. setting up phase of attest the occurrence or to all generating units not of radiological risks Angra 3. and other involving the waste. management Procedures for auctions, departments. transportation, supply of all types of wastes generated will be determined and described. Conventional Liquid Effluent Treatment Program Need for strict To apply proper To undertake the Treatment methods The program will be Eletronuclear will be compliance with the treatments to the treatment on all effluents based on aeration and continuous and responsibility for limits stipulated in conventional liquid generated in the project, oxygen reduction permanent. developing and current standards for the effluents generated in so as to comply with reactions will be used. setting up the discharge of the project. environmental standards Program as well as for The individual loads of conventional liquid and satisfy the society its actual conventional liquid effluents (process waste) implementation, effluents will be 155 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 Methodology and Interrelationship with Justification Goals Targets Execution Stages Responsible Agents Description of Program Other Plans and Programs into the environment. monitored with respect through the to concentrations of department of contaminants and pH Superintendence of levels. Angra 3. Operational Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program – PMARO This program occurs as a To follow up on Monitoring of the The methodology, This program is related to This is a permanent Supervision: result of the company’s environmental radiation radiation levels, collection frequencies, all the other monitoring program. with data Environmental and concern for the levels in various matrices comparing such values and sampling points programs of CNAAA. collected on a Occupational Safety environment and in and media during the with those found in the used in the program weekly, monthly and Division accordance with operation of CNAAA, as pre operational phase of comply with the current quarterly basis, with Execution: current environmental well as the comparison the project. environmental and issuance of an annual Environmental and radiological with the values obtained radiological standards. monitoring report. Monitoring Laboratory legislation. in the pre operational LMA of CNAAA. period. 156 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 157 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 10. WHAT ARE SAFETY AND RISKS ANALYSES, AND EMERGENCY ACTION PLANNING? All human activity introduces risks. No active form of generating energy has null risk. If the dam at Itaipu plant is ruptured, the city of Buenos Aires might be flooded, with serious consequences for the Argentinean capital and its population, and possibly creating an international judicial dispute with Brazil. That possibility of having a dam ruptured is also true for all other hydroelectric power plants in Brazil. However, that is an acceptable risk, in place of the benefits from the power generated. A nuclear power plant induces the risk of a radioactive accident, what means saying the risk of causing an environmental impact due to radioactive contamination. For Angra 3, that risk is one in every 10,000,000 years and it is considered by safety engineers and risk annalists as being extremely low. Opposing to that, it produces power with virtually no impact on the atmosphere, or generating CO2 or any other harmful gas, and not polluting the water bodies it uses in order to cool the steam released from the turbine. A nuclear power plant, consequentially, does not contribute to climate change risks, such as increasing of the greenhouse effect, neither any risk in bathing in the sea on the shores where the power plant is operating. It produces waste of low, medium or high activity, but those shall be treated for being later deposited in a safe place. The industry sector which is not nuclear is called “conventional”, in order to identify nuclear facilities from the non nuclear ones, where safety standards are different. Several conventional industries, for instance, direct their gaseous and liquid waste to chimneys and discharges, spreading them onto the atmosphere, rivers and seas, every day. There are different treatments given by different industrial areas to their waste. In the nuclear area, the waste is kept in a safe place. Accidents in nuclear power plants are different from those occurring in conventional power plants, due to the potential release into the environment of a significant quantity of radioactive material, generated during the nuclear fission process, and are retained in the fuel (uranium dioxide) inside the reactor, and remaining there while properly cooled. The probability of this potential hazard causing any harm is significantly low, but not null. Nuclear safety engineering has several methods and techniques to analyze and guarantee the safety of a design. At this point, it is appropriate to explain the difference between hazard and risk, considered by the specialists. In safety engineering, a hazard is called any 158 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 potential source of damages, regardless of the actual chances that such damage may actually happen. The concept of risk, however, associates the probability or expected occurrence rate of an event with its foreseeable consequences. The goal of safety engineering at a Nuclear Power Plant, despite the hazard represented by the radioactive material existing in the reactor’s core, is to make the risk of a radiological accident (the possibility of releasing radioactivity into the environment) be as low as reasonably attainable. The historical record of more than 40 years without one single radiological accident proves, in a consistent manner, the correctness of the safety analysis techniques used in those facilities, and consequently, the design derived there from, just to remember that from the two single relevant accidents, Chernobyl 4 reactor was not a PWR Type, and the one at TMI2 did not cause a vast radiological impact. Power Plants of the PWR type, such as those at CNAAA (Admiral Alvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant), use the principles of redundancy and diversity of safety systems, and defense in depth, to guarantee a safety level high above the average of the conventional industry. The Chernobyl 4 reactor, to name a few of its differences from Angra 3, did not have containment features, used graphite (flammable) as a moderator instead of water, and was unstable at low power. Its operators did not have proper training and safety regulations and operation procedures were not followed. 10.1. WHAT WERE THE CONSEQUENCES OF NUCLEAR ACCIDENTS THAT OCCURRED IN THE PAST? Historical Analysis of Accidents – HAA – is characterized by the investigation of accidents occurred in the facilities under study and/or in similar facilities, by means of browsing database of accident records, and consists of a survey of the main accidents occurred in the past, their causes and consequences. The “Thee Mile” Island accident released into the outer atmosphere noble gases, but in quantities that did not result in significant dosages to the nearby population. Thousands of environmental samples – air, soil, vegetation and food – were collected and analyzed. All results showed that the resulting dosage to the population was significantly low. The main impact on the population health was the stress and fear caused by the accident. For that reason the TMI 2 accident is considered a Class 5 accident in the INES Scale. On the other hand, the Chernobyl accident occurred during the conduction of an electrical test that included shutting down the core’s emergency cooling system, which purpose is to provide water for cooling the core in emergency situations; that in itself constitutes a decrease in safety 159 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 levels, if not duly compensated by other measures. The reactor had been shut down for routine maintenance on April 25, 1986 and it was decided to make use of that intermission to conduct the test. In order to conduct the test, the reactor should have been stabilized in about 1,000 MWt before being shut down. However, due to problems of system malfunction, the power dropped to 30 MWt. The operators tried to increase the power, shutting down the automatic regulators and removing all the control bars manually (yet another decrease in safety). At approximately 1h on April 26, the reactor stabilized on 200 MWt and, from that point on, became very unstable. The sudden increase in steam production ruptured part of the fuel, and small hot particles of fuel reacted with the water, causing a steam blast that destroyed the core’s reactor. There was a second blast, two or three seconds later, increasing the destruction of the reactor’s building. The cloud with smoke, radioactive fission products and core fragments reached the atmosphere. The heavier materials deposited near the power plant, but many fission products, particularly the collection of noble gases, travelled long distances, affecting several other countries. A fire started in the central Unit 4, and especially the burning of graphite was difficult to contain. During a period of 10 days, a large amount of radioactive material was released into the environment. Therefore, according to IAEA (1992) the main facts contributing to the accident were: Unsafe characteristics of the reactor’s design (example: lack of containment); Inappropriate safety analysis; Insufficient care during the reactor’s safety review by an independent agency; Inappropriate procedures, with a non satisfactory grounds on safety analysis; Insufficient exchange of important safety information, between operators and also between operators and designers; The operators incorrect understanding of the power plant’s safety features, showing lack of proper training; The operators non compliance with formal operational requirements and tests procedures; Insufficient regulatory control, make a stand against the pressure from production; Lack of safety culture, both local and national. Chernobyl’s accident was considered a Class 7a accident on the INES scale, which means, a “serious accident”. 160 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 10.1.1. What are the important conclusions about the historical record of accidents with nuclear power plants? The historical record of accidents with nuclear power plants brings some important conclusions: In the early 70’s there were catastrophic predictions about the accidents which might occur, and that the power plants then being constructed all over the world might cause irreparable and tremendous damages. Movies such as “The China Syndrome” were foreseeing impressive catastrophes. More than 30 years later, it is clear that such predictions are not true, and that the safety levels of reactors designed by safety engineering were effective enough to avoid such predictions; TMI 2 accident in 1979, with a reactor of the same type as the one in Angra 3 (PWR) has show the following: o Reactors are safe, but not fail proof; o Redundancy and diversity of safety systems and the principle of deep defense guarantee a level of safety high enough to avoid even the aftermath of an unforeseen and severe accident to cause damages to the environment. Chernobyl’s accident showed that: o Nuclear reactors are in fact dangerous (as much as a dam or a refinery, places where materials or products with energy potentially hazardous are stored); o Disregarding safety matters in such systems, as it was done by that power plant’s supervisors, may cause significant damage. In PWR type power plants, such as the one at Almirante Alvaro Alberto Nuclear Central, the principles of redundancy and diversity of safety systems are utilized, as well as deep defense principles, to ensure a safety level high above the average in conventional industry, as shown by risk and safety analysis calculations. Chernobyl 4 reactor, to name a few differences from Angra 3, did not have containment features, used graphite (flammable) as a moderator instead of water, and was unstable at low power. Its operators did not have proper training and safety regulations and operation procedures were not followed. 10.1.2. Do you know what the INES scale is? The International Nuclear Event Scale (INES) is a mechanism for the immediate and clear communication to the public about the importance of events occurred in nuclear facilities in connection to safety. Placing those events in one same perspective, the scale intends to facilitate 161 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 a clear and mutual understanding between the nuclear community, mass media and the public, although most of the public is not familiar with the INES scale yet. The INES scale was conceived by an international group of experts. The group based their work on a series of international meetings organized until then, to discuss the feasibility of such a scale. The scale also reflects the experience gathered in using similar scales in France and Japan, besides taking into account studies conducted in several other countries. The USA, the only country with an important nuclear program that remained for quite some time distant from the INES scale development has decided to adopt it tentatively. Brazil has officially adopted the INES scale through CNEN. The INES scale then began to be formally adopted for nuclear power plants since April 1991, after more than one year being used internationally as a test. 10.1.3. How can accidental events be classified on levels? The scale enables classification of events from 1 to 7 in a crescent order regarding safety, depending on its impact upon the environment, the most relevant aspect, the impact on the power plant’s site or the deterioration level of the deep defence. This last aspect, although does not imply in an accident, reflects the degree of unavailability of the facility’s barriers and safety. The lowest levels, from 1 to 3, are designated nuclear incidents, and those above 4 up to 7, are nuclear accidents. Events that are not important to safety are designated as deviations, and classified as level 0, “BELOW THE SCALE”. Events that are not relevant to safety are designated as “OFF THE SCALE” events. Picture 35 shows the general numeric classification by type of incident or accident. 162 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 Picture 31 – Nuclear Events International Scale. Picture 35: [DEVIATION: 0 = Below the Scale. No relevance regarding Safety. INCIDENT: 1 = Anomaly; 2 = Incident; 3 = Serious Incident. ACCIDENT: 4 = Accident without Significant Risks outside the Facility; 5 = Accident with Risk outside the Facility; 6 = Serious Accident; 7 = Severe Accident]. Source: International Atomic Power Agency INES’ basic structure is based upon criteria involving accidental impacts in and out of the nuclear facility’s area and the degradation of protective barriers, as it can be seen on Picture 36. Picture 37 presents, in detail, the INES classification criteria, classifying some incidents and accidents that were 163 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 on the news. As it can be seen on the picture, in view of the impacts caused by the accidents with Three Mile Island’s Unit 2 (TMI 2) and Chernobyl 4, those have been classified as being respectively level 5 and 7. SAFETY FEATURES OR CRITERIA IMPACT OUTSIDE THE IMPACT INSIDE THE DEGRADING OF DEEP FACILITY AREA FACILITY AREA DEFENSE 7 SEVERE RELEASE SEVERE ACCIDENT MULTIPLE EFFECTS ON HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT SIGNIFICANT RELEASE 6 POSSIBLE REQUIREMENT SERIOUS ACCIDENT FOR FULL USE OF THE FORESEEN COUNTERMEASURES LIMITED RELEASE SEVERE DAMAGE TO THE 5 POSSIBILE REQUIREMENT REACTOR’S CORE ACCIDENTE WITH FOR PARTIAL USE OF THE /RADIOLOGICAL BARRIERS RISKS OUTSIDE THE FORESEEN COUNTER FACILITY AREA MEASURES 4 SEVERE DAMAGE TO THE SMALL RELEASE REACTOR’S CORE ACCIDENTE WITHOUT EXPOSURE OF THE PUBLIC /RADIOLOGICAL BARRIERS SIGNIFICANT RISKS SURROUNDING THE FATAL EXPOSURE OF A OUTSIDE THE PRESCRIBED LIMITS WORKER FACILITY AREA VERY SMALL RELEASE SERIOUS CONTAMINATION QUASI ACCIDENT – 3 EXPOSURE OF THE PUBLIC SERIOUS INCIDENT DISPERSION / ACUTE TOTAL LOSS OF SAFETY TO A FRACTION OF THE EFFECTS UPON A BARRIERS PRESCRIBED LIMITS WORKER’S HEALTH SIGNIFICANT DISPERSION INCIDENT WITH 2 OF CONTAMINATION/ SIGNIFICANT FAILURE OF INCIDENT OVEREXPOSURE OF A SAFETY DEVICES WORKER ANOMALY BEYOND THE 1 AUTHORIZED OPERATION ANOMALY STANDARDS 0 BELOW THE SCALE DEVIATION NO RELEVANCE REGARDING SAFETY EVENT OUTSIDE THE SCALE NO CONECTION TO SAFETY Picture 32 - Basic structure of the International Scale of Nuclear Events. NOTE: The criteria shown by the matrix are simply general ratings. Detailed definitions are provided in the INES User manual. Source: International Atomic Power Agency 164 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 LEVEL DESCRIPTION CRITERIA EXAMPLE * External release of an important fraction of the radioactive material of a large facility (for instance, the core of a Power reactor). It would typically be Chernobyl Nuclear comprised of a mixture of radioactive fission products, with sort and long life (in Power Plant, ACCIDENTS SEVERE quantities radiologically equivalent to more than some tens of thousands tetra- URSS (currently in bequerels of Iodine-131). Such release could cause acute effects on health: 7 ACCIDENT the Ukraine), delayed effects on the population of of a vast region that would encompass, 1986. possibly, more than one country; and long term consequences to the environment. * External release of radioactive materials (in quantities radioactively equivalent Kishtim re- ACCIDENTS SERIOUS to a release of thousands to tens of thousands tetra-bequerels of Iodine-131). processing power Such release would probably result in full application of the counter-measures plant, URSS 6 ACCIDENT foreseen by local plans for cases of emergency in order to limit the severe (currently in effects upon health. Russia), 1957. * External release of radioactive materials (in quantities radiologically equivalent to a release of hundreds to thousands of tetra-bequerels of Iodine-131). Such Windscale release would probably result in partial application of the counter-measures Reactor, United ACCIDENT WITH foreseen by local plans for cases of emergency in order to limit the severe ACIDENTES Kingdom, 1957. RISK OTSIDE effects upon health. 5 FACILITIES AREA * Severe damage to the nuclear facilities. May include severe damage to a large part of a power reactor’s core, na accident of critical importance or a fire Three Mile Island, or significant blasts, which release large quantities of radioactivity inside the USA, 1979. facilities. Windscale re- * External release of radioactivity which results, for the most exposed individual processing power outside the facilities area, in a dose of approximately some milisiverts(*). With plant, United ACCIDENTS such a release, it is unlikely there would be any need to apply protective Kingdom, 1973. measures outside the facilities’ area, except, maybe, for controlling local food. WITHOUT ACCIDENTS SIGNIFICANT * Important damages to the nuclear facilities. An accident of that kind could Central de Saint- 4 involve damages to the nuclear power centre, such as, partial fusion of a power Laurent, France, RISK OUTSIDE reactor’s core, or comparable events in facilities that are not reactors, creating 1980. FACILITIES AREA serious problems for the restoring of normality at the facilities’ area. * Irradiation of one or more workers that implicate on super exposure, with high Buenos Aires probability of an untimely death. Critical Unit, Argentine, 1983. * External release above the authorized limits, which results, for the most exposed individual outside the facilities area, in a dose of approximately tenths of milisiverts(*). There would probably be no need to apply protective measures outside the facilities’ area. * Events within the facilities area implying doses received by workers enough to INCIDENTS SERIOUS cause acute effects upon health and/or events that cause severe contamination, as for instance, the release of a few thousand tetra-bequerels in 3 INCIDENT activity at a secondary containment from where such material can be returned to a satisfactory storage area. * Incidents in which a supplementary failure in the safety systems could lead to accident conditions or to a situation in which, in case certain triggering events Vandellós Power should occur, the safety systems would not be capable of preventing the Plant, Spain, accident. 1989. * Incidents with an important failure of safety devices, but in which there is deep defense enough to face any additional failure. INCIDENTS INCIDENT * Event resulting in a dose received by a worker above the annual dose limit 2 established and/or an event which implicates the presence of significant quantities of radioactivity in facility areas where, according to the plant’s design, such fact is not justifiable, and which requires corrective measures. * Anomaly beyond the authorized operation system. It may occur due to INCIDENTS equipment failure, human error, or inadequate procedures (it is convenient to ANOMALY differentiate between anomalies and situations where limits and conditions are 1 exceeded and then are appropriately managed through the appropriate procedures. Those situations are typically considered as “below the Scale”). 165 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 BELOW THE SCALE / DEVIATION NO SIGNIFICANCE REGARDING SAFETY ZERO Picture 33 - Criteria and examples Of the International Nuclear Events Scale. NOTE: Dosages are expressed in terms of the effective equivalent dosage (whole body dosage). If convenient, those criteria might be expressed in terms of the annual limits for discharge of the corresponding effluents, authorized by national officials.. Source: International Atomic Power Agency 10.2. SAFETY ANALYSIS The Design of a nuclear reactor incorporates requirements and safety criteria intending to guarantee the confinement of fission products in such a way that, even in case of an accident, the consequences to the environment and the surrounding population shall be the least possible. Among those criteria and safety requirements, are included those relating to the occurrence of events external (for instance, earthquakes) and internal (for instance, piping ruptures and transitory unfavorable thermal – hydraulic conditions) to the power plant. Investigating and verifying the design’s compliance with safety criteria and requirements defined internationally is the main purpose of the Safety Analysis Study. In order to do that, the so called Design Basis Accidents – DBAs, a set of accidental events postulated, is thoroughly investigated in accordance with established acceptance criteria in regulations of licensing agencies for nuclear activities, national and international. The main job of the Safety Analysis (SA) is to specify and determine the safety of a nuclear power plant’s design. For that purpose, DBAs are predetermined events and investigated on a highly sophisticated and detailed degree, in such a way that its analyses include sequences and consequences of a varied range of causes. On account of the limits specified for accidents investigation, the SA is also known as Safety Determinist Analysis (or Deterministic, as it is know in the nuclear area), in opposition to the Safety Probability Analysis SPA (or probabilistic, as it is known). SA departs from the assumption that certain accidental sequences shall actually occur, simulates those occurrences in computer models and analyses the facility’s answer to those accidents, verifying if the safety systems react accordingly and meet the safety requirements demanded by international rules and by domestic legislation. Briefly, it rules out the probability of non occurrence of the accidents selected, not taking that possibility into account for the quantitative evaluation of the power plant’s answer. Regarding the nuclear licensing of a power pant, Safety Analysis is an integral part of PSAR “Preliminary Safety Analysis Report”, and of FSAR “Final Safety Analysis Report”, which are submitted to the approval by the national licensing agency, the National Nuclear Power Committee (CNEN). 166 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 Authorization to initiate the construction of a power plant is only granted after it has had its PSAR approved, and authorization to operate only upon its FSAR being approved. 10.3. WHAT IS NRA - NUCLEAR RISK ANALYSIS? Concurrently to the deterministic safety analysis (SA), probabilistic analysis techniques (risk analysis), used initially in the optimization of individual safety systems projects (reliability analysis), started being used, from the 70’s, for the evaluation of nuclear power plants as a whole, being known in the industry as PSA, the initials for “Probability Safety Analysis” (or Probabilistic Safety Analysis). The probability of the occurrence of consecutive failures and unfavorable events necessary to the core’s fusion is remote, but not null, which means that such accidents might possibly happen. It is worthwhile to stress out that, on the case of Angra 3, even in the occurrence of a severe accident, there shall not necessarily be the release of radioactive material into the atmosphere, in quantities that might put at risk the health or life of the population in the power plant’s vicinity. The release of large quantities of radioactive material into the environment shall only occur if, besides the core’s fusion event, there is also a significant compromise of the containment’s integrity. Therefore, in addition to the probabilities of a core fusion, the crucial matter shall be knowing the probabilities of damage to the integrity of the containment casing, which on the case of Angra 3 is a steel plate with 3 cm density and a heavy armed concrete structure, with approximately 60 cm density, characterizing the Reactor’s Building. The NRA must investigate the probability and the conditions in which accidents may lead to a nuclear fusion of the core, despite the safety features already existing: that implies in analyzing accidents with a remote possibility of occurrence, since it conjectures multiple, concurrent failures, of several safety systems designed to control such accidents. A NRA has as its main phases: Identifying and clustering events which might potentially initiate accidents, and quantifying their occurrence; Determining the corresponding sequences of events that lead to damages in the reactor’s core; Identifying the safety features and, by means of the accident’s SA, determining the minimum requirements needed to control such accident; Quantifying the safety features’ probabilities of failure/success; Determining the rate of occurrence of accident sequences that lead to damages in the reactor’s core; 167 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 Analyzing the consequences, determining the extent of damages caused to the workers, the community and the environment exposed to accident scenario. 10.4. EMERGENCY PLAN 10.4.1. What is an Emergency Plan? The Admiral Alvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant (CNAAA)’s External Emergency Plan (EEP) is an additional safety measure, because power pants were built according to the concept of “deep defense”, to wit, they have several protective barriers on a row and avail themselves of several redundant safety systems that prevent the release of radioactive materials into the environment, and as their purpose, in case of emergency, to protect the health and guarantee the safety of the power plant’s workers and the general public. Studies for reviewing emergency planning have developed since the scientific technological knowledge acquired after the Three Mile Island (USA – 1979) and Chernobyl (Soviet Union – 1986) accidents. Applying new criteria based upon those studies has resulted in the conceptual and structural changes Emergency Plans for Nuclear Centers. The EEP incorporates the recommendations of the National Committee of Nuclear Power (CNEN), based upon international regulations. It is important to note that this is a preventive plan, to wit, the measures foreseen shall be implemented before any release of radioactive material into the environment might occur.. 10.4.2. Who is responsible for the Emergency Plan? The External Emergency Plan is coordinated by the Central Agency of the Protection System for the Brazilian Nuclear Program – SIPRON, with the participation of the Federal Civil Defense. Its execution is under the charge of the State Secretariat of Civil Defense, through the General Division of Community Support and the State of Rio de Janeiro Fire Department, who can rely on CNEN and Eletronuclear’s technical support and on the operational support of Angra dos Reis Civil Defense – COMDEC/AR, on the City Hall of the Municipality of Angra dos Reis and various Federal and State agencies, including the Army. 168 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 10.4.3. What is the range area for the Emergency Plan? The EEP ranges a circular area with a radius of 15Km around the power plants, designated as EPZ – Emergency Planning Zone. Such area was subdivided into sectors, with radius of 3, 5, 10 and 15 KM, designated respectively as EPZ 3, EPZ 5, EPZ 10 and EPZ 15. (Picture 34). Picture 34 – Emergency Planning Zones – ZPEs. Source: Eletronuclear 10.4.4. How is the National System structured to Respond to a Nuclear Emergency? CNAAA’s response in emergency situations is based upon the activation of four major Emergency Centers, each one with a different mission and location: CNAGEN – Centro Nacional para Gerenciamento de uma Situação de Emergência Nuclear (National Center for Management of a Nuclear Emergency Situation): 169 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 Mission: providing counseling to the Federal Government’s decisions, in the event of a nuclear emergency; and supervising and coordinating support to federal agencies, public and private institutions, whether national or international, and foreign governments, to complement the actions taken on the federal, state and municipal spheres and, wherever necessary, on the Operating Units, the means used in the response, in the Federation State where a nuclear emergency situation occurs.. Location: MCT / Brasília / DF CESTGEN – Centro Estadual para o Gerenciamento de Emergência Nucleares (State Center for Nuclear Emergency Management): Mission: implementing the EEP of the Federation State where a nuclear emergency situation occurs; providing high level counseling to the State Government’s decisions, in the event of a nuclear emergency; and coordinating support to the federal government, federal agencies, public and/or private institutions with headquarters in its State, to complement the actions taken and the means used in the response to a nuclear emergency situation. Location: The General Division of Civil Defense with the State Secretariat of Civil Defense of the State of Rio de Janeiro / Rio de Janeiro / RJ CCCEN – Centro de Coordenação e Controle de uma Situação de Emergência Nuclear (Coordination and Control Center for Nuclear Emergencies): Mission: coordinating the execution of supporting actions attributed by the External Emergency Plan (EEP); coordinating the support to several agencies, located in the Municipality, responsible for the response to a nuclear emergency situation; requesting support from municipal, state and federal agencies located in its area of influence, to implement the necessary actions taken and complement the means used in the response to a nuclear emergency situation; as well as keeping CIEN informed about the progress of the nuclear emergency situation. Location: The 10th Military Firemen Division / Angra dos Reis / RJ CIEN – Centro de Informações de Emergência Nuclear (Nuclear Emergency Information Center): Mission: planning, coordinating and promoting, through CCCEN’s guidance, the disclosure of information to the public and the press about the nuclear emergency situation. Location: The 10th Military Firemen Division / Angra dos Reis / RJ 170 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 10.4.5. What are the protective measures foreseen by the Plan? The main protective measures for the population are: taking shelter, which means remain inside a house, apartment or other appropriate location, with the doors and windows closed and sealed, and ventilation systems shut off; and evacuation, which is the calculated removal of people from a certain area, in order to avoid or reduce their exposure to radiation on the short run. In case of a storm, or if the roads are blocked due to landfall, the most recommended protective measure is taking shelter. Besides offering primary protection, it is a good alternative when evacuation can no longer be done. Taking shelter reduces radiation exposure, preventing the population from becoming contaminated. 10.4.6. How is the population going to be notified in case of emergency? The people living in the areas of Guariba, Piraquara de Fora, Frade, Sertãozinho do Frade, Condomínio do Frade, Barlavento Condominium and Praia Vermelha beach shall be notified through the use of sirens, mega phones, loudspeakers, and door to door warnings. Upon listening to the sirens, people are expected to hear the Civil Defense instructions on the local radios and TVs. The population residing in the Praia Brava village shall be notified through an Eletronuclear vehicle with loudspeakers, according to the provisions of the Local Emergency Plan (LEP). On other locations that are more distant from the Nuclear Central, people shall be notified through local radio stations and TV networks. 10.4.7. What should you do in case of emergency? Upon the event of a nuclear emergency situation on CNAAA, Eletronuclear shall immediately inform CNEN, the State Civil Defense (10th FD) and COMDEC/AR. CNEN shall notify the General Coordinator for CNAGEN and the Civil Defense Group (CDG) that, on its turn, an in accordance with normal procedures, shall inform CESTGEN’s Coordinator. In the communities where sirens have been installed, the residents must, upon hearing the sirens, tune in the local radio stations and television channels for information, in order to get the Civil Defense instructions, which shall evaluate the emergency situation and instruct the residents to resume their ordinary activities, take shelter in their homes or proceed to nearest Meeting and Boarding Point to be transported from the risk area. 171 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 In case it is necessary to evacuate the population, the residents of Piraquara de Fora, Pingo D’Água, Guariba and Piraquara de Dentro shall initially proceed to the shelter located at Frade. Later on, if necessary, they shall be moved, together with Frade, Frade Condominium and Sertãozinho do Frade residents to municipal and state schools, located in the region of Grande Japuiba, in the municipality of Angra dos Reis, which are designated as shelters in the Emergency Plan. The islands’ residents shall be taken to the Navy School and the residents of Barlavento and Praia Vermelha condos shall be taken, if necessary, to a shelter located in the Pereque region, in the municipality of Angra dos Reis. The evacuation of the population of Itaorna and Praia Brava shall be handled by Eletronuclear, according to the LEP. Residents living between Frade and the city of Angra dos Reis and between Praia Vermelha and Tarituba shall be warned through local radio broadcasts and television networks. All the necessary information and instructions shall be conveyed through mass media. Sirens are not heard in those locations. The residents in those areas might be instructed to resume their ordinary activities and, if the emergency situation deteriorates, they shall be instructed to remain temporarily sheltered inside their homes or in other appropriate locations. In that region, only the people in areas where there is a chance of contamination shall be evacuated. Such evacuation shall be conducted in accordance with CNEN’s technical evaluations. The shelters to where the population shall be taken shall offer medical assistance, a security system, sanitary facilities, kitchens and social care. People shall be registered and identified by age, original location and level of emergency medical care needed. Children, elders and the sick shall receive special care. Families will be placed together. The population’s return to the affected areas shall only be permitted after the inspection and clearance by CNEN experts. The Civil Defense shall provide guidance and support for their return, taking care of everything to provide safety for the population. 10.4.8. Conclusive Analysis Based upon the evaluation of CNAAA’s internal and external emergency answers system, it is concluded that the human and material resources specified by the various agents listed before, as well as the logic of their mobilization and integration, are duly defined, in view of the nature of the internal and external risks analyzed before. It must be highlighted that such planning is constantly updated and perfected. 172 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 173 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 11. TECHNICAL TEAM 11.1. TECHNICAL TEAM – MRS ESTUDOS AMBIENTAIS LTDA. MRS ESTUDOS AMBIENTAIS LTDA. CTF: 1951/97 CREA: 82.171 Headquarters: Rua Barros Cassal, 738 Bom Fim Porto Alegre, RS CEP: 90.035 030 Phone/fax: (051)3029 0068 E mail: [email protected] Branch Office: SCN Quadra 5, Bloco A, salas1108 Brasília Shopping Brasília, DF CEP 70.715 970 Phone/fax: (061) 3201 1800 E mail: [email protected] General Coordination Alexandre Nunes da Rosa Geologist CREA 66.876/RS Assistant Coordination Cristiane Gomes Barreto Biologist CRBio 30.340/4D Rafael Luís Rabuske Civil Engineer CREA 120201/RS 174 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 Technical Staff – MRS Estudos Ambientais Ailton Francisco da Silva Jr Forest Engineer CREA 10840/D Catarina Chieng Ming Mao Architect CREA 19135/D Dario Dias Peixoto Geologist CREA 10525/D Elinton de Lima da Luz Civil Engineer CREA 128153/D Fabio A. M. de Assunção Sociologist CTF 610941 Juliana Campos Bragança Biologist CTF 547560 Junio Marcos Campos Silva Cartography Technician CTF 332453 Marco Antônio Carvalho Aeronautics Engineer Marcus F. Palma Moura Biology Intern CTF 469240 Ricardo Nehrer Biologist CRBio 07550302 Rita de Cássia Marques Alves Meteorologist CREA 103.619 D William Sousa de Paula Biologist CTF 548293 CONVENTIONAL RISK ANALYSIS Name: CAF Química Ltda. CREA RJ 1996220259 Officer in Charge: Daniel Souza Gama CREA RJ 142.836/D 175 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 11.2. TECHNICAL TEAM – ELETRONUCLEAR Technical Staff – Eletronuclear Iukio Ogawa Engineer Raimundo Moreira Lima Engineer Luiz Alberto Malheiros Engineer Paulo Roberto Borba Nuclear Physicist Giovani C. Bloise Biologist Marta J. Almeida Sociologist Katia Souza Ramos Geographer Ronaldo Oliveira Engineer Barbara Farah Pithon Engineer Alexandre H. Kubota Biologist Simone Kastrup Garcia Engineer Carla Maria V. Correia Engineer Maria Luzia F Fontoura Engineer Marcos Cesar A. Silva Meteorology Technician Nélio Viana Mariano Physicist Magno J de Oliveira Engineer John Wagner do Amarante Engineer 176 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 Technical Staff – Eletronuclear Carlos E.Alhanati Biologist Flavia Cruz Esteves Engineer Sérgio Ney.M. Cardoso Chemist Aderval F. Vaz de Almeida Biologist Erivaldo M. dos Passos Engineer Antônio Sérgio M. Alves Engineer Antonio Jorge de Almeida Engineer Roque S. Braga Engineer Ascânio Krempel Engineer Leonardo de Magalhães Engineer Heitor Hitoshi Sato Engineer José Kede Filho Engineer Roberto Loiola da Silva Engineer Lauro José B. Monte Engineer Milton Rubinich Engineer Sergio M. Gonzzales Engineer Regina Helena C. Ribeiro Engineer Francisco Gennaro Miraglia Engineer José Eduardo B.Costa Mattos Engineer 177 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 Technical Staff – Eletronuclear Takashi Kay Engineer João Campos da S. Júnior Engineer Ruth Soares Alves Engineer Paulo A. Gonçalves Engineer Wilson Dias Carvalho Engineer Mário Cesar T.Alves Engineer Florentino M. Palacio Engineer Amory Martins Dias Nuclear Physicist Clovis Tadeu R. Matos Engineer Claudio Queiroz Mundinho Engineer Luiz Augusto L de Sá Architect Diógenes S. Alves Engineer Cícero Pacifici dos Santos Engineer José Evaldo S. Soares Engineer Carlos L. Martins Prates Engineer Luiz Carlos. F. Siqueira Engineer Marcílio Winter Engineer Pedro Jorge D. Oliveira Engineer Rita de Cássia Figueiredo Engineer 178 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 11.3. TECHNICAL TEAMS IN CHARGE OF THE PREPARATION OF BASIC STUDIES FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL DIAGNOSIS . 11.3.1. Technical team of Rio de Janeiro Federal University (UFRJ), Institute of Biology. BIOTIC ENVIRONMENT Plankton Dr. Rodolfo Paranhos Hydrochemistry Dra. Denise Tenenbaum Phytoplankton Dr. Sérgio Bonecker Zooplankton Dra. Ana Cristina T. Bonecker Fish larva plankton Nekton Francisco Matos Fish Fauna Benthos Dra. Cristina Nassar Phytobenthos Rocky Coast Dra. Maria Tereza Széchy Dra. Priscila Araci Grhomann Zoobenthos – Rocky Coast MSc.Vera Maria Abud P. Silva Zoobenthos – Sediment Dr. André Esteves 179 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 BIOTIC ENVIRONMENT Dr. Sérgio H. G. Silva Incrustation Dra. Andrea Junqueira Flora Dra. Maria Fernanda S. Q. Costa Nunes Flora Dr. Marco Aurélio Passos Louzada Fauna Dr. Jorge Luiz Nessemiann Aquatic and Terrestrian Macroinvertebrates Dr. Sérgio Potsch C Silva Herpetology Dra. Glória Denise Castiglioni Terrestrian Avifauna MSc. Vânia Soares Alves Aquatic Avifauna Dra. Leila Maria Pessôa Mammalian Fauna 180 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 11.3.2. Technical Team of Rio de Janeiro Federal University (UFRJ), Institute of Geosciences – Mathematical and Nature Sciences Center. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT Dra. Josilda Rodrigues da Silva de Moura General Coordination Meteorology Dr. Luiz Francisco Pires Guimarães Maia Dr. Luiz Cláudio Pimentel Coordinators of AXIS 1 MSc. Maria Gertudes Alvares Justi da Silva Geology and Hydric Resources Dr. Hélio Monteiro Penha Dr. André Luiz Ferrari Coordinators of AXIS 2 Dra. Helena Polivanov Dr. Gerson Cardoso da Silva Jr Geomorphology and Soils Dra. Telma Mendes da Silva Dra. Maria Naíse de Oliveira Peixoto Coordinators of AXIS 3 Dr. Nélson Ferreira Fernandes Remote Sensing, Database and Cartography Dra. Carla Bernadete Madureira Cruz Coordinator of AXIS 4 181 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 11.3.3. Technical Team of Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Institute of Geosciences, Departament of Oceanography and Hydrology. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT Oceanography Luiz Fiori Ramos Casaroli Paulo Cesar da Silva Freire Fábio Machado José Antonio dos Santos Dra. Silvia Dias Pereira Berry Elfrink Walace Panazio Berenice Mota Vargas Mariana Brum Domenico Accetta Luciana Barros Luiz Carlos Ferreira da Silva Camila Wandeck Fernando Mattos Santana Batista Dr. Marcelo Sperle Dias Diogo Peregrino Corrêa Pereira Luciana Bispo Paulo Roberto da Silva Barros Diogo Marques José Dutra de Mello Nunes Neto Cristienne Tadeu Dr. Victor Amorim D’Ávila MSc. Hélio Heringer Villena Uggo Pinho Lara Varoveska Guilherme Silveira Lopes da Costa Albano Alves 182 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 11.3.4. Technical Team of the Scientific Society of the National School of Statistical Sciences – Science. SOCIOECONOMICS Coordinator Luiz Góes Filho Forest Engineer (CREA/RJ no 28.565 – D) Estatistics José Matias de Lima Statistician (CONRE/RJ no 5.526) Pedro Luís de Souza Quintslr Statistician Socioeconomics Marilourdes Lopes Ferreira Geographer (CREA/RJ no 50.117 – D) Sandra Furtado de Oliveira Economist (CORECON/RJ no 11.753) Cartography Mauro Pereira de Mello Cartographer Engineer (CREA/RJ no 17.420 – D) Demography Kaizô Iwakami Beltrão Demographer 183 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 12. BIBLIOGRAPHY ANJOS, S. C. Composição, distribuição e abundância da ictiofauna da baía da Ilha Grande - Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Dissertação de Mestrado Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 1993. 80 pp. ANTAS, P.T.Z. Status and conservation of seabirds breeding in brazilian waters. ICBP Technical Publication , 1991 n o 11: 141 159. ARAÚJO, D.S.D. & Maciel, N. C. Restingas Fluminenses: Biodiversidade e Preservação. Boletim FBCN, 1998. 25: 27 51. ARAÚJO, D.S.D. & Oliveira R.R. Reserva Biológica Estadual da Praia do Sul (Ilha Grande, Estado do Rio de Janeiro): lista preliminar da flora. Acta bot. bras., 1988. 1 (2): p.112 122 supl. ARAÚJO, D.S.D. Análise florística e fitogeográfica das restingas do Estado do Rio de Janeiro . Tese de doutorado, PPGE – UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, 2000. 176 p. ARAÚJO, D.S.D. Planícies costeiras e agrupamentos de ecossistemas: praias arenosas, restingas e campos de dunas. Sessão IV. In : II Simp. Ecoss. Costa Sul Sudeste Brasileira , Anais, São Paulo, 1990. ACIESP, n o 71 4: 253 – 260. AZEVEDO, A. F., FRAGOSO, A. B. L, LAILSON BRITO, J. JR. & CUNHA, H. A. Records of franciscana (Pontoporia blainvillei) in the southwestern Rio de Janeiro and northernmost São Paulo State coasts – Brazil. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Mammals (special issue), 2002. 1: 191 192. AZEVEDO, M.T.P.; SOUZA, C.A. & Menezes, M. Synechococcaceae (Cyanophyceae/Cyanobacteria) from a tropical brackish coastal lagoon, Brazil. Algological Studies, 1999. 94:45 62. 184 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 BIZERRIL, C. R. S. F. & da SILVEIRA PRIMO, P. B. Peixes de Águas Interiores do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Femar / Semads, Rio de Janeiro, 2001. 417 pp. BUZZETTI, D. R. C. 1998. Distribuição altitudinal de aves em Angra dos Reis e Parati, sul do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil . In : Alves, M. A. dos S.; Silva, J. M. C.; Van Sluys, M.; Bergallo, H. G. & Rocha, C. F. D. (orgs) A ornitologia no Brasil: pesquisa atual e perspectivas . Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. p.131 148. DAVIS, S. D.; HEYWOOD, V. H.; HERRERA MACBRYDE ,O.; VILA LOBOS, J. & HAMILTON, A. C. eds. Centres of Plant Diversity - A Guide and Strategy for their Conservation. Vol. 3 The Americas . Published by The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) e The World Conservation Union (IUCN), 1997. 456 pp ELETROBRÁS TERMONUCLEAR S.A . Final Safety Analysis Report – FSAR Angra 1 (ver 32). Eletronuclear, Rio de Janeiro, 2004. ELETROBRÁS TERMONUCLEAR S.A. Final Safety Analysis Report – FSAR Angra 2 (ver 05). Eletronuclear, Rio de Janeiro, 2001. ELETROBRÁS TERMONUCLEAR S.A. Preliminary Safety Analysis Report – PSAR Angra 3 (ver 00) . Eletronuclear, Rio de Janeiro, 2002. EMBRAPA (1999). Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Solos (Rio de Janeiro, RJ ). Sistema Brasileiro de Classificação de Solos. Brasília: Embrapa Produção da Informação; Rio de Janeiro, 1999. Embrapa Solos, 412p. EMMONS, L.H. & FEER, F. Neotropical rainforest mammals . A field guide. Second edition. The University of Chicago Press, 1997. XVI + 307p. FIGUEIREDO, J. L. Estudo das distribuições endêmicas de peixes da província Zoogeográfica Marinha Argentina . Tese de Doutorado, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 1981. 121 pp. FRAGOSO, A.B.L. Ocorrências de Mamíferos Aquáticos na Região da Ilha Grande, RJ. Monografia de Bacharelado, Biologia Marinha, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 1995. 66 p. 185 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 FRAGOSO, A.B.L.; LAILSON BRITO, JR. J.; DORNELES, P.R.; PIZZORNO, J.L.A.; FONSECA, A.C. & GURGEL, I.M.G. DO N. Interactions between human activities and aquatic mammals in Ilha Grande Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Abstracts of the 11th. Bien. Conf. Biol.of Marine Mammals. The Society for Marine Mammalogy, Orlando, 1995. p. 39. FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A. Relatório do Programa de Monitoração da Fauna e Flora Marinha - Análise Estatística dos Dados Zooplanctônicos . Relatório Operacional (02/80 01/81). Furnas, 1986. 19p. FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A. Relatório do Programa de Monitoração da Fauna e Flora Marinha - Análise Zooplanctônica Relatório Operacional (05/86 11/86). Furnas, 1987. 43p. FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A. Relatório do Programa de Monitoração da Fauna e Flora Marinha - Necton (1986). Furnas, 1987. 11p. FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A. Relatório do Programa de Monitoração da Fauna e Flora Marinha - Análise Zooplanctônica Relatório Operacional (1987). Furnas, 1988. 36p. FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A. Relatório do Programa de Monitoração da Fauna e Flora Marinha - Análise Zooplanctônica Relatório Operacional (1988). Furnas, 1989 . 20p. FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A. Relatório do Programa de Monitoração da Fauna e Flora Marinha - Necton (fev 1987 a fev 1989). Furnas, 1989. 64p. FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A. Relatório do Programa de Monitoração da Fauna e Flora Marinha - Análise Zooplanctônica Relatório Operacional (1989). Furnas, 1990. 18p. FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A. Relatório do Programa de Monitoração da Fauna e Flora Marinha - Análise Zooplanctônica Relatório Operacional (1990). Furnas, 1991. 15p. FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A. Relatório do Programa de Monitoração da Fauna e Flora Marinha - Necton (abril de 1989 a abril de 1990). Furnas, 1991a. 56p. 186 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A. Relatório do Programa de Monitoração da Fauna e Flora Marinha - Necton (fevereiro a dezembro de 1990). Furnas, 1991b. 53p. FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A. Relatório do Programa de Monitoração da Fauna e Flora Marinha - Necton (1991). Furnas, 1992 . 51p. FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A. Relatório do Programa de Monitoração da Fauna e Flora Marinha - Análise Zooplanctônica Relatório Operacional (1992). Furnas, 1993. 40p. FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A. Relatório do Programa de Monitoração da Fauna e Flora Marinha - Necton (1992). Furnas, 1993. 46p. FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A. Relatório do Programa de Monitoração da Fauna e Flora Marinha - Análise Estatística dos Dados Zooplanctônicos Relatório Operacional (1993). Furnas, 1994. 40p. FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A. Relatório do Programa de Monitoração da Fauna e Flora Marinha - Necton (1993). Furnas, 1994. 46p. FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A. Relatório do Programa de Monitoração da Fauna e Flora Marinha - Análise Zooplanctônica Relatório Operacional (1994). Furnas, 1995. 36p. FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A. Relatório do Programa de Monitoração da Fauna e Flora Marinha - Análise Zooplanctônica Relatório Operacional (1995). Furnas, 1996. FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A. Relatório do Programa de Monitoração da Fauna e Flora Marinha - Análise Zooplanctônica Relatório Operacional (1996). Furnas, 1997. FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A. Relatório do Programa de Monitoração da Fauna e Flora Marinha - Necton (1996). Funras, 1997. 45 pp. FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.. Zoobentos “profundo” - (julho/1982 a junho/1983). Relatório Operacional. CNA.N/RE.09.83. Divisão de Proteção Radiológica e Ambiental, 1983. 32 pp., 12 tabelas, 154 pictures. FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.. Zoobentos “profundo” – ano 1988 . Relatório Operacional. CNA.N/RE.009.89. Divisão de Proteção Radiológica e Ambiental, 1989. 39 pp. 187 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.. Zoobentos “profundo” – ano 1989 . Relatório Operacional. DGA.N/RE.008.90. Divisão de Proteção Radiológica e Ambiental, 1990. 47 pp. FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.. Zoobentos “profundo” – ano 1990 . Relatório Operacional. DGA.N/RE.005.91. Divisão de Proteção Radiológica e Ambiental, 1991. 42 pp. FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.. Zoobentos “profundo” – ano 1991 . Relatório Operacional. DGA.N/RE.005.92. Divisão de Proteção Radiológica e Ambiental, 1992. 44 pp. FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.. Zoobentos “profundo” – ano 1992 . Relatório Operacional. DGA.N/RE.005.93. Divisão de Proteção Radiológica e Ambiental, 1993. 43 pp. FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.. Zoobentos “profundo” – ano 1993 . Relatório Operacional. DGA.N/RE.005.94. Divisão de Proteção Radiológica e Ambiental, 1994. 43 pp. FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.. Zoobentos “profundo” – ano 1994 . Relatório Operacional. DGA.N/RE.005.95. Divisão de Proteção Radiológica e Ambiental, 1995. 41 pp. FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.. Zoobentos “profundo” – ano 1995 . Relatório Operacional. DGA.N/RE.011.96. Divisão de Proteção Radiológica e Ambiental, 1996. 41 pp. FURNAS CENTRAIS ELÉTRICAS S.A.. Zoobentos “profundo” – ano 1996 . Relatório Operacional. DGA.N/RE.002.97. Divisão de Proteção Radiológica e Ambiental, 1997. 41 pp. GRS GERMAN RISK STUDY ESTUDO DE RISCO ALEMÃO. Nuclear Power Plants, Phase B/GRS–74 .1990. GRS GERMAN RISK STUDY /BMFT, Deutsche Risikostudie Kernkraftwerke . Eine Untersuchung zu dem durchStörfälle in Kernkraftwerken verursachten Risiko, 1980 . 188 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 HETZEL, B. & LODI, L. Baleias, Botos e Golfinhos: Guia de Identificação para o Brasil. Ed. Nova Fronteira, Rio de Janeiro, 1993. 279 p. IBAMA INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DO MEIO AMBIENTE E RECURSOS NATURAIS. Catálogo de Árvores do Brasil . Brasília, Ibama, 2001. IBDF INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE DESENVOLVIMENTO FLORESTAL. Parque Nacional da Serra da Bocaina: levantamento de dados cadastrais . Brasília, IBDF, 1997. IBGE FUNDAÇÃO INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA CENSO Demográfico 2000. Características da população e dos domicílios. Resultados do universo . Rio de Janeiro: IBGE,2001. JEFFERSON, T.A.; LEATHERWOOD, S. & WEBER, M.A. FAO Species Identification Guide. Marine Mammals of the World. FAO, Rome, 1993. 320 pp. KOHN, A. Why incentive plans cannot work. Harvard Business Review (September October): 54 63. 1993. LAILSON BRITO, J. JR.; AZEVEDO, A. F. & BASTOS, M. P. Contribuição ao conhecimento do golfinho-nariz-de-garrafa, Tursiops truncatus (Montagu, 1821) (CETACEA: DELPHINIDAE) na costa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. 1998. LAILSON BRITO, J.Jr.; PIZZORNO, J.LA.; FRAGOSO, A.B.L. & GURGEL, I.M.G. do N. A presença do golfinho-de-dentes-rugosos, Steno bredanensis (CETACEA, DELPHINIDAE), em águas costeiras do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - Brasil . Anais do XXI Cong. Bras. Zool. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul 5 a 9 de fev 1996. 1p. LODI, L.; SICILIANO, S. & BELLINI, C. Ocorrências de baleias-franca-do-sul, Eubalaena australis , no litoral do Brasil. Papéis Avulsos Zool., São Paulo, 1996. 39 (17): p.307 328. MARQUES, M. C. M. (org.). Mapeamento da cobertura vegetal e listagem das espécies ocorrentes na Área de Proteção Ambiental de Cairuçu, Município de Parati, RJ. Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro 1997. 96 p. MENDONÇA FILHO, W.F.; QUEIROZ, D. L.M. & PEDREIRA, L.O. de L. Unidades de Conservação no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Floresta e Ambiente , 1996. (3):p.190 199. 189 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 MENDONÇA, E. C. & L. P. GONZAGA Territory use by the Black-hooded Antwren, an endemic threatened species of Southeastern Brazil . In : VI Congresso de Ornitologia Neotropical, Abstratcs (Fe de Erratas). Monterrey y Saltillo, México, 1999. p.3 4. MOSCATELLI, M.; DE CARLI, C. & ALMEIDA, J.R. Legalidade teórica e realidade prática na defesa de manguezais: estudo de caso em Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro. Anais do III Simpósio de Ecossistemas da Costa Brasileira, 1993. 1: p.292 296. MPS/INSS – MINISTÉRIO DA PREVIDÊNCIA SOCIAL/ INSTITUTO NACINAL DA SEGURIDADE SOCIAL. Manual do Médico-Perito da Previdência Social. Perícia médica Manual I. Brasília: 3a.ed, 1993, 92p. Brasil. Ministério da Previdência, MPS. 1993. MUELLER DOMBOIS, D. & ELLEMBERG, H. Aims and methods of vegetation ecology. New York: John Willey & Sons, 1974. NATRONTEC ESTUDOS E ENGENHARIA DE PROCESSO LTDA. Projeto Básico Ambiental da Unidade 2 da Central Nuclear Almirante Álvaro Alberto – Angra 2. 1999b. NATRONTEC ESTUDOS E ENGENHARIA DE PROCESSOS LTDA. Estudo de Impacto Ambiental da Unidade 2 da Central Nuclear Almirante Álvaro Alberto – Angra 2. Rio de Janeiro 1999a. 8v NUCLEAR Power Plat Angra 2 and Angra 3. SYSTEM Description . Revisão 5. ONIKI, Y. & WILLIS, E. O. A study of breeding birds of the Belém area, Brazil: IV. Formicariidae to Pipridae. Ciência e Cultura, 1983. (9): p.1325 1330. ONIKI, Y. & WILLIS, E. O. Breeding records of birds from Manaus , Brazil: III. Formicariidae to Pipridae. Rev. Brasil. Biol ., 1982. 42 (3): p.563 569. PINEDO, M.C.; ROSAS, F.C.W. & MARMONTEL, M. Cetáceos e Pinípedes do Brasil. Uma Revisão dos Registros e Guia para Identificação das Espécies. UNEP/FUA, Manaus, 1992. 213pp. PINTO, O. M. de O. Sobre a coleção Carlos Estevão de peles, ninhos e ovos de aves de Belém, Pará. Pap. Avuls. de Zoologia S. Paulo, 1953. 11(13): 111 224. RADAMBRASIL (1983). Mapa Exploratório de Solos (1:1.000.000). RADAMBRASIL (1983). Mapa Geológico (1:1.000.000). 190 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 RADAMBRASIL (1983). Mapa Geomorfológico (1:1.000.000). SANCHES, T.M. Tartarugas Marinhas . PRONABIO, Projeto de Conservação e Utilização Sustentável da Diversidade Biológica Brasileira Ministério do Meio Ambiente, dos Recursos Hídricos e da Amazônia Legal, Subprojeto Biodiversidade da Zona Costeira e Marinha, Maio, 1999. SANCHEZ, M.; PEDRONI, F.; LEITÃO FILHO, H.F.; CÉSAR, O. Composição florística de um trecho de floresta ripária na Mata Atlântica em Picinguaba , Ubatuba, SP. Revista Brasileira de Botânica , 1999. p. 22 (1). SEMA – SECRETARIA DE ESTADO DO MEIO AMBIENTE. Programa de Gestão para o desenvolvimento sustentável da bacia contribuinte à baía da Ilha Grande. Diagnóstico ambiental da baía da Ilha Grande . Rio de Janeiro: 1997. v.1. 214p. SICILIANO, S. & SANTOS, M. C. O. Considerações sobre a distribuição da franciscana Pontoporia blainvillei no litoral sudeste do Brasil. In : II Encontro de Trabalho sobre a Coordenação de Pesquisa e Conservação da Franciscana, Florianópolis, 1994. SICILIANO, S. Características da população de baleias-jubarte ( Megaptera novaeangliae ) na costa brasileira, com especial referência aos Bancos de Abrolhos. Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia, Mestrado em Biologia Animal, 1997. 113p. SICILIANO, S., LAILSON BRITO, J. JR. & AZEVEDO, A. F. Seasonal occurrence of killer whales (Orcinus orca ) in waters of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil . Z. Saugetierkunde, 1999. 64: p.251 255. SICK, H. Ornitologia Brasileira . Editora Nova Fronteira, 1997. 912p. SKUTCH, A. F. The nesting seasons of Central American birds in relation to climate and food supply. Ibis, 1950. 92: p.185 222. SNOW, D. W. The relationship between climate and animal cycles in the Cotingidae. Íbis, 1976. 118 : p.366 401. TAMAR. Tartarugas Marinhas do Brasil: História de uma parceria. Recurso Multimídia. Multitrend tecnol. Inform. Eds.Projeto Tamar Ibama & Fundação Pró Tamar, 1999. 191 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 VAZZOLER, G. A pesca marítima no Brasil . In : Rothschild. B. J. (ed.). A pesca seus recursos e interesses nacionais, 1975. 283 297 pp. www.eletronuclear.gov.br ZERBINI, A. N., SICILIANO, S., DI BENEDITTO, A. P. M., RAMOS, R & SANTOS, M. C. O. Variáveis ambientais podem explicar os hiatos na distribuição da franciscana no sudeste do Brasil? . Page 141 in Abstracts, IX Reunión de Trabajo de Especialistas em mamíferos acuáticos de América Del Sur. Buenos Aires, Argentina, 2000 192 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 Atmosphere . Thin, inodorous, colorless and tasteless layer of gases, tied onto Earth by the force of gravity. 13. GLOSSARY Atmospheric pressure . Pressure exerted by the weight of an air column on any point A of the Earth's surface. Altitude. Vertical distance from a point of the Earth’s surface in relation to the Austral . Situated in the South. ground level or sea level. Anatexis . Metamorphic process resulting B from high temperatures, developed at Benthonic . Water organisms, fixed at the great depths, in the Earth’s crust, with bottom, which remain on it or live in the magma refusion of preexisting rocks; sediments of the bottom. anatexis, palingenesis. Bequerel . Unit of activity equal to one Anthropic . Result from the human activity disintegration per second. in the environment. 1 Bq = 1sE-1 = 2,7 x 10 E-11 curies Aquifers . Geological unit containing and Biodiversity . (1) Referring to the variety of releasing water in sufficient amounts so life existing in the planet, either land or that it can be used as a source of supply. water. (2) Variety of species of an ecosystem. (3) It is a group of all species of Archaeological sites . Area designed to plants and animals and their natural protect traces of human being occupation. environment, existing in a given area. (4) Word which refers to the variety of Area of influence . Area affected by genotypes, species, populations, impacts of an enterprise considering, in all communities, ecosystems and ecological cases, the hydrographic basin in which it is processes existing in a given region. It can situated. The area of influence can be be measured at different levels: genes, classified in an Area of Direct Influence, species, greater taxonomic levels, when the enterprise causes direct impacts communities and biological processes, on the region, or an Area of Indirect ecosystems, biomes, and at different Influence, when the impacts are indirect. temporal and spatial scales. 193 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 exception of New Zealand and the West of Brackish . Which has in dissolution some South America. salts or substances which make it unpleasant to taste. (It is said of water). Chlorophyll A . Organic pigment existing in the vegetables which capture solar energy for the performance of photosynthesis. C Carbon dioxide . -(CO2)- It is a colorless, Cloudbursts . Phenomenon resembling a odorless, denser than the air gas. It is not tornado which occurs at sea. either combustible or comburent, therefore it is used as a fire extinguisher; it is the Cloud cover . Proportion of covered sky by gas used in soft drinks and sparkling any type of clouds, this is expressed in mineral water. decimals of the covered sky. Cloudiness. Carbon monoxide . (CO) . Coast plains . Regions along the seashore where the deposition of sediments is greater Cetaceans . Order (Cetacea) of completely than the decomposition. aquatic mammals, mostly marine eutheria, which comprises of whales, dolphins, Communities . Group of all individuals of all porpoises and related forms, all of them species of the fauna and flora of a region. having a very big head, a flattened body as that of a fish and almost deprived of fur, Compensatory measure . A financial lower limbs resembling an oar, without device of compensation by the effects of upper limbs, tail ending at a large and environmentally non-friendly impact horizontal flipper, a big encephalon, a occurred during the deployments of complex stomach, with four or so enterprises, identified in the process of chambers and two mammae in the environmental licensing. These resources posterial position. are aimed for the Units of Conservation. Chelonians (Chelonia) . Order of anapsid Concentric . Which converges into a center reptile, known as turtles, turtoises or red- or point. footed tortoises with about de 250 species, being water or land species, found in Conservation unit . Territorial space and its almost all over the world, with the environmental resources, including the territorial waters, with natural relevant 194 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 characteristics, legally established by the Dinoflagellates . Unicellular and Public Power purporting the conservation microscopical (10 to 100 µm) living beings and defined limits, under the special and moveable for at least in a phase of the regime of administration, to which are life cycle. They are one of the most applied the guarantees suitable for the important members of phytoplankton in protection. marine ecosystems and freshwater; they represent the most important element of Control area . Area which is used as a the food chain. The name (Dinoflagellata) comparison in scientific experiments. derives from the Greek word dinos (spiral rotation) and from Latin flagellum Curie . Obsolete unit of the activity (flagellum). replaced with bequerel (Bq). 1 Ci = 3,7 x 10E10 Bq. Dissolved oxygen . Group of molecules of oxygen gas (O 2) present in a fluid. D E Damping zone . It is the environment of a Unit of Conservation, where the human Ecological reserves . Units of conservation activities are subject to norms and specific aiming at preserving natural ecosystems of constraints aiming at minimizing the fundamental importance for the ecological negative impact over the unit (National balance. System of Conservation Unit - SNUC.) Ecological tourism. Tourism that respects Density of individuals . Amount of and preserves the balance of the individuals of a species in a given area. environment, fostering the environmental- minded education; ecotourism. Diatoms . Microscopic unicellular algae living in the water environment naturally lit, Ecosystem. Integrated group of physical, part of the plankton or tied to any type of chemical and biotical factors, which substrate. They have siliceous Shell (opal) characterize a place, stretching through a called frustule. It plays a role as an given space of variable dimensions. important component of plankton, together with copepod. Many species have some EIA . Acronym for the Environmental Impact preferences in terms of depths and salinity. Assessment. It is one of the documents of the process of assessment of the 195 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 environmental impact. It is about the the health, safety and welfare of the fulfillment by multi-disciplinary teams for population, the social and economic technical and scientific assignments aimed activities, biota, aesthetical and sanitary to analyze systematically the consequences conditions of the environment, all in all, the of the deployment of a project in the quality of the environment resources. environment, by means of assessment methods of environment impact and Environmental protected area . Category techniques for the impact forecast. of unit of conservation whose aim is to conserve the diversity of ecosystems, EIR . It stands for Environmental Impact species, natural processes and natural Report. This document presents the results property, aiming at improving the quality of of technical and scientific research for life by maintaining the social and economic environmental impact assessment. It activities in the region. This proposal must constitutes a document of the process of engage a work of integrated management assessment of the environmental impact with the participation of the Public Power and should clear up all the elements of the and several sectors of the community. Being project under study, in an accessible public or private, it is established by a manner for lay people so as to be deployed federal, state or municipal decree so that it and appreciated by social groups interested is discriminated in it the use of the ground in it and by all institutions engaged in the and avoided the depletion of the ecosystems decision-making process. under human being intervention. Endemic . Characteristics of species which Epicenter . Point of the Earth’s surface have their occurrence limited to an only which is situated exactly on the place of place or region. origin of the earthquake inside the crust. Environmental degradation . Adverse Epifites . Plants which are supported in change of the characteristics of the other plants, such as orchids, mosses, environment. lichens, bromelias, etc., without taking nourishment. Environmental impact . Any alteration of the physical/chemical and biological Estuarine systems . Natural systems (of properties caused by any form of matter or fauna and flora) situated in regions of the energy resulting from the human being mouth of rivers, sensible to the tidal effects. activity which, directly or indirectly, affects 196 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 Exotic species . Living being introduced to given region, besides the information about an area where it did not exist originally. the habitat, blossom time, number of specimen, etc. Extracts (vegetation) . Each level of a plant community. Each extract is Flow . Fluid volume passing in a given unit composed of plants which have resembling of time through a surface (e.g.: transversal heights. From the ecological stand point it section of a watercourse.) branches into tree, shrub, sub-shrub, creeping or herbaceous extracts. Fluvial . Of or pertaining to a river. Evaporation . Process whereby the water Fragmentation . Process of environmental molecules on a liquid surface or unit of disturbance which turns into a habitat ground, they consume energy enough before being continuous in isolated through the solar radiation and is fragments. The fragments are normally converted from a liquid state to a vapor encircled by an anthropic environment. state. Fronts . Surface of discontinuity which is formed upon the encounter between two air F masses with distinct characteristics. For Fauna . Collection of animals which are example, differences in densities are often found in a given region. caused by the differences in temperatures, fronts normally separate air masses with Fish fauna . Collection of all species of fish temperatures of contrast. Generally, an air of a region. mass is hotter and more humid than another one. Air masses stretch horizontally Fish-larva plankton . Larvae of fish which and vertically, as a consequence, the are part of plankton. upward extension of the front is called frontal surface or frontal zone. Fish related . Pertaining to fish. G Flora . Entirety of plant species of a given region. Gathered . Deposited in zoological collections. Floristic composition . Inventory of species which compose the vegetation of a 197 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 Gramineous plants (Gramineae) . A Habitat . Group of physical and geographical family of plants characterized in general as circumstances which offer conditions medium-sized monocotyledon plants, with favorable to life and to the development of a hollowed stem and articulated by solid given animal or plant species. nodes; it is rarely branched and is fairly ligneous, linear and sessile leaves, with Herbaceous plants . Plants with ligule and sheath coiled around the stem; characteristics of herbs. Indicative of plants roots are generally fascicular and flowers whose branches and rods are not ligneous for most of the species, racemes and and come out after fructification. simple particles or particles composed by spikelets. Herpetofauna . Collection of all amphibious and reptile species of a region. Granivorous animals . Animal species feeding with seeds. Hydrographic . Pertaining to or referring to hydrography. Granulometric composition . It expresses in the percentage of the total Hydrography . It is a description of the weight the proportion of the particles of physical conditions of the bodies of the several dimensions of a given ground or superficial water. rock. I Gray (Gy) . Unit of the International System for doses absorbed, kerma, and Impact matrix . One of the basic types of transferred specific energy: method of environmental impact 1 Gy = 1j/kg = 100 rads assessment. It consists of the preparation of matrices which place on the one hand of the Green Coast . Region of the seashore of axis the environment factors and, on the the State of Rio de Janeiro ranging from other hand, several actions performed for Itacuruçá Island until the region of Parati, the deployment of a project. The small to the Southwest, and characterized by the squares defined by the intercept of lines and encounter of Serra do Mar (Mountain columns, the likely direct impacts of each Range of the Sea) with the ocean. action over each environmental factor are marked. Therefore, it is possible to identify the group of direct impacts created by the H project, highlighting the multiple effect of 198 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 each action and the sum of actions which Leachate . Liquid waste formed from the are combined so as to affect a given decomposition of organic matter in the environment factor. garbage. Incrustations . Deposits of solid matter, Lianas . Ligneous plants and/or trailing initially dissolved in liquid on the outer or herbaceous plants (vines) presenting inner walls of a mineral or rock. gemmae and sprouts of growth located above the ground the protected by Insectivorous species . Animal species cataphylls. feeding with insects. Lithological . Related to rocks. Insolation . Direct solar radiation incident by a unit of area in a given place. Lithological unit . Group of rocks having similar characteristics, e.g., color, mineral Instability lines . Lines of rain clouds, composition and grain size. from moderate to thick, with thunders, which sometimes are accompanied by Longitude . Angle between the plane intense squalls of wind and even hail. containing the Earth's axis, and which defines the meridian of the origin of Insular ecosystems . Ecosystems which longitudes (Greenwich Meridian), and the are physically isolated from greater plane containing the Earth's axis and the ecosystems called continent. meridian of the beholder's place, counted from 0 to 180 degrees, westwards and Ionizing radiation . All energy composed eastwards. of a particle directly or indirectly ionizing or of the mixture of both of them. M Magma . Molten mineral material, in state of L fusion, located at great depth of the Earth’s Latitude . Linear or angular distance surface, whose movements determine the measured to the North or to the South of volcanic phenomena, and which on cooling Equator in a sphere or spheroid. down, it is crystallized giving rise to igneous rocks. 199 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 Magmatism. Formation, development and Microregion . Part of mesoregions movement of magma. presenting specificity as regards the spatial organization. {...} these specificities refer to Massif . A compact block of a rock in an the structure of industrial and farming and orogenic belt, generally more rigid than the cattle raising production, mining or fishery neighboring rock and it is formed almost {...} the structure of production for always by a crystalline base; a series of identification of the microregions is take into mountains forming a continuous block. consideration in a broad sense, being part of the said production, distribution, exchange Mesoregion . Individualized area in a unit and consumption, which include urban and of the Federation presenting forms of countryside activities. organization of the geographic space defined by the following dimensions: the Microseismus . An earthquake of small social process as a determining factor, the proportions. natural situation as a conditioning factor, and the network of communication and of Migrant species . Species whose individuals places as an element of the spatial travel in groups from one place to another, articulation. a far-away place, in search for the best environment or life conditions. The Metamorphism. Process whereby a rock migrations are normally accustomed to so as to reach equilibrium internally, and in being regular and reversible. relation to the environment in which is lied, it is adjusted structurally and/or Migration . It is the movement of mineralogically, in conditions of pressure population from a place to another other. It and temperature different from those in may be permanent or temporary which they are formed, without the development of a phase of silicates in Mitigating measure . They are those aimed fusion. to prevent environmental impact or reduce their magnitude. Microclimate . Climate conditions of a small area resulting from the changes of Morphospecies . Collection of individuals the general climate conditions due to local with resembling morphological differences or exposure. characteristics, they can be either or not be from the same species. This type of 200 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 classification is commonly used for groups in the Industry and in the Agriculture, of the of living being of hard taxonomy. National Confederations of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture, of the Brazilian Morphostructural . Pertaining to the Association of Sanitary and Environmental morphological structure of a geological unit. Engineering (ABES) and the Brazilian Foundation for Nature Conservation (FBCN), of two private associations for N environmental protection, five entities of National Council for the Environment civil society related to the preservation of (CONAMA) . Created by the National the environment quality, one from each Environmental Policy Law (Law nr. 6938, of geographic region of the country. CONAMA 8.31.81), it had its composition, is composed of the Plenary Meeting, organization and operation provided by the Technical Chambers, composed of the Executive Power through the Decree nr. council members with deliberative power, 88.351 of 06.01.83 and amended by the and of the Executive Secretary. The Decree nr. 91.305 of 06.03.85. CONAMA is competence of CONAMA includes the the Supreme Body of the Brazilian National establishment of all technical and System for the Environment (SISNAMA) administrative norms for the regulation and “aiming at providing assistance to the implementation of the National Policy President of the Republic in the Preparation Environmental Policy and the decision, on of Guidelines of the National Environmental the stage of appeal, of the actions of Policy (Law nr 6938/81). After the coming environment control by IBAMA. into force of the Decree nr. 99.274/90, the plenary meeting of CONAMA is composed National Park . They are with unique or of: the State Minister for the Environment spectacular natural characteristics of nation- of the Legal Amazon and Water Resources, wide importance. They basically aim for the which presides over it, the State Secretary preservation of natural ecosystems of great for the Environment, the President of the ecological relevance and scenic beauty Brazilian Institute for the Environment and allowing the fulfillment of scientific research Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA); and development of educational-related and representatives of each ministry, State, environmental interpretation activities, Territories and Federal District recreation in touch with the mother nature governments, appointed by their and ecological tourism. respective governors, of the National Workers Confederation in the Commerce, 201 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 Nitrate . Salt or ester of the nitric acid element in a molecule and in an ion (HNO3) or anion derived therefrom. compound is the charge which an atom of this element would have supposing that the Nitrite . Salt or ester of the nitrous acid electrons of covalent bonds and coordinate (HNO2) or anion derived herefrom. covalent bonds could entirely migrate from the atom less electronegative to the one Nitrogen dioxide . -(NO2)- It is a reddish more electronegative, as if it were an ionic brown gas, it has a strong odor and is bond. irritating, very toxic. P Northern . Situated towards the north. Paleozoic era . Geological era whose Nuclear fission . Nuclear reaction in beginning occurred 545 million years, it which a nucleus, in general a heavy one, marks the beginning of the appearance of e.g., uranium-235, it is split in two parts, life. whose masses are resembling, and which, in turn, emit neutron in number of two or pH . Acronym for potential Hydrogen. This three, and therefore they release indicator informs the degree of acidity of a enormous energy; nuclear fission [It may liquid. The pH ranges from 1 to 14, from 1 be spontaneous or induced and it is a to 6 indices of acid pH; a pH of 7 indicates process used in nuclear reactors and neutral and a pH of 8 to pH is base. weapons.] Phosphate . A salt or ester of phosphoric acid or anion derived therefrom. O Oligotrophical . That one that is poor in Photosynthetic rate . Relation between the mineral nutrients. quantity of energy produced in the photosynthesis and the quantity of energy Oxidation number –OXN -. It is a number consumed in the breathing process of plants. associated to the charge of an element in a molecule or in an ion. The OXN is an Physiognomic . Which refers to element under the form of monoatomic ion physiognomies. is equal to the charge of such ion, therefore it is equal to the electrovalence of the element of such ion. The OXN of an 202 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 Physiognomies . Characteristic bodies with very little or no capacity of physiognomic expression in the aspect of a movement, being transported by the flows. plant community. Pollutant . Any agent that can create Physiographies . Scientific study based on degradation of the environmental quality empirical method of the organic functions resulting from the activities which directly or of the vital processes of the living beings. indirectly damage the health, safety and welfare state of the population, create Phytoplankton . Name used to indicate adverse conditions to the social and photosynthetic organisms, organisms of economic activities, affect unfavorably the free life; in general, they are microscopic biota, affect the aesthetical or sanitary organisms which float in the body of sea conditions of the environment, waste waters or freshwaters. matters or release energy not complying with the environmental standards Phytoplanktonic . Which refers to established. phytoplankton. Pollutant dispersion . Movement of an Phytosociologic . Which refers to entire part of polluted air, whether vertically phytosociology. or horizontally outwards a zone. The processes of dilution and dispersion are Phytosociology . Science aimed at the simultaneously and, most of the time, the study of plant communities, dealing with word dispersion is used to indicate as the the study of the phenomena related to the mixture as the transportation (of a part of life of plants within the social units. It polluted air). portrays the complex vegetation, ground and climate. It is a branch of ecology which Pre-cambrian . Name used for the studies the associations and inter-relations geological period of time which ranged from among plant populations. the origin of the Earth planet, 4560 millions of years to 545 million of years ago. In this Piscivores . Animal species which feed on phase, the highlights are the cooling-down fish. of the Earth Planet and the development of the continents. Planktonic community . Group of living being which live on the surface of water 203 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 Precipitation . Word used to indicate any Rain . Water vapor, condensed in the deposition in the liquid or solid form atmosphere, which is precipitated on the derived from the atmosphere. ground in the form of water drops. Primary limit . In conditions of routinely Radionuclide . A radioactive nuclide. exposure, no worker should be exposed Nuclide. Atom characterized by this mass yearly to equivalents upper than the limits number, atomic number and energetic specified in the table I of the National nuclear state provided that the half-life in Nuclear Energy Commission (CNEN NE- this state is sufficiently long to be observed. 3.01). Relative humidity . Ratio between the Psammophilous reptant . Vegetation actual content of humidity of a sample of air composed of creeping plants and of rapid and the amount of humidity which the same growth, with great power of regeneration, volume of air can conserve at the same they are important in the settlement of temperature and pressure when saturated. sand dunes. It is generally expressed as a percentage. PWR - Pressurized Water Reactor – Relief . It is a group of salient and reentrant Reactor working on moderately enriched forms of the Earth’s surface. Some forms uranium and being refrigerated using are more ancient and other ones more pressurized light water (H 2O). recent. Rem. Quantity of any ionizing radiation R which has the same intensity of biological Rad . Special unit of absorbed radiation action of 1 radiation of X rays 1 rem = 102 dose equal to 1 rad = 10E-2j/kg = 10E-2 Sv = 1 rad. x relative radiological efficiency. Gy. Remaining forests . (1) Stains of primary Radiation . Emission and propagation of or secondary native vegetation of the energy through the space or a material domain of Atlantic Forest (Conama means in form of waves or in the form of Resolution 012/94). (2) They are forest kinetic energy of particles. fragments, forest, in any stage of vegetation, which remained after the intense deforestation occurred in the neighboring region. 204 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 Selective extraction . Extraction of species Resolution . Act of deliberating, or products of vegetal origin previously deliberation. determined. Rhodophyta . Group of algae with Sievert (Sv) . Special name of a unit of the pigments making them have a roseate International System of equivalent dose. 1 color. Therefore, they are known as “red Sv = 1 J/Kg = 100 rem algae.” Silicate . Salt or ester of the silicic acid or Rias . Coasts of deep outlines where the anion derived therefrom. sea is shallow. Silting . Obstruction of a river, canal, Rhizomes . A subterranean stem estuary or any water body, by the commonly thickened provided of scales, accumulation of mineral substances (sand, which sends up shoots at given intervals. clay, etc) or organic substances, such as sludge, causing the reduction of its depth and the velocity of its flow. S Seasonal . Events which vary according to Sinantropic species . Species that are able the seasons of the year. to make use of the favorable ecological conditions created by man. Seasonal variation . Variation occurring according to the climate conditions Slopes . Natural or artificial inclination of the throughout a year, year after year. surface of a piece of land. Secondary vegetation . Vegetation in Solar radiation . Group of radiations process of natural regeneration after emitted by the sun which hit the Earth and having been felled or changed by the are characterized by a short wavelength. action of man or of natural factors, such as cyclones, fires, volcanic eruptions. Spatial dispersion . Distribution of species of the fauna and flora in a given region. Sedimentology . Scientific study of sedimentary rocks and the processes Species diversity . Index which qualifies a whereby they are formed. community relating the amount of species and individuals of a region. 205 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 substances is greater the sum of the Species extinction . Definite individual effects of the same substances. disappearance of a species of living being. This phenomenon can be observed in the effects of the disposal of different pollutants Status . Situation, state, quality or in the same body of water. circumstance of an individual or thing in a given moment; condition. Synergy . Simultaneous association of several factors which contribute to a Stolons . Aerial or subaerial stem, normally combined action. thin and long, capable of rooting in nodes and giving rise to another plant, by T separation of the mother-plant. Taxa . Group of organisms presenting one or Successional stages . Stages of more common characteristics and, therefore, subsequent replacement of plant species unifying ones, whose characteristics and animal in a biotic community. distinguish them from other groups related, and which are recurrent between the Sulphur dioxide . -(SO2)- It is a colorless populations along its distribution. and toxic gas, it has a strong odor and it is irritating. Tectonics . Branch of geology dedicating to the investigation of the morphology and of Suspended particulate matter . Matter the association of structure of resembling suspended by the air, composed of solid types, classifying them or grouping them in and liquid particles of diameter ranging zones and regions, aiming at obtaining a from 20 micra up to less than 0.05 micron. general picture of greater structure and More than 20 metallic elements in the their relations among them; mechanical inorganic fraction of particulate pollutants geology, geotectonics, tectonics. can be identified. An inorganic fraction is more complex containing a great number Topography . Description or exact and of hydrocarbon, acids, bases, phenols and detailed plotting of a location; topology. other components. Tornados . Violent windstorm, in a circular Synergic action . Chemical phenomenon movement, with the diameter of just few in which the effect obtained by the meters. It has a funnel-like form and combined action of two different chemical sweeps everything on its way. It is not 206 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 either possible to forecast its occurrence or its directions after being formed. It is typical in North America. W Wealth of species . Total amount of species of given region. Weed . Herb which grows and spreads in the middle of given cultures without having been sown. Woody plants . Plants having the stem of nature, aspect and consistency of xylem or wood. Z Zooplankton . It is a collection of animals suspended or swimming in column of water, incapable of surpassing the transport of stream owing to its small size or the small capacity of moving. They belong to a great collection of plankton. 207 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 14. ACRONYMS USED International Union for ADI IUCN Conservation of Nature and Natural Area of Direct Influence Resources Area of Indirect Influence AII NE North-East Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power CNAAA NO 2 Nitrogen Dioxide Plant CNEN NW North-West National Nuclear Energy Commission CO Carbon Monoxide OXN Oxidation Number CO 2 Carbon Dioxide PETROBRAS Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. Conama pH Hydrogen potential National Council for the Environment CU Conservation Unit S South Scientific Society of the National DNIT National Department of Transport Science School of Statistical Sciences Infrastructure EIA Environmental Impact Assessment SE South-East EIR Environmental Impact Report SO 2 Sulphur dioxide UFRRJ Scientific and Technological FAPUR SW South-West Research Supporting Foundation Rio de Janeiro State Foundation for Feema TAMAR Sea Turtle Project Environmental Engineering Brazilian Institute for the Ibama Environment and Renewable Natural UERJ Rio de Janeiro State University Resources 208 / 209 Environmental Impact Assessment – RIMA CNAAA (Admiral Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant) Unit 3 Brazilian Institute of Geography and IBGE Statistics 209 / 209