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Z)he M^tta Stanch

Vol. 15, No. 5 MAY 1965

>^ D. Kerr, Robert J. Fleming, Jr., Governor-President Robert Press Officer Publications Editors David S. Parker, Lieutenant Governor Richard D. Peacock and Julio E. Briceno Editorial Assistants Frank A. Baldwin Official Publication Eunice Richard, Tobi Bittel, and Information Officer Published quarterly at Balboa Heights, C.Z. TOMAS A. CUPAS Printed at the Printing Plant, La Boca, C.Z. Review articles may be reprinted in full or part without further clearance. Credit to the Review will be appreciated. Distributed free of charge to all Panama Canal Employees.

c4bout Our Cover Index

THE PASTORAL SCENE on the cover was taken from Twin Pilots 3 the veranda of the main house atop a hill on the ranch The Motta Ranch 4 of the Motta brothers. Easter in Panama 7

From this vista, the vast ranch spreads out in all direc- Port of Los Angeles 8 tions. As far as one can see, the land is Motta land, and The Boquete 10 one can see the distant Shipping Charts 12 dots and clusters of brown Notes on Shipping _^ 12 and red and white cattle— Journey Into Past 14 13,000 altogether. All About Cargo Container^ 16 Cattle from the ranch Anniversaries 17 supply meat to the market Playwright Recognized 17 in , so the next The Father Cooper Story 18 time you cut into a steak or Pedro Miguel Slide 19 roast, there is a good pos- Shipping Story, Quarterly Graph 20 sibiUty that it was devel- Canal History 21 oped on the Motta Ranch. Oldest Stamps 22

Raising cattle is becom- 50th Anniversary Stamps 22 ing more scientific each year. It's not simply turn- ing an animal out to graze and packing him off to ij_ „ j:. __i_i_ SpiUway, Subdcrlptiond market when he's grown. Dinnertime at the Motta Ranch. Those who are not employees of the Panama Canal To stay in business, e.vperienced management is needed. organization can now subscribe to the Spillicay. And in the case of a huge ranch, the complexities are multiplied. But apparently the Motta brothers have the Though it's still free to all PanCanal employees, right touch, because the big place runs along very others may receive the weekly publication under a

smoothly. And then when problems develop, the experi- subscription arrangement. The cost is $2.60 a year. ence of many years in ranching is called upon to solve This includes mailing—by regular mail—to anywhere them. in the world. Later in the year, The Review will carry a story on the Checks for subscriptions should be made to "The cattle industry in the entire Republic. But for a close Panama Canal and be sent by letter to: look at how a large, modem ranch in Panama operates, Company" may turn to page 4. Spillway Subscriptions Box M Balboa Heights, Canal Zone.

Be sure to include the clearly printed name and

address of the person to whom the Spillway is to be sent.

Cash for subscriptions will be accepted during office hours at the desk of the Property and Supply Clerk, Administrative Services Division, Room 14, in the basement of the Administration Building at Balboa Heights.

May 1965 Twin Brothers Have Twin Careers As Pilots For The Panama Canal

TWO SHIPS with the same pilot aboard Since high school days they had enter- 8 \'ears, traveling between New York at the same time? You're right. It tained with guitar, mandolin, and and South Africa. Both served 6 years can't be. acrobatic acts. Their instruments were as captain. Albert was master of the He may look like the same pilot in replaced in Russia, and some of their second ship ever to dock in the port of tvvo diflferent places but there really are songs were recorded and later rebroad- Monrovia, Liberia. two of them—identical twin Panama cast over Moscow stations. Captain Albert and Captain Arthur Canal Pilots Albert L. Wilder and Arthur Then one day, after several wartime Wilder live in Margarita, about 5 min- T. Wilder. months and no word from the twins, utes' walk from one another. "I'm the original," explains Capt. they appeared back at their homes in Albert has three daughters and one Albert Wilder. "Arthur's the twin kid the States, mandolin and guitar in hand, son: Alberta, Joanne, Penny, and Tom. brother. He's a half-hour younger." ready for a day of reminiscent music- Arthur has two sons, Larry and David. making together. Occasionally the twin Panama Canal Albert is active in Masonic work and They take adventure in their stride. is Senior Warden in the Sojourners' pilots are on the same ship, and both Arthur's wedding date was postponed Lodge, Cristobal. He plays golf, and is are qualified for supersize ships. But by a torpedoing, his wife recalls. He a do-it-yourself man about the house. they say there's no confusion. The ship's was due home in March to be married, He has ingeniously air conditioned his captain usually looks only to see if but his vessel was hit in the Caribbean home, building his own plant; there's a pilot aboard, according to the he's and went down. one Wilders. By of those strange expert at refinishing, practically remark- quirks of fate, the German submarine ing pieces of furniture, and the trans- Arthur, the half-hour younger brother, that had torpedoed his vessel picked mission of his car holds no mysteries is senior to Albert in Panama Canal him up and put him on a raft, from for him. He also is manager of the Coca service by about a year. He was skipper which he was rescued a few days later. Cola Little League and is owned by a on a Farrell Line vessel when he became The wedding took place in April. boxer dog named Cali. interested in a Panama Canal employ- The wartime adventures of the twin Arthur is strictly a boat man, and ment application form a passenger was brothers enthralled States' magazines. always seems to be building a new one. working on. He borrowed a form and Look called upon Arthur. Some of He's built four boats since residing on sent in his application, too. He joined Albert's war experiences were related the Isthmus, and now is putting the the Panama Canal organization in in a feature in the September 1959 issue finishing touches on a catamaran, 1951. Albert followed him to Canal of True magazine. which is just about ready to be put into employment the next year. Both worked for the Farrell Lines for the water. They were born in Dorchester, Mass., and grew up in Mexico, Texas, and Massachusetts. They attended the Mas- sachusetts Nautical School, and while on the school ship took pity on their puzzled classmates and were tattooed "for easier identification." The work was done at Norfolk, Va., by Artist Coleman, who is represented in the maritime museum exhibit at Newport News. The announcement of their tattooing was greeted with huzzahs by their shipmates who never knew whether they were talking to Albert or Arthur. But the tattooes were of no use for identifiying the twins—Albert and Arthur had iden- tical nautical tattooes on identical arms. The two brothers ser\'ed as able sea- men on the same ship, but their sub- sequent promotions ran close together and prevented them from later serving together. During World War II they were on different ships in the same convoy. Arthur's ship was torpedoed one day. Albert's went down the next. One was picked up by a rescue ship; the other GUESS WHO? TATTOOS ARE NO HELP in identifying identical twin Panama Canal Pilots Albert L. Wilder and Arthur T. Wilder. Each has the same tattoo in the same place by a tanker. Both met again in a Russian on the same arm. That's Capt. Albert Wilder on the left and Capt. Arthur Wilder, right. camp in the timber town of Archangel. Or is it the other way around? This is a photo of the twins when they were in Nautical School.

The Panama Canal Review RANCHING IS BIG BUSINESS ON TREMENDOUS MOTTA SPREAD

IN SOUTHEASTERN Chiriqui Prov- ince, where the green hills roll gently toward the Pacific Ocean, the vast Motta Ranch spreads over 22,000 acres of the best cattle land in the Republic of Panama.

If it has to do with making good beef, sou'll find it here. There is a breeding herd, thousands of fat steers, a national grand champion bull and a champion yearling, a scientific program of expe- rimental crossbreeding, and none of the "scrub pasture" that manv cattle graze upon. All the land is planted in cultivat- ed grasses, of several varieties, and over the landscape there are 13,000 of the finest cattle in the Republic of Panama. Owners of the ranch-a $2,500,000 in\estment—are the Motta brothers: Jorge, Felipe, Roberto, Alberto, and Arturo. They also have various other business interests in Panama. They have owned the ranch for 17 years, constant- ly improving the land, equipment, build- ings and introducing the latest features of good management.

Running a ranch of this size isn't easy. The movie image of cowbovs and vil- lians, fair maidens in distress, and the hero sitting around the campfire play- ing a guitar in the evening may be good A vaquero on the Tole section of the Sintta Hanch. entertainment, but on the modem ranch it's pure fiction. The work force on the Motta spread, including about 20 cowboys, is headed by Porfirio Saldaiia, a hardy man of many talents. Saldaiia has a degree in agriculture, administrati\e ability, a knowledge of cattle, and the experience and know-how that keeps the giant and far flung ranch running smoothly and efficiently. He's up early. He may go to the airport in David, where register- ed animals purchased from ranches in the United States are delivered by tran- sport plane. Or, he may climb into his jeep at dawn, driving around to give orders for the day's work. And Saldafia has a lot of territorv to cover on a ranch where you can drive for half an hour in one direction and still be on the ranch. The acreage is actually divided into four areas: Antioquia, Rosario, Santa Lucia, and Tole, Each has a foreman, who lives with his family at the head- quarters house in his section. This way, the huge operation is broken down into Grand Champion Bull at the Motta Ranch.

May 196.5 'ill:. ^ • *• '*-

This was an uncooperative bull. He charged about, pulling four men. But he tired, and after a few angry snorts he was penned.

T^*«(l^

4 :i.^F.A > -»; !^i^

Scenes such as this are common on the rich grassland of the Motta Ranch near Remedios. areas that can be managed more easily. kept, cattle branded, sold, rounded up, The ranch grows a few acres of sugar

A foreman is responsible for the cattle fed and accounted for. There is a car- cane, as feed for cattle in the dry season. assigned to his area. The Tole area— penter shop, and a garage where com- Also, it has about 5,000 coconut trees. so named because it is adjacent to the plete overhaul of machinery and vehi- These furnish oil, which is sold in Pan- town of Tole 17 miles from the main cles is done. A headquarters building ama City, but on a small scale. And, ranch— is about 2,500 acres. About has a complete store of animal med- mainly for its own use, the ranch keeps l,.50O steers graze here. icines, vaccines, vitamins, and minerals a herd of about 200 horses. The ranch employs about 60 people that are administered to cattle. The business end of ranching is full time, and another 200 for about The ranch even has its own port—on in selling cattle. Not all are sold for 8 months of the year. There are me- the Santa Lucia River 3 miles inland slaughter. The herd is divided about chanics, carpenters, tractor drivers, stable from the Pacific Ocean—where 500 cat- evenly between breeding animals and hands, guards, general help, and, of tle were shipped to this past win- steers. The ranch sells about 3,000 head course, the cowboys. Assistant to Sal- ter. And within view of the Inter-Amer- of beef cattle a year, plus about 600

dafia is Behring Centeno, who, as sec- ican Highway a new building is under cows that are no longer usable for re- ond in command, finds much to keep construction. It will be a new head- production; and about 100 breeding him busy. quarters for the cowboys and will also bulls are sold to other cattlemen in Pan- There are many things to be checked; serve as a pickup and delivery station ama. Some heifers and breeding bulls foremen must be seen, records must be for the entire ranch. (See p. 6)

The Panama Canal Review The Motta

Ranch at Remedios

(Continued from p. 5) have been sold to cattlemen in Vene- zuela. The Motta Ranch belongs to the American Brahma Breeders Association.

This means that the stock is inspected annually and approved by the associa- tion. Most of the herd is Brahma, with some Santa Gertrudis. Through the artificial insemination

program, the ranch is producing some Charolais and Red Angus. About 500 animals are now involved in this new program, under the direction of Rolan- do Miranda, who was trained in the United States especially for this work. The purpose of the breeding program is to develop a bigger, heavier animal of good quality beef, an animal that will mature to a market weight faster, that takes the climate well and pre- sents a minimum disease problem. The program is in its first vear and the re- sults, hopefulh', will point the way to an improved breed of cattle for Panama. Nearly surrounding the town of Re- Bulls are washed and brushed in preparation for a field day at the ranch medios, the ranch actually resembles a small town in its operation. Many

people are dependent upon it for a live-

hood, so it is an important economic factor in the area. Truck loads of Motta cattle roll into Panama Citv each week, helping to suppK' the great population center of the Republic with meat. .\nd quite aside from its economics,

the ranch is a \ery beautiful place. The Spanish-style, red-roofed houses that cluster at the top of the hill near the main entrance seem right for the hill and \alle\ countrw The distant hills are tinged with pastel pink and blue mists in the late afternoon. And rolling away from every rise are verdant pas- tures of Indiana. Para, Jiijuca and Pan- gola grass. From the nearb\' Pacific, a breeze sweeps through the grasses. Cattle graze contentedly.

There is every reason they should. Because today this is the finest home in the Republic for cattle, a ranch match- ed by few others in its ad\anced oper- ation and aspirations for impro\ement Repairing a truck at the garage on the Motta ranch. in the future.

6 May 1965 HOW PANAMA CELEBRATES HOLY WEEK

HOLY WEEK, observed in Panama with deep religious devotion and absti- nence, is also characterized by an ex- odus of the residents of Panama Cit\^ to the towns in the interior. Thus, Holy Week is interwoven with memories of childhood days since each one heads for the town of his birth. The ceremony of washing of the feet takes place on Maundy Thursday after- noon, when the village priest washes the feet of 12 poor people in solemn re- enactment of the ceremony when Jesus washed the feet of the 12 Apostles before the Last Supper. During the night, the Holy Sacrament remains on an altar that is artistically Scenes like this in Panama City can be seen throughout the Republic during Holy Week. decorated. This altar is known as the Catholics carry an image of Christ bearing the cross. Monument and each town endeavors to have the best one. Special mention should be made of Penonome, where the cibary—the place where the con- secrated host is kept— is in the form of a large pelican of hammered silver, and

Nata, whose cibary is in the form of a great palm tree of pure silver that dates back to colonial times. The people, dur- ing this night, visit the monuments in the churches of the nearby towns. There are many people who seriously believe that those who bathe on Good Friday will turn into fish. Others stone anyone who ventures to mount a horse. In Pese, Herrera Province, on Good Friday morning the farm people begin to arrive from the nearby mountains, laden with white and purple wild flowers to adorn the village churches. Humble folk, they contribute the only gift they have: the wild flowers. At mid-day, in the Church, the priest Worshippers follow the Sacred Sepulchre during an Easter procession in Anton. gives the Sermon of the Seven Words. The sermon ends at 3 p.m., the hour of solitude after the death of her Son. towns and even in the little farmhouses that Jesus died. The procession on this day is only for scattered in the countryside. This cele- A solemn procession, at night, known women. All the women of the town par- bration continues until dawn Easter in some areas as the procession "of the ticipate, leaving the church at 9 p.m. Monday when the farm people, tired

Holy Sepulchre" ( the most famous takes Each woman carries a lighted candle, after the celebration, start on their home- place in the Villa de Los Santos) and and as the procession passes one hears ward trek up the mountain roads to in others as the procession "of Silence" the sound of house doors being closed their farms to resume their agricultural because all participants must maintain by the men so that no one may see them. labors for another year. deep silence, is participated in solely The sorrow and abstinence of Hoi) Panama City is practically deserted by men, although some women rep- Week ends at midnight Saturday, when during Holy Week. The first sign that resent those who accompanied Jesus on midnight mass is held and church bells Holy Week has ended is noted after the road to Calvary. ring happily, announcing the Resurrec- Easter Sunday noon, when the first Saturday is devoted to paying rever- tion of Christ. With the sound of the cars of an enormous caravan herald the ence to the Mother of Jesus in her hours church bells, dances .start in all the return from the interior of Panama.

The Panama Canal Review The new Vincent Thomas Bridge connecting the San Pedro mainland with the Terminal Island District is seen in this airview of a portion of the Port of Los Angeles' Inner Harbor. The proposed $30 million Los Angeles World Trade Center and the $5 million U.S. Customhouse will be located near the bridge approach. In the center foreground is the new Consolidated Marine Terminal.

Woxld Ports Los Angeles: Big, and Growing!

The port of Los Angeles, serving an A 5-year, $40 million expansion pro- site of a dozen new shipping terminals. increasingly vital role in world trade, gram was begun b\' the port of Los An- Other dredging in the outer harbor in- currently is experiencing the most dv- geles in 1960 to keep abreast of the creased the depth of the supertanker namic period of growth in its historv. demands of growing world trade. fairwa\' from 46 to 51 feet, providing The port has been dredged, molded, Completed facilities include a $16 free and unrestricted movement of these expanded, and reshaped through man's million combination passengier-cargo huge vessels to their special off-loading efforts and bears little resemblance to terminal on a .50-acre site on the har- fadlity. the area discovered 42.3 \ears ago b\' bor's main channel, and two clear-span The Vincent Thomas Bridge, a $22 Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo and named cargo sheds—one in the outer harbor million State highway department pro- San Pedro Bay. Work at the port of Los and the other in the west basin—rep- ject to which the harbor department Angeles has added new land area, new resenting a total investment of more contributed $1 million in cash and terminals, and wider and deeper water- than $10 million. $2,500,000 worth of right-of-way, pro- ways. It has produced for the people West basin dredging opened the vides a direct route across the harbor's of Los .\ngeles a municipallv o\vned entire water area to oceangoing vessels main channel from the San Pedro main- and operated facility worth nearly and allowed commercial development, land to Terminal Island, and easy ac-

$200 million. For world commerce, it and al.so pro\'idcd fill material for cess to the area for hundreds of dock provides a modem and strategic gate- 90 acres of new land on the south side and cannery workers. The graceful way to the vast American market. of Terminal Island, which will be the span opened the way to full-scale

8 May 1965 This S5 million cargo shed is another new addition at the Port of Los Push-botton cargo-handling came to the Port of Los Angeles. Shipping lines using the terminal will link Los Angeles with Japan, Angeles with the installation of this container-handling Hong Kong, Northern Europe, Mexico, Central and South America. crane. .\ single operator (above) loads sealed containers, each weighing up to 26 tons, aboard a freighter. development of Terminal Island, the harbor's "last frontier." Additional impetus has been given harbor de\elopment by a substantial increase in shipping activity. Already under\va\" is work on a 3,550-foot-long wharf near the Vincent Thomas Bridge on the Terminal Island side of the harbor's main channel. The wharf will serve as a new international shipping terminal, an $8 million complex of two clear-span cargo sheds, a warehouse, and a million feet of paved open area. Major projects to further improve shipping services at Los Angeles Harbor include a $4,.500,000 bulk-loading fa- cility, which will handle at least 1 mil- lion long tons of iron ore and iron ore pellets each year, as well as potash, phosphate, coke, and other dry bulk cargo; Cabrillo Beach Marina, a 86 mil- lion development with about 1,800 slips for small craft; and new Catalina Ter- minal, a 8600,000 facility which will combine seaplane, water taxi, and SS Catalina steamship service. An administration building, compris- ed of two buildings at the site of the present ferry building on the San Pedro mainland, represents an investment of 82,900,000 in harbor facilities. Another new facility will be a 32,000- square-foot freezer-storage building for incoming cargoes of frozen meats. The port of Los Angeles, which one day will be larger b\' 6.50 new acres of Los Angeles Harbor's new S16 million combination passenger-cargo terminal occupies a 50-acre site on the harbor's main channel. combination building (foreground) has land, \alued at 8250 million and with The cargo facilities on the first floor and passenger accommodations on the second level, reached an increased cargo-handling capacity of by ramps, elevators, stairways and escalators. A second major structure (background) is a 150 percent is a vibrant business. cargo shed, whose capacity is ,35,000 tons of cargo. Five ships can be worked at once.

The Panama Canal RE\aEW The Boquete Orange: How It All Began

THE STORY OF the Bociuctc orange and its journey to Boquete by way of Brazil, Washington, D.C., and in tho last years of the 19th century is one of the interesting accounts in the history of Panama.

A careful job of research b\' Julius Grigore, Jr., Assistant Chief of the Panama Canal Industrial Division, has turned up some interesting information on the origin and development of this delicious fruit.

first trees ordered California R. Thomas, The were from by J. who liad come to the Boquete area to manage one of the first coffee plantations, now the Sandberg coffee finca near Boquete. Julia H. Monniche, of Austin, Tex., and foiTnerly a Canal Zone and Boquete resident, relates the story, which is supported in a joint statement by A. O. Sandberg, Jr., and Da\icl T. Sasse, both of Boquete.

The first Washington navel orange tree in California is shown behind Although the trees were ordered by Thomas, it was Frank the plaque in the foreground. The site is Riverside, Calif. The plaque who was responsible for their survival. Travel was Tedman is in honor of Mrs. Eliza Tibbets for introducing the orange to difficult in 1896 and delivery of the trees required some time. California. The plaque states that this proved "the most valuable Thomas threw them out in disgust, for they all appeared to fruit introduction yet made by the U.S. Department of Agriculture." be dead. Tedman, a neighbor, was present and inspected the trees. He thought two might live, so Thomas told him to take them, Mrs. Monniche relates. Tedman kept them alive, and from this stock— Mrs. Monniche isn't sure whether one or both survived—came all the navel oranges in Boquete.

Another account—the 1934 Annual Report of the Canal Zone Experimental Gardens— says that Tedman brought bud- dings of the Washington navel orange to Boquete from Cali- fornia. And an obituary of William Joseph "Pop" Wright, a construction day worker on the Canal, states that he intro- duced the navel orange to Boquete. But Mrs. Frank L. Corey, Mr. Wright's daughter, of San Antonio, Tex., writes that Mr. Wright came to Panama in 1910, worked on the Canal for 3 years, and went to Boquete in 1914 for his health. These dates preclude the possibility that he first brought the navel orange to Panama.

Mr. Sasse went to Boquete in 1912 on a vacation from the Canal Zone. Tedman told him about his orange tree and about his inability to graft more trees. Sasse, who had expe- rience in , went to Tedman's farm and saw the only remaining California navel orange tree. From this full-grown tree, he successfully grafted several young native orange trees.

On his second Boquete visit, Sasse stayed at Pop Wright's hotel in Boquete, and Wright complained to Sasse that he had no luck in grafting na\el orange trees from the Tedman .\ \ciiK' ni'ar Bcxiuele. These are newly planted orange groves. stock. Sasse showed Wright hou to graft and Wright started a grove. in the late 16th centur)-. But it was not until 1870 that the Bahia navel orange was introduced to the United States. According to A. O. Sandberg, Jr., it was about 1930 when William Saunders, at the time the Botanist and Superintendent his father saw that improved transportation and communica- of Horticulture at the U.S. Patent Office, took notice of the tion made it possible to develop the navel orange on a com- Bahia navel orange when a woman missionary worker in mercial basis. He then started the first commercial orange Brazil wrote from Bahia, describing a fine, seedless orange grove in the Boquete area. that grew in the area. He wrote to her, and with the help of

But where did the navel orange of California originate? Rev. F. I. C. Schneider, a Preslivterian minister in Bahia, Probably in Bra/.il, according to Grigore's research. The early Saunders received 12 trees with the Bahia navel orange Portuguese navigators introduced the sweet orange to Brazil budded to them.

10 May 196.5 William Saunders, who introduced the Bahia navel orange to the United States. This stiU stands as one of the most important plant introductions of our era.

Saunders has many accomplishments *^ to his credit, but the most important is considered to be the introduction of the navel orange to the United States. This orange revolutionized the industry ^ in California and has generated billions of dollars in revenue to the economy of this 1928 the United States. First to commercialize on the Boquete orange was A. O. Sandberg, Sr., at right in photo. "Pop" Wright has his hand on Mr. Sandberg's shoulder. At left is Mrs. Wright. In late 1873, two of the surviving The other two men are unidentified in this rare photo taken at Boquete. Brazilian orange trees were sent by Saunders to his friends, Luther C. and Eliza Tibbets, of Riverside, Calif. The fruit from these trees attracted attention at a private meeting of fruitgrowers in 1877, and in 1879 the fruit was awarded first prize at a Riverside horticultural fair, winning over navel oranges from Australia. So far as can be determined, the entire population of Washington navel orange groves in California trace back to the Tibbets trees. This further supports the contention that the trees received by Thomas in Boquete prob- ablv came from original Riverside trees. The fame and use of the orange spread and it became known as the Tib- bets navel orange, then as the Washing- ton-Riverside navel orange. It is said that Eliza Tibbets was proud that the trees were sent from Washington, D.C., and that Californians were reluctant to credit the town of Riverside with the name of the orange. For these two rea- sons, the fruit became known as the Washington navel orange. Saunders al- ways believed that the name Bahia should have been given to the orange. How the Washington navel orange came to be called the Boquete orange Self-made naturalist David T. Sasse, former Canal Zone employee, who in 1912 provided (See p. 21) the skill and knowledge that gave the Boquete navel orange its beginning in that area.

The Panama Canal Review 11 CANAL COMMERCIAL TRAFFIC BY NATIONALITY OF VESSELS dock in Balboa on a round-South Amer- PRINCIPAL COMMODITIES SHIPPED THROUGH THE CANAL ica cruise out of New York. (All cargo figures in long tons) Oceanic The 774-foot ultramodern Pacific to Atlantic has a normal capacity of 1,650 passen- gers in two classes and a top speed of Third quarter, fiscal year- 27 knots. Her ecjuipment features sta- Commodity Average bilizers to minimize rolling, a special 1965 1964 1951-55 bow and stern designed to reduce pitch- Ores, various ing, and air conditioning throughout. 1,812,479 1,493,594 961,032 Lumber 1,222,996 1,119,227 868,628 She has 18 public rooms, 2 swimming Petroleum and products (excludes asphalt) .368,871 521,022 249,439 pools, a chapel, g\mnasiuni, children's Wheat 504,458 494,618 508,144 and teenagers' areas and a 2-level Sugar 411,619 366,267 233,804 Canned food products 207,011 220,736 304,637 theater with seating capacity for 450 Nitrate of soda 220,038 226,483 360,514 persons. Fishmeal 457,226 333,667 Bananas-- 311,.396 .354,126 "~Y92"445 The new vessel being built for the Metals, various 299,433 298,492 162,399 Swedish American Line to replace the Food products in refrigeration (except fresh ship of the same name will accommodate fruit) 288,598 269,659 163,265 Pulpwood 136,810 126,818 up to 750 passengers on trans-Atlantic 48,257 Corn 112,986 61 1,778 sailings and 450 while cruising. When Iron and steel manufactures 507,925 306,667 60,502 she is delivered to her owners ne.\t vear, Oilseeds and products 142,296 79..344 26,259 the present Kitngsholm, which made her .\I1 others 1,720,949 1,748,589 768,239 Krst trip through the Canal in 1954 and Total 8,725,091 1 7,950,370 4,909,342 her last in April of this year, will be transferred to the North German Lloyd Line and renamed the Bremen. Atlantic to Pacific

Research Vessel Third quarter, fiscal year— Commodity Average OFF-SHORE inspections are old hat 1965 1964 1951-55 with the Canal organization but the\- Sugar 148,872 104,543 101,508 hardly come in the same class as those Sulfur 104,258 97,291 82,173 by the Mobile Oil Co. M. L. Levy, made Metals, various 121,444 137,385 31,882 a 186-foot research vessel that transit- Coal and coke 1,690,666 1,704,659 676,946 ed the Canal recently after prospecting Wheat 141,399 58,245 16,947 Phosphates 671,412 602,821 195,587 for oil off the Mexican eastern shore. Soybeans 332,433 504,110 134,079 The ship was fitted out in Morgan Fertilizer, miscellaneous 90,&49 113,436 34,616 Iron and steel manufactures City, La., with oil exploration equip- 347,808 401,581 420,153 Com 549,955 769,756 19,077 ment capable of creating a small seis- Ores, various 265,548 392,704 27,416 mic shake on the ocean floor. Techni- Metal, scrap 218,893 644,261 16,632 cians make special recordings of the Paper and paper products 99,223 115,965 88,306 Petroleum and products (excludes asphalt). earthquake-type shake. These indicate 3.727,982 2,850,421 968,731 Chemicals, unclassified 176,275 199,618 41,822 to the experts just where the likely All others 1,123,543 1,640,059 1, 186,296 spots might be for future oil drilling. Total 9,810,360 10,336,855 The M. L. Levy, represented by Boyd 4,042,171 Bros., passed south through the Canal in March and departed for San Pedro, CANAL TRANSITS - COMMERCIAL AND U.S. GOVERNMENT Calif., via the west coast of .

Giant Ship

Another ship that will be too large to transit the Panama Canal is the giant tanker now under construction by the Mitsubishi Heavy Industries of Japan for Sig. Bergesen of Norway. Believed to be the world's largest ship, it will be powered by a 27,600 b. hp. diesel en- gine, developing a trial speed of 16 knots. Delivery is scheduled for the end of September 1967. With a draft of 54.1.3 feet, it won't be bothering the normal harbor traffic in world seaports and with a beam of 158.15, it won't bother the Panama Canal, either. cA Ma^ 3 journey. 3nto uhe PaAt

YOU WILL HA\'E to have a snorkel the southern roundhouse and marshal- to move dirt out of the Cut, and the to see Miraflores now," said Mrs. Grace ling \ard for the dirt trains which United States made it their construc- Sanders, a resident of the Canal Zone worked in the Cut. The French had tion capital until 1909 when most of since construction days, during the tluir district headquarters and a the buildings were moved to new loca- Istlimian Historical Society's reminiscing machine shop in the latter town. Mrs. tions at the Pacific end of the Canal. trip on the Panama Canal launch has Sanders recalled that during construc- Bas Obispo, said Mrs. Sanders, Criices past former construction days tion davs, Paraiso was the only town originallv was on the trail from Gorgona towns. It was a nostalgic trip for the "Old along the line where the water, which to Panama. The French began construc- Timers" who shared their memories of came from nearby springs, could be tion of locks here in 1887 and the construction da\s. usrd right out of the faucet without Unitrd States housed 1.744 people here Miraflores, she said, was built by the precautionary boiling. During the con- in 1908 when Bas Obispo was a typical French to house their laborers. When struction pL'riod, the railroad crossed Canal town. It was here, in December the United States took over the Canal from the east to the west bank on a 19C8, that 26 lives were lost and a dozen construction, Miraflores continued to be trestle at this point. When the water men were maimed in a premature used as a labor camp. When the locks was let into the Cut, a pontoon bridge d\namite explosion. were completed and the Canal went was used for the trains until the tracks Matachin was used by the Chagres into operation, this choice "lake-floor" were relocated on the east bank. River traffic from verv earlv times, Mrs. propertv ceased to be attractive as a Culebra, the original capital of the Sanders told her listeners. In 1908 there residence site. U.S. Canal construction, was a small were 2,042 inhabitants here and the

Mrs. Sanders and her husband, who \ illage found bv Panama Railroad United States first planned to locate was a male nurse in consti-uction days, surveyors in 18.50. Four years later it the principal locomotive repair shops lived in nearly ever\' old townsite. enjoyed a brief prosperity as the at Matachin. The Chagres was diverted Pedro Miguel and Paraiso also date southern terminal of the railroad, at from its channel here and when the from French Canal davs. The former that stage of its construction. The excavation was finished in this area, the served the U.S. construction venture as French usjd the town when they began town went into a decline.

•o-^ji: iff

Culebra is no more, but there wa.s once much life in the old town. This is a weddinR party in 191:1, when the settlement was in its heyday.

14 May 1965 SUADED AREA- SHOWS APPBOXIMtTE CM4AV- EICCAVATIOM

^^W^.\BAS OblSPO ^

^v^?-J .9' ^^>^ o* .N^ co^r Pamama

I PACIPIC I

This map shows the old towns that were the subject of conversation on the Las Cruces trip.

Morris Seelev, who came to the Isth- in the Obispo River existed here, giving the town of Corgona and told of her mus in 1907 as a male nurse and whose the tov\ II its name. The French used the life as a young wife there in 1906, and work took him to both sides of the site for a labor camp. In 1908, Las Cas- of the starting of the Woman's Club. Isthmus, represented the construction cadas was one of the centers of Canal The reputation once enjo\ed b\' Cor- dav town of Empire. The name is a life and 2,42.5 people were housed here. gona as the wildest town in the Zone misinterpretation of the original Spanish The transportation headquarters of was probably inherited from its long name Emperador (Emperor). Before the Central Division had facilities for service as a river port, a French con- the opening of the Panama railroad, the 40 locomotives in this town during struction camp, and, under the United pack trail from Corgona to Panama construction days. States, the largest machine shop on the crossed the line of the present Panama Mrs. Mary Cecil Lowe represented (See p. 23) Canal, passing the headwaters of the Obispo River and through the hills to the Cruces Trail and Panama. The "49ers" put up at Empire on their way across the Isthmus to California. Empire was the site of the largest French con-

struction town, and it was here that the French moved the first earth from Cule- bra Cut in 1882. The United States used the French shops here to repair their steamshovels, and Colonel Gaillard and other officials lived here. A suspension bridge carrying air hoses, water mains, and a roadway crossed the Cut at this point. Mrs. Winifred Ewing, a substitute teacher in the construction day town of Las Cascadas, represented that com-

munitv. She recalled that a 40-foot fall When Linpire was thriving, in 1910, this was the picture of life at the railroad station.

The P.\nama C.^nal Review 15 The spreader lowered by the ship's gantry crane clamps onto a cargo container which is about tu be- loitded aboard a Grace liner at Balboa. CARGO, THE FAST WAY!

FROZEN PANAMA shrimp on its way South America and bv Sea Land on the Line freight for South America at pres- to the New York market; household intereoastal trade, tailors two conven- ent moves in containers and about half goods for a family returning to the tional methods of cargo transport into of the containers are being placed by United States; general cargo assigned a unified ser\ice bv combining the shippers at their own inland plants and to an import merchant in Panama or flexibility of trucking service with the warehouses. Ecuador— this is the type of merchan- efficiency and low cost of waterway The container operation at work can dise traveling to and through the Canal shipping. be inspected almost anv weekend at the these days in cargo containers— those Line passen- The container can be loaded at the Balboa piers when Grace oversized shipping crates used to trans- shippers loading platform, sealed and ger-cargo ships tie up to load and unload port freight from door to door via ocean cargo. transported b)' trailer to a sea terminal container-packed routes. where it is loaded aboard a container Most of the containers loaded at this Containers with the Grace Line trade- ship with special high speed shipboard time are 40-foot demountable refrigerat- mark of Seataincrs have been moving cranes. At the port of destination, the ed trailers specificalK designed for car- off and on the Canal Zone piers for container is removed and again trucked riage of frozen shrimp from Panama some time and, in the near future, a to its final destination. Since the metluKl to New York aboard the Grace Line somewhat similar operation will he start- of shipping is convenient and virtually Santa Magdalcna class vessels. Normal- ed here by the Sea Land Service, Inc. eliminates pilferage and damage, it has ly this company ships five to six of The service, started a few years ago become increasingly popular with ship- th(se trailers each Saturday on north- by Grace Line between New York and pers. The biggest segment of Grace (See p. 23)

16 May 196.5 ANNIVERSARIES (On the basis of total Federal Service)

ADNUNISTRATrVE SERVICES SUPPLY AND COMMUNITY Jeffrey U. Nation DIVISION SERVICE BUREAU Helper Electronics Mechanic Herbert St. Louis George H. Logan John F. Williams Guard Oiler Management Technician David A. Yerkes William A. Cawl Supervisor^' Architect SUPPLY AND COMMUNITY General Supply Assistant Robert M. Baum SERVICE BUREAU Beresford D. Gittens Master, Towboat Meatcutter (Sales) Camel W. Campbell Olen A. Dietz Clarence W. Kilbey Cash Clerk Supervisory Maintenance Engineer Service Center Superintendent Gittens Gog A. Gray Cecil C. Cleophas M. Brown Service Center Manager Maintenanceman (Distribution System) Laborer (Cleaner) Clifford Henry Album A. King J. Carlton E. McClaren Toolroom Attendant Sales Section Head Truckdriver Frank McLeod Hugh E. Turner George E. Shoemaker J. Water System Controlman General Supply Officer Supply Cataloger (General) Edward D. Todd ENGINEERING AND MARINE CONSTiUMfTION QiiB^U Robert Allan A. FAIRS BUREAU Walter C Pilot Motor King Manoah Josiah Linehandler (Deckhand) Harry E. Townsend Chief Foreman Machinist lentary-L.A. Schools) Herbert A. Herbert S. Driscoll ire General Foreman ( mentary-L.A Schools) Stevedore I Hubert H. Vickers Lee Kariger rland Supervisory Administri ieutenant Clerk ' Officer CIVIL AFFAIRS BUREAU COMPTROLLERS OFFICE ENGINEERING AND Allan B. Forte CONSTRUCTION BUREAU Robert L. Coffey Junior High School Teacher, Accountant Elisha A. Bennett Latin American Schools TRANSPORTATION Edward M. Allison Accounting Clerk AND Swimming Pool Operator Ray Caldwell TERMINALS BUREAU MARINE BUREAU Foreman (Building and Public Works) Francisco Delgado Leslie A. Beauchamp Linehandler Mariano Escobar Leader Refrigeration and Michael A. Shan Helper Lock Operator Air Conditioning Mechanic Clerk HEALTH BUREAU Ernest E. Berger T. A. Albritton Instrument Mechanic (Electrical) General Foreman (Roundhouse) Samuel A. Hoyte Kenneth E. Marcy Casmer E. Todd Nursing Assistant (Psychiatry) L-ead Foreman (Quarters Maintenance) Brakeman

Spanish Instructor's Plays Bring Fame

A Panama Canal Spanish instructor Minotauro," is among 20 entries for schoolteacher whom she has selected has received Latin America-wide rec- Panama. for an experiment in love. ognition as a play- Both of the book's plays are set in Too recent to be listed is another play wright through a list- the recent past and reflect aspects of published in "Estudios," a magazine in ing in the new cat- current political and social mores. The book form which appears twice a year, alog of a famous first play, from which the book takes published by the Instituto Nacional.

U.S. book firm. its title, is patterned on the ancient This play, entided "La Otra Cara del

A volume contain- Greek Minotaur myth but is a modem Sol" (The Other Face of the Sun), is ing two plays of story of a cycle in the lives of a local a two-act, six-scene story of the diffi- in health and Carlos M. Garcia political hanger-on and his mistress. A culties of a man mined de Paredes, senior wealth by the "Thousand Days' War," one-act play, it was written in 1957 and Spanish instructor in the civil conflict that shook the Isthmus won for its author a second prize in the the Personnel Bu- of Panama during the final years of Ricardo A. Miro national literary con- reau's Employee the 19th century. test of Panama. The prize consisted of Utilization and De- The author has an unpublished book $500, a gold medal, and a certificate. velopment Staff, is of poems which won the third prize in C. G. de Paredes The play has been staged in Panama listed by Stechert- the Ricardo Miro contest in 196.3 and City, in Chitre, and in Mexico. Hafner, Inc., of New York. The firm is also an unpublished three-act play second play, Angosta es la probably the most famous book dealer The "Que which he is now polishing. In addition

( the Door , writ- in the IJnited States, from a scholarly Puerta" How Narrow ) he has been working for some years, point of view. The catalog lists recent ten a few months after the first, also off and on, on a novel which has been Latin American literature by country, was staged in Panama and Chitre. It rewritten three times and is still un- and Mr. Garcia de Paredes' book, "El tells the storv of a socialite's visit to a (See p. 23)

The Panama Canal Review 17 His Life Spdnned

A Century of Faithi

FUNERAL SER\'ICES for a man who had dedicated most of his 102 years to the service of the church were held March 16 in a church which is observing its 100th anniversary this year. The man uas the late Venerable Archdeacon Edward J. Cooper, who died March 10 in Guatemala. The church is the historical Christ Church By-the-Sea, built in 1864 by the old Panama Railroad Company and dedicated June 15, 1865. If he had lived a few weeks longer, it would have been possible for Father Cooper to celebrate his 103d birthday in conjunction with centennial services planned this year for the church where he served 34 years as rector. He had been rector emeritus since his retirement in 1941. Both Father Cooper and the church he directed so many vears had long and distinguished histories. The handsome

church by the sea in Colon is the second oldest non-Roman church in Central America and was owned by the Mother

Church of the Isthmian Mission established in 1853 under The Venerable Archdeacon Edward J. Cooper, shown with Gov. the jurisdiction of the Church of England. Robert J. Fleming, Jr., when he made a courtesy call on the Governor in observance of his 100th birthday. At right is Albert It escaped being destroyed by a fire which swept Colon Spaulding, who acted as Father Cooper's secretary and acolyte. in 1884 and a rebellion in 1885. But it was used for 6 months in 1885 as a barracks and stable by the Colombian Army. It was rededicated in December of that year and regular services have been held there ever since. Father Cooper, a naturalized U.S. citizen and a graduate of the General Theological Seminary in New York, came to Panama in 1907, the same year that the church and other Episcopal missions here were transferred from the Church of England to the jurisdiction of the Protestant Episcopal Church of America. He was appointed rector and also served as chaplain of the Isthmian Canal Commission, working with General Goethals and other builders of the Panama Canal. Under his ministry, the church prospered and he was appointed Archdeacon of Colon in the Episcopal Church in 1931. Among the many tributes to him there is the Father Cooper Memorial Hall or annex to the church built by Dr. and Mrs. Harry Eno, of Colon. After his retirement in 1941, Father Cooper went to live in Guatemala but he retained the title of rector emeritus of Christ Church By-the-Sea. One of his successors as rector was the Rev. Peterson later Archdeacon Mainert J. who became of Colon and is presently Dean of the Cathedral of St. Luke in Ancon.

Despite its 100 years, the sturdy stone church building has remained in surprisingly good condition. Repairs and improve- ments have been made in recent years and rectory was built. The roof was renewed at the cost of $18,000 and the deterio- rated slate replaced by native tile. Care always has been taken to preserve the old design of the original woodwork and trusses. Father Cooper also remained in good health up until his final brief illness. He returned to the Isthmus at regular inter- vals to see old friends and conduct services in his old church. He observed his 100th birthday with communion services there and returned for the dedication of Stevens' Circle in Balboa and the opening of Thatcher Ferry Bridge. He remarked at one time that he hoped to live forever. The historical Christ Church-By-Tbe-Sea in Colon, where Father He couldn't manage that, but his life span certainly exceeded after E. J. Cooper was rector for 34 years and rector emeritus the four score and seven alloted most men. his retirement. It was built in 1864 and dedicated June 15, 1865.

18 Mav 1965 'Breaks' Help

To Cut Costs

Of Slide Work

THE PANAMA CANAL'S Engineering and Construction Bureau took full advantage of several fortunate circum- stances that existed because of the lo- cation of the Cartagena slide, just north of Pedro Miguel locks, and saved the Panama Canal organization several thousands of dollars. mm First, the shore pipe connection for _ja, the Dredging Division's dredge Mindi Before work started on removing the underwater portion of the south extension of the had alreadv been installed nearbv, and Cartagena slide. The shore pipe connection for the dredge Mindi had already been installed a spoil dump had been prepared to and a spoil dump had been prepared previously to receive dredged material during routine receive dredged material, in connection maintenance of Gaillard Cut, thus saving many thousands of dollars in slide removal costs. with the routine maintenance of Gaillard Cut. The need for expensive shore preparations prior to commencement of dredging at the slide was therefore eliminated. Second, the engineers were able to make full use of the 40,000 cubic yards excavated by the drag line to construct dikes for dredge spoil areas in the imme- diate vicinity. There was thus a double benefit gained b\' excavation of the material, and the need to excavate additional earth for dikes was avoided. Third, the slide area was easilv acces- sible by land so there was no need to cut a new road through jungle to reach the work area. The total cost of this slide correction operation is expected to approach $100,000. Had a slide of this magnitude occurred at a more remote location in Gaillard Cut, its removal cost could easily have been double this amount. Prior to the start of the work, con- siderable engineering and surveying investigations were made of the nature finished: and extent of the slide. The first step Ajmost Dotted lines show (No. 1) the area of the south extension of the Cartagena slide, north of Pedro Miguel locks. Black dotted area in water outlines former was to remove, bv dredging, the under- underwater toe of slide. The dredge Mindi worked inward, in direction of arrow, to remove this portion. water portion, or toe, of the slide. The The removed material was pumped into the spoil dump (No. 2). Area above the slide Mindi was already in the right location (No. 3) was removed by a large dragline. for the project, having been installed for the dredging of Gaillard Cut right rial will remain undisturbed in place, surface material above the slide to pre- next to the slide area. Fortunately, too, unless further movement of the slide vent further sliding and adding weight the lock overhaul work at Pedro Miguel necessitates a second operation. to the already failed portion of the slide. Locks was .scheduled at the same time, The second step was to grade the Only that part of the upper bank was so conflicts between dredge work and upper surface of the slide area itself to removed that could become a new slide. ship traffic were minimized. promote better drainage and to reduce The slide is still in very slow motion. The Mindi removed only that portion the possibility of further movement. It is being watched, as all slide areas of the slide which encroached on the The final step was to cut down and are, but at present there is no plan to ship channel. A large quantity of mate- remove an overhanging embankment of remove the entire slide.

The Panama Canal Review 19 SH U?l N G Although he will not be visiting the Canal as master of the Cunard liner Queen Mary, Capt. G. T. Marr hopes that someday he will bring the famous Queen's smaller successor through the Canal.

The new ship, which Captain Marr expects to command, is now being built in Scotland. She has been designed for cruising as well as the North Atlantic trade and can transit the Panama Canal.

Captain Marr recently made a call at Cristobal as master aboard the Cunard cruise ship Mauretania. He will assume command of the Queen Mary within a few months and will succeed Capt. Frederick Watts as commodore of the Cunard fleet.

While the Mauretania was in port, the British sea captain was present- ed a Panama Canal 50th anniversary Canal Navigation officials shown on the bridge of the cruise ship Mauretania with Capt. medallion and a copy of the 50th an- G. T. Marr, second from the right, who is master of the vessel. From left to right are Capt. Frank V. Kerley, Cristobal pilot, Capt. E. B. Rainier, Captain of the Cristobal Port, niversary' book by Capt. E. B. Rai- Captain Marr, and G. Niel McColl, manager of the Pacific Steam Navigation Co. nier, Cristobal Port Captain. Also present was Capt. Frank V. Kerley, Captain Marr not only has a long aboard the HMS King George V dur- Cristobal pilot who brought the ship and distinguished record with the ing the naval battle in the North to dock, and G. Niel McColl, man- Cunard Line but served with the Atlantic during which British naval ager of the Pacific Steam Navigation British Royal Navy during World vessels engaged and sank the German

Co., agents for the Mauretania. War II. He was navigation oflBcer battleship Bismarck.

BY OCEANGOING VESSELS TRANSITS 1965 IN THIRD QUARTER FISCAL YEAR 1965 1965 1964 Commercial 2,824 3,089 U.S. Government 62 78 Free 20 23

Total 2,906 3,190 TOLLS* Commercial $1.5,746,160 $15,823,916 U.S. Government. 381,994 348,790

Total .$16,128,154 $16,172,706 CARGO" Commercial 18,538,432 18,292,404 U.S. Government. 526,886 226,174 Free 92,914 108,796

Total .... 1 9, 1 58,232 1 8,627 ,374

* Includes tolls on all vessels, oceangoing and small. **Cargo figures are in long tons. CAMAl HISTORY

proceed to the nearest British port. Bids for the dismantling and removal 50 yfearj cAg.o Norwegian vessels received orders to of three emergency dams at Miraflores THE FIRST French-flag vessel to use disregard orders coming from Oslo. locks and Pedro Miguel were opened the Canal was the merchant ship Satnf The U.S. Senate Appropriations in April 1955 with John V. Carter and Andre which transited March 16, 1915, Committee voted to recommend the ap- John V. Carter, Jr., making a high bid en route from Tahiti to Glasgow with propriation of $15 million which Pres- of $53,323. The dams being sold for a cargo of 6,900 tons of ore. The Pan- ident Roosevelt requested to start the scrap were three of six erected shortly ama Canal Record, in reporting the work on the third set of locks for the before the Canal opened in 1914. ship's arrival, said that no official rec- Panama Canal. The civilian population of the Canal ognition was taken just as none was The citv of Colon was swept by a Zone declined from 42,049 in June 1953 taken of the first vessels of other for- disastrous fire on April 13, 1940. More to 38,953 in November 1954, a de- eign nations using the Canal. But at than $4 million in property was destroy- crease of 3,096, according to census points along the way individuals gave ed and close to 12,000 persons were figures completed in March 195.5 by the indication of their appreciation of the made homeless. The fire occurred almost Personnel Bureau. These figures includ- nation which performed such important exactl)' 25 \ears after a similar confla- ed all residents except the uniformed work in building of the Canal. gration in 1915. personnel of the Armed Forces. Official figures printed in the Record

revealed that up to March 1, 1915, the earnings of tolls on vessels using iO yiearJ c^g^o One year c4^o the Canal fell short of meeing the 20 percent of the high- expenses of operation and maintenance ANALYSIS AND evaluation of Balboa MORE THAN est paying jobs in the Canal Zone now by $261,098. and Cristobal High Schools for accredi- are being held and this The decorative paintings for the tation by the Middle States Association by percentage will increase steadily, ac- Administration Building at Balboa of Colleges & Secondary Schools was cording to Harry C. McPherson, Heights were installed in the rotunda completed 10 vears ago. Work on the Jr., Under Secretary of the Army, of the building 50 vears ago. The mu- accreditation study of the Canal Zone Deputy the who was quoted in a dispatch from rals were painted bv the well-known Junior College was begun by Middle Association. Washington, D.C., last year. artist, VV. B. Van Ingen, assisted by States C. T. Berrv and Ira Remsen. Four hundred and thirty buildings in an area covering 22 blocks (about IQVz acres), or a third of the city of The Boquete Orange Story Colon, were completelv destroved by

fire April 30, 1915. Five people were (Continued from p. 11) between its flavor and that of the Bo- killed, eight seriously injured, and 7,500 in Panama is not entirely clear. One quete orange, no doubt, is due to cli- people left homeless. The value of the theory that has considerable support matic and soil differences. And there propert\' destroved was estimated at from pioneers is that the American fliers is certainly a difference in price. The

$3 million. in 1920 labeled it and that the name large-size navel orange in California stuck. These U.S. Army Air Corps costs from 3 to 5 times the price of the yearJ c4g.o 25 pilots flew into David from Panama, Boquete variety. AN EXECUTIVE order was issued from and often went to Boquete to bin- the The hardv pioneers who started the Washington, D.C., 25 vears ago estab- delicious fruit. Mrs. Monniche savs the navel orange industries in Panama and lishing a censorship of photographs and name "just attached itself," adding that California were not really concerned sketches of the Canal Zone and forbid- people talked about "Boquete coffee, with commercial production. Neither ding steamship passengers from using Boquete strawberries," and other Bo- the Tedman, Tibbets, or Thomas fam- cameras while their ships were tran- quete products that were known for ilies, all of whom introduced the navel siting the Panama Canal. The order re- superior quality. orange to the area where they lived, quired that the masters of all vessels It's possible, too, that "Pop" Wright ever developed groves or benefited transiting the Canal collect all cameras named the orange "Boquete" because financially from the orange trees. from passengers and retain them until of his love of the town and because, Though Tedman and Thomas intro- the journey was completed. as his daughter said, "these oranges duced the orange in Panama, one can- The need for strengthening the anti- were the love of his life." His fame in not escape the conclusion that three aircraft defenses of Panama, Puerto that region to this duv prompts man\' other men deserve much credit for its Rico, and Alaska was emphasized by people to refer to him as the "Will development: David T. Sasse, the self- Brig. Gen. George V. Strong, Chief Rogers of Central America." In 19.39, made naturalist; "Pop" Wright, the of the War Department Plans Division, he received a gold medal award for his promoter, and A. O. Sandberg, Sr., the in testimony before the House Appro- exhibition of a selection of Boquete entrepreneur. priations Subcommittee. oranges at the second annual fair of All of these men enjoyed accomplish- Following the Nazi invasion of Den- Chiriqui Province. ing the unusual and they forged ahead

mark, it was announced localK' that the The Washington navel orange is rated without an assurance of the result. masters of Danish ships arriving at the in H. F. MacMillian's "Tropical Plant- Their unselfish service has left a thriv- Canal might be approached by British ing and Gardening," 1949, as one of ing industry and earned the gratitude

authorities with the suggestion they the finest of all oranges. The difference of those who have developed it.

The Panama Canal Review 21 SCENTS POSTAGE CANAL ZONE

J ,_/^ /" j-^ /"^ /"-/~N ''> y^y*"^ ^ G. Z. Stamps Oldest In Use Anywhere

THE CANAl, ZONE regular stamp sters, but no close competitors could issue is by far the oldest in use anywhere be found for the 36-year-old, 1-cent today, research bv the Caribbean Stamp Gorgas, or the 35-year-old, 50-cent Club shows. Blackburn. The stamps are officially called the Ethiopia seems to be the closest. Its 14th Canal Zone permanent issue. present issue came out in 1947. Parts Stamp buffs term these regular issues of two regular issues in the United in "definitive" issues. The issue was first States have been use up to 10 years. recommended in 1928 by Crede Cal- houn, Director of Posts from 1916 to 1947.

The stamp values are 1, 3, 10, 15, 20, 30 and .50 cents. The 1-cent green Gorgas was the first of the series. It came out on October 3, 1928, and is believed to be the oldest stamp in the world in terms of continuous use. Others, and the dates of issue: the .50-cent Blackburn issued in 1929; the 10-cent Hodges, 15-cent Smith, and 20-cent Rousseau, all issued in 1932; the 3-cent Goethals issued in 1934 and the 30-cent Williamson, last of the lot, issued in 1940. Stamp catalogs and journals were scanned for possible rivals to these old-

50tk Stamp JolderJ Still c4vaUable

THE LATEST Canal Zone stamps— the The cost is S2, prepaid. To get the

.50th anniversary issue of si.\ airmail folder, write to Philatelic Agency, Bal-

stamps— is still available in an attractive boa Heights, Canal Zone. Requests for folder designed especially for collectors. mint stamps also may be included in the Issued August 15, 1964, on the 50th order. A money order must be sent to anniversary of the opening of the Canal, cover costs. Checks and stamps will not the stamps are of 6, 8, 15, 20, 30, and be accepted. 80 cents values. The folder depicts a The commemorative stamps are rec- map of the Canal on the inside with six tangular. Each has a different color mint airmail stamps affixed on the map and on each is an aerial view of a scene and another 8-cent airmal on the out- along the Panama Canal or nearby. side !)ack fold. The folder also contains Tlie printing of the stamp folder was the official 50th anniversary insignia, limited, so it will be available only as and a sliort history of the Panama Canal long as supplies last. So if you haven't and tlie Canal Zone postal service. ordered a folder, hurr\!

22 May 1965 Journeying CARGO MOVING SPEEDED BY USE OF CONTAINERS Into Past (Continued from p. ICi) placed on the intercoastal trade. They bound ships. Southbound, the refrige- would be built to carry more than (Continued from p. 15) 800 rated containers can be used to carry 40-foot highway trailer vans and Isthmus. The shops covered 3 acres in normal general cargo or such items as would be so fast that they would make 1905 and 21 acres in 1913 when they apples which require 35 to 40 degrees the run between New York and San were moved to Balboa and the town of temperature. Francisco in 9 days. abandoned to rising waters. One of the Containers have been used for some town legends was that Balboa HUl, The Sea Land service established its unusual cargoes and apparently there 3V2 miles from Gorgona, was the very national containership headquarters are few shipments which cannot be at hill from which Balboa first saw the Elizabeth, N.J., in 1962. It offers reg- accommodated in this manner. Pacific Ocean. This hill, 1,000 feet high, ular service between the New Jersey The Matson Navigation Co. is exper- was a triangulation point for Canal seaport and Puerto Rico, gulf and west imenting with livestock containers on surveyors in laying out the line of the coast ports. Recently it added a call at the Pacific and Hawaii service. Created "Big Ditch." From a tower that once the port of Cristobal with Balboa and by Matson's engineers and sales engi- stood on this hill photographers could Panama City served by Terminales neers, the containers have the same take pictures of both oceans on clear Panama trucks. measurements as standard units and can davs. house eight cows, are ventilated and Despite the many advantages, the Mrs. Margaret Goulet represented have built-in feed troughs and water economic value of containers and Old Cristobal and gave a good picture tanks. other forms of bulking cargoes is a of the Atlantic side town in Canal There are also tank containers for question of the balance between the construction days. the movement of liquid cargoes design- savings in port time and the loss of Karl Curtis, of Gamboa, who was ed chiefly for the movement of chem- cargo capacity. unable to attend the cruise because of icals, foodstuffs, and certain petroleum According to S. G. Sturmey, professor illness, was a {>ersonal acquaintance of products. of economics at the University of Chief Engineer John F. Stevens and his Lan- The American Hawaiian Steamship caster, the shorter part of the program would have been the route, the more Co. announced recently tentative plans important is port time in relation to tell of the building of Stevens' home to sea for the construction of three 900-foot, time and so the likely it is at Culebra. This house was later more that occupied by Col. George W. Goethals 24-knot container ships which would be containers will be economic. and, moved to its present location at Balboa Heights, has been the home of all Canal Zone Governors.

Famous Firm Lists Author

{Continued from p. 17) finished. No definite title has been chosen yet. Garcia de Paredes started the Pan- ama Canal Company's Spanish program 7 years ago under the administration of Gov. William Potter and has taught every Governor since then. He has taught Spanish at Gorgas Hospital, and for the Army, the Air Force, and the Navy. He is a Panama University student, where he is working toward his B.A. in humanities.

A refrigerated Grace Line Seatainer carrying frozen Panama shrimp being moved to the shipside by a forklift truck at right. It will be lifted aboard by the ship's gantry crane.

The Panama Canal Review 23 *?;', :">«•

Jl 5i

Ki

«>^ ,,

Date Due

Due Returned Due Returned ^'-""^^B^^ .fffiiiiii 5131 3 1262 04820